Nort

AIP
97 Frigg Condeep h NC/Ola
Elf 104 m 200
7 TCP2 3 shafts Sea v Olsen
9
(N)

197 Condeep 3 145 North NC/Olav

11 Mobil Statfjord A NC
7 shafts m Sea (N) Olsen

197 Petrobra Ubarana- 15

12 CGS caisson Brazil ?
7 s Pub 3 m

197 Petrobra Ubarana- 15

13 CGS caisson Brazil ?
8 s Pub 2 m

197 Petrobra Ubarana- 15

14 CGS caisson Brazil ?
8 s Pag 2 m

North
197 TAQA Cormorant 149
15 CGS 4 shafts Sea Sea Tank
8 Bratani A m
(UK)

North
197 Ninian CGS 1 shaft, 136
16 Chevron Sea DORIS
8 Central Jarlan Wall m
(UK)

North
197 141
17 Shell Brent C CGS 4 shafts Sea Sea Tank
8 m
(UK)

198 Condeep 4 145 North NC/olav

18 Mobil Statfjord B NC
1 shafts m Sea (N) Olsen

198 Amoco Tarsiut 4 hollow 16 Beaufor Remove

19 ?
1 Canada Island caissons m t Sea d
 North
198 Maureen Concrete base 92 Remove
20 Phillips Sea ?
2 ALC artic. LC m d
(UK)

198 Schweden CGS 25 North DORIS/IM Remove

21 Texaco
3 eck A* Monotower m Sea (D) S d

198 Schweden CGS 16 North DORIS/IM Remove

22 Texaco
3 eck B* Monotower m Sea (D) S d

198 Condeep 4 145 North NC/Olac

23 Mobil Statfjord C NC
4 shafts m Sea (N) Olsen

198 Global Super CGS caisson, 16 Beaufor Remove

24 ?
4 Marine CIDS Island m t Sea d

198 Condeep 4 135 North NC/Olav

25 Statoil Gullfaks A
6 shafts m Sea (N) Olsen

198 Condeep 3 141 North NC/Olav

26 Statoil Gullfaks B NC
7 shafts m Sea (N) Olsen

198 Norsk Oseberg Condeep 4 109 North NC/Olav

27 NC
8 Hydro] A shafts m Sea (N) Olsen

198 Condeep 4 216 North NC/olav

28 Statoil Gullfaks C NC
9 shafts m Sea (N) Olsen

N. North
198 Hamilto 42
29 Ravenspu CGS 3 shafts Sea Arup
9 n Bros m
rn (UK)
 198 Ekofisk CGS Protection 75 North
30 Phillips DORIS AIP
9 P.B Ring m Sea (N)

199 Elf 170 BOS/Bouy

31 N'Kossa Concrete Barge Congo
6 Congo m gues

North
199 NAM F3- 43 Hollandske
32 Shell CGS 3 shafts Sea
3 FB m Bet.
(NL)

Snorre
Concrete
199 Foundatio 3 cells suction 310 North NC/Olav
33 Saga NC
2 n anchores m Sea (N) Olsen
Templates
(CFT)

199 Condeep 4 82 North NC/Olav

34 Statoil Sleipner A NC
3 shafts m Sea (N) Olsen

199 Condeep Mono 251 North NC/Olav

35 Shell Draugen NC
3 tower m Sea (N) Olsen

199 350 North NC/Olav

36 Conoco Heidrun Condeep NC
4 m Sea (N) Olsen

North
199 109 Taylor
37 BP Harding CGS Sea
6 m Wood Eng.
(UK)

199 Condeep 4 303 North NC/Olav

38 Shell Troll A NC
5 shafts m Sea (N) Olsen

199 Heidrun 350 North NC/Olav

39 Conoco Concrete TLP NC
5 TLP m Sea (N) Olsen
 199 Norsk 325 North KC
40 Troll B Semisub DORIS
5 Hydro m Sea (N) C

199 West 61 Australi Kinhill/DOR

41 Esso CGS 3 shafts
6 Tuna m a IS

199 61 Australi Kinhill/DOR

42 Esso Bream B CGS 1 shaft
6 m a IS

199 54 Australi
43 Ampolex Wandoo CGS 4 shafts Arup
6 m a

199 80
44 Mobil Hibernia CGS 4 shafts Canada DORIS
7 m

North
199 Amerad South 60 Taylor
45 CGS 1 shaft Sea
9 a Hess Arne m Woodrow
(DK)

200 Malampay 43 Philippi

46 Shell CGS 4 shafts Arup
0 a m nes

Sakhalin
200 Lunskoye 48 Sakhali
47 Energy CGS 4 shafts AK/GMAO
5 A m n (R)
(SEIC)

Sakhalin
200 Sakhalin 30 Sakhali
48 Energy CGS 4 shafts AK/GMAO
5 PA-B m n (R)
(SEIC)

200 ExxonM Adriatic 29 Adriatic

49 LNG terminal AK/GMAO
8 obil LNG m Sea (I)

MPU
200 Heavy Lift Demolis
50 Heavy LWA n/a na Olav Olsen
8 Vessel hed
Lifter
(Not
 complet
ed)

Exxon Sakhalin-1
Neftega Arkutun
201 33 Sakhali
51 s Dagi GBS 4 shafts AK/GMAO
2 m n-1 (R)
Limited (Golden
(ENL) Eagle)

ExxonM
obil
201 GBS 109 KKC/GMA KK
52 Canada Hebron Canada
7 Monotower m O C
Properti
es

West
20? Husky GBS 118
53 White Canada Arup
? Energy Monotower m
Rose

Arup Concrete Gravity Substructure (CGS)[edit]

The Arup dry-build Concrete Gravity Substructure (CGS) concept was originally developed by Arup
in 1989 for Hamilton Brothers' Ravenspurn North. The Arup CGS are designed to be simple to
install, and are fully removable. Simplicity and repetition of concrete structural elements, low
reinforcement and pre-stress densities as well as the use of normal density concrete lead to
economical construction costs. Typical for the Arup CGS is the inclined installation technique. This
technique helps to maximise economy and provide a robust offshore emplacement methodology.
Further projects have been the Malampaya project in the Philippines and the Wandoo Full Field
Development on the North West Shelf of Western Australia.

Floating structures[edit]
Since concrete is quite resistant to corrosion from salt water and keeps maintenance costs low,
floating concrete structures have become increasingly attractive to the oil and gas industry in the last
two decades. Temporary floating structures such as the Condeep platforms float during construction
but are towed out and finally ballasted until they sit on the sea floor. Permanent floating concrete
structures have various uses including the discovery of oil and gas deposits, in oil and gas
production, as storage and offloading units and in heavy lifting systems.
Common designs for floating concrete structures are the barge or ship design, the platform design
(semi-submersible, TLP) as well as the floating terminals e.g. for LNG.
Floating production, storage, and offloading systems (FPSOS) receive crude oil from deep-water
wells and store it in their hull tanks until the crude is transferred into tank ships or transport barges.
In addition to FPSO’s, there have been a number of ship-shaped Floating Storage and Offloading
(FSO) systems (vessels with no production processing equipment) used in these same areas to
support oil and gas developments. An FSO is typically used as a storage unit in remote locations far
from pipelines or other infrastructures.

Semi-Submersible[edit]
Semi-submersible marine structures are typically only movable by towing. Semi-submersible
platforms have the principal characteristic of remaining in a substantially stable position, presenting
small movements when they experience environmental forces such as the wind, waves and
currents. Semi-Submersible platforms have pontoons and columns, typically two parallel spaced
apart pontoons with buoyant columns upstanding from those pontoons to support a deck. Some of
the semi-submersible vessels only have a single caisson, or column, usually denoted as a buoy
while others utilize three or more columns extended upwardly from buoyant pontoons. For activities
which require a stable offshore platform, the vessel is then ballasted down so that the pontoons are
submerged, and only the buoyant columns pierce the water surface - thus giving the vessel a
substantial buoyancy with a small water-plane area. The only concrete semi-submersible in
existence[when?] is Troll B.[citation needed]

Tension Leg Platform (TLP)[edit]

A Tension Leg Platform is a buoyant platform, which is held in place by a mooring system. TLP
mooring is different to conventional chained or wire mooring systems. The platform is held in place
with large steel tendons fastened to the sea floor. Those tendons are held in tension by the
buoyancy of the hull. Statoil's Heidrun TLP is the only one with a concrete hull, all other TLPs have
steel hulls.

Barge/Ship Design[edit]
FPSO or FSO systems are typically barge/ship-shaped and store crude oil in tanks located in the
hull of the vessel. Their turret structures are designed to anchor the vessel, allow “weathervaning” of
the units to accommodate environmental conditions, permit the constant flow of oil and production
fluids from vessel to undersea field, all while being a structure capable of quick disconnect in the
event of emergency.
The first barge of prestressed concrete has been designed in the early 1970s as an LPG (liquefied
petroleum gas) storage barge in the Ardjuna Field (Indonesia). This barge is built of reinforced and
prestressed concrete containing cylindrical tanks each having a cross-section perpendicular to its
longitudinal axes that comprises a preferably circular curved portion corresponding to the bottom.