Aga Z380.1 PDF

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Copyright American Gas Association

Provided by IHS under license with AGA
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
Paul Cabot, C.G.E.
GPTC Secretary
(202) 824-7312
Fax (202) 824-9122
pcabot@aga.org
May 18, 2009
Dear Guide Purchaser,
Enclosed is ANSI/GPTC Z380, Guide for Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems, 2009
Edition.
Your purchase entitles you to receive future notification of the issuance of addenda. Addenda are
formatted to enable the replacement of pages in your Guide with updated pages. Addenda will be
available for free downloading from the GPTC webpage at www.aga.org/gptc or paper copies may
be purchased at www.aga.org/pubs for a nominal fee.
On behalf of the Gas Piping Technology Committee and the American Gas Association, thank
you for your purchase and interest in the Guide.
Sincerely,
Secretary
GPTC Z380
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GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS
2009 EDITON
January 2009
The changes in this new edition are marked by wide vertical lines inserted to the left of modified text,
overwriting the left border of most tables, and use of a block symbol (\\) where needed. The Federal
Regulations were changed by four amendment actions that affected thirteen sections of the Guide. Four
GPTC transactions affected five sections of the Guide.
Editorial updates include application of the Editorial Guidelines, updating reference titles, adjustments to
page numbering, and adjustment of text on pages. A major review of the document provided numerous
publication and editorial refinements for improved format, consistency, and clarity. Additionally, the Index
was enhanced to include coverage of the Guide Material Appendices. Since the Guide is being
republished, editorial updates are too numerous to mark.
The following table shows the affected sections.

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1
Amdt. or Docket Number: FS Amendment
TR Number: New or Updated GM
GMUR: GM Under Review
EU: Editorial Update
ER: Editorial Refinement
Guide Section Reason For Change Affected Pages

Part 191 191.7 RIN 2137-AE29 (#2) 4
191.27 RIN 2137-AE29 (#2) 10
Subpart A 192.3 TR04-44 22
192.7 RIN 2137-AE25, 24 thru 26, 28
RIN 2137-AE29 (#2)
Subpart C 192.112 RIN 2137-AE25 52 thru 57
192.121 RIN 2137-AE26 58, 59
192.123 RIN 2137-AE26 62, 63
Subpart G 192.309 TR08-12, 131
192.328 RIN 2137-AE25 146, 147
Subpart L 192.611 RIN 2137-AE25 226 thru 228
192.614 TR07-10 232, 236, 237
192.619 RIN 2137-AE25 252, 253
192.620 RIN 2137-AE25 254 thru 262
Subpart M 192.727 RIN 2137-AE29 (#2) 284, 285
Subpart O 192.925 TR04-44 347 thru 353
192.949 RIN 2137-AE29 (#2) 377
192.951 RIN 2137-AE29 (#2) 378
GMA G-191-3 Replaced Instructions 405
GMA G-191-5 Replaced Instructions 409
GMA G-192-6 ER 467
GMA G-192-8 TR05-01 473 thru 500
GMA G-192-15A ER 561 thru 564
GMA G-192-16 ER 565 thru 568
GMA G-192-18 ER 575 thru 578
Index ER 591 thru 600
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Guide for
Gas Transmission
and
Distribution Piping
Systems
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2009 Edition
January 2009
Author: Secretariat:
Gas Piping Technology Committee (GPTC) Z380 American Gas Association
Accredited by ANSI
Approved by ANSI/GPTC Z380.1-2009

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Catalog Number: Z380109
March 25, 2009
i
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition
PLEASE NOTE
Addenda to this Guide will also be issued periodically to enable users to keep the Guide up-to-date
by replacing the pages that have been revised with the new pages. It is advisable, however, that
pages which have been revised be retained so that the chronological development of the Federal
Regulations and the Guide is maintained.
CAUTION
As part of document purchase, GPTC (using AGA as Secretariat) will try to keep purchasers
informed on the current Federal Regulations as released by the Department of Transportation (DOT).
This is done by periodically issuing addenda to update both the Federal Regulations and the guide
material. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to obtain a copy of any addenda. Addenda are
posted on the Committee’s webpage at www.aga.org/gptc. The GPTC assumes no responsibility in
the event the purchaser does not obtain addenda. The purchaser is reminded that the changes to
the Regulations can be timely noted on the Federal Register's web site.
No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the American Gas Association.
Participation by state and federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be
interpreted as government or industry endorsement of the guide material in this Guide.
Conversions of figures to electronic format courtesy of ViaData Incorporated.
Copyright 2009
THE AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION
400 N. Capitol St., NW
Washington, DC 20001
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
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CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................... xiii
HISTORY .......................................................................................................................................... xiii
FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................... xiv
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LETTER TO GAS PIPING TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE FROM
THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ....................................................xv
AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION (AGA) NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER .................... xvi
EDITORIAL CONVENTIONS OF THE GUIDE .................................................................. xvii
EDITORIAL NOTES FOR THE HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF

PARTS 191 AND 192 ................................................................................................................... xix
HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF PART 191 ..........................................................xix
HISTORICAL RECORD OF AMENDMENTS TO PART 191 ........................................xxi
HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF PART 192 .........................................................xxv
HISTORICAL RECORD OF AMENDMENTS TO PART 192 ..................................... xxxv
GAS PIPING TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP LIST ............................. lvii
PART 191 -- ANNUAL REPORTS, INCIDENT REPORTS, AND SAFETY-RELATED

CONDITION REPORTS........................................................................................................... 1
191.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 1
191.3 Definitions .................................................................................................................... 2
191.5 Telephonic notice of certain incidents ......................................................................... 3
191.7 Addressee for written reports ...................................................................................... 4
191.9 Distribution system: Incident report ............................................................................. 5
191.11 Distribution system: Annual report............................................................................... 5
191.13 Distribution systems reporting transmission pipelines; transmission or gathering
systems reporting distribution pipelines ............................................................. 6
191.15 Transmission and gathering systems: Incident report ................................................ 6
191.17 Transmission and gathering systems: Annual report.................................................. 7
191.19 Report forms ................................................................................................................ 7
191.21 OMB control number assigned to information collection ............................................ 7
191.23 Reporting safety-related conditions ............................................................................. 8
191.25 Filing safety-related condition reports.......................................................................... 9
191.27 Filing offshore pipeline condition reports................................................................... 10
iii
PART 192 -- MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS .......................................... 13

SUBPART A -- GENERAL .................................................................................................................. 13
192.1 What is the scope of this part? .................................................................................. 13
192.3 Definitions .................................................................................................................. 15
192.5 Class locations........................................................................................................... 23
192.7 What documents are incorporated by reference partly or wholly
in this part? ....................................................................................................... 24
192.8 How are onshore gathering lines and regulated onshore gathering
lines determined? ............................................................................................. 29
192.9 What requirements apply to gathering lines?............................................................ 31
192.10 Outer continental shelf pipelines........................................................................... 32
192.11 Petroleum gas systems ............................................................................................. 33
192.12 (Removed) ................................................................................................................. 35
192.13 What general requirements apply to pipelines regulated under this part? ............... 36
192.14 Conversion to service subject to this part.................................................................. 37
192.15 Rules of regulatory construction ................................................................................ 38
192.16 Customer notification ................................................................................................. 38
192.17 (Removed) ................................................................................................................. 39
SUBPART B -- MATERIALS............................................................................................................... 41
192.51 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 41
192.53 General ...................................................................................................................... 41
192.55 Steel pipe ................................................................................................................... 42
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192.57 (Removed and reserved)........................................................................................... 43

192.59 Plastic pipe................................................................................................................. 43
192.63 Marking of materials .................................................................................................. 44
192.65 Transportation of pipe................................................................................................ 45
SUBPART C -- PIPE DESIGN............................................................................................................. 47

192.101 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 47
192.103 General ...................................................................................................................... 47
192.105 Design formula for steel pipe..................................................................................... 48
192.107 Yield strength (S) for steel pipe ................................................................................. 49
192.109 Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe.................................................................... 50
192.111 Design factor (F) for steel pipe .................................................................................. 50
192.112 Additional design requirements for steel pipe using alternative maximum
allowable operating pressure ........................................................................... 52
192.113 Longitudinal joint factor (E) for steel pipe .................................................................. 57
192.115 Temperature derating factor (T) for steel pipe .......................................................... 58
192.121 Design of plastic pipe................................................................................................. 58
192.123 Design limitations for plastic pipe .............................................................................. 62
192.125 Design of copper pipe................................................................................................ 65
SUBPART D -- DESIGN OF PIPELINE COMPONENTS .................................................................. 67

192.141 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 67
192.143 General requirements................................................................................................ 67
192.144 Qualifying metallic components................................................................................. 68
192.145 Valves......................................................................................................................... 69
192.147 Flanges and flange accessories................................................................................ 70
iv
192.149 Standard fittings ......................................................................................................... 74

192.150 Passage of internal inspection devices ..................................................................... 74
192.151 Tapping ...................................................................................................................... 75
192.153 Components fabricated by welding ........................................................................... 77
192.155 Welded branch connections ...................................................................................... 77
192.157 Extruded outlets ......................................................................................................... 81
192.159 Flexibility..................................................................................................................... 82
192.161 Supports and anchors................................................................................................ 85
192.163 Compressor stations: Design and construction ........................................................ 86
192.165 Compressor stations: Liquid removal........................................................................ 88
192.167 Compressor stations: Emergency shutdown ............................................................ 88
192.169 Compressor stations: Pressure limiting devices ....................................................... 89
192.171 Compressor stations: Additional safety equipment................................................... 90
192.173 Compressor stations: Ventilation............................................................................... 91
192.175 Pipe-type and bottle-type holders .............................................................................. 92
192.177 Additional provisions for bottle-type holders.............................................................. 93
192.179 Transmission line valves ........................................................................................... 94
192.181 Distribution line valves ............................................................................................... 95
192.183 Vaults: Structural design requirements ..................................................................... 96
192.185 Vaults: Accessibility.................................................................................................... 97
192.187 Vaults: Sealing, venting, and ventilation.................................................................... 98
192.189 Vaults: Drainage and waterproofing .......................................................................... 99
192.191 Design pressure of plastic fittings.............................................................................. 99
192.193 Valve installation in plastic pipe ................................................................................. 99
192.195 Protection against accidental overpressuring ......................................................... 100
192.197 Control of the pressure of gas delivered from high-pressure
distribution systems ........................................................................................ 102
192.199 Requirements for design of pressure relief and limiting devices ............................ 103
192.201 Required capacity of pressure relieving and limiting stations ................................. 105
192.203 Instrument, control, and sampling pipe and components ....................................... 107
SUBPART E -- WELDING OF STEEL IN PIPELINES..................................................................... 109

192.221 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 109
192.223 (Removed) ............................................................................................................... 109
192.225 Welding procedures................................................................................................. 109
192.227 Qualification of welders............................................................................................ 110
192.229 Limitations on welders ............................................................................................. 110
192.231 Protection from weather .......................................................................................... 111
192.233 Miter joints................................................................................................................ 112
192.235 Preparation for welding............................................................................................ 112
192.237 (Removed) ............................................................................................................... 113
192.239 (Removed) ............................................................................................................... 113
192.241 Inspection and test of welds .................................................................................... 113
192.243 Nondestructive testing ............................................................................................. 114
192.245 Repair or removal of defects ................................................................................... 115
SUBPART F -- JOINING OF MATERIALS OTHER THAN BY WELDING..................................... 117

192.271 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 117
192.273 General .................................................................................................................... 117
192.275 Cast iron pipe........................................................................................................... 119
192.277 Ductile iron pipe ....................................................................................................... 119
192.279 Copper pipe.............................................................................................................. 119
192.281 Plastic pipe............................................................................................................... 120
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192.283 Plastic pipe: Qualifying joining procedures.............................................................. 124

192.285 Plastic pipe: Qualifying persons to make joints....................................................... 127
192.287 Plastic pipe: Inspection of joints ............................................................................. 128
SUBPART G -- GENERAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSMISSION

LINES AND MAINS ................................................................................................................... 129
192.301 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 129
192.303 Compliance with specifications or standards .......................................................... 129
192.305 Inspection: General.................................................................................................. 129
192.307 Inspection of materials ............................................................................................ 130
192.309 Repair of steel pipe .................................................................................................. 130
192.311 Repair of plastic pipe ............................................................................................... 132
192.313 Bends and elbows.................................................................................................... 133
192.315 Wrinkle bends in steel pipe...................................................................................... 134
192.317 Protection from hazards .......................................................................................... 134
192.319 Installation of pipe in a ditch..................................................................................... 136
192.321 Installation of plastic pipe......................................................................................... 138
192.323 Casing ...................................................................................................................... 143
192.325 Underground clearance ........................................................................................... 144
192.327 Cover........................................................................................................................ 145
192.328 Additional construction requirements for steel pipe using alternative
maximum allowable operating pressure ........................................................ 146
SUBPART H -- CUSTOMER METERS, SERVICE REGULATORS, AND SERVICE LINES ........ 149
192.351 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 149
192.353 Customer meters and regulators: Location............................................................. 149
192.355 Customer meters and regulators: Protection from damage ................................... 151
192.357 Customer meters and regulators: Installation ......................................................... 153
192.359 Customer meter installations: Operating pressure ................................................. 154
192.361 Service lines: Installation ......................................................................................... 155
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192.363 Service lines: Valve requirements ........................................................................... 158

192.365 Service lines: Location of valves ............................................................................. 159
192.367 Service lines: General requirements for connections to main piping ..................... 159
192.369 Service lines: Connections to cast iron or ductile iron mains.................................. 161
192.371 Service lines: Steel .................................................................................................. 161
192.373 Service lines: Cast iron and ductile iron .................................................................. 161
192.375 Service lines: Plastic ................................................................................................ 162
192.377 Service lines: Copper .............................................................................................. 162
192.379 New service lines not in use .................................................................................... 163
192.381 Service lines: Excess flow valve performance standards....................................... 163
192.383 Excess flow valve customer notification.................................................................. 166
SUBPART I -- REQUIREMENTS FOR CORROSION CONTROL.................................................. 169

192.451 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 169
192.452 How does this subpart apply to converted pipelines and regulated
onshore gathering lines? ................................................................................ 169
192.453 General .................................................................................................................... 170
192.455 External corrosion control: Buried or submerged pipelines
installed after July 31, 1971............................................................................ 170
192.457 External corrosion control: Buried or submerged pipelines
installed before August 1, 1971...................................................................... 172
vi
192.459 External corrosion control: Examination of buried pipeline when exposed ............ 173
192.461 External corrosion control: Protective coating......................................................... 174
192.463 External corrosion control: Cathodic protection ...................................................... 175
192.465 External corrosion control: Monitoring..................................................................... 176
192.467 External corrosion control: Electrical isolation......................................................... 181
192.469 External corrosion control: Test stations ................................................................. 184
192.471 External corrosion control: Test leads ..................................................................... 184
192.473 External corrosion control: Interference currents .................................................... 185
192.475 Internal corrosion control: General .......................................................................... 186
192.476 Internal corrosion control: Design and construction of transmission line ............... 189
192.477 Internal corrosion control: Monitoring ...................................................................... 190
192.479 Atmospheric corrosion control: General.................................................................. 191
192.481 Atmospheric corrosion control: Monitoring.............................................................. 192
192.483 Remedial measures: General.................................................................................. 193
192.485 Remedial measures: Transmission lines ................................................................ 193
192.487 Remedial measures: Distribution lines other than cast iron or
ductile iron lines .............................................................................................. 195
192.489 Remedial measures: Cast iron and ductile iron pipelines....................................... 196
192.490 Direct assessment ................................................................................................... 197
192.491 Corrosion control records ........................................................................................ 197
SUBPART J -- TEST REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................... 199

192.501 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 199
192.503 General requirements.............................................................................................. 199
192.505 Strength test requirements for steel pipeline to operate at a
hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS ................................................. 200
192.507 Test requirements for pipelines to operate at a hoop stress less than
30 percent of SMYS and at or above 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage ................... 203
192.509 Test requirements for pipelines to operate below 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage ......... 203
192.511 Test requirements for service lines ......................................................................... 204
192.513 Test requirements for plastic pipelines.................................................................... 204
192.515 Environmental protection and safety requirements................................................. 205
192.517 Records.................................................................................................................... 208
SUBPART K -- UPRATING .............................................................................................................. 209

192.551 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 209
192.553 General requirements.............................................................................................. 209
192.555 Uprating to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress of
30 percent or more of SMYS in steel pipelines.............................................. 211
192.557 Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress less
than 30 percent of SMYS: plastic, cast iron, and ductile iron pipelines......... 213
SUBPART L -- OPERATIONS .......................................................................................................... 217

192.601 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 217
192.603 General provisions ................................................................................................... 217
192.605 Procedural manual for operations, maintenance, and emergencies...................... 218
192.607 (Removed and reserved)......................................................................................... 226
192.609 Change in class location: Required study ............................................................... 226
192.611 Change in class location: Confirmation or revision of
maximum allowable operating pressure ........................................................ 226
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192.612 Underwater inspection and re-burial of pipelines in the Gulf of Mexico

and its inlets .................................................................................................... 228
192.613 Continuing surveillance............................................................................................ 229
192.614 Damage prevention program................................................................................... 231
192.615 Emergency plans ..................................................................................................... 237
192.616 Public awareness..................................................................................................... 247
192.617 Investigation of failures ............................................................................................ 250
192.619 Maximum allowable operating pressure: Steel or plastic pipelines ........................ 252
192.620 Alternative maximum allowable operating pressure for certain steel pipelines...... 254
192.621 Maximum allowable operating pressure: High-pressure
192.623 Maximum and minimum allowable operating pressure: Low-pressure
192.625 Odorization of gas.................................................................................................... 263
192.627 Tapping pipelines under pressure ........................................................................... 266
192.629 Purging of pipelines ................................................................................................. 268
SUBPART M -- MAINTENANCE....................................................................................................... 269

192.701 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 269
192.703 General .................................................................................................................... 269
192.705 Transmission lines: Patrolling.................................................................................. 273
192.706 Transmission lines: Leakage surveys ..................................................................... 274
192.707 Line markers for mains and transmission lines....................................................... 275
192.709 Transmission lines: Record keeping ....................................................................... 276
192.711 Transmission lines: General requirements for repair procedures .......................... 276
192.713 Transmission lines: Permanent field repair of imperfections and damages .......... 277
192.715 Transmission lines: Permanent field repair of welds .............................................. 279
192.717 Transmission lines: Permanent field repair of leaks ............................................... 280
192.719 Transmission lines: Testing of repairs..................................................................... 280
192.721 Distribution systems: Patrolling................................................................................ 281
192.723 Distribution systems: Leakage surveys .................................................................. 282
192.725 Test requirements for reinstating service lines ....................................................... 284
192.727 Abandonment or deactivation of facilities................................................................ 284
192.729 (Removed) ............................................................................................................... 288
192.731 Compressor stations: Inspection and testing of relief devices................................ 288
192.733 (Removed) ............................................................................................................... 288
192.735 Compressor stations: Storage of combustible materials ........................................ 288
192.736 Compressor stations: Gas detection ....................................................................... 289
192.737 (Removed) ............................................................................................................... 289
192.739 Pressure limiting and regulating stations: Inspection and testing ........................... 289
192.741 Pressure limiting and regulating stations: Telemetering or recording gauges ....... 292
192.743 Pressure limiting and regulating stations: Capacity of relief devices ...................... 294
192.745 Valve maintenance: Transmission lines.................................................................. 295
192.747 Valve maintenance: Distribution systems ............................................................... 296
192.749 Vault maintenance ................................................................................................... 297
192.751 Prevention of accidental ignition.............................................................................. 299
192.753 Caulked bell and spigot joints.................................................................................. 302
192.755 Protecting cast-iron pipelines................................................................................... 303
192.761 (Removed) ............................................................................................................... 303
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SUBPART N -- QUALIFICATION OF PIPELINE PERSONNEL ..................................................... 305

192.801 Scope ....................................................................................................................... 305
192.803 Definitions ................................................................................................................ 306
192.805 Qualification program............................................................................................... 309
192.807 Recordkeeping......................................................................................................... 315
192.809 General .................................................................................................................... 316
SUBPART O – GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT........................... 319

192.901 What do the regulations in this subpart cover?....................................................... 319
192.903 What definitions apply to this subpart?.................................................................... 320
192.905 How does an operator identify a high consequence area?..................................... 323
192.907 What must an operator do to implement this subpart?........................................... 329
192.909 How can an operator change its integrity management program?......................... 331
192.911 What are the elements of an integrity management program? .............................. 332
192.913 When may an operator deviate its program from certain requirements
of this subpart? ............................................................................................... 335
192.915 What knowledge and training must personnel have to carry out an
integrity management program? .................................................................... 336
192.917 How does an operator identify potential threats to pipeline integrity
and use the threat identification in its integrity program? .............................. 338
192.919 What must be in the baseline assessment plan? ................................................... 339
192.921 How is the baseline assessment to be conducted?................................................ 344
192.923 How is direct assessment used and for what threats? ........................................... 345
192.925 What are the requirements for using External Corrosion Direct
Assessment (ECDA)? .................................................................................... 346
192.927 What are the requirements for using Internal Corrosion Direct
Assessment (ICDA)?...................................................................................... 353
192.929 What are the requirements for using Direct Assessment for Stress
Corrosion Cracking (SCCDA)? ...................................................................... 355
192.931 How may Confirmatory Direct Assessment (CDA) be used?................................. 356
192.933 What actions must an operator take to address integrity issues?.......................... 357
192.935 What additional preventive and mitigative measures must an
operator take?................................................................................................. 358
192.937 What is a continual process of evaluation and assessment to
maintain a pipeline’s integrity? ....................................................................... 364
192.939 What are the required reassessment intervals? ..................................................... 366
192.941 What is a low stress reassessment?....................................................................... 370
192.943 When can an operator deviate from these reassessment intervals?..................... 372
192.945 What methods must an operator use to measure program
effectiveness?................................................................................................. 374
192.947 What records must an operator keep? ................................................................... 375
192.949 How does an operator notify PHMSA?.................................................................... 377
192.951 Where does an operator file a report? .................................................................... 378
SUBPART P – GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT (IM) ..................... 379
APPENDICES TO PART 192

Appendix A (Removed and reserved) ................................................................................... 381
Appendix B Qualification of Pipe ........................................................................................... 383
Appendix C Qualification of Welders for Low Stress Level Pipe .......................................... 387
Appendix D Criteria for Cathodic Protection and Determination of Measurements ............. 391
Appendix E Guidance on Determining High Consequence Areas and on
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Carrying out Requirements in the Integrity Management Rule .................... 393
ix
GUIDE MATERIAL APPENDICES

Guide Material Appendix G-191-1 Telephonic notice worksheet ...................................... 401
Guide Material Appendix G-191-2 Distribution system incident report.............................. 403
Guide Material Appendix G-191-3 Distribution system annual report ............................... 405
Guide Material Appendix G-191-4 Transmission and gathering systems
incident report..................................................... 407
Guide Material Appendix G-191-5 Transmission and gathering systems
annual report ...................................................... 409
Guide Material Appendix G-191-6 Determination of reporting requirements
for safety-related conditions .............................. 411
Guide Material Appendix G-191-7 Safety-related condition report to United States
Department of Transportation............................ 413
Guide Material Appendix G-192-1 Summary of references and related sources ............. 415
Guide Material Appendix G-192-1A Editions of material specifications, codes and
standards previously incorporated by reference
in the Regulations........................................................ 439
Guide Material Appendix G-192-2 Specified minimum yield strengths ............................. 443
Guide Material Appendix G-192-3 Flexibility factor k and stress
intensification factor i ......................................... 447
Guide Material Appendix G-192-4 Rules for reinforcement of welded branch
connections ........................................................ 451
Guide Material Appendix G-192-5 Pipe end preparation................................................... 461
Guide Material Appendix G-192-6 Substructure damage prevention guidelines for
directional drilling and other trenchless
technologies ....................................................... 467
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Guide Material Appendix G-192-7 Large-scale distribution outage response and

recovery .............................................................. 469
Guide Material Appendix G-192-8 Distribution Integrity Management Program
(DIMP) ................................................................ 473
Guide Material Appendix G-192-9 Test conditions for pipelines other
than service lines ............................................... 501
Guide Material Appendix G-192-10 Test conditions for service lines.................................. 503
Guide Material Appendix G-192-11 Gas leakage control guidelines
for natural gas systems ...................................... 505
Guide Material Appendix G-192-11A Gas leakage control guidelines
for petroleum gas systems................................. 527
Guide Material Appendix G-192-12 Planned shutdown....................................................... 547
Guide Material Appendix G-192-13 Considerations to minimize damage by outside
forces .................................................................. 551
Guide Material Appendix G-192-14 [Reserved] ................................................................... 555
Guide Material Appendix G-192-15 Design of uncased pipeline crossings of
highways and railroads....................................... 557
Guide Material Appendix G-192-15A Horizontal directional drilling for steel pipelines .......... 561
Guide Material Appendix G-192-16 Substructure damage prevention guidelines .............. 565
Guide Material Appendix G-192-17 Explicit requirements for reports, inspections,
tests, written procedures, records
and similar actions............................................. 569
Guide Material Appendix G-192-18 Cast iron pipe .............................................................. 575
Guide Material Appendix G-192-19 Memorandum of understanding between the
Department of Transportation and the
Department of the Interior regarding
outer continental shelf pipelines ...................... 579
x
Guide Material Appendix G-192-20 Fusion equipment maintenance/repair inspection

form..................................................................... 583
Guide Material Appendix G-192-21 [Reserved] ................................................................... 585
Guide Material Appendix G-192-M SI (metric) units ........................................................... 587
INDEX............................................................................................................................................... 591
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xi
Reserved
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xii
PREFACE
The guide material presented in the Gas Piping Technology Committee's (GPTC) Guide for Gas
Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems (Guide) contains information and some “how to” methods
to assist the operator in complying with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 49 as follows:
x Part 191 -- Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline: Annual Reports, Incident
Reports, and Safety-Related Condition Reports
x Part 192 -- Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum Federal Safety
Standards
Parts 191 and 192 are typically referred to hereinafter as the “Regulations.”
The recommendations contained in the Guide are based on sound engineering principles developed by a
committee balanced in accordance with accepted committee procedures and must be applied by the use
of sound and competent judgment. The guide material is advisory in nature and contains guidance and
information for consideration in complying with the Regulations. As such, it is not intended for public
authorities or others to adopt the Guide in mandatory language, in whole or in part, in laws, regulations,
administrative orders, ordinances, or similar instruments as the sole means of compliance.
The operator is cautioned that the guide material may not be adequate under all conditions encountered,
and should not restrict the operator from using other methods of complying with the Regulations.
Following the Guide does not ensure that an operator is automatically in compliance with the requirements
of Parts 191 and 192. Operators of intrastate facilities are also cautioned that some states have additional
or more stringent requirements than Parts 191 and 192.
HISTORY
The Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act became effective on August 12, 1968. It required the Secretary of
Transportation to adopt interim rules within three months which were to consist of the existing state
standards, where such standards existed, or the standards common to a majority of states where no state
standard existed, and to establish minimum federal standards within twenty-four months. The safety
standard for gas pipelines and mains, in the majority of the states, was the American National Standard
Code for Pressure Piping, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems, B31.8. Thus, the interim
minimum safety standards were essentially B31.8 Code requirements.
Between August 12, 1968 and August 12, 1970, the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) of the United States
Department of Transportation (DOT) developed safety standards which would be applicable to gas
facilities, with the exception of rural gas gathering systems. As a result, Title 49 Part 192 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) "Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipelines: Minimum Federal
Safety Standards" became effective November 12, 1970.
Since the sponsoring organization of the ANSI B31.8 Committee was The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), the ASME initiated discussions with the DOT/OPS, in an effort to establish the future
role of the B31.8 Code Committee with respect to pipeline safety. As a result of those discussions, the
ASME decided to form the ASME Gas Piping Standards Committee. The title of the Committee was
changed to the Gas Piping Technology Committee (GPTC) on September 20, 1982.
The first edition of the "Guide for Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems" was published on
December 15, 1970. It was essentially a compilation of the Federal Safety Standards and the then current
ANSI B31.8 Code material that was relevant to the Part 192 requirements. Subsequent editions and
addenda to the "Guide" had "how to" Guide Material directly following each of the standards of 49 CFR
Part 192, and numerous guide appendices. Part 191 was subsequently added to the 1995 edition of the
Guide.
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xiii
On October 18, 1989, the GPTC voted to transfer its affiliation from ASME to the American Gas
Association (AGA). The transfer of copyright for the Guide from ASME to AGA was effective on April 10,
1990 and the AGA was designated the committee Secretariat. The first edition of the Guide published by
AGA, as the new copyright holder/Secretariat, was in November 1990 and was designated the 1990-91
edition. The GPTC sought ANSI approval of their procedures and was approved as an Accredited
Standards Committee GPTC Z380 on January 30, 1992. The 1990-91 edition of the Guide was approved
as ANSI/GPTC Z380.1 on December 2, 1992.
FOREWORD
The primary purpose of the GPTC Guide for Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems (Guide) is
to provide assistance to the operator in complying with the intent of the Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) in the performance requirements contained in the Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by
Pipelines, Title 49 Subchapter D-Pipeline Safety: Part 191- Annual Reports, Incident Reports, and Safety-
Related Condition Reports; and Part 192- Minimum Federal Safety Standards (all being typically referred
to hereinafter as the “Regulations”).
The Guide includes the Minimum Federal Safety Standards together with the design recommendations,
material reference, and recommended practices of the GPTC. The function of the GPTC's guide material
is to provide "how to" supplementary recommendations related to the Minimum Federal Safety Standards.
The Committee continuously works to pinpoint areas where more Guide type material could be utilized in
support of the Minimum Federal Safety Standards and related Regulations.
The Guide includes the Federal Regulations plus the GPTC's guide material for both Parts 191 and 192.
The Guide is published in loose-leaf format. As changes occur to the Regulations and related guide
material, replacement or additional sheets will be mailed to Guide purchasers. The subscription service,
which is included with the purchase of the Guide, includes changes to the Regulations as issued by
DOT/OPS and changes made to the guide material by GPTC. A new edition, incorporating all changes
that have been published, is usually issued every three years.
The historical reconstruction of the Regulations is available in AGA X69804, "Historical Collection of
Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Regulations." It includes the original version of Parts 191 and 192 and all their
amendments through Amdts. 191-15 and 192-93 (reference the document as updated November 1,
2003). The Federal Register preamble to the amendments is included as well. This collection of all earlier
amendments has been established as a readily accessible reference to supplement the Guide or to aid
research activity. However, considering the electronic availability of amendments, refer to the Federal
Register web site for later amendments.
The format of the Guide includes the title of each numbered section of the Regulations and is followed by
the effective date of the latest amendment activity or effective date of the original version if no amendment
has been issued. The Regulation is followed by a list of amendment or control numbers for the respective
section and the applicable guide material as developed by the Committee.
The GPTC has an established procedure for reviewing requests for interpretations and suggestions for
additions and revisions to the Guide. Written requests should be sent to: Secretary, Gas Piping
Technology Committee, American Gas Association, 400 N. Capitol Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20001.
Requests for interpretations, proposed additions, and revisions to the Regulations should be directed to
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the Associate Administrator for Pipeline Safety, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline and Hazardous
nd
Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, East Building, 2 Floor, 1200 New
Jersey Avenue, SE, Washington, D.C. 20590-0001.
xiv
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

xv
AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION (AGA)

NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in
the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not
necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development
of this document.
This document was developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. This process
brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered
by this publication. While AGA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the
development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independently test, evaluate, or
verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in this
publication.
The AGA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other damages of any nature whatsoever,
whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from this publication,
use of, or reliance on this publication. The AGA also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or
completeness of any information published herein.
In issuing and making this document available, the AGA is not undertaking to render professional or other
services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the AGA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any
person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent
judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of
reasonable care in any given circumstances.
The AGA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this
document. Nor does the AGA list, certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance
with this document. Any certification or other statement of compliance with the requirements of this document
shall not be attributable to the AGA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.
The AGA does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
with any items which are mentioned in or are the subject of this publication, and the AGA disclaims liability for
the infringement of any patent resulting from the use of or reliance on it. Users of this publication are
expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of
such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.
Users of this publication should consult applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations. The AGA
does not, through this publication, provide legal advice for any purpose or intend to urge action that is not in
compliance with applicable laws, and this publication may not be construed as doing so.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
xvi
EDITORIAL CONVENTIONS OF THE GUIDE

Practices Used in the Guide
i If the guide material does not cover all the specific elements in a section of the Federal Regulations
(Regulation(s)), and there is no editorial note, no other guide material has been deemed necessary by
the Gas Piping Technology Committee (Committee).
i The term “includes” does not limit any list to those items presented and means, “includes but not limited
to.” This term is used in the same manner as it is used in the Regulations (reference §192.15). Further,
added qualifiers such as “may” or “might” are sometimes used to emphasize that a list is not intended to
set a minimum requirement or practice.
i The term “should” indicates recommendations that are not mandatory, but are to be acted upon as
appropriate. As such, this guide material is advisory in nature, and operators may use it (or other equally
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
acceptable methods) for a regulatory compliance aid.
i All figures and tables located in the guide material and appendices are designated by the corresponding
Regulation section number followed by a capital letter for figures (sequentially), or lower case Roman
numeral for tables (e.g., FIGURE 192.485A or TABLE 192.485i).
i The date shown in the title block for each section is the effective date of the original Regulation or its
latest amendment.
i Sections of the Regulations that have been deleted are not listed by title in the Contents unless reserved
by the Regulations. However, the section numbers have been retained in the Guide, along with their
effective date of removal (e.g., §192.57, Removed and reserved. [Effective 03/08/89]).
i Sections of the Regulations having a future effective date may be presented for both the current and
new requirements and with the effective date emphasized. In such case, the guide material is subject to
review in light of the new requirements.
Common Notes in the Guide

i No guide material necessary. In the opinion of the Committee, the Regulation section is self-
explanatory and no additional information is provided.
i No guide material available at present. The Committee has not issued guide material or has not yet
determined if guide material is necessary.
i This guide material is under review following Amendment (either 19x-yy or control number). The
Committee is currently reviewing the amendment.
i Discontinued or Withdrawn. Where either of these words accompanies a listing of an industry

standard or other published reference, it indicates that the document is no longer current or has been
withdrawn, and may not be available from its original source. The document may be available from an
alternate source. When using such a document, care should be taken to determine the validity of the
material and the reason for which it was discontinued or withdrawn.
i See §19x.xxx, refers to Regulation Section 19x.xxx and the guide material directly beneath it.
xvii
i See x of the guide material under §19y.yyy. This refers to Section x of the guide material directly
beneath §19y.yyy.
i See x above (or below). This refers to Section x of the guide material in which the reference appears.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
xviii
EDITORIAL NOTES FOR THE HISTORICAL

RECONSTRUCTION OF PARTS 191 AND 192
Part 191 became effective on February 9, 1970. Part 192 became effective on November 12, 1970.
Subsequent amendments have been issued with some adding new sections and some amending pre-
existing sections.
The date following the text listing (i.e., Section heading) of this Guide is the effective date of the latest
amendment (if any).
To aid the user in reconstructing the history of a particular section, the user is advised that the complete text
of Parts 191 and 192 as originally issued, plus all amendments through Amdts. 191-15 and 192-93, are
contained in AGA X69804, "Historical Collection of Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Regulations." Otherwise,
refer to the Federal Register website for amendments.
Additionally, to aid the user, the following tabulations of amendments are provided.
HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF PART 191

(Complete through RIN 2137-AE29 (#2))
Effective
Date of
Part 191 Original
Amendments (if any)
Section Version if
other than
2/09/70
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
191.1 191-5, 191-6, 191-11, 191-12, 191-15,

RIN 2137-AD77
191.3 191-5, 191-10, 191-12,
RIN 2137-AD43, RIN 2137-AD77
191.5 191-1, 191-4, 191-5, 191-8
191.7 191-3, 191-4, 191-5, 191-6, 191-16,
RIN 2137-AD77, RIN 2137-AE29,
RIN 2137-AE29 (#2)
191.9 191-3, 191-5
191.11 191-2, 191-5
191.13 191-5
191.15 191-5
191.17 191-5
191.19 191-3,191-10
191.21 06/04/84 191-5, 191-13
191.23 09/29/88 191-6, 191-14
191.25 09/29/88 191-6, 191-7, 191-8, 191-10
191.27 01/06/92 191-9, 191-14, RIN 2137-AD77,
RIN 2137-AE29, RIN 2137-AE29 (#2)
xix
Reserved
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xx
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


HISTORICAL RECORD OF AMENDMENTS TO PART 191
Amdt Subject Vol FR Pg# Published Docket or Effective Affected Sections
191- Date RIN No. Date 191.
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

(OPS-2) Leak Reporting 35 FR 317 01/08/70 OPS-2 02/09/70 Original Issue
Requirements
1 Leak Reporting 36 FR 7507 04/21/71 OPS-2 04/20/71 5(b)
Requirements
2 Elimination of Annual 37 FR 1172 01/26/72 OPS-17 01/26/72 11
Report Requirement for
Small LPG Distribution
Systems
3 Reports of Leaks & 46 FR 37250 07/20/81 PS-68 07/20/81 7, 9, 19
Federal Safety Standards
4 Change of Telephone 47 FR 32719 07/29/82 PS-71 10/27/82 5, 7
Number and Addressee
Not for Resale

for Reporting Leaks and
Accidents
5 Annual & Incident Reports 49 FR 18956 05/03/84 OPS-49 06/04/84 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,
13, 15, 17, 21
6 Reporting Unsafe 53 FR 24942 07/01/88 PS-96 09/29/88 1, 7, 23, 25
Conditions on Gas & HL
Pipelines and LNG
Facilities
6 Correction 53 FR 29800 08/08/88 PS-96 09/29/88 25
7 Reporting Safety-Related 54 FR 32342 08/07/89 PS-109 08/07/89 25
Conditions
xxi
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

8 New Telephone Numbers 54 FR 40878 10/04/89 PS-111 10/04/89 5(b)

for Reporting Incidents, &
Accidents and Safety- 10/09/89 25(a)
Related Conditions
9 Inspection & Burial of 56 FR 63764 12/05/91 PS-120 01/06/92 27
Offshore Gas & HL
Pipelines
10 Program Procedures; 61 FR 18512 04/26/96 PS-145 04/26/96 3, 19, 25
Update and Corrections
11 Regulatory Reinvention 61 FR 27789 06/03/96 PS-125 07/03/96 1
Initiative
Not for Resale

11 Correction 61 FR 45905 08/30/96 PS-125 07/03/96 Add Amdt. No.
12 Memorandum of 62 FR 61692 11/19/97 RSPA 97- 03/19/98 1,3
Understanding with DOI* 2096
12 DFR Confirmation 63 FR 12659 03/16/98 RSPA 97- 03/19/98 Confirmation Date
2096
13 Periodic Updates* 63 FR 7721 02/17/98 RSPA 97- 05/04/98 21
2251
2251
xxii

(Continued)

14 Metric Equivalents 63 FR 37500 07/13/98 PS-153 07/13/98 23, 27

[No Amdt Revision; Definition of 68 FR 11748 03/12/03 RIN 2137- 03/12/03 3
No.] Administrator AD43
15 Producer - Operated 68 FR 46109 08/05/03 RSPA 99- 09/04/03 1
Outer Continental Shelf 6132
Natural Gas and
Hazardous Liquid
Pipelines that Cross
Directly Into State Waters
16 Periodic Updates 69 FR 32886 06/14/04 RSPA 99- 07/14/04 7

6106
Not for Resale

[No Amdt Agency Reorganization 70 FR 11135 03/08/05 RIN 2137- 03/08/05 1, 3, 7, 27
No.] AD77
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
[No Amdt Administrative 73 FR 16562 03/28/08 RIN 2137- 04/28/08 7, 27
No.] Procedures, Address AE29
Updates, and Technical
Amendments*
xxiii

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(Continued)

[No Amdt Administrative 74 FR 2889 01/16/09 RIN 2137- 02/17/09 7, 27

Updates, and Technical
Amendments [Ref. as
(#2)]
[Adopts interim final rule
with modifications.]
* Issued as a Direct Final Rule (DFR) or Interim Final Rule.
Not for Resale

xxiv

(Complete through Amendment RIN 2137-AE29 (#2))
Effective
Date of
Part 192 Part 192 Original Amendments (if any)
Subpart Section Version if
other than
11/12/70
SUBPART A – 192.1 192-27, 192-67, 192-78, 192-81,

GENERAL 192-92, RIN 2137-AD77, 192-102,
192-103
192.3 192-13, 192-27, 192-58, 192-67,
192-72 + Ext., 192-78, 192-81,
192-85, 192-89, RIN 2137-AD43,
192-93, 192-94, 192-98,
RIN 2137-AD77
192.5 192-27, 192-56, 192-78, 192-85
192.7 192-37, 192-51, 192-68, 192-78,
192-94, RIN 2137-AD77, 192-99,
192-102, 192-103, RIN 2137-AE29,
RIN 2137-AE25, RIN 2137-AE29 (#2)
192.8 04/14/06 192-102
192.9 192-72 + Ext., 192-95 Corr., 192-102
192.10 03/19/98 192-81, RIN 2137-AD77
192.11 11/13/72 192-68, 192-75, 192-78
[192.12] 192-10, 192-36 (removed)
192.13 192-27, 192-30, 192-102
192.14 12/30/77 192-30
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192.15
192.16 09/13/95 192-74, 192-74A, 192-84
[192.17] 01/01/71 192-1, 192-27A Ext., 192-38
(removed)
SUBPART B – 192.51
MATERIALS 192.53
192.55 192-3, 192-12, 192-51, 192-68,
192-85
192.57 192-62 (removed and reserved)
192.59 192-19, 192-58
192.63 192-3, 192-31, 192-31A, 192-61,
192-61A, 192-62, 192-68, 192-76
192.65 192-12, 192-17, 192-68
xxv

(Continued)
Effective
Date of
other than
11/12/70
SUBPART C – PIPE 192.101

DESIGN 192.103
192.105 192-47, 192-85
192.107 192-78, 192-84, 192-85
192.109 192-85
192.111 192-27
192.112 12/22/08 RIN 2137-AE25
192.113 192-37, 192-51, 192-62, 192-68,
192-85, 192-94
192.115 192-85
192.117 192-37, 192-62 (removed and
reserved)
192.121 192-31, 192-78, 192-85, 192-94,
192-103, RIN 2137-AE26
192.123 192-31, 192-78, 192-85, 192-93,
192-94, 192-103, RIN 2137-AE26
192.125 192-62, 192-85
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
xxvi

(Continued)
Effective
Date of
other than
11/12/70
SUBPART D – DESIGN 192.141

OF PIPELINE 192.143 192-48, RIN 2137-AE09
COMPONENTS 192.144 08/04/83 192-45, 192-94
192.145 192-3, 192-22, 192-37, 192-62,
192-85, 192-94, 192-103
192.147 192-62, 192-68
192.149
192.150 05/12/94 192-72 + Ext., 192-85, 192-97
192.151 192-85
192.153 192-3, 192-68, 192-85
192.155
192.157
192.159
192.161 192-27, 192-58
192.163 192-27, 192-37, 192-68, 192-85
192.165
192.167 192-27, 192-85
192.169
192.171
192.173
192.175 192-85
192.177 192-58, 192-62, 192-68, 192-85
192.179 192-27, 192-78, 192-85
192.181
192.183 192-85
192.185
192.187 192-85
192.189 192-76
192.191 192-3, 192-58
192.193
192.195
192.197 192-85, 192-93
192.199 192-3
192.201 192-9, 192-85
192.203 192-78, 192-85
xxvii
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


(Continued)
Effective
Date of
other than
11/12/70
SUBPART E – 192.221
WELDING OF STEEL [192.223] 192-52 (removed)
IN PIPELINES 192.225 192-18, 192-22, 192-37, 192-52,
192-94, 192-103
192.227 192-18, 192-18A, 192-22, 192-37,
192-43, 192-52, 192-75, 192-78,
192-94, 192-103
192.229 192-18, 192-18A, 192-37, 192-78,
192-85, 192-94, 192-103
192.231
192.233
192.235
[192.237] 192-37, 192-52 (removed)
[192.239] 192-37, 192-52 (removed)
192.241 192-18, 192-18A, 192-37, 192-78,
192-85, 192-94, 192-103
192.243 192-27, 192-50, 192-78
192.245 192-27, 192-46
SUBPART F – 192.271
JOINING OF 192.273
MATERIALS OTHER 192.275 192-62
THAN BY WELDING 192.277 192-62
192.279 192-62, 192-68
192.281 192-34, 192-58, 192-61, 192-68,
192-78
192.283 07/01/80 192-34 + Ext., 192-34A, 192-34B,
192-68, 192-78, 192-85, 192-94,
192-103
192.285 07/01/80 192-34 + Ext., 192-34A, 192-34B,
192-93, 192-94
192.287 07/01/80 192-34 + Ext., 192-94
xxviii
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


(Continued)
Effective
Date of
other than
11/12/70
SUBPART G – 192.301
GENERAL 192.303
CONSTRUCTION 192.305
REQUIREMENTS FOR 192.307
TRANSMISSION 192.309 192-3, 192-85, 192-88
LINES AND MAINS 192.311 192-93
192.313 192-26, 192-29, 192-49, 192-85
192.315 192-85
192.317 192-27, 192-78
192.319 192-27, 192-78, 192-85
192.321 192-78, 192-85, 192-93, 192-94
192.323
192.325 192-85
192.327 192-27, 192-78, 192-85, 192-98
192.328 12/22/08 RIN 2137-AE25
SUBPART H – 192.351
CUSTOMER METERS, 192.353 192-85, 192-93
SERVICE 192.355 192-58
REGULATORS, AND 192.357
SERVICE LINES 192.359 192-3, 192-85
192.361 192-75, 192-85, 192-93
192.363
192.365
192.367 192-75
192.369
192.371 192-3, 192-85
192.373 192-85
192.375 192-78
192.377
192.379 11/03/72 192-8
192.381 07/22/96 192-79, 192-80, 192-85
192.383 02/03/98 192-83
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
xxix

(Continued)
Effective
Date of
other than
11/12/70
SUBPART I – 192.451 08/01/71 192-4, 192-27, 192-33

REQUIREMENTS FOR 192.452 12/30/77 192-30, 192-102
CORROSION 192.453 08/01/71 192-4, 192-71
CONTROL 192.455 08/01/71 192-4, 192-28, 192-39, 192-78,
192-85
192.457 08/01/71 192-4, 192-33, 192-93
192.459 08/01/71 192-4, 192-87
192.461 08/01/71 192-4
192.463 08/01/71 192-4
192.465 08/01/71 192-4, 192-27, 192-33, 192-35,
192-35A, 192-85, 192-93
192.467 08/01/71 192-4, 192-33
192.469 08/01/71 192-4, 192-27
192.471 08/01/71 192-4
192.473 08/01/71 192-4, 192-33
192.475 08/01/71 192-4, 192-33, 192-78, 192-85
192.476 05/23/07 RIN 2137-AE09
192.477 08/01/71 192-4, 192-33
192.479 08/01/71 192-4, 192-33, 192-93
192.481 08/01/71 192-4, 192-27, 192-33, 192-93
192.483 08/01/71 192-4
192.485 08/01/71 192-4, 192-33, 192-78, 192-88
192.487 08/01/71 192-4, 192-88
192.489 08/01/71 192-4
192.490 10/25/05 192-101
192.491 08/01/71 192-4, 192-33, 192-78
xxx --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


(Continued)
Effective
Date of
other than
11/12/70
SUBPART J – TEST 192.501

REQUIREMENTS 192.503 192-58, 192-60, 192-60A
192.505 192-85, 192-94
192.507 192-58, 192-85
192.509 192-58, 192-85
192.511 192-75, 192-85
192.513 192-77, 192-85
192.515
192.517 192-93
SUBPART K – 192.551
UPRATING 192.553 192-78, 192-93
192.555
192.557 192-37, 192-62, 192-85
SUBPART L – 192.601
OPERATIONS 192.603 192-27A Ext., 192-66, 192-71,
192-75
192.605 192-27A Ext., 192-59, 192-71,
192-71A, 192-93
192.607 192-5, 192-78 (removed and
reserved)
192.609
192.611 192-5, 192-53, 192-63, 192-78,
192-94, RIN 2137-AE25
192.612 01/06/92 192-67, 192-85, 192-98
192.613
192.614 04/01/83 192-40, 192-57, 192-73, 192-78,
192-82, 192-84 + DFR Removal
192.615 192-24, 192-71
192.616 02/11/95 192-71, 192-99, 192-103,
RIN 2137-AE17
192.617
192.619 192-3, 192-27, 192-27A, 192-30,
192-78, 192-85, 192-102, 192-103,
RIN 2137-AE25
192.620 12/22/08 RIN 2137-AE25
192.621 192-85
192.623 192-75
192.625 192-2, 192-6, 192-7, 192-14,
192-15, 192-16, 192-21, 192-58,
192-76, 192-78, 192-93
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
192.627
192.629
xxxi

(Continued)
Effective
Date of
other than
11/12/70
SUBPART M – 192.701
MAINTENANCE 192.703
102.705 192-21, 192-43, 192-78
192.706 06/04/75 192-21, 192-43, 192-71
192.707 192-20, 192-20A, 192-27, 192-40,
192-44, 192-73, 192-85
192.709 192-78
192.711 192-27B, 192-88
192.713 192-27, 192-88
192.715 192-85
192.717 192-11, 192-27, 192-85, 192-88
192.719 192-54
192.721 192-43, 192-78
192.723 192-43, 192-70, 192-71, 192-94
192.725
192.727 192-8, 192-27, 192-71, 192-89,
RIN 2137-AD77, 192-103,
RIN 2137-AE29, RIN 2137-AE29 (#2)
[192.729] 192-71 (removed)
192.731 192-43
[192.733] 192-71 (removed)
192.735
192.736 10/18/93 192-69, 192-85
[192.737] 192-71 (removed)
192.739 192-43, 192-93, 192-96
192.741
192.743 192-43, 192-55, 192-93, 192-96
192.745 192-43, 192-93
192.747 192-43, 192-93
192.749 192-43, 192-85
192.751
192.753 192-25, 192-85, 192-93
192.755 06/01/76 192-23
[Header] 192-103 (removed)
[192.761] 192-91, 192-95 (removed)
SUBPART N – 192.801 10/26/99 192-86
QUALIFICATION OF 192.803 10/26/99 192-86, 192-90
PIPELINE 192.805 10/26/99 192-86, 192-100
PERSONNEL 192.807 10/26/99 192-86
192.809 10/26/99 192-86, 192-90, 192-100
xxxii
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


(Continued)
Effective
Date of
other than
11/12/70
SUBPART O – Header 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103

PIPELINE INTEGRITY 192.901 2/14/04 192-95
MANAGEMENT 192.903 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.905 2/14/04 192-95
192.907 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.909 2/14/04 192-95
192.911 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.913 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.915 2/14/04 192-95
192.917 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.919 2/14/04 192-95
192.921 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.923 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.925 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.927 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.929 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.931 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.933 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103, 192-104
192.935 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.937 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.939 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.941 2/14/04 192-95
192.943 2/14/04 192-95
192.945 2/14/04 192-95, 192-103
192.947 2/14/04 192-95
192.949 2/14/04 192-95, RIN 2137-AD77, 192-103,
RIN 2137-AE29, RIN 2137-AE29 (#2)
192.951 2/14/04 192-95, RIN 2137-AD77, 192-103,
RIN 2137-AE29, RIN 2137-AE29 (#2)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
xxxiii

(Continued)
Effective
Date of
other than
11/12/70
FEDERAL [App. A] 192-3, 192-10, 192-12, 192-17,

APPENDICES 192-18, 192-19, 192-22, 192-32,
192-34 + Ext., 192-37, 192-41,
192-42, 192-51, 192-61, 192-62,
192-64, 192-65, 192-68, 192-76,
192-78, 192-84, 192-95, 192-94
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(removed and reserved)

App. B 192-3, 192-12, 192-19, 192-22,
192-32, 192-37, 192-41, 192-51,
192-61, 192-62, 192-65, 192-68,
192-76, 192-85, 192-94, 192-103
App. C 192-85, 192-94
App. D 08/01/71 192-4
App. E 12/15/03 192-95
xxxiv


- Federal Safety 35 FR 13248 08/19/70 OPS-3 11/12/70 Original Issue
Standards
1 Filing of I&M Plans 35 FR 16405 10/21/70 OPS-4 01/01/71 17
2 Odorization of Gas 35 FR 17335 11/11/70 OPS-3 11/12/70 625
3 Miscellaneous 35 FR 17659 11/17/70 OPS-3 11/12/70 55, 63, 145, 153,
Amendments 191, 197, 199, 309,
359, 371, 619,
App. A & B
4 Requirements for 36 FR 12297 06/30/71 OPS-5 08/01/71 Subpart I,
Corrosion Control App. D
5 Extension of Time for 36 FR 18194 09/10/71 OPS-11 09/10/71 607, 611
Not for Resale

Confirmation or
Revision of MAOP
6 Odorization of Gas in 36 FR 25423 12/31/71 OPS-3E 01/01/72 625
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
8 Deactivation of Service 37 FR 20694 10/03/72 OPS-10 11/03/72 379, 727
Lines
9 Modification of 37 FR 20826 10/04/72 OPS-13 11/04/72 201
Pressure Relief
Limitations
xxxv
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

10 LNG Systems 37 FR 21638 10/13/72 OPS-14 11/13/72 12, App. A

11 Mechanically Coupled 37 FR 21816 10/14/72 OPS-20 11/14/72 717
Repair Sleeves
12 Qualification for Pipe 38 FR 4760 02/22/73 OPS-15 03/22/73 55, 65, App. A & B
13 Definition of Service 38 FR 9083 04/10/73 OPS-9 05/10/73 3
Line
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Not for Resale

Transmission Lines
17 Qualification of Pipe 40 FR 6345 02/11/75 OPS-26 02/25/75 65, App. A
Transported by
Railroad
17 Correction 40 FR 8188 02/26/75 OPS-26 02/26/75 App. A
17 Correction 40 FR 24361 06/06/75 OPS-26 06/06/75 65
18 Welding Requirements 40 FR 10181 03/05/75 OPS-25 03/20/75 225, 227, 229, 241,
App. A
18A Correction 40 FR 27222 06/27/75 OPS-25A 07/01/75 227, 229, 241
xxxvi
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

19 Qualification For Use of 40 FR 10471 03/06/75 OPS-27 03/21/75 59, App. A & B
Plastic Pipe
20 Line Markers For 40 FR 13502 03/27/75 OPS-18 04/21/75 707
Mains & Transmission
Lines
20A --- 41 FR 56807 12/30/76 OPS-18 12/31/76 707
21 Odorization of Gas in 40 FR 20279 05/09/75 OPS-241 06/04/75 625, 705, 706
Transmission Lines
22 Incorporation by 41 FR 13589 03/31/76 OPSO-34 07/01/76 145, 225, 227,
Reference App. A & B
Not for Resale

23 Protecting Cast Iron 41 FR 13588 03/31/76 OPS-33 06/01/76 755
Pipelines
24 Emergency Plans 41 FR 13586 03/31/76 OPS-32 10/01/76 615
25 Caulked Bell & Spigot 41 FR 23679 06/11/76 OPSO-36 07/04/76 753
Joints
26 Bending Limitations 41 FR 26016 06/24/76 OPS-23 07/01/76 313
27 Offshore Pipeline 41 FR 34598 08/16/76 OPS-30 11/01/76 1, 3, 5, 13, 161, 163,
Facilities 243, 245, 451, 465,
469, 481, 707, 713,
717, 727
xxxvii

(Continued)

27 Offshore Pipeline 41 FR 34598 08/16/76 OPS-30 08/01/77 111, 167, 179, 317,
Facilities 319, 327, 619
27 Correction 41 FR 39752 09/16/76 OPS-30 11/01/76 707
27A Time Extension 41 FR 47252 10/28/76 OPS-30 10/28/76 619
27A --- 41 FR 47252 10/28/76 OPS-30 03/16/77 17, 603(b), 605
27B --- 45 FR 3272 01/17/80 OPS-30 01/17/80 711
28 Corrosion Control for 42 FR 35653 07/11/77 OPSO-37 08/12/77 455
Metal Alloy Fittings in
Plastic Pipelines
Not for Resale

29 Longitudinal Seams in 42 FR 42865 08/25/77 OPSO-38 10/03/77 313
Pipe Bends & 11/03/77
29 Correction 42 FR 60148 11/25/77 OPSO-38 11/03/77 313
30 Conversion of Existing 42 FR 60146 11/25/77 OPSO 12/30/77 13, 14, 452, 619
Pipelines to Gas 77-3
Service
31 Design of Plastic 43 FR 13880 04/03/78 OPSO-42 05/18/78 63, 121, 123
Pipelines
31A Time Extension 43 FR 21462 05/18/78 OPSO-42 05/18/78 63
31 Correction 43 FR 43308 09/25/78 OPSO-42 09/03/78 121
xxxviii
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

32 Qualification and 43 FR 18553 05/01/78 77-10 06/01/78 App. A & B

Design of Steel Pipe
32 Correction 43 FR 27540 06/26/78 77-10 06/26/78 App. A
33 Corrosion Control 43 FR 39389 09/05/78 PS-50 09/05/78 451, 457, 465, 467,
Requirements 473, 475, 477, 479,
481, 485, 491
34 Joining of Plastic Pipe 44 FR 42968 07/23/79 PS-54 01/01/80 281, 283, 285, 287,
App. A
34 Time Extension 44 FR 50841 08/30/79 PS-54 08/30/79 281, 283, 285, 287,
App. A
Not for Resale

34 Time Extension 44 FR 57100 10/04/79 PS-54 07/01/80 281, 283, 285, 287,
App. A
34A --- 45 FR 9931 02/14/80 PS-54 07/01/80 283, 285
34B --- 46 FR 39 01/02/81 PS-54 01/02/81 283, 285
34 Correction 47 FR 32720 07/29/82 PS-54 07/29/82 283

(PS-54)
34 Correction 47 FR 49973 11/04/82 PS-54 11/04/82 283

(PS-54)
xxxix
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


(Continued)

35 Cathodically Protected 44 FR 75384 12/20/79 PS-52 12/20/79 465

Transmission Lines
35A Correction 45 FR 23441 04/07/80 PS-52 04/07/80 465
36 LNG Facilities 45 FR 70390 10/23/80 OPSO-46 03/15/80 12
37 Incorporation by 46 FR 10157 02/02/81 PS-65 03/04/81 7, 113, 117, 145,
Reference 163, 225, 227, 229,
237, 239, 241, 557,
App. A & B
38 Reports of Leaks & 46 FR 37250 07/20/81 PS-68 07/20/81 17
Federal Safety
Standards
Not for Resale

39 Metal Alloy Fittings in 47 FR 9842 03/08/82 OPSO-37 04/07/82 455(f)
Plastic Pipelines
40 Damage Prevention 47 FR 13818 04/01/82 PS-59 04/01/83 614, 707
Program
41 Incorporation by 47 FR 41381 09/20/82 PS-65 10/20/82 App. A & B
Reference
42 Incorporation by 47 FR 44263 10/07/82 PS-65 10/07/82 App. A
Reference
43 Inspection and Test 47 FR 46850 10/21/82 PS-73 11/22/82 227, 705, 706, 721,
Intervals 723, 731, 739, 743,
745, 747, 749
xl

(Continued)

44 Line Marking at 48 FR 25206 06/06/83 PS-69 07/06/83 707

Navigable Waterways
45 Qualification of Metallic 48 FR 30637 07/05/83 PS-64 08/04/83 144
Components
46 Repair or Removal of 48 FR 48669 10/20/83 PS-74 11/21/83 245
Girth Weld Defects
47 Temperature Limits on 49 FR 7567 03/01/84 PS-58 04/02/84 105
Cold Expanded Steel
Pipe
48 Design of Pipeline 49 FR 19823 05/10/84 PS-78 06/11/84 143
Components
Not for Resale

49 Ovality of Field Bends 50 FR 13224 04/03/85 PS-81 05/03/85 313
in Steel Pipe
50 Nondestructive Testing 50 FR 37191 09/12/85 PS-83 10/15/85 243
51 Updating Steel Line 51 FR 15333 04/23/86 PS-86 05/23/86 7, 55, 113,
Pipe Specifications App. A & B
52 Welding Requirements 51 FR 20294 06/04/86 PS-87 07/07/86 223, 225, 227,
237, 239
53 Period for Confirmation 51 FR 34987 10/01/86 PS-90 10/31/86 611
or Revision of MAOP
xli
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

54 Exceptions From Non- 51 FR 41634 11/18/86 PS-92 12/18/86 719

Destructive Testing of
Welds in Transmission
Line Repair
55 Interval for Review and 51 FR 41633 11/18/86 PS-91 12/18/86 743
Calculation of Relief
Device Capacity
56 Confirmation or 52 FR 32924 09/01/87 PS-84 10/01/87 5
Revision of MAOP
Near Certain Occupied
Buildings and Outside
Areas
Not for Resale

57 Damage Prevention 52 FR 32798 08/31/87 PS-88 09/30/87 614
Programs
58 Miscellaneous 53 FR 1633 01/21/88 PS-99 02/22/88 3, 59, 161, 177, 191,
Amendments 281, 355, 503, 507,
509, 625
59 Reporting Unsafe 53 FR 24942 07/01/88 PS-96 09/29/88 605
Conditions on Gas &
HL Pipelines and LNG
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Facilities
59 Correction 53 FR 26560 07/13/88 PS-96 09/29/88 605
xlii

(Continued)

60 Exception from 53 FR 36028 09/16/88 PS-98 10/17/88 503

Pressure Testing Non-
Welded Tie-In Joints
60A --- 54 FR 5484 02/03/89 PS-98 10/17/88 503
61 Incorporation by 53 FR 36793 09/22/88 PS-103 10/24/88 63, 281,
Reference of ASTM App. A & B
D-2513
61A --- 54 FR 32641 08/09/89 PS-103 08/09/89 63
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
62 Referenced Standards 54 FR 5625 02/06/89 PS-95 03/08/89 57, 61, 63, 113, 117,
Deletion Affecting Iron, 119, 125, 145, 147,
Steel, and Copper Pipe 177, 275, 277, 279,
Not for Resale

and Other Materials 557,
App. A & B
62 Correction 54 FR 32344 08/07/89 PS-95 08/07/89 App. A
63 Confirmation or 54 FR 24173 06/06/89 PS-97 07/06/89 611
(shown as Revision of MAOP;
60A) Alternative Method
63 Correction 54 FR 25716 06/19/89 PS-97 06/19/89 Corrected Amdt.
(PS-97) Number
64 Incorporation by 54 FR 27881 07/03/89 PS-108 08/02/89 App. A
Reference of Portions
of API 1104, 17th Ed.,
1988
xliii

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(Continued)

65 Pipeline Safety, Steel 54 FR 32344 08/07/89 PS-110 09/06/89 App. A & B

Pipe
66 Amendment of an 56 FR 31087 07/09/91 PS-114 08/08/91 603(c)
Operator's Plans or
Procedures
67 Inspection and Burial of 56 FR 63764 12/05/91 PS-120 01/06/92 1, 3, 612
Offshore Gas and HL
Pipelines
68 Update of Standards 58 FR 14519 03/18/93 PS-131 04/19/93 7, 11, 55, 63, 65,
(PS-131) Incorporated by 113, 147, 153, 163,
Reference 177, 279, 281, 283,
Not for Resale

App. A & B
68 Correction 58 FR 45268 08/27/93 PS-131 04/19/93 Add Amdt. Number,
153, App. A
69 Gas Detection & 58 FR 48460 09/16/93 PS-100 10/18/93 736
Monitoring in
Compressor Station
Buildings
70 Leakage Surveys on 58 FR 54524 10/22/93 PS-123 11/22/93 723
Distribution Lines
Located Outside
Business Districts
xliv
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


(Continued)

71 O & M Procedures for 59 FR 6579 02/11/94 PS-113 03/14/94 605(b)(9)

Pipelines
71 --- 59 FR 6579 02/11/94 PS-113 02/11/95 453, 603, 605,
615(d)-
Redesignated, 616,
706, 723, 727, 729,
733, 737
71A --- 60 FR 14379 03/17/95 PS-113 04/17/95 605
72 Passage of 59 FR 17275 04/12/94 PS-126 05/12/94 3, 9, 150
Instrumented Internal
Inspection Devices
Not for Resale

72 Time Extension 59 FR 49896 09/30/94 PS-126, 09/30/94 3, 9, 150
Notice 2
72 Correction and 59 FR 52863 10/19/94 PS-126, 10/19/94 Edit. Corr.
Time Extension Notice 2
72 Time Extension 60 FR 7133 02/07/95 PS-126, 01/30/95 3, 9, 150
Notice 3
73 Excavation Damage 60 FR 14646 03/20/95 PS-101 04/19/95 614, 707
Prevention Program
74 Customer-Owned 60 FR 41821 08/14/95 PS-135 09/13/95 16
(shown as Service Lines
3)
xlv

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

74 Correction 60 FR 43028 08/18/95 PS-135 09/13/95 Corr. Amdt. No.

74A --- 60 FR 63450 12/11/95 PS-135 01/10/96 16(a)
75 Program Procedures; 61 FR 18512 04/26/96 PS-145 04/26/96 11, 227, 361, 367,
(shown Update and 511, 603, 623
as 74) Corrections
76 Periodic Updates 61 FR 26121 05/24/96 PS-143 06/24/96 63, 189, 625,
App.A
76 Correction 61 FR 36825 07/15/96 PS-143 08/14/96 Add Amdt. No.,
63, App. B
Not for Resale

77 Regulatory Reinvention 61 FR 27789 06/03/96 PS-125 07/03/96 513
Initiative
77 Correction 61 FR 45905 08/30/96 PS-125 07/03/96 Add Amdt. No., 513
78 Regulatory Review 61 FR 28770 06/06/96 PS-124 07/08/96 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 107,
121, 123, 179, 203,
227, 229, 241, 243,
281, 283, 317, 319,
321, 327, 375, 455,
475, 485, 491, 553,
607, 611, 614, 619,
625, 705, 709, 721,
App. A
xlvi

(Continued)

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

78 Correction 61 FR 35139 07/05/96 PS-124 07/08/96 5
78 Correction 61 FR 41019 08/07/96 PS-124 08/07/96 App. A
79 Excess Flow Valve - 61 FR 31449 06/20/96 PS-118 07/22/96 381
Performance Stds.
80 Excess Flow Valve - 62 FR 2618 01/17/97 PS-118 02/18/97 381

Performance Stds.
81 Memorandum of 62 FR 61692 11/19/97 RSPA 97- 03/19/98 1, 3, 10
Understanding with 2096
DOI*
Not for Resale

2096
82 Participation in One- 62 FR 61695 11/19/97 PS-101A 05/18/98 614
Call Systems
83 Excess Flow Valve – 63 FR 5464 02/03/98 PS-118A 02/03/98 383
Customer Notification
83 Correction 63 FR 20134 04/23/98 PS-118A 04/23/98 Corr. Amdt. No. &
Metric Units
xlvii

(Continued)

84 Periodic Updates* 63 FR 7721 02/17/98 RSPA 97- 05/04/98 16, 107, 614, App. A
2251
84 Removal of DFR 63 FR 38757 07/20/98 RSPA 97- 07/20/98 614(c)(5)
Amendment & 2251
DFR Confirmation 05/04/98 Confirmation Date
84 Correction to DFR 63 FR 38758 07/20/98 RSPA 97- 07/20/98 Corr. Amdt. No. &
2251 ASTM Ref. in App. A
85 Metric Equivalents 63 FR 37500 07/13/98 PS-153 07/13/98 3, 5, 55, 105, 107,
109, 113, 115, 121,
123, 125, 145, 150,
151, 153, 163, 167,
175, 177, 179, 183,
Not for Resale

187, 197, 201, 203,
229, 241, 283, 309,
313, 315, 319, 321,
325, 327, 353, 359,
361, 371, 373, 381,
455, 465, 475, 505,
507, 509, 511, 513,
557, 612, 619, 621,
707, 715, 717, 736,
749, 753, App. B & C
xlviii
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

86 Qualification of Pipeline 64 FR 46853 08/27/99 RSPA 98- 10/26/99 801, 803, 805, 807,
Personnel 3783 809
87 Determining the Extent 64 FR 56978 10/22/99 PS-107 11/22/99 459
of Corrosion on Gas
Pipelines
88 Gas Pipeline Repair 64 FR 69660 12/14/99 RSPA 98- 01/13/00 309, 485, 487, 711,
4733 713, 717
89 Underwater 65 FR 54440 09/08/00 RSPA 97- 10/10/00 3, 727
Abandoned Pipeline 2094
Facilities
89 Correction 65 FR 57861 09/26/00 RSPA 97- 10/10/00 727
Not for Resale

2094
90 Qualification of Pipeline 66 FR 43523 08/20/01 RSPA 98- 08/20/2001 803, 809
Personnel, Correction 3783
91 High Consequence 67 FR 50824 08/06/02 RSPA 00- 09/05/02 761
Areas for Gas 7666
Transmission Pipelines
91 Correction 69 FR 21975 04/23/04 RSPA 00- 04/23/04 Corr. Amdt. No.
7666
[No Amdt Revision; Definition of 68 FR 11748 03/12/03 RIN 2137- 03/12/03 3
No.] Administrator AD43
xlix
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

92 Producer - Operated 68 FR 46109 08/05/03 RSPA 99- 09/04/03 1

Outer Continental Shelf 6132
Natural Gas and
Hazardous Liquid
Pipelines that Cross
Directly Into State
Waters
93 Further Regulatory 68 FR 53895 09/15/03 RSPA 02- 10/15/03 3, 123, 197, 285,
Review 13208 311, 321, 353, 361,
457, 465, 479, 481,
517, 553, 605, 625,
739, 743, 745, 747,
753
Not for Resale

94 Periodic Update 69 FR 32886 06/14/04 RSPA 99- 07/14/04 3, 7, 113, 121, 123,
6106 144, 145, 225, 227,
229, 241, 283, 285,
287, 321, 505, 611,
723, App. A, B, & C
94 Correction 69 FR 54591 09/09/04 RSPA 99- 07/14/04 3, 7, 123, 283, 505,
6106 723, App. B
94 DFR* [Correction] 70 FR 3147 01/21/05 RSPA 99- 05/06/05 3
6106
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

95 Pipeline Integrity 68 FR 69778 12/15/03 RSPA 00- 01/14/04 901, 903, 905, 907,
Management 7666 909, 911, 913, 915,
917, 919, 921, 923,
925, 927, 929, 931,
933, 935, 937, 939,
941, 943, 945, 947,
949, 951, App. A & E
95 Correction 69 FR 2307 01/15/04 RSPA 00- 02/14/04 Correct Effective
7666 Date
95 Correction & Petition 69 FR 18228 04/06/04 RSPA 00- 04/06/04 9, 903, 909, 911,
for Reconsideration 7666 913, 917, 921, 925,
927, 929, 933, 935,
Not for Resale

937, 939, 941, 943,
945, 947, App. A & E
95 Correction 69 FR 29903 05/26/04 RSPA 00- 05/26/04 903, 925, 935,
7666 App. E
96 Pressure Limiting and 69 FR 27861 05/17/04 RSPA 02- 09/14/04 739, 743
Regulating Stations* 13208
96 DFR Confirmation 69 FR 54248 09/08/04 RSPA 02- 10/08/04 739, 743
13208
li

(Continued)

97 Passage of Internal 69 FR 36024 06/28/04 RSPA 03- 07/28/04 150

Inspection Devices 16330
98 Periodic Underwater 69 FR 48400 08/10/04 RSPA 97- 09/09/04 3, 327, 612
Inspections 3001
99 Pipeline Operator 70 FR 28833 05/19/05 RIN 2137- 06/20/05 7, 616
(Shown as Public Awareness AD96
100) Program
99 Correction 70 FR 35041 06/16/05 RIN 2137- 06/20/05 Corr. Amdt. No., 616
AD96
100 Operator 70 FR 10332 03/03/05 RSPA 03- 07/01/05 805, 809
Qualifications; 15734
Not for Resale

Statutory Changes*
100 DFR Confirmation 70 FR 34693 06/15/05 RSPA 03- 07/15/05 805, 809
15734
[No Amdt Agency Reorganization 70 FR 11135 03/08/05 RIN 2137- 03/08/05 1, 3, 7, 10, 727, 949,
No.] AD77 951
101 Standards for Direct 70 FR 61571 10/25/05 RIN 2137- 11/25/05 490
Assessment of Gas AD97
and Hazardous Liquid
Pipelines
lii
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

102 Gas Gathering Line 71 FR 13289 03/15/06 RIN 2137- 04/14/06 1, 7, 8, 9, 13, 452,
Definition AB15 619
103 Update of Regulatory 71 FR 33402 06/09/06 RIN 2138- 07/10/06 7, 121, 123, 145,
References to AD68 225, 227, 229, 241,
Technical Standards 283, 616, 619,
Header before 761,
Subpart O Header,
903, 907, 911, 913,
917, 921, 923, 925,
927, 929, 931, 933,
935, 937, 939, 945,
App. B
Not for Resale

103 Update of Regulatory 72 FR 4655 02/01/07 RIN 2137- 03/05/07 1, 7, 227, 727, 903,
[Amended] References to AD68 949, 951
Technical Standards
[Amending that
published [06/09/06]
[No Amdt Design and 72 FR 20055 04/23/07 RIN 2137- 05/23/07 143, 476
No.] Construction Standards AE09
to Reduce Internal
Corrosion in Gas
liii
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

104 Integrity Management 72 FR 39012 07/17/07 RIN 2137- 08/16/07 933

Program Modifications AE07
and Clarifications
[No Amdt Applicability of Public 72 FR 70808 12/13/07 RIN 2137- 01/14/08 616
No.] Awareness AE17
Regulations to Certain
Gas Distribution
Operators
[No Amdt Administrative 73 FR 16562 03/28/08 RIN 2137- 04/28/08 7, 727, 949, 951
Updates, and
Technical
Not for Resale

Amendments*
[No Amdt Standards for 73 FR 62148 10/17/08 RIN 2137- 11/17/08 7, 112, 328, 611,
No.] Increasing the AE25 619, 620
Maximum Allowable
Operating Pressure for
Gas Transmission
Pipelines
liv
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

[No Amdt Standards for 73 FR 72737 12/01/08 RIN 2137- 12/22/08 112, 328, 611, 619,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
No.] Increasing the AE25 620
Maximum Allowable
Operating Pressure for [Ref. as
Gas Transmission “Eff. date
Pipelines stayed”]
[No Amdt Polyamide-11 (PA-11) 73 FR 79002 12/24/08 RIN 2137- 01/23/09 121, 123
No.] Plastic Pipe Design AE26
Pressures
[No Amdt Administrative 74 FR 2889 01/16/09 RIN 2137- 02/17/09 7, 727, 949, 951
Updates, and
Not for Resale

Technical [Ref. as
Amendments (#2)]
[Adopts interim final

rule with modifications.]
* Issued as a Direct Final Rule (DFR) or Interim Final Rule.
lv
Reserved
lvi
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

GAS PIPING TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP LIST
DIVISIONS TASK GROUPS SECTIONS
Abbreviations:

Chairperson: Chair
First Vice Chairperson: 1st V Chair
Second Vice Chairperson: 2nd V Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Damage Prevention - Emergency Response: DP/ER
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Operation and Maintenance: O&M Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Abraham, Richard A. X X X X
Marathon Pipe Line LLC, Findlay, OH
Affonso, Joaquin J. X X X X X
Consumers Energy, Jackson, MI
Alexander, Thomas D. X X X
Willbros Engineers, Inc., Tulsa, OK
Amick, Patrick X X
Marathon Oil Co., Houston, TX
Not for Resale

Arita, Richard X X X
Pacific Gas and Electric, Berkeley, CA
Armstrong, Glen F. X Chair X X X X X
EN Engineering, Woodridge, IL
Ashcraft, Nicholas D. X X
Kiefner & Associates, Worthington, OH
Barkei, David E. X X X
We Engeries, Milwaukee, WI
Bateman, Stephen X
City of Long Beach – Gas & Oil Dept., Long Beach,
CA
Beaver, Brett X X X
Advantica, Mechanicsburg, PA
Becken, Robert C. X X X X
Energy Experts International, Pleasant Hill, CA
lvii
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


(Continued)

Abbreviations:
Chairperson: Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Operation and Maintenance: O&M
Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Benedict, Andrew G. X X
Opvantek, Inc., Newtown, PA
Bennett, Frank M. X X Sec
PPL Gas Utilities Corp., Pottstown, PA
Bevers, Bruce S. X X X
Williams Gas Pipeline, Houston, TX
Blaney, Steven D. X X X X X
Not for Resale

NY State Dept. of Public Service, Albany, NY
Booth, Lloyd E. X X X
Telemark Solutions, Coppell, TX
Boros, Stephen X X
Plastics Pipe Institute, Irving, TX
Breaux, David A. X X X
Broen, Inc., Birmingham, AL
Brown, Charles E. X X X
NTH Consultants, Ltd., Lansing, MI
Bryce, Wayne X X X
CINA Corporation, Mahwah, NJ
Bull, David E. X X Sec X X
ViaData LP, Tobyhanna, PA
Cabot, Paul W. Sec Sec
American Gas Association, Washington, DC
lviii

(Continued)

Abbreviations:
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Chairperson: Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Cadorin, Robert J. X Sec X
TransCanada Corp., Troy, MI
Cardin, Jeanne L. X X
Southwest Gas Corp., Las Vegas, NV
Carey, Willard S. X X X Chair X X
Public Service Elec. & Gas Co., Newark, NJ
Carpenter, Robert X X X
Not for Resale

Southern California Gas Co., San Diego, CA
Chin, John S. X X X X Chair X
TransCanada Corp., Troy, MI
Clarke, Allan M. X X X X
Spectra Energy Corp., Houston, TX
Cody, Leo T. X X X
KeySpan Energy/National Grid, Waltham, MA
Craig, Jim M. X X X
McElroy Manufacturing, Inc., Tulsa, OK
Del Buono, Amerigo J. X X
Steel Forgings, Inc., League City, TX
DeVore, James C. X X X X
Consultant, Green Valley, AZ
lix

(Continued)

Abbreviations:
Chairperson: Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Dockweiler, Kenneth D. X X X X X
SourceGas LLC, Casper, WY
Dolezal, Denise L. X X X
Metropolitan Utilities District, Omaha, NE
Duncombe, Lauri X X X
Williams Gas Pipeline, Salt Lake City, UT
Erickson, John P. X X
Not for Resale

American Public Gas Association, Washington, DC
Faulkenberry, Michael J. X X X
Avista Corp., Spokane, WA
Fleet, F. Roy X X X X
F. Roy Fleet, Inc., Westmont, IL
Frantz, John H. X X X X X Chair
Consultant, Philadelphia, PA
Frederick, Victor M., III X X X
Omega Tools, Allentown, PA
Friend, Mary S. X X X X
Columbia Gas Trmn. Corp., Charleston, WV
Fuller, William R., Jr. X X X X
Xcel Energy Inc., Denver, CO
lx
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

Abbreviations:
Chairperson: Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Galante, Julie X X
CYCLA Corp., Oakton, VA
Gilchrist, Hart X X
Intermountain Gas Co., Boise, ID
Goble, Gregory H. X X X X
R. W. Lyall & Co., Corona, CA
Groeber, Steve A. X X X X X
Not for Resale

Philadelphia Gas Works, Philadelphia, PA
Gunther, Karl M. X X X
NTSB, Washington, DC
Hansen, James P. X X
Elster Perfection Corp., Madison, OH
Hart, Thomas L. X X X
NSTAR Electric & Gas Corp., Westwood, MA
Hazelden, Glyn X X X
Hazelden Group, Oak Park, IL
ST
Heintz, James R. 1 V Chair
UGI Utilities, Inc., Reading, PA Chair
Henry, Jill A. X X X X
Ohio PUC, Columbus, OH
lxi
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

Abbreviations:
Chairperson: Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Hotinger, James M. X X X
VA State Corp. Comm., Richmond, VA
Humes, Dennis W. X X
Mueller Co.- Gas Products Div., Decatur, IL
Hurbanek, Stephen F. X X
NC Utilities Commission, New Bern, NC
Huriaux, Richard D. X X X
Not for Resale

Consultant, Baltimore, MD
Kottwitz, John D. X X Chair X X X
MO Public Service Comm., Jefferson City, MO
Koym, Brent X X X
CenterPoint Energy, Inc., Pearl, MS
Krummert, Lawrence M. X X
Columbia Gas of PA, Inc., New Castle, PA
Lathrap, Philip A. X X X X X
Consultant, Lafayette, CA
Lewis, Raymond D. X X X
Rosen USA, Houston, TX
Loker, Jon O. X X Chair X
Pipeline Safety Consultant, Saint Albans, WV
lxii

(Continued)

Abbreviations:
Chairperson: Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Lomax, George S. X X X X
Heath Consultants Inc., Houston, TX
Lopez, Paul X X
El Paso Corp., Colorado Springs, CO
Lueders, John D. X X X
DTE Energy - MichCon, Grand Rapids, MI
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Mackay-Smith, Seth X X X X
Not for Resale

UMAC Inc., Malvern, PA
Marek, Marti Chair X
Southwest Gas Corp., Las Vegas, NV
McKenzie, James E. X X
Atmos Energy Corp., Jackson, MS
Miller, D. Lane X X X X Sec
PHMSA, Oklahoma City, OK
Modha, Kirit X X
Iroquois Pipeline Operating Co., Shelton, CT
Myers, Clyde A. X X
DOT-PHMSA, Washington, DC
Naper, Robert C. X X X
Energy Experts International, Canton, MA
lxiii

(Continued)

Abbreviations:
Chairperson: Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Nichols, Danny X X X
Energy Transfer Company, Houston, TX
Oleksa, Paul E. X X X X X X
Oleksa & Assoc., Akron, OH
Palermo, Eugene F. X X X X
Palermo Plastics Pipe Consulting, Friendsville, TN
Peters, Kenneth C. X Chair X Sec X
Not for Resale

El Paso Corporation, Birmingham, AL
Peterson, Barry A. X X
Performance Pipe, Concord, CA
Pioli, Christopher A. X X X X
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Jacobs Consultancy, Pasadena, CA
Quezada, Leticia X X X X X Chair
Nicor Gas, Naperville, IL
Reynolds, Donald Lee X X Chair X X
NiSource Corporate Services, Columbus, OH
Schmidt, Robert A. X Chair X X
Hackney Ladish Inc., Russellville, AR
Schrunk, Rex X X
Wilbros Engineers, Inc., Kansas City, MO
lxiv

(Continued)

Abbreviations:
Chairperson: Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Scott, Edward W. X X X
Ameren Illinois Utilities, Pawnee, IL
Seamands, Patrick A. X X X X
Laclede Gas Co., Saint Louis, MO
nd
Sher, Philip 2 V X
CT Dept. Public Utility Control, New Britain, CT Chair
Siedlecki, Walter X X X
Not for Resale

AEGIS Insurance Services, Inc., East Rutherford, NJ
Slagle, Richard X Sec X Chair X
Vectren Energy Delivery, Evansville, IN
Smallwood, Larry X X
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Southern Cross Corp., Norcross, GA
Spangler, David X X X
Washington Gas Light Co. Springfield, VA
Themig, Jerome S. X X X
Ameren Services Co., Pawnee, IL
Torbin, Robert N. X X
Cutting Edge Solutions LLC, Framingham, MA
Troch, Steven J. X X
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co., Baltimore, MD
lxv
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(Continued)

Abbreviations:
Chairperson: Chair
Secretary: Sec
DP/ER
Design
Liaison
Editorial
O&M/OQ
Executive
Main Body
Plastic Pipe
Distribution
Regulations
Transmission
IMP/Corrosion
Manufacturers
Ulanday, Alfredo S. X X X
Integrys Gas Group, Chicago, IL
Veerapaneni, Ram X X X X X
DTE Energy – MichCon, Detroit, MI
Volgstadt, Frank R. X Sec Sec
Volgstadt & Associates, Madison, OH
Weber, David E. X X X X X
Not for Resale

Consultant Engineer, Barnstable, MA
Wells, William M. X X X
New Jersey Natural Gas, Neptune, NJ
White, Gary R. X X
PI Confluence, Inc., Houston, TX
Wilkes, Alfred L. X X X
Performance Pipe, Plano, TX
Yehle, Steve X X
Excel Energy, St. Paul, MN
lxvi
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND §191.1
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition
PART 191
ANNUAL REPORTS, INCIDENT REPORTS, AND

SAFETY-RELATED CONDITION REPORTS
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 5121, 60102, 60103, 60104, 60108, 60117, 60118, and 60124; and 49 CFR 1.53.
§191.1
Scope.
[Effective Date: 03/08/05]
(a) This part prescribes requirements for the reporting of incidents, safety-related conditions,
annual pipeline summary data by operators of gas pipeline facilities located in the United States or
Puerto Rico, including pipelines within the limits of the Outer Continental Shelf as that term is
defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1331).
(b) This part does not apply to—
(1) Offshore gathering of gas in State waters upstream from the outlet flange of each facility
where hydrocarbons are produced or where produced hydrocarbons are first separated, dehydrated,
or otherwise processed, whichever facility is farther downstream;
(2) Pipelines on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) that are producer-operated and cross
into State waters without first connecting to a transporting operator’s facility on the OCS, upstream
(generally seaward) of the last valve on the last production facility on the OCS. Safety equipment
protecting PHMSA-regulated pipeline segments is not excluded. Producing operators for those
pipeline segments upstream of the last valve of the last production facility on the OCS may petition
the Administrator, or designee, for approval to operate under PHMSA regulations governing pipeline
design, construction, operation, and maintenance under 49 CFR 190.9.
(3) Pipelines on the Outer Continental Shelf upstream of the point at which operating
responsibility transfers from a producing operator to a transporting operator; or
(4) Onshore gathering of gas outside of the following areas:
(i) An area within the limits of any incorporated or unincorporated city, town, or
village.
(ii) Any designated residential or commercial area such as a subdivision, business or
shopping center, or community development.
[Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR 18956, May 3, 1984; Amdt. 191-6, 53 FR 24942, July 1, 1988 with Amdt. 191-6
Correction, 53 FR 26560, July 13, 1988; Amdt. 191-11, 61 FR 27789, June 3, 1996 with Amdt. 191-11
Correction, 61 FR 45905, Aug. 30, 1996; Amdt. 191-12, 62 FR 61692, Nov. 19, 1997 with Amdt. 191-12
Confirmation, 63 FR 12659, Mar. 16, 1998; Amdt. 191-15, 68 FR 46109, Aug. 5, 2003; RIN 2137-AD77,
70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005]
GUIDE MATERIAL
For offshore pipelines, responsibilities have been assigned to the Department of Transportation and the
Department of the Interior in accordance with their Memorandum of Understanding dated December 10,
1996 (Implemented per Federal Register, Vol. 62, No. 223, November 19, 1997). See Guide Material
Appendix G-192-19.
Additional state requirements may exist for intrastate facilities.
1
--`,,```,,,,````-`

§191.3
Definitions.
As used in this part and the PHMSA Forms referenced in this part--
Administrator means the Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
or his or her delegate.
Gas means natural gas, flammable gas, or gas which is toxic or corrosive;
Incident means any of the following events:
(1) An event that involves a release of gas from a pipeline or of liquefied natural gas or gas
from an LNG facility and
(i) A death, or personal injury necessitating in-patient hospitalization; or
(ii) Estimated property damage, including cost of gas lost, of the operator or others, or
both, of $50,000 or more.
(2) An event that results in an emergency shutdown of an LNG facility.
(3) An event that is significant in the judgement of the operator, even though it did not meet
the criteria of paragraphs (1) or (2).
LNG facility means a liquefied natural gas facility as defined in §193.2007 of part 193 of this
chapter;
Master Meter System means a pipeline system for distributing gas within, but not limited to, a
definable area, such as a mobile home park, housing project, or apartment complex, where the
operator purchases metered gas from an outside source for resale through a gas distribution
pipeline system. The gas distribution pipeline system supplies the ultimate consumer who either
purchases the gas directly through a meter or by other means, such as by rents;
Municipality means a city, count or any other political subdivision of a state;
Offshore means beyond the line of ordinary low water along that portion of the coast of the
United States that is in direct contact with the open seas and beyond the line marking the seaward
limit of inland waters;
Operator means a person who engages in the transportation of gas;
Outer Continental Shelf means all submerged lands lying seaward and outside the area of
lands beneath navigable waters as defined in Section 2 of the Submerged Lands Act (43 U.S.C.
1301) and of which the subsoil and seabed appertain to the United States and are subject to its
jurisdiction and control.
Person means any individual, firm, joint venture, partnership, corporation, association, state,
municipality, cooperative association, or joint stock association, and includes any trustee, receiver,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
assignee, or personal representative thereof;
Pipeline or Pipeline System means all parts of those physical facilities through which gas moves
in transportation, including, but not limited to, pipe, valves, and other appurtenance attached to pipe,
compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders, and fabricated
assemblies.
State includes each of the several states, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico;
Transportation of gas means the gathering, transmission, or distribution of gas by pipeline, or
the storage of gas in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce.
[Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR 18956, May 3, 1984; Amdt. 191-10, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996; Amdt. 191-12, 62
FR 61692, Nov. 19, 1997 with Amdt. 191-12 Confirmation, 63 FR 12659, Mar. 16, 1998; RIN 2137-
AD43, 68 FR 11748, Mar. 12, 2003; RIN 2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005]
2
GUIDE MATERIAL
ADDITIONAL INCIDENT CONSIDERATIONS
(a) State regulations may be more stringent and require additional reporting for operators of intrastate
pipelines.
(b) "In-patient hospitalization" means hospital admission and at least one overnight stay.
(c) Estimated property damage includes, but is not limited to, costs due to:
(1) Property damage to operator's facilities and property of others.
(2) Gas lost, including blowdown and purging activities.
(3) Facility repair and replacement.
(4) Restoration of gas distribution service and relighting customers.
(5) Leak locating.
(6) Right-of-way cleanup.
(7) Environmental cleanup and damage.
(d) Items to be considered when determining if an event may be significant include the following.
(1) Rupture or explosion.
(2) Fire.
(3) Loss of service.
(4) Evacuation of people in the area.
(5) Involvement of local emergency response personnel.
(6) Degree of media involvement.
§191.5
Telephonic notice of certain incidents.
(a) At the earliest practicable moment following discovery, each operator shall give notice in
accordance with paragraph (b) of this section of each incident as defined in §191.3.
(b) Each notice required by paragraph (a) of this section shall be made by telephone to 800-424-
8802 (in Washington, DC, 267-2675) and shall include the following information.
(1) Names of operator and person making report and their telephone numbers.
(2) The location of the incident.
(3) The time of the incident.
(4) The number of fatalities and personal injuries, if any.
(5) All other significant facts that are known by the operator that are relevant to the cause of
the incident or extent of the damages.
[Amdt. 191-1, 36 FR 7507, Apr. 21, 1971; Amdt. 191-4, 47 FR 32719, July 29, 1982; Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR
18956, May 3, 1984; Amdt. 191-8, 54 FR 40878, Oct. 4, 1989]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Section 191.5 requires that telephonic reports be made to the National Response Center (NRC) in
Washington, D.C. Complete information is not necessary for the initial telephonic report. Refer to Guide
Material Appendix G-191-1 for a sample worksheet that may be used to compile information for the
telephonic report. In addition, an NRC form is available at the website
www.nrc.uscg.mil/pipelinereporttxt.htm. The initial telephonic report should be made within 2 hours of
discovery of the incident. Initial report information should include the following.
3
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(1) Name, address, and a 24-hour telephone number of the operator. An operator should consider
providing a telephone number where more detailed information can be obtained.
(2) Time of incident.
(3) Location of incident, provided in a manner that will aid agencies in locating the site on maps.
(4) Facilities involved.
(5) Number of fatalities or injuries, if known.
(6) Estimate of property damage, including cost of gas lost.
(7) Type of product released.
(8) Evacuations, if known.
(b) If a telephonic report has been made and further investigation reveals that the event was not an
"incident," and therefore not reportable, the telephonic report should be nullified with a letter. This letter
should be sent to the Information Resources Manager at the address specified in §191.7 within 30 days
of the event. The letter should reference the telephonic report number received when the initial
notification was made and briefly explain why the telephonic report is being nullified. Telephonic reports
cannot be removed from the database, but the letter may help ensure accurate PHMSA-OPS records.
(c) Operators should consider making an additional telephonic report if there is a significant change in the
data previously provided to the NRC. A significant change may include an increase or decrease in the
number of injuries or fatalities previously reported, or a revised estimate of property damage that is at
least 10 times that previously reported. Consideration should be given to making an additional telephonic
report up to 48 hours following the initial report. The operator should clearly state to the NRC that
additional information is being provided and give the NRC the initial report’s assigned NRC Report
Number. However, any telephonic report following the initial report will result in an additional NRC Report
Number being created for the same event. All related NRC Report Numbers should be referenced in the
PHMSA-OPS written incident report (see §§191.9 and 191.15).
(d) For intrastate pipelines, it is necessary to comply with federal reporting requirements even though an
"incident" has been reported to the appropriate state agency.
§191.7
Addressee for written reports.
ű[Effective Date: 02/17/09]
Each written report required by this part must be made to Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline and
Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, the Information
Resources Manager, PHP-10, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, Washington, DC 20590-0001. However,
incident and annual reports for intrastate pipeline transportation subject to the jurisdiction of a state
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
agency pursuant to a certification under section 5(a) of the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968
may be submitted in duplicate to that state agency if the regulations of that agency require
submission of these reports and provide for further transmittal of one copy within 10 days of receipt
for incident reports and not later than March 15 for annual reports to the Information Resources
Manager. Safety-related condition reports required by §191.23 for intrastate pipeline transportation
must be submitted concurrently to that state agency, and if that agency acts as an agent of the
Secretary with respect to interstate transmission facilities, safety-related condition reports for these
facilities must be submitted concurrently to that agency.
[Amdt. 191-3, 46 FR 37250, July 20, 1981; Amdt. 191-4, 47 FR 32719, July 29, 1982; Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR
18956, May 3, 1984; Amdt. 191-6, 53 FR 24942, July 1, 1988 with Amdt. 191-6 Correction, 53 FR 26560,
July 13, 1988; Amdt. 191-16, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004; RIN 2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005;
RIN 2137-AE29, 73 FR 16562, Mar. 28, 2008; RIN 2137-AE29 (#2), 74 FR 2889, Jan. 16, 2009]
4
GUIDE MATERIAL
No guide material necessary.
§191.9
Distribution system: Incident report.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph(c) of this section, each operator of a distribution pipeline
system shall submit Department of Transportation Form RSPA F 7100.1 as soon as practicable but
not more than 30 days after detection of an incident required to be reported under §191.5.
(b) When additional relevant information is obtained after the report is submitted under
paragraph (a) of this section, the operator shall make supplementary reports as deemed necessary
with a clear reference by date and subject to the original report.
(c) The incident report required by this section need not be submitted with respect to master
meter systems or LNG facilities.
[Amdt. 191-3, 46 FR 37250, July 20, 1981; Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR 18956, May 3, 1984]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See Guide Material Appendix G-191-2, Form PHMSA F 7100.1 and related instructions. Report forms can be
downloaded from the PHMSA-OPS website at www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/forms. Additional state
requirements may exist for intrastate facilities.
§191.11
Distribution system: Annual report.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each operator of a distribution pipeline
system shall submit an annual report for that system on Department of Transportation Form RSPA F
7100.1-1. This report must be submitted each year, not later than March 15, for the preceding
calendar year.
(b) The annual report required by this section need not be submitted with respect to:
(1) Petroleum gas systems which serve fewer than 100 customers from a single source;
(2) Master meter systems, or
(3) LNG facilities.
[Amdt. 191-2, 37 FR 1172, Jan. 26, 1972; Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR 18956, May 3, 1984]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See Guide Material Appendix G-191-3, Form PHMSA F 7100.1-1 and related instructions. Report forms can
be downloaded from the PHMSA-OPS website at www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/forms. Additional state
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5
§191.13
Distribution systems reporting transmission pipelines; transmission or gathering
systems reporting distribution pipelines.
Each operator, primarily engaged in gas distribution, who also operates gas transmission or
gathering pipelines shall submit separate reports for these pipelines as required by §§191.15 and
191.17. Each operator, primarily engaged in gas transmission or gathering, who also operates gas
distribution pipelines shall submit separate reports for these pipelines as required by §§191.9 and
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
191.11.
[Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR 18956, May 3, 1984]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See §192.3 for definitions of distribution, gathering, and transmission lines. Additional state requirements
may exist for intrastate facilities.
§191.15
Transmission and gathering systems: Incident report.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, each operator of a transmission or a
gathering pipeline system shall submit Department of Transportation Form RSPA F 7100.2 as soon
as practicable but not more than 30 days after detection of an incident required to be reported under
§191.5.
(b) Where additional related information is obtained after a report is submitted under paragraph
(a) of this section, the operator shall make a supplemental report as soon as practicable with a clear
reference by date and subject to the original report.
(c) The incident report required by paragraph (a) of this section need not be submitted with
respect to LNG facilities.
[Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR 18956, May 3, 1984]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See Guide Material Appendix G-191-4, Form PHMSA F 7100.2 and related instructions. Report forms can be
downloaded from the PHMSA-OPS website at www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/forms. Additional state
6
§191.17
Transmission and gathering systems: Annual report.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each operator of a transmission or a
gathering pipeline system shall submit an annual report for that system on Department of
Transportation Form RSPA 7100.2-1. This report must be submitted each year, not later than March
15, for the preceding calendar year.
(b) The annual report required by paragraph (a) of this section need not be submitted with
respect to LNG facilities.
[Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR 18956, May 3, 1984]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See Guide Material Appendix G-191-5, Form PHMSA F 7100.2-1 and related instructions. Report forms can
be downloaded from the PHMSA-OPS website at www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/forms. Additional state
§191.19
Report forms.
Copies of the prescribed report forms are available without charge upon request from the
address given in §191.7. Additional copies in this prescribed format may be reproduced and used if
in the same size and kind of paper. In addition, the information required by these forms may be sub-
mitted by any other means that is acceptable to the Administrator.
[Amdt. 191-3, 46 FR 37250, July 20, 1981; Amdt. 191-10, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
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§191.21
OMB control number assigned to information collection.
This section displays the control number assigned by the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) to the gas pipeline information collection requirements of the Office of Pipeline Safety
pursuant to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, Public Law 96-511. It is the intent of this section to
comply with the requirements of section 3507(f) of the Paperwork Reduction Act which requires that
agencies display a current control number assigned by the Director of OMB for each agency
information collection requirement.
7
OMB CONTROL NUMBER 2137-0522
Section of 49 CFR
Part 191 Where Form No.
Identified
191.5 Telephonic
191.9 RSPA 7100.1
191.11 RSPA 7100.1-1
191.15 RSPA 7100.2
191.17 RSPA 7100.2-1
[Issued by Amdt. 191-5, 49 FR 18956, May 3, 1984; Amdt. 191-13, 63 FR 7721, Feb. 17, 1998 with
Amdt. 191-13 Confirmation, 63 FR 38757, July 20, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§191.23
Reporting safety-related conditions.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each operator shall report in accordance
with §191.25 the existence of any of the following safety-related conditions involving facilities in
service:
(1) In the case of a pipeline (other than an LNG facility) that operates at a hoop stress of 20
percent or more of its specified minimum yield strength, general corrosion that has reduced the wall
thickness to less than that required for the maximum allowable operating pressure, and localized
corrosion pitting to a degree where leakage might result.
(2) Unintended movement or abnormal loading by environmental causes, such as an
earthquake, landslide, or flood, that impair the serviceability of a pipeline or the structural integrity or
reliability of an LNG facility that contains, controls, or processes gas or LNG.
(3) Any crack or other material defect that impairs the structural integrity or reliability of an
LNG facility that contains, controls, or processes gas or LNG.
(4) Any material defect or physical damage that impairs the serviceability of a pipeline that
operates at a hoop stress of 20 percent or more of its specified minimum yield strength.
(5) Any malfunction or operating error that causes the pressure of a pipeline or LNG facility
that contains or processes gas or LNG to rise above its maximum allowable operating pressure (or
working pressure for LNG facilities) plus the build-up allowed for operation of pressure limiting or
control devices.
(6) A leak in a pipeline or LNG facility that contains or processes gas or LNG that
constitutes an emergency.
(7) Inner tank leakage, ineffective insulation, or frost heave that impairs the structural
integrity of an LNG storage tank.
(8) Any safety-related condition that could lead to an imminent hazard and causes (either
8
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directly or indirectly by remedial action of the operator), for purposes other than abandonment, a 20
percent or more reduction in operating pressure or shutdown of operation of a pipeline or an LNG
facility that contains or processes gas or LNG.
(b) A report is not required for any safety-related condition that-
(1) Exists on a master meter system or a customer-owned service line;
(2) Is an incident or results in an incident before the deadline for filing the safety-related
condition report;
(3) Exists on a pipeline (other than an LNG facility) that is more than 220 yards (200 meters)
from any building intended for human occupancy or outdoor place of assembly, except that reports
are required for conditions within the right-of-way of an active railroad, paved road, street, or
highway; or
(4) Is corrected by repair or replacement in accordance with applicable safety standards
before the deadline for filing the safety-related condition report, except that reports are required for
conditions under paragraph (a)(1) of this section other than localized corrosion pitting on an
effectively coated and cathodically protected pipeline.
[Issued by Amdt. 191-6, 53 FR 24942, July 1, 1988 with Amdt. 191-6 Correction, 53 FR 26560, July 13,
1988; Amdt. 191-14, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
For the purpose of Safety-Related Condition Reports, "in-service facilities" are those that are pressurized with
gas, regardless of flow conditions. Facilities that are not "in-service" are completely depressurized and
isolated from all pressurized facilities by valves or physical separation.
See Guide Material Appendix G-191-6 for a chart useful in determining if reports must be filed.
§191.25
Filing safety-related condition reports.
(a) Each report of a safety-related condition under §191.23(a) must be filed (received by the
Associate Administrator, OPS) in writing within five working days (not including Saturday, Sunday,
or Federal holidays) after the day a representative of the operator first determines that the condition
exists, but not later than 10 working days after the day a representative of the operator discovers the
condition. Separate conditions may be described in a single report if they are closely related. Reports
may be transmitted by facsimile at (202) 366-7128.
(b) The report must be headed "Safety-Related Condition Report" and provide the following
information:
(1) Name and principal address of operator.
(2) Date of report.
(3) Name, job title, and business telephone number of person submitting the report.
(4) Name, job title, and business telephone number of person who determined that the
condition exists.
(5) Date condition was discovered and date condition was first determined to exist.
(6) Location of condition, with reference to the state (and town, city, or county) or offshore
site, and as appropriate, nearest street address, offshore platform, survey station number, milepost,
landmark, or name of pipeline.
(7) Description of the condition, including circumstances leading to its discovery, any
significant effects of the condition on safety, and the name of the commodity transported or stored.
9
(8) The corrective action taken (including reduction of pressure or shutdown) before the
report is submitted and the planned follow-up or future corrective action, including the anticipated
schedule for starting and concluding such action.
[Issued by Amdt. 191-6, 53 FR 24942, July 1, 1988 with Amdt. 191-6 Correction, 53 FR 26560, July 13,
1988 and Amdt. 191-6 Correction, 53 FR 29800, Aug. 8, 1988; Amdt. 191-7, 54 FR 32342, Aug. 7, 1989;
Amdt. 191-8, 54 FR 40878, Oct. 4, 1989; Amdt. 191-10, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) The preamble to Amendment 191-7 ("Interpretation and Statement of Policy Regarding Discovery of
Safety-Related Conditions by Smart Pigs and Instructions to Personnel") states:
"Discovery of a potentially reportable condition occurs when an operator's representative has
adequate information from which to conclude the probable existence of a reportable condition. An
operator would have adequate information for each anomaly that is physically examined. Absent
physical examination, discovery may occur after the data are calibrated if the "adequate information"
test is met. However, the adequacy of the information that pig data provide about anomalous
conditions is contingent on a concurrent indication from a number of factors from which an operator
could conclude the probable existence of a reportable condition. Among these are the sophistication
of the pig being used, the reliability of the data, the accuracy of data interpretation, and any other
factors known by the operator relative to the condition of the pipeline."
(b) See Guide Material Appendix G-191-7 for a form useful for reporting a safety-related condition.
(c) Additional state requirements may exist for intrastate facilities.
§191.27
Filing offshore pipeline condition reports.
(a) Each operator shall, within 60 days after completion of the inspection of all its underwater
pipelines subject to §192.612(a), report the following information:
(1) Name and principal address of operator.
(2) Date of report.
(3) Name, job title, and business telephone number of person submitting the report.
(4) Total length of pipeline inspected.
(5) Length and date of installation of each exposed pipeline segment, and location,
including, if available, the location according to the Minerals Management Service or state offshore
area and block number tract.
(6) Length and date of installation of each pipeline segment, if different from a pipeline
segment identified under paragraph (a)(5) of this section, that is a hazard to navigation, and the
location, including, if available, the location according to the Minerals Management Service or state
offshore area and block number tract.
(b) The report shall be mailed to Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials
Safety Administration, Department of Transportation, Information Resources Manager, PHP-10, 1200
New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590-0001.
[Issued by Amdt. 191-9, 56 FR 63764, Dec. 5, 1991; Amdt. 191-14, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; RIN
2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005; RIN 2137-AE29, 73 FR 16562, Mar. 28, 2008; RIN 2137-AE29
(#2), 74 FR 2889, Jan. 16, 2009]
10
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`

GUIDE MATERIAL

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
11
Reserved
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12
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART A
PART 192
MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 5103, 60102, 60104, 60108, 60109, 60110, 60113, 60116, and 60118; and
49 CFR 1.53.
Source: 35 FR 13257, Aug. 19, 1970, unless otherwise noted.
SUBPART A
GENERAL
§192.1
What is the scope of this part?
(a) This part prescribes minimum safety requirements for pipeline facilities and the
transportation of gas, including pipeline facilities and the transportation of gas within the limits of
the outer continental shelf as that term is defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C.
1331).
(b) This part does not apply to—
(1) Offshore gathering of gas in State waters upstream from the outlet flange of each facility
where hydrocarbons are produced or where produced hydrocarbons are first separated, dehydrated,
or otherwise processed, whichever facility is farther downstream;
(2) Pipelines on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) that are producer-operated and cross
into State waters without first connecting to a transporting operator’s facility on the OCS, upstream
(generally seaward) of the last valve on the last production facility on the OCS. Safety equipment
protecting PHMSA-regulated pipeline segments is not excluded. Producing operators for those
pipeline segments upstream of the last valve of the last production facility on the OCS may petition
the Administrator, or designee, for approval to operate under PHMSA regulations governing pipeline
design, construction, operation, and maintenance under 49 CFR 190.9;
(3) Pipelines on the Outer Continental Shelf upstream of the point at which operating
responsibility transfers from a producing operator to a transporting operator;
(4) Onshore gathering of gas—
(i) Through a pipeline that operates at less than 0 psig (0 kPa);
(ii) Through a pipeline that is not a regulated onshore gathering line (as determined in
§192.8); and
(iii) Within inlets of the Gulf of Mexico, except for the requirements in §192.612; or
(5) Any pipeline system that transports only petroleum gas or petroleum gas/air mixtures
to—
(i) Fewer than 10 customers, if no portion of the system is located in a public place; or
(ii) A single customer, if the system is located entirely on the customer’s premises (no
matter if a portion of the system is located in a public place).
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13
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-67, 56 FR 63764, Dec. 5, 1991; Amdt. 192-78, 61
FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-81, 62
FR 61692, Nov. 19, 1997 with Amdt. 192-81 Confirmation, 63 FR 12659, Mar. 16, 1998; Amdt. 192-92, 68
FR 46109, Aug. 5, 2003; RIN 2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005; Amdt. 192-102, 71 FR 13289, Mar.
15, 2006; Amdt. 192-103, 72 FR 4655, Feb. 1, 2007]
GUIDE MATERIAL
This guide material is under review following Amendment 192-102.
(a) The guide material presented in this Guide includes information and some acceptable methods to assist
the operator in complying with the Minimum Federal Safety Standards. The recommendations contained
in the Guide are based on sound engineering principles, developed by a committee balanced in
accordance with accepted committee procedures, and must be applied by the use of sound and
competent engineering judgment. The guide material is advisory in nature and should not restrict the
operator from using other methods of complying. In addition, the operator is cautioned that the guide
material may not be adequate under all conditions encountered.
(b) While the GPTC Guide is intended principally to serve natural gas pipelines, it is a valuable reference for
other pipelines covered by Part 192. The user is cautioned that the unique properties and characteristics
associated with other gases (e.g., density, corrosivity, and temperature extremes) may require special
engineering, operations, and maintenance considerations. Operators of petroleum gas distribution and
master meter systems may benefit from information provided in the “Training Guide for Operators of
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Small LP Gas Systems” (also referred to as “Guidance Manual”) available at

www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/tq/manuals.
(c) As used in the Guide, the terms Personnel, Employees, and Workers refer to operator employees and,
unless specifically noted otherwise, include other personnel used by operators to perform Part 192
functions.
(d) The operator is responsible for the work of a contractor performing tasks covered under Part 192. The
operator should ensure that contract personnel are familiar with applicable procedures prior to the start
of work.
(e) A reference for hydrogen pipelines is OPS Report No. DOT.RSPA/DMT-10-85-1, "Safety Criteria for the
Operation of Gaseous Hydrogen Pipelines," (Discontinued).
(f) For offshore pipelines, responsibilities have been assigned to the Department of Transportation and the
Department of the Interior in accordance with their Memorandum of Understanding dated December 10,
1996 (Implemented per Federal Register, Vol. 62, No. 223, November 19, 1997). See Guide Material
Appendix G-192-19.
(g) Additional state requirements may exist for intrastate facilities.
14
§192.3
Definitions.
As used in this part:

Abandoned means permanently removed from service.
Administrator means the Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
or his or her delegate.
Customer meter means the meter that measures the transfer of gas from an operator to a
consumer.
Distribution line means a pipeline other than a gathering or transmission line.
Exposed underwater pipeline means an underwater pipeline where the top of the pipe protrudes
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
above the underwater natural bottom (as determined by recognized and generally accepted
practices) in waters less than 15 feet (4.6 meters) deep, as measured from mean low water.
Gas means natural gas, flammable gas, or gas which is toxic or corrosive.
Gathering line means a pipeline that transports gas from a current production facility to a
transmission line or main.
Gulf of Mexico and its inlets means the waters from the mean high water mark of the coast of the
Gulf of Mexico and its inlets open to the sea (excluding rivers, tidal marshes, lakes and canals)
seaward to include the territorial sea and Outer Continental Shelf to a depth of 15 feet (4.6 meters), as
measured from the mean low water.
Hazard to navigation means, for the purposes of this part, a pipeline where the top of the pipe is
less than 12 inches (305 millimeters) below the underwater natural bottom (as determined by
recognized and generally accepted practices) in waters less than 15 feet (4.6 meters) deep, as
measured from the mean low water.
High pressure distribution system means a distribution system in which the gas pressure in the
main is higher than the pressure provided to the customer.
Line section means a continuous run of transmission line between adjacent compressor
stations, between a compressor station and storage facilities, between a compressor station and a
block valve, or between adjacent block valves.
Listed specification means a specification listed in section I of Appendix B of this part.
Low-pressure distribution system means a distribution system in which the gas pressure in the
main is substantially the same as the pressure provided to the customer.
Main means a distribution line that serves as a common source of supply for more than one
service line.
Maximum actual operating pressure means the maximum pressure that occurs during normal
operations over a period of 1 year.
Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) means the maximum pressure at which a
pipeline or segment of a pipeline may be operated under this part.
Municipality means a city, county, or any other political subdivision of a state.
Offshore means beyond the line of ordinary low water along that portion of the coast of the
United States that is in direct contact with the open seas and beyond the line marking the seaward
limit of inland waters.
Operator means a person who engages in the transportation of gas.
Outer Continental Shelf means all submerged lands lying seaward and outside the area of lands
beneath navigable waters as defined in Section 2 of the Submerged Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1301) and
of which the subsoil and seabed appertain to the United States and are subject to its jurisdiction and
control.
Person means any individual, firm, joint venture, partnership, corporation, association, state,
municipality, cooperative association, or joint stock association, and including any trustee, receiver,
assignee, or personal representative thereof.
15
Petroleum gas means propane, propylene, butane, (normal butane or isobutanes), and butylene
(including isomers), or mixtures composed predominantly of these gases, having a vapor pressure
o o
not exceeding 208 psi (1434 kPa) gage at 100 F (38 C).
Pipe means any pipe or tubing used in the transportation of gas, including pipe-type holders.
Pipeline means all parts of those physical facilities through which gas moves in transportation,
including pipe, valves, and other appurtenance attached to pipe, compressor units, metering
stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders, and fabricated assemblies.
Pipeline facility means new and existing pipelines, rights-of-way, and any equipment, facility, or
building used in the transportation of gas or in the treatment of gas during the course of
transportation.
Service line means a distribution line that transports gas from a common source of supply to an
individual customer, to two adjacent or adjoining residential or small commercial customers, or to
multiple residential or small commercial customers served through a meter header or manifold. A
service line ends at the outlet of the customer meter or at the connection to a customer's piping,
whichever is further downstream, or at the connection to customer piping if there is no meter.
Service regulator means the device on a service line that controls the pressure of gas delivered
from a higher pressure to the pressure provided to the customer. A service regulator may serve one
customer or multiple customers through a meter header or manifold.
SMYS means specified minimum yield strength is:
(1) For steel pipe manufactured in accordance with a listed specification, the yield strength
specified as a minimum in that specification; or
(2) For steel pipe manufactured in accordance with an unknown or unlisted specification,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the yield strength determined in accordance with §192.107(b).
State means each of the several states, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico.
Transmission line means a pipeline, other than a gathering line, that: (1) Transports gas from a
gathering line or storage facility to a distribution center, storage facility, or large volume customer
that is not down-stream from a distribution center; (2) operates at a hoop stress of 20 percent or
more of SMYS; or (3) transports gas within a storage field.
Note: A large volume customer may receive similar volumes of gas as a distribution center, and
includes factories, power plants, and institutional users of gas.
Transportation of gas means the gathering, transmission, or distribution of gas by pipeline or
the storage of gas, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce.
[Amdt. 192-13, 38 FR 9083, Apr. 10, 1973; Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-58, 53
FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988; Amdt. 192-67, 56 FR 63764, Dec. 5, 1991; Amdt. 192-72, 59 FR 17275, Apr. 12,
1994 with Amdt. 192-72 Ext., 59 FR 49896, Sept. 30, 1994, Amdt. 192-72 Ext. Correction, 59 FR 52863,
Oct. 19, 1994 and Amdt. 192-72 Ext., 60 FR 7133, Feb. 7, 1995; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6,
1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-81, 62 FR 61692, Nov. 19,
1997 with Amdt. 192-81 Confirmation, 63 FR 12659, Mar. 16, 1998; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July
13, 1998; Amdt. 192-89, 65 FR 54440, Sept. 8, 2000; RIN 2137-AD43, 68 FR 11748, Mar. 12, 2003;
Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004 with Amdt.
192-94 Correction, 69 FR 54591, Sept. 9, 2004 and Amdt. 192-94 DFR [Correction], 70 FR 3147, Jan.
21, 2005; Amdt. 192-98, 69 FR 48400, Aug. 10, 2004; RIN 2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005]
16
GUIDE MATERIAL
Glossary of Commonly Used Terms

(For Glossary of Commonly Used Abbreviations, see Table 192.3i below.)
Abandoned pipeline is a pipeline that is physically separated from its source of gas and is no longer
maintained under Part 192.
Abandonment is the process of abandoning a pipeline.
Adhesive joint is a joint made in thermosetting plastic piping by the use of an adhesive substance that forms
a bond between the mating surfaces without dissolving either one of them.
Ambient temperature is the temperature of the surrounding medium, usually used to refer to the temperature
of the air in which a structure is situated or a device operates. See also Ground Temperature and
Temperature.
Bell-welded pipe is furnace-welded pipe that has a longitudinal butt joint that is forge-welded by the
mechanical pressure developed in drawing the furnace-heated skelp through a cone-shaped die. The
die, commonly known as a "welding bell," serves as a combined forming and welding die. This type of
pipe is produced in individual lengths from cut-length skelp. Typical specifications: ASTM A53, API Spec
5L. See also Furnace-butt-welded pipe and Pipe manufacturing processes.
Bottle is a gastight structure which is (1) completely fabricated by the manufacturer from pipe with integral
drawn, forged, or spun end closures; and (2) tested in the manufacturer's plant. See also Bottle-type
holder.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Bottle-type holder is any bottle or group of interconnected bottles installed in one location, and used for the
sole purpose of storing gas. See also Bottle.
Carbon steel. By common custom, steel is considered to be carbon steel where (i) no minimum content is
specified or required for aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium,
tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other element added to obtain a desired alloying effect; (ii) the
specified minimum content for copper does not exceed 0.40 percent; or (iii) the specified maximum
content does not exceed 1.65 percent for manganese, 0.60 percent for silicon or 0.60 percent for
copper.
All carbon steels may contain small quantities of unspecified residual elements unavoidably retained
from raw materials. These elements (copper, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, etc.) are considered
incidental and are not normally determined or reported.
Cast iron. The unqualified term cast iron applies to gray-cast iron that is a cast ferrous material in which a
major part of the carbon content occurs as free carbon in the form of flakes interspersed through the
metal.
Cold-expanded pipe is seamless or welded pipe which is formed and then, expanded in the pipe mill while
cold, so that the circumference is permanently increased by at least 0.50 percent.
Continuous-welded pipe is furnace-welded pipe which has a longitudinal butt joint that is forge-welded by the
mechanical pressure developed in rolling the hot-formed skelp through a set of round pass welding
rolls. It is produced in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and subsequently cut into individual lengths.
Typical specifications: ASTM A53, API Spec 5L. See also Furnace-butt-welded pipe and Pipe
manufacturing processes.
Control piping is pipe, valves, and fittings used to interconnect air, gas, or hydraulically operated control
apparatus.
Curb valve is a valve installed for the purpose of shutting off the gas supply to a building. It is installed below
grade in a service line, at or near the property line. It is operated by use of a removable key or wrench,
through a curb box or standpipe.
Customer meter is a device that measures gas delivered to a customer for consumption on its premises.
Deactivation (Inactivation) is the process of making the pipeline inactive.
17
District regulator station or district pressure regulating station is a pressure regulating station that controls
pressure to a high- or low-pressure distribution main. It does not include pressure regulation whose
sole function is to control pressure to a manifold serving multiple customers.
Double submerged-arc-welded pipe is a pipe having longitudinal or spiral butt joints. The joints are produced
by at least two passes, including at least one each on the inside and on the outside of the pipe.
Coalescence is produced by heating with an electric arc or arcs between the bare metal electrode or
electrodes and the work. The welding is shielded by a blanket or granular, fusible material on the work.
Pressure is not used and filler metal for the inside and outside welds is obtained from the electrode or
electrodes. Typical specifications: ASTM A381, API Spec 5L. See also Pipe manufacturing processes.
Ductile iron (sometimes called nodular iron) is a cast ferrous material in which the free graphite present is in a
spheroidal form rather than a flake form. The desirable properties of ductile iron are achieved by means
of chemistry and a ferritizing heat treatment of the castings.
Electric-flash-welded pipe is pipe having a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence is produced,
simultaneously over the entire area of abutting surfaces, by the heat obtained from resistance to the
flow of electric current between the two surfaces, and by the application of pressure after heating is
substantially completed. Flashing and upsetting are accompanied by the expulsion of metal from the
joint. Typical specification: API Spec 5L. See also Pipe manufacturing processes.
Electric-fusion-welded pipe is pipe having a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence is produced in the
preformed tube by manual or automatic electric-arc welding. The weld may be single or double and may
be made with or without the use of filler metal. Typical specifications: ASTM A134, ASTM A139: Single
or double weld is permitted with or without the use of filler metal. ASTM A671, ASTM A672, ASTM
A691, and API Spec 5L: Requires both inside and outside welds and use of filler metal.
Spiral-welded pipe is also made by the electric-fusion-welded process with either a butt joint, a lap joint
or a lock-seam joint. Typical specifications: ASTM A134, ASTM A139, and API Spec 5L: Butt joint.
ASTM A211: Butt joint, lap joint, or lock-seam joint. See also Pipe manufacturing processes.
Electric-resistance-welded pipe is pipe, which has a longitudinal butt joint wherein coalescence, is produced
by the application of pressure and by the heat obtained from the resistance of the pipe to the flow of an
electric current in a circuit of which the pipe is a part. It is produced in individual lengths or in continuous
lengths from coiled skelp and subsequently cut into individual lengths. Typical specifications: ASTM
A53, ASTM A135, and API Spec 5L. See also Pipe manufacturing processes.
Excess Flow Valve (EFV) is a device installed in a gas pipeline to automatically restrict or shut off the gas
flow through the line when the flow exceeds a predetermined limit.
Excess Flow Valve-Bypass (EFVB) is an EFV that is designed to limit the flow of gas upon closure to a small,
predetermined level. EFVBs reset automatically once the line downstream is made gastight and
pressure is equalized across the valve.
Excess Flow Valve-Non-Bypass (EFVNB) is an EFV that is designed to stop the flow of gas upon closure.
EFVNBs must be manually reset.
Furnace-butt-welded pipe. There are two such types of pipe defined in this glossary: Bell-welded pipe and
Continuous-welded pipe. See also Pipe manufacturing processes.
Furnace-lap-welded pipe is pipe that has a longitudinal lap joint that is produced by the forge welding
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
process. In this process, coalescence is produced by heating a preformed tube to welding temperature
and then passing it over a mandrel. The mandrel is located between the two welding rolls that compress
and weld the overlapping edges. Typical specification: API Spec 5L. The manufacture of this type of
pipe was discontinued, and the process was deleted from API Spec 5L in 1962. See also Pipe
manufacturing processes.
Gas control is a person or persons who acquire and maintain data to remotely monitor and direct the flow of
gas to meet design and contractual obligations, and to assist in detecting pipeline emergencies and
initiating response.
Ground temperature is the temperature of the earth at pipe depth. See also Ambient temperature and
Temperature.
Heat-fusion joint is a joint made in thermoplastic piping by heating the parts sufficiently to permit fusion of the
materials when the parts are pressed together.
Holiday is a coating imperfection that exposes the pipe surface to the environment.
18
Holiday detection is testing of a coating for holidays using an instrument that applies a voltage between the
external surface of the coating and the pipe.
Hoop stress is the stress in a pipe wall, acting circumferentially in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of the pipe, produced by the pressure of the fluid in the pipe. In this Guide, hoop stress in steel pipe
is calculated by the formula:
PD
Sh =
2t
Where:
Sh = hoop stress, psi
P = internal pressure, psig
D = nominal outside diameter of pipe, inches
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
t = nominal wall thickness, inches

See also Maximum allowable hoop stress.
Hot taps are connections made to transmission lines, mains, or other facilities while they are in operation.
The connecting and tapping is done while the facility is under gas pressure.
Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) is one of a series of established stress values specified in ASTM D2837,
"Standard Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or
Pressure Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Products," for a plastic compound, obtained by
categorizing the long-term hydrostatic strength as determined in accordance with ASTM D2837.
Inactive pipeline is a pipeline that is being maintained under Part 192 but is not presently being used to
transport gas.
Instrument piping is pipe, valves, and fittings used to connect instruments to main piping, to other instruments
and apparatus, or to measuring equipment.
Iron. See Cast iron, Ductile iron, and Malleable iron.
Jeeping is a method of Holiday detection.
Joint. See Length.
Lateral line (transmission). See guide material under §192.625.
Leakage surveys are systematic inspections made for the purpose of finding leaks in a gas piping system.
The types of inspections commonly made are described in Guide Material Appendix G-192-11 "Gas
Leakage Control Guidelines for Natural Gas Systems" and Guide Material Appendix G-192-11A "Gas
Leakage Control Guidelines for Petroleum Gas Systems."
Length is a piece of pipe as delivered from the mill. Each piece is called a length regardless of its actual
longitudinal dimension. While this is sometimes called a "joint," the term "length" is preferred.
Light surface oxide is a non-damaging form of corrosion.
Long-term hydrostatic strength of plastic pipe is the estimated hoop stress, in psi, that would result in a failure
of the pipe if the pipe were subjected to 100,000 hours of hydrostatic pressure.
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is the lower limit of flammability for a gas expressed as a percent, by volume, of
gas in air.
Malleable iron is a mixture of iron and carbon, including small amounts of silicon, manganese, phosphorous
and sulfur which, after being cast, is converted structurally by heat treatment into primarily a matrix of
ferrite containing nodules of tempered carbon.
Maximum allowable hoop stress is the maximum hoop stress permitted for the design of a piping system. It
depends upon the material used, the class location of the pipe, and the operating conditions. See also
Hoop stress.
Maximum allowable test pressure is the maximum internal fluid pressure permitted for testing, for the
materials and class location involved.
Meters. See Customer meter and Meter set assembly.
Meter set assembly is that exposed portion of the service line extending from the service line riser valve to
the connection of the customer’s fuel line, including the meter, and (if present) the regulator and relief
vent line. In the absence of a service line riser valve, the meter set assembly starts at the first exposed
fitting. The meter set assembly does not include the customer’s buried or exposed fuel line.
19
Monitoring regulator is a pressure regulator, set in series with another pressure regulator, for the purpose of
providing automatic overpressure protection in the event of a malfunction of the primary regulator.
Nodular iron. See Ductile iron.
Nominal outside diameter (D) is the outside diameter, in inches, as listed in Table 192.105i for nominal pipe
size 12 inches and less, and is the same as the nominal pipe size greater than 12 inches. It is used in
the design formula for steel pipe in §192.105 and the calculation for hoop stress.
Nominal wall thickness (t) is the wall thickness, in inches, computed by, or used in, the design formula for
steel pipe in §192.105. Pipe may be ordered to this computed wall thickness without adding an
allowance to compensate for the under-thickness tolerances permitted in approved specifications.
Operating stress is the stress in a pipe or structural member under normal operating conditions.
Overpressure protection is the use of a device or equipment installed for the purpose of preventing pressure
in a pipe system or other facility from exceeding a predetermined limit. See also Pressure limiting
station, Pressure regulating station, Pressure relief station, and Service regulator.
Parallel encroachment pertains to that portion of the route of a transmission line or main that lies within, runs
in a generally parallel direction to, and does not necessarily cross, the rights-of-way of a road, street,
highway, or railroad.
Pipe. See Bell-welded pipe, Cold-expanded pipe, Continuous-welded pipe, Control piping,
Double-submerged-arc-welded pipe, Electric-flash-welded pipe, Electric-fusion-welded pipe, Electric-
resistance-welded pipe, Furnace-butt-welded pipe, Furnace-lap-welded pipe, Instrument piping, Length,
Pipe-container, Pipe manufacturing processes, Pipe-type holder, Sample piping, and Seamless pipe.
Pipe-container is a gastight structure assembled from pipe and end closures. See also Pipe-type holder.
Pipe manufacturing processes. A reference is ASME I00396 “History of Line Pipe Manufacturing in North
America.” Types and names of welded joints are used herein as defined in the American Welding
Society (AWS) Publication A3.0 "Standard Welding Terms and Definitions" except for the following
terms which are defined in this glossary.
Bell-welded pipe
Continuous-welded pipe
Double-submerged-arc-welded pipe
Electric-flash-welded pipe
Electric-fusion-welded pipe
Electric-resistance-welded pipe
Furnace-butt-welded pipe
Furnace-lap-welded pipe
Seamless pipe
Pipe-type holder is any pipe-container or group of interconnected pipe-containers installed at one location for
the sole purpose of storing gas. See also Pipe-container.
Plastic (noun) is a material that contains one or more organic polymeric substances of high molecular weight
as an essential ingredient, is solid in its finished state, and can be shaped by flow at some stage of its
manufacture or processing into finished articles. The two general types of plastic referred to in this
Guide are thermoplastic and thermosetting. See also Thermoplastic and Thermosetting plastic.
Plastic pipe joints. See Adhesive joint, Heat-fusion joint, and Solvent cement joint.
Pressure (expressed in pounds per square inch above atmospheric pressure, i.e., gauge pressure
(abbreviation: psig), unless otherwise stated). See also Maximum allowable test pressure,
Overpressure protection, Pressure limiting station, Pressure regulating station, Pressure relief station,
and Standup pressure test.
Pressure limiting station consists of apparatus which, under abnormal conditions, will act to reduce, restrict or
shut off the supply of gas flowing into a transmission line, main, holder, pressure vessel or compressor
station piping in order to prevent the gas pressure from exceeding a predetermined limit. While normal
pressure conditions prevail, the pressure limiting station may exercise some degree of control of the
flow of gas or may remain in the wide-open position. Included in the station are any enclosures and
ventilating equipment, and any piping and auxiliary equipment, such as valves, control instruments, or
control lines.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
20
Pressure regulating station consists of apparatus installed for the purpose of automatically reducing and
regulating the gas pressure in the downstream transmission line, main, holder, pressure vessel or
compressor station piping to which it is connected. Included in the station are any enclosures and
control lines.
Pressure relief station consists of apparatus installed to vent gas from a transmission line, main, holder,
pressure vessel, or compressor station piping in order to prevent the gas pressure from exceeding a
predetermined limit. The gas may be vented into the atmosphere or into a lower pressure gas system
capable of safely receiving the gas being discharged. Included in the station are any enclosures and
control lines.
Private rights-of-way are those that are not located on roads, streets or highways used by the public, or on
railroad rights-of-way.
Proprietary items are items made by a company having the exclusive right of manufacture.
Public place is a place that is generally open to all persons in a community as opposed to being restricted
to specific persons. A public place includes churches, schools, and commercial property, as well as
any publicly owned right-of-way or property that is frequented by people.
Regulators. See Pressure limiting station, Pressure regulating station, Pressure relief station, and Service
regulator.
Sample piping is pipe, valves, and fittings used for the collection of samples of gas or other fluids.
SCADA is supervisory control and data acquisition. SCADA is a remote control system that allows the
transmission of data from a remote site (e.g., a delivery point) to a central control location. SCADA
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
systems are used to monitor and control flow, pressure, and other parameters of the pipeline system.
SCADA systems may generate an alarm when an event has occurred or an unusual situation is
developing.
Seamless pipe is a wrought tubular product made without a welded seam. It is manufactured by hot working
steel or, if necessary, by subsequently cold finishing the hot-worked tubular product to produce the
desired shape, dimensions, and properties. See also Pipe manufacturing processes.
Secondary stress is stress created in the pipe wall by loads other than internal fluid pressure. Examples are
backfill loads, traffic loads, beam action in a span and loads at supports and at connections to the pipe.
Service-line valve is a valve located in the service line ahead of the service regulator, or ahead of the meter
where there is no regulator.
Slack loop is extra pipe length installed to counter the effects of pipe expansion and contraction.
Solvent cement joint is a joint made in PVC piping by using solvent cement to join the piping components.
Standup pressure test is a test to demonstrate that a pipe or piping system does not leak as evidenced by the
lack of a drop in pressure over a specified period of time after the source of pressure has been isolated.
Steel is an iron-base alloy, malleable in some temperature range as initially cast, containing manganese,
carbon, and often other alloying elements. See also Carbon steel.
Stress is the resultant internal force that resists change in the size or shape of a body acted on by external
forces. See also Hoop stress, Maximum allowable hoop stress, Operating stress, Secondary stress,
Tensile strength, and Yield strength.
o
Temperature (expressed in degrees Fahrenheit ( F) unless otherwise stated). See also Ambient temperature
and Ground temperature.
Tensile strength is the highest unit tensile stress (referred to the original cross section) that a material can
sustain before failure (psi)
Thermoplastic is a plastic that is capable of being repeatedly softened by increase of temperature and
hardened by decrease of temperature. Examples of thermoplastic materials include polyethylene (PE),
polyamide (PA or nylon), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Thermosetting plastic is a plastic that is capable of being changed into a substantially infusible or insoluble
product when cured under the application of heat or by chemical means. Examples of thermosetting
plastic materials include:
(a) Epoxy as used in epoxy fiberglass pipe, "Red Thread®" pipe, and fiber-reinforced pipe (FRP); and
21
(b) Unsaturated polyester as used in fiberglass composites for steel pipe repair sleeves, and cured-in-
place (CIP).
Thickness. See Nominal wall thickness.
Valve. See Curb valve and Service-line valve.
Vault is an underground structure which may be entered, and which is designed to contain piping and piping
components, such as valves or pressure regulators.
Yield strength is the strength at which a material exhibits a specified limiting permanent set, or produces a
specified total elongation under load. The specified limiting set or elongation is usually expressed as a
percentage of gage length, and its values are specified in the various material specifications acceptable
under this Guide.
GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS

Note: For added organizational abbreviations, see Guide Material Appendix G-192-1, Sections 4 and 5.
Abbreviation Meaning
ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
ACVG alternating current voltage gradient
ASV automatic shutoff valve
BAP baseline assessment plan
CAB cellulose acetate butyrate
CDA confirmatory direct assessment
CGI combustible gas indicator
CIS close-interval survey
CP cathodic protection
DA direct assessment
DCVG direct current voltage gradient
ECDA external corrosion direct assessment
EFV excess flow valve
EFVB excess flow valve – bypass (automatic reset)
EFVNB excess flow valve – non-bypass (manual reset)
ERW electric resistance welded
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ESD emergency shutdown
FAQ frequently asked question
GIS geographic information system
GPS global positioning system
HCA high consequence area
HDB hydrostatic design basis
HFI hydrogen flame ionization
IC internal corrosion
ICDA internal corrosion direct assessment
ICS Incident Command System
ILI In-line inspection
IMP integrity management program
IR drop voltage drop
LEL lower explosive limit
LNG liquefied natural gas
LPG liquid petroleum gas
LTHS long-term hydrostatic strength
22
GLOSSARY OF COMMOMLY USED ABBREVIATIONS (Continued)
Abbreviation Meaning
MAOP maximum allowable operating pressure

MRS minimum required strength
NDE nondestructive evaluation
NPS nominal pipe size
O&M operations and maintenance
OCS outer continental shelf
OQ operator qualification
PA polyamide
P&M measures preventive and mitigative measures
PDB pressure design basis
PE polyethylene
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
PIC potential impact circle
PIR potential impact radius
PVC poly (vinyl chloride), also written as polyvinyl chloride
RCV remote control valve
SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition
SCC stress corrosion cracking
SCCDA stress corrosion cracking direct assessment
SDB strength design basis
SDR standard dimension ratio
SMYS specified minimum yield strength
TABLE 192.3i
§192.5
Class locations.
(a) This section classifies pipeline locations for purposes of this part. The following criteria
apply to classifications under this section.
(1) A "class location unit" is an onshore area that extends 220 yards (200 meters) on either
side of the centerline of any continuous 1- mile (1.6 kilometers) length of pipeline.
(2) Each separate dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling unit building is counted as a separate
building intended for human occupancy.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, pipeline locations are classified as
follows:
(1) A Class 1 location is:
(i) An offshore area; or
(ii) Any class location unit that has 10 or fewer buildings intended for human
occupancy.
(2) A Class 2 location is any class location unit that has more than 10 but fewer than 46
buildings intended for human occupancy.
23
(i) Any class location unit that has 46 or more buildings intended for human
occupancy; or
(ii) An area where the pipeline lies within 100 yards (91 meters) of either a building or a
small, well-defined outside area (such as a playground, recreation area, outdoor theater, or other
place of public assembly) that is occupied by 20 or more persons on at least 5 days a week for 10
weeks in any 12-month period. (The days and weeks need not be consecutive.)
(4) A Class 4 location is any class location unit where buildings with four or more stories
above ground are prevalent.
(c) The length of Class locations 2, 3, and 4 may be adjusted as follows:
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(1) A Class 4 location ends 220 yards (200 meters) from the nearest building with four or
more stories above ground.
(2) When a cluster of buildings intended for human occupancy requires a Class 2 or 3
location, the class location ends 220 yards (200 meters) from the nearest building in the cluster.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-56, 52 FR 32924, Sept. 1, 1987; Amdt. 192-78, 61
FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996 and Amdt. 192-78
Correction, 61 FR 35139, July 5, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
No guide material available at present.
§192.7
What documents are incorporated by reference partly or wholly in this part?
(a) Any documents or portions thereof incorporated by reference in this part are included in this
part as though set out in full. When only a portion of a document is referenced, the remainder is not
incorporated in this part.
(b) All incorporated materials are available for inspection in the Office of Pipeline Safety,
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington,
DC, 20590-0001 or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on
the availability of this material at NARA, call 202–741–6030 or go to:
http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html. These
materials have been approved for incorporation by reference by the Director of the Federal Register
in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. In addition, the incorporated materials are
available from the respective organizations listed in paragraph (c) (1) of this section.
(c) The full titles of documents incorporated by reference, in whole or in part, are provided
herein. The numbers in parentheses indicate applicable editions. For each incorporated document,
citations of all affected sections are provided. Earlier editions of currently listed documents or
editions of documents listed in previous editions of 49 CFR part 192 may be used for materials and
components designed, manufactured, or installed in accordance with these earlier documents at the
time they were listed. The user must refer to the appropriate previous edition of 49 CFR part 192 for a
listing of the earlier listed editions or documents.
(1) Incorporated by reference (IBR). List of Organizations and Addresses:
A. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), c/o Technical Toolboxes, 3801
Kirby Drive, Suite 520, Houston, TX 77098.
B. American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.
C. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
Conshohocken, PA 19428.
24
D. ASME International (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016–5990.

E. Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc.
(MSS), 127 Park Street, NE, Vienna, VA 22180.
F. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101,
Quincy, MA 02269–9101.
G. Plastics Pipe Institute, Inc. (PPI), 1825 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 680,
Washington, DC 20009.
H. NACE International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, TX 77084.
I. Gas Technology Institute (GTI), 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL
60018.
(2) Documents incorporated by reference (Numbers in Parentheses Indicate Applicable Editions).
Source and name of referenced material 49 CFR reference

A. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI):
(1) AGA Pipeline Research Committee, Project PR–3–805, ‘‘A §§192.933(a); 192.485(c).
Modified Criterion for Evaluating the Remaining Strength of
Corroded Pipe,’’ (December 22, 1989). The RSTRENG program
may be used for calculating remaining strength.
B. American Petroleum Institute (API):
(1) API Specification 5L ‘‘Specification for Line Pipe,’’ (43rd §§192.55(e); 192.112; 192.113; Item
edition and errata, 2004). I of Appendix B.
(2) API Recommended Practice 5L1 ‘‘Recommended Practice §192.65(a).
for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe,’’ (6th edition, 2002).
(3) API Specification 6D ‘‘Pipeline Valves,’’ (22nd edition, §192.145(a).
January 2002).
(4) API Recommended Practice 80, ‘‘Guidelines for the §§192.8(a); 192.8(a)(1); 192.8(a)(2);
Definition of Onshore Gas Gathering Lines,’’ (1st edition, April 192.8(a)(3); 192.8(a)(4).
2000).
(5) API 1104 ‘‘Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities,’’ §§192.227(a); 192.229(c)(1);
(19th edition, 1999, including Errata October 31, 2001). 192.241(c); Item II, Appendix B.
(6) API Recommended Practice 1162 ‘‘Public Awareness §§192.616(a); 192.616(b);
st
Programs for Pipeline Operators,’’ (1 edition December 2003). 192.616(c).
C. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):
(1) ASTM A 53/A53M–04a (2004) ‘‘Standard Specification for §§192.113; Item I, Appendix B.
Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and
Seamless.’’
(2) ASTM A106/A106M-04b (2004) ‘‘Standard Specification for §§192.113; Item I, Appendix B.
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service.’’
(3) ASTM A333/A333M-05 (2005) ‘‘Standard Specification for §§192.113; Item I, Appendix B.
Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Service.’’
(4) ASTM A372/A372M-03 (2003) ‘‘Standard Specification for §192.177(b)(1).
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure
Vessels.’’
25
Source and name of referenced material 49 CFR (Continued) 49 CFR reference (Continued)
(5) ASTM A381–96 (Reapproved 2001) ‘‘Standard §§192.113; Item I, Appendix B.
Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use With
High-Pressure Transmission Systems.’’
(6) ASTM Designation: A578/A578M–96 (Re-approved 2001) §§192.112(c)(2)(iii).
‘‘Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic
Examination of Plain and Clad Steel Plates for Special
Applications’’.
(7) ASTM A671-04 (2004) ‘‘Standard Specification for Electric- §§192.113; Item I, Appendix B.
Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower
Temperatures.’’
(8) ASTM A672-96 (Reapproved 2001) ‘‘Standard Specification §§192.113; Item I, Appendix B.
for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure
Service at Moderate Temperatures.’’
(9) ASTM A691-98 (Reapproved 2002) ‘‘Standard Specification §§192.113; Item I, Appendix B.
for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-Welded for
High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures.’’
(10) ASTM D638-03 ‘‘Standard Test Method for Tensile §§192.283(a)(3); 192.283(b)(1).
Properties of Plastics.’’
(11) ASTM D2513-87 ‘‘Standard Specification for Thermoplastic §192.63(a)(1).
Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings.”
(12) ASTM D2513-99 ‘‘Standard Specification for Thermoplastic §§192.191(b); 192.281(b)(2);
Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings.” 192.283(a)(1)(i); Item I, Appendix
B.
(13) ASTM D2517-00 ‘‘Standard Specification for Reinforced §§192.191(a); 192.281(d)(1);
Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and Fittings.’’ 192.283(a)(1)(ii); Item I, Appendix
B.
(14) ASTM F1055-1998 ‘‘Standard Specification for §192.283(a)(1)(iii).
Electrofusion Type Polyethylene Fittings for Outside Diameter
Controlled Polyethylene Pipe and Tubing.’’
D. ASME International (ASME):
(1) ASME B16.1-1998 ‘‘Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged §192.147(c).
Fittings.’’
(2) ASME B16.5-2003 (October 2004) ‘‘Pipe Flanges and §§192.147(a); 192.279.
Flanged Fittings.’’
(3) ASME B31G-1991 (Reaffirmed; 2004) ‘‘Manual for §§192.485(c); 192.933(a).
Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines.’’
(4) ASME B31.8-2003 (February 2004) ‘‘Gas Transmission and §192.619(a)(1)(i).
Distribution Piping Systems.’’
26 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Source and name of referenced material (Continued) 49 CFR reference (Continued)

(5) ASME B31.8S-2004 ‘‘Supplement to B31.8 on Managing §§192.903(c); 192.907(b); 192.911,
System Integrity of Gas Pipelines.’’ Introductory text; 192.911(i);
192.911(k); 192.911(l); 192.911(m);
192.913(a) Introductory text;
192.913(b)(1); 192.917(a)
Introductory text; 192.917(b);
192.917(c); 192.917(e)(1);
192.917(e)(4); 192.921(a)(1);
192.923(b)(2); 192.923(b)(3);
192.925(b) Introductory text;
192.925(b)(1); 192.925(b)(2);
192.925(b)(3); 192.925(b)(4);
192.927(b); 192.927(c)(1)(i);
192.929(b)(1); 192.929(b)(2);
192.933(a); 192.933(d)(1);
192.933(d)(1)(i); 192.935(a);
192.935(b)(1)(iv); 192.937(c)(1);
192.939(a)(1)(i); 192.939(a)(1)(ii);
192.939(a)(3); 192.945(a).
(6) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, “Rules §192.153(a).
for Construction of Power Boilers,” (2004 edition, including
addenda through July 1, 2005).
(7) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, §§192.153(a); 192.153(b);
Division 1, ‘‘Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels,’’ 192.153(d); 192.165(b)(3).
(2004 edition, including addenda through July 1, 2005).
(8) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, §§192.153(b); 192.165(b)(3).
Division 2, ‘‘Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels -
Alternative Rules,’’ (2004 edition, including addenda through
July 1, 2005).
(9) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, §§192.227(a); Item II, Appendix B.
‘‘Welding and Brazing Qualifications,’’ (2004 edition, including
addenda through July 1, 2005).
E. Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and
Fittings Industry, Inc. (MSS):
(1) MSS SP44–1996 (Reaffirmed; 2001) ‘‘Steel Pipe Line §192.147(a).
Flanges.’’
(2) [Reserved].
F. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA):
(1) NFPA 30 (2003) ‘‘Flammable and Combustible Liquids §192.735(b).
Code.’’
(2) NFPA 58 (2004) ‘‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code (LP–Gas §§192.11(a); 192.11(b); 192.11(c).
Code).’’
(3) NFPA 59 (2004) ‘‘Utility LP-Gas Plant Code.” §§192.11(a); 192.11(b); 192.11(c).
(4) NFPA 70 (2005) ‘‘National Electrical Code.’’ §§192.163(e); 192.189(c).
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 27
Source and name of referenced material (Continued) 49 CFR reference (Continued)

G. Plastics Pipe Institute, Inc. (PPI):
(1) PPI TR–3/2004 (2004) ‘‘Policies and Procedures for §192.121.
Developing Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB), Pressure Design
Basis (PDB), Strength Design Basis (SDB), and Minimum
Required Strength (MRS) Ratings for Thermoplastic Piping
Materials or Pipe.”
H. NACE International (NACE):
(1) NACE Standard RP0502–2002 ‘‘Pipeline External §§192.923(b)(1); 192.925(b)
Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology.’’ Introductory text; 192.925(b)(1);
192.925(b)(1)(ii); 192.925(b)(2)
Introductory text; 192.925(b)(3)
Introductory text; 192.925(b)(3)(ii);
192.925(b)(iv); 192.925(b)(4)
Introductory text; 192.925(b)(4)(ii);
192.931(d); 192.935(b)(1)(iv);
192.939(a)(2).
I. Gas Technology Institute (GTI):
(1) GRI 02/0057 (2002) ‘‘Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment §192.927(c)(2).
of Gas Transmission Pipelines—Methodology.’’
[Amdt. 192-37, 46 FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-51, 51 FR 15333, Apr. 23, 1986; Amdt. 192-68, 58
FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR
30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004 with Amdt. 192-94 Correction, 69 FR
54591, Sept. 9, 2004; RIN 2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005; Amdt. 192-99, 70 FR 28833, May 19,
2005 with Amdt. 192-99 Correction, 70 FR 35041, June 16, 2005; Amdt. 192-102, 71 FR 13289, Mar.15,
2006; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006; Amdt. 192-103, 72 FR 4655, Feb. 1, 2007; RIN 2137-
AE29, 73 FR 16562, Mar. 28, 2008; RIN 2137-AE25, 73 FR 62148, Oct. 17, 2008; RIN 2137-AE29 (#2),
74 FR 2889, Jan. 16, 2009]
GUIDE MATERIAL
Note: A “Stay of Enforcement Memorandum,” dated December 23, 2008, was issued from Jeffrey D. Wiese,
Associate Administrator for Pipeline Safety, which addressed listed editions of API 5L and API 1104. It
provides for use of later editions as follows:
th
x API Specification 5L, “Specification for Line Pipe” (44 edition, October 2007).
th
x API 1104, “Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities” (20 edition, October 2005 including
Errata/Addendum July 2007).
The document is available at www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline.
Additional standards and specifications recommended for use under this Guide, and the names and
addresses of the sponsoring organizations, are shown in Guide Material Appendix G-192-1. See Guide
Material Appendix G-192-1A for documents previously incorporated by reference in the Regulations.
28
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

§192.8
How are onshore gathering lines and regulated onshore gathering
lines determined?
(a) An operator must use API RP 80 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7), to determine if an
onshore pipeline (or part of a connected series of pipelines) is an onshore gathering line. The
determination is subject to the limitations listed below. After making this determination, an
operator must determine if the onshore gathering line is a regulated onshore gathering line under
paragraph (b) of this section.
(1) The beginning of gathering, under section 2.2(a)(1) of API RP 80, may not extend
beyond the furthermost downstream point in a production operation as defined in section 2.3 of
API RP 80. This furthermost downstream point does not include equipment that can be used in
either production or transportation, such as separators or dehydrators, unless that equipment is
involved in the processes of ‘‘production and preparation for transportation or delivery of
hydrocarbon gas’’ within the meaning of ‘‘production operation.’’
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(2) The endpoint of gathering, under section 2.2(a)(1)(A) of API RP 80, may not extend
beyond the first downstream natural gas processing plant, unless the operator can demonstrate,
using sound engineering principles, that gathering extends to a further downstream plant.
(3) If the endpoint of gathering, under section 2.2(a)(1)(C) of API RP 80, is determined by
the commingling of gas from separate production fields, the fields may not be more than 50 miles
from each other, unless the Administrator finds a longer separation distance is justified in a
particular case (see 49 CFR §190.9).
(4) The endpoint of gathering, under section 2.2(a)(1)(D) of API RP 80, may not extend
beyond the furthermost downstream compressor used to increase gathering line pressure for
delivery to another pipeline.
(b) For purposes of §192.9, ‘‘regulated onshore gathering line’’ means:
(1) Each onshore gathering line (or segment of onshore gathering line) with a feature
described in the second column that lies in an area described in the third column; and
(2) As applicable, additional lengths of line described in the fourth column to provide a
safety buffer:
29
Type Feature Area Safety Buffer

A — Metallic and the MAOP Class 2, 3, or 4 location None.
produces a hoop stress of (see §192.5).
20 percent or more of
SMYS. If the stress level is
unknown, an operator
must determine the stress
level according to the
applicable provisions in
subpart C of this part.
— Non-metallic and the
MAOP is more than 125
psig (862 kPa).
B — Metallic and the MAOP Area 1. Class 3 or 4 If the gathering line is in
produces a hoop stress of location. Area 2(b) or 2(c), the
less than 20 percent of Area 2. An area within a additional lengths of line
SMYS. If the stress level is Class 2 location the extend upstream and
unknown, an operator operator determines by downstream from the area
must determine the stress using any of the following to a point where the line is
level according to the three methods: at least 150 feet (45.7 m)
applicable provisions in from the nearest dwelling
subpart C of this part. (a) A Class 2 location. in the area. However, if a
— Non-metallic and the (b) An area extending 150 cluster of dwellings in area
MAOP is 125 psig (862 kPa) feet (45.7 m) on each side 2(b) or 2(c) qualifies a line
or less. of the centerline of any as Type B, the Type B
continuous 1 mile (1.6 km) classification ends 150 feet
of pipeline and including (45.7 m) from the nearest
more than 10 but fewer dwelling in the cluster.
than 46 dwellings.
(c) An area extending 150
feet (45.7 m) on each side
of the centerline of any
continuous 1000 feet (305
m) of pipeline and
including 5 or more
buildings.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-102, 71 FR 13289, Mar. 15, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
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30
§192.9
What requirements apply to gathering lines?
(a) Requirements. An operator of a gathering line must follow the safety requirements of this
part as prescribed by this section.
(b) Offshore lines. An operator of an offshore gathering line must comply with requirements of
this part applicable to transmission lines, except the requirements in §192.150 and in subpart O of
this part.
(c) Type A lines. An operator of a Type A regulated onshore gathering line must comply with the
requirements of this part applicable to transmission lines, except the requirements in §192.150 and in
subpart O of this part. However, an operator of a Type A regulated onshore gathering line in a Class
2 location may demonstrate compliance with subpart N by describing the processes it uses to
determine the qualification of persons performing operations and maintenance tasks.
(d) Type B lines. An operator of a Type B regulated onshore gathering line must comply with the
following requirements:
(1) If a line is new, replaced, relocated, or otherwise changed, the design, installation,
construction, initial inspection, and initial testing must be in accordance with requirements of this
part applicable to transmission lines;
(2) If the pipeline is metallic, control corrosion according to requirements of subpart I of this
part applicable to transmission lines;
(3) Carry out a damage prevention program under §192.614;
(4) Establish a public education program under §192.616;
(5) Establish the MAOP of the line under §192.619; and
(6) Install and maintain line markers according to the requirements for transmission lines in
§192.707.
(e) Compliance deadlines. An operator of a regulated onshore gathering line must comply with
the following deadlines, as applicable.
(1) An operator of a new, replaced, relocated, or otherwise changed line must be in
compliance with the applicable requirements of this section by the date the line goes into service,
unless an exception in §192.13 applies.
(2) If a regulated onshore gathering line existing on April 14, 2006 was not previously
subject to this part, an operator has until the date stated in the second column to comply with the
applicable requirement for the line listed in the first column, unless the Administrator finds a later
deadline is justified in a particular case:
Requirement Compliance deadline

Control corrosion according to Subpart I April 15, 2009
requirements for transmission lines.
Carry out a damage prevention program under October 15, 2007
§192.614.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Establish MAOP under §192.619. October 15, 2007

Install and maintain line markers under §192.707. April 15, 2008
Establish a public education program under April 15, 2008
§192.616
Other provisions of this part as required by April 15, 2009
paragraph (c) of this section for Type A lines.
31
(3) If, after April 14, 2006, a change in class location or increase in dwelling density causes
an onshore gathering line to be a regulated onshore gathering line, the operator has 1 year for Type
B lines and 2 years for Type A lines after the line becomes a regulated onshore gathering line to
comply with this section.
[Amdt. 192-72, 59 FR 17275, Apr. 12, 1994 with Amdt. 192-72 Ext., 59 FR 49896, Sept. 30, 1994, Amdt.
192-72 Ext. Correction, 59 FR 52863, Oct. 19, 1994 and Amdt. 192-72 Ext., 60 FR 7133, Feb. 7, 1995;
Amdt. 192-95, Correction & Petition for Reconsideration, 69 FR 18228, Apr. 6, 2004; Amdt. 192-102, 71
FR 13289, Mar. 15, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
See §192.1 for gathering lines excluded from the provisions of Part 192.
2 OPS INTERPRETATIONS
OPS maintains a historical legal position with respect to gathering line definition. OPS uses a four-point
standard that is applied on a case-by-case basis. Each point is applied in the order listed below to
determine the termination of a gathering line and the beginning of either transmission or distribution line
classification.
(a) The outlet of a processing plant that extracts heavy ends from the natural gas;
(b) The outlet of a pipeline compressor (not including a wellhead compressor);
(c) The point where two or more well pipelines converge; or
(d) The point where there is a change in ownership of the pipeline.
3 REFERENCE
Operators should consider the previous application of the four-point standard and its description in the
OPS Advisory Bulletin ADB-02-06 (67 FR 64447, Oct. 18, 2002; see Guide Material Appendix G-192-1,
Section 2), and research the related historical public records.
§192.10
Outer continental shelf pipelines.
Operators of transportation pipelines on the Outer Continental Shelf (as defined in the
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 U.S.C. 1331) must identify on all their respective pipelines
the specific points at which operating responsibility transfers to a producing operator. For those
instances in which the transfer points are not identifiable by a durable marking, each operator will
have until September 15, 1998 to identify the transfer points. If it is not practicable to durably mark
a transfer point and the transfer point is located above water, the operator must depict the transfer
point on a schematic located near the transfer point. If a transfer point is located subsea, then the
operator must identify the transfer point on a schematic which must be maintained at the nearest
upstream facility and provided to PHMSA upon request. For those cases in which adjoining
operators have not agreed on a transfer point by September 15, 1998 the Regional
32
Director and the MMS Regional Supervisor will make a joint determination of the transfer point.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-81, 62 FR 61692, Nov. 19, 1997 with Amdt. 192-81 Confirmation, 63 FR 12659,
Mar. 16, 1998; RIN 2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.11
Petroleum gas systems.
(a) Each plant that supplies petroleum gas by pipeline to a natural gas distribution system must
meet the requirements of this part and ANSI/NFPA 58 and 59.
(b) Each pipeline system subject to this part that transports only petroleum gas or petroleum
gas/air mixtures must meet the requirements of this part and of ANSI/NFPA 58 and 59.
(c) In the event of a conflict between this part and ANSI/NFPA 58 and 59, ANSI/NFPA 58 and 59
prevail.
[Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993; Amdt. 192-75, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996 with Amdt. 192-
75 Correction, 61 FR 38403, July 24, 1996; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78
Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
1.1 Introduction.
Personnel involved in the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of petroleum gas systems
should be thoroughly familiar with the applicable provisions of the Federal Regulations and referenced
NFPA Standards.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
33
Figure 192.11A depicts the standards applicable to petroleum gas plants that supplement natural gas
systems, as described in §192.11(a).
PETROLEUM GAS NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION CUSTOMER FUEL PIPING
STORAGE/VAPORIZATION PIPING SYSTEM
FACILITIES
(USED TO SUPPLEMENT NATURAL
GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)
STORAGE VESSEL Distribution
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Main
Distribution
Service Line
VAPORIZER
Point of Petroleum
Gas/Air Injection
Customer
Meter
Outlet of meter or connection to customer’s

piping, whichever is farther downstream
Outlet of District Regulator
regulation Station
(RE: TITLE 49 CFR PART 192, NFPA 58 AND 59) (RE: TITLE 49 CFR PART 192) (RE: NFPA 54, (ANSI Z223.1))
FIGURE 192.11A
Figure 192.11B depicts the standards applicable to pipeline systems for petroleum gas or petroleum
gas/air mixtures, as described in §192.11(b).
PETROLEUM GAS PETROLEUM GAS DISTRIBUTION CUSTOMER FUEL PIPING
STORAGE/VAPORIZATION PIPING SYSTEM
FACILITIES
(In some cases, this may not exist,
except for the customer meter)
STORAGE VESSEL
Customer
Meter
VAPORIZER
Outlet of meter or connection to customer’s

piping, whichever is farther downstream
Outlet of 1st Overpressure
cut regulation Protection
(RE: TITLE 49 CFR PART 192, (RE: TITLE 49 CFR PART 192, (RE: NFPA 54, (ANSI Z223.1))
NFPA 58 AND 59) NFPA 58 AND 59)
FIGURE 192.11B
34
1.2 Application of referenced codes.

(a) General. The referenced NFPA Standards are applicable unless otherwise superseded, in whole or
in part, by local governmental agency codes, rules, or regulations having jurisdiction.
(b) Plant and storage facilities. These facilities include storage tanks and all piping and equipment to
the outlet of the first pressure regulator. Utility plant facilities having a total water storage capacity
greater than 4,000 gallons are covered by NFPA 59. All other plant and storage installations should
comply with NFPA 58.
(c) Distribution piping. This includes the pipeline from the outlet of the first pressure regulator to:
(1) The outlet of the customer meter or the connection to the customer's piping, whichever is farther
downstream; or
(2) The connection to the customer's piping if there is no customer meter.
(d) Customer piping. This includes all piping and facilities downstream of the distribution piping. These
facilities are not included in the scope of 49 CFR 192. NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1 (National Fuel Gas
Code) referenced in Figures 192.11A and 192.11B is applicable unless otherwise superseded by
the laws, regulations, or building codes of a local jurisdictional authority.
1.3 Conflict between referenced codes.

If the referenced NFPA Standards are silent or non-specific on a subject for which requirements exist in
Part 192, then a conflict does not exist and operators should comply with Part 192 requirements.
1.4 Reference.
Operators of petroleum gas distribution and master meter systems may benefit from information
provided in the “Training Guide for Operators of Small LP Gas Systems” (also referred to as “Guidance
Manual”) available at www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/tq/manuals.
2 PERSONNEL SAFETY
(a) Operators should ensure that personnel who work with petroleum gases know the following.
(1) Physical properties of these gases (e.g., heavier than air).
(2) Safe work practices for activities associated with petroleum gases that include the following.
(i) Handling.
(ii) Distributing.
(iii) Operation and maintenance.
(b) For certain operations and maintenance tasks performed on a petroleum gas system, personnel
may need to be qualified in accordance with Subpart N.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3 USE OF PLASTIC PIPE
See guide material under §§192.121 and 192.123.
4 LEAKAGE CONTROL GUIDELINES
See Guide Material Appendix G-192-11A.
§192.12
(Removed.)
35
§192.13
What general requirements apply to pipelines regulated under this part?
(a) No person may operate a segment of pipeline listed in the first column that is readied for
service after the date in the second column, unless:
(1) The pipeline has been designed, installed, constructed, initially inspected, and initially
tested in accordance with this part; or
(2) The pipeline qualifies for use under this part according to the requirements in §192.14.
Pipeline Date
Offshore gathering line. July 31, 1977.
Regulated onshore gathering line to which this March 15, 2007.
part did not apply until April 14, 2006.
All other pipelines. March 12, 1971.
(b) No person may operate a segment of pipeline listed in the first column that is replaced,
relocated, or otherwise changed after the date in the second column, unless the replacement,
relocation or change has been made according to the requirements in this part.
Pipeline Date
Offshore gathering line. July 31, 1977.
Regulated onshore gathering line to which this March 15, 2007.
part did not apply until April 14, 2006.
All other pipelines. November 12, 1970.
(c) Each operator shall maintain, modify as appropriate, and follow the plans, procedures, and
programs that it is required to establish under this part.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-30, 42 FR 60146, Nov. 25, 1977; Amdt. 192-102,
71 FR 13289, Mar. 15, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See Guide Material Appendix G-192-17.

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36
§192.14
Conversion to service subject to this part.
(a) A steel pipeline previously used in service not subject to this part qualifies for use under this
part if the operator prepares and follows a written procedure to carry out the following requirements:
(1) The design, construction, operation, and maintenance history of the pipeline must be
reviewed and, where sufficient historical records are not available, appropriate tests must be
performed to determine if the pipeline is in a satisfactory condition for safe operation.
(2) The pipeline right-of-way, all aboveground segments of the pipeline, and appropriately
selected underground segments must be visually inspected for physical defects and operating
conditions which reasonably could be expected to impair the strength or tightness of the pipeline.
(3) All known unsafe defects and conditions must be corrected in accordance with this part.
(4) The pipeline must be tested in accordance with Subpart J of this part to substantiate the
maximum allowable operating pressure permitted by Subpart L of this part.
(b) Each operator must keep for the life of the pipeline a record of the investigations, tests,
repairs, replacements, and alterations made under the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-30, 42 FR 60146, Nov. 25, 1977]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 TYPES
The following are some of the types of steel pipelines that might be converted to gas service under this
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
part.
(a) Gas pipelines abandoned prior to effective date of Part 192.
(b) Liquid petroleum pipelines, such as oil or gasoline.
(c) LPG pipeline systems.
(d) Nonjurisdictional pipelines.
(e) Pipelines carrying chemical or industrial products, such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, air or liquid
chemicals.
(f) Slurry pipelines.
2 TESTS AND INSPECTION
The following are examples of appropriate tests and inspections that may be used to evaluate pipelines
where sufficient historical records are not available. See §192.14(a)(1).
(a) Corrosion surveys.
(b) Ultrasonic inspections.
(c) Acoustic emissions.
(d) Tensile tests. See Appendix B to Part 192.
(e) Internal inspections.
(f) Radiographic inspections.
(g) Pressure tests. See §192.619(a)(1).
37
3 VISUAL INSPECTION OF UNDERGROUND SEGMENTS
Generally, the segments to be inspected should be at locations where the worst probable conditions may
be expected. The following criteria should be used for the selection of inspection sites.
(a) Corrosion surveys (inadequately protected segments, poor coating, stray currents, and
interference).
(b) Pipeline component locations.
(c) Locations subject to mechanical damage.
(d) Foreign pipeline crossings.
(e) Locations subject to damage due to chemicals, such as acid.
(f) Segments subject to coating deterioration due to soil stresses and internal or external temperature
extremes.
(g) Population density.
§192.15
Rules of regulatory construction.
(a) As used in this part:

Includes means including but not limited to.
May means "is permitted to" or "is authorized to".
May not means "is not permitted to" or "is not authorized to".
Shall is used in the mandatory and imperative sense.
(b) In this part:
(1) Words importing the singular include the plural;
(2) Words importing the plural include the singular; and
(3) Words importing the masculine gender include the feminine.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.16
Customer notification.
(a) This section applies to each operator of a service line who does not maintain the customer's
buried piping up to entry of the first building downstream, or, if the customer's buried piping does
not enter a building, up to the principal gas utilization equipment or the first fence (or wall) that
surrounds that equipment. For the purpose of this section, “customer’s buried piping” does not
include branch lines that serve yard lanterns, pool heaters, or other types of secondary equipment.
Also, "maintain" means monitor for corrosion according to §192.465 if the customer's buried piping
is metallic, survey for leaks according to §192.723, and if an unsafe condition is found, shut off the
flow of gas, advise the customer of the need to repair the unsafe condition, or repair the unsafe
condition.
(b) Each operator shall notify each customer once in writing of the following information:
(1) The operator does not maintain the customer's buried piping.
38
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(2) If the customer's buried piping is not maintained, it may be subject to the potential
hazards of corrosion and leakage.
(3) Buried gas piping should be-
(i) Periodically inspected for leaks;
(ii) Periodically inspected for corrosion if the piping is metallic; and
(iii) Repaired if any unsafe condition is discovered.
(4) When excavating near buried gas piping, the piping should be located in advance, and
the excavation done by hand.
(5) The operator (if applicable), plumbing contractors, and heating contractors can assist in
locating, inspecting, and repairing the customer's buried piping.
(c) Each operator shall notify each customer not later than August 14, 1996, or 90 days after the
customer first receives gas at a particular location, whichever is later. However, operators of master
meter systems may continuously post a general notice in a prominent location frequented by
customers.
(d) Each operator must make the following records available for inspection by the Administrator
or a state agency participating under 49 U.S.C. 60105 or 60106:
(1) A copy of the notice currently in use; and
(2) Evidence that notices have been sent to customers within the previous 3 years.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-74, 60 FR 41821, Aug. 14, 1995 with Amdt. 192-74 Correction, 60 FR 43028,
Aug.18, 1995 and Amdt. 192-74A, 60 FR 63450, Dec. 11, 1995; Amdt. 192-84, 63 FR 7721, Feb. 17, 1998
with Amdt. 192-84 Confirmation, 63 FR 38757, July 20, 1998 and Amdt. 192-84 Correction, 63 FR
38758, July 20, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.17
(Removed.)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 39
Reserved
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
40
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART B
SUBPART B
MATERIALS
§192.51
Scope.
This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for the selection and qualification of pipe and
components for use in pipelines.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.53
General.
Materials for pipe and components must be --

(a) Able to maintain the structural integrity of the pipeline under temperature and other
environmental conditions that may be anticipated;
(b) Chemically compatible with any gas that they transport and with any other material in the
pipeline with which they are in contact; and
(c) Qualified in accordance with the applicable requirements of this subpart.
GUIDE MATERIAL
This guide material is under review following Amendment 192-103 (primarily evaluating current API 5L).
1 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS REQUIREMENTS
(a) Seam-welded steel pipe, 20 inches and larger in diameter and with SMYS of 52,000 psi or higher to
be installed in transmission lines to operate at 40 percent or more of SMYS and at operating pipe
o
temperature less than 60 F, should exhibit sufficient notch ductility at the operating pipe
temperature. Compliance with either the Charpy impact or drop weight test criteria specified in SR5
or SR6 of API Spec 5L is sufficient evidence of such ductility when impact tests are made at or
below the design pipe temperature.
(b) For special installations (e.g., compressor station piping and small replacement sections), the notch
ductility should be determined by appropriate criteria, which may include those specified in SR5 or
SR6.
(c) Notch ductility tests are not necessary on pipe for small special installations (e.g., new highway
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
crossings and extensions of compressor station headers) where pipe to be installed (i) is on hand
from earlier purchases to specifications at least equal to those applicable at the time of the original
installation, or (ii) is a short portion of a larger order that exhibited adequate notch ductility.
41
2 SOUR GAS COMPATIBILITY
(a) See guide material under §192.475 for internal corrosion considerations.
(b) NACE MR0175 contains guidelines for selecting materials for valves used in sour gas service. The
use of controlled hardness techniques and the use of alternate materials, as described in NACE
MR0175, may be effective for other components in controlling sulfide stress cracking. The use of
controlled hardness techniques should not be considered a solution to other problems involving
H2S.
§192.55
Steel pipe.
(a) New steel pipe is qualified for use under this part if --
(1) It was manufactured in accordance with a listed specification;
(2) It meets the requirements of --
(i) Section II of Appendix B to this part; or
(ii) If it was manufactured before November 12, 1970, either section II or III of
Appendix B to this part; or
(3) It is used in accordance with paragraph (c) or (d) of this section.
(b) Used steel pipe is qualified for use under this part if --
(1) It was manufactured in accordance with a listed specification and it meets the
requirements of paragraph II-C of Appendix B to this part;
(2) It meets the requirements of --
(i) Section II of Appendix B to this part; or
(ii) If it was manufactured before November 12, 1970, either section II or III of
Appendix B to this part;
(3) It has been used in an existing line of the same or higher pressure and meets the
requirements of paragraph II-C of Appendix B to this part; or
(4) It is used in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section.
(c) New or used steel pipe may be used at a pressure resulting in a hoop stress of less than
6,000 p.s.i. (41 MPa) where no close coiling or close bending is to be done, if visual examination
indicates that the pipe is in good condition and that it is free of split seams and other defects that
would cause leakage. If it is to be welded, steel pipe that has not been manufactured to a listed
specification must also pass the weldability tests prescribed in paragraph II-B of Appendix B to this
part.
(d) Steel pipe that has not been previously used may be used as replacement pipe in a segment
of pipeline if it has been manufactured prior to November 12, 1970, in accordance with the same
specification as the pipe used in constructing that segment of pipeline.
(e) New steel pipe that has been cold expanded must comply with the mandatory provisions of
API Specification 5L.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-12, 38 FR 4760, Feb. 22, 1973; Amdt. 192-51, 51
FR 15333, Apr. 23, 1986; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July
13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Listed specifications are shown in Section I of Appendix B. The user is cautioned that there may be more
recent editions of some of these specifications than those approved and listed in Section I of Appendix B.
42
§192.57
(Removed and reserved.)
§192.59
Plastic pipe.
(a) New plastic pipe is qualified for use under this part if --
(1) It is manufactured in accordance a listed specification; and
(2) It is resistant to chemicals with which contact may be anticipated.
(b) Used plastic pipe is qualified for use under this part if -
(1) It was manufactured in accordance with a listed specification;
(2) It is resistant to chemicals with which contact may be anticipated;
(3) It has been used only in natural gas service;
(4) Its dimensions are still within the tolerances of the specification to which it was
manufactured; and
(5) It is free of visible defects.
(c) For the purpose of paragraphs (a) (1) and (b) (1) of this section, where pipe of a diameter
included in a listed specification is impractical to use, pipe of a diameter between the sizes included
in a listed specification may be used if it --
(1) Meets the strength and design criteria required of pipe included in that listed
specification; and
(2) Is manufactured from plastic compounds which meet the criteria for materials required
of pipe included in that listed specification.
[Amdt. 192-19, 40 FR 10471, Mar. 6, 1975; Amdt. 192-58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
Each operator should establish that new or used pipe complies with the requirements of ASTM D 2513
for thermoplastic or ASTM D 2517 for thermosetting plastics by one of the following methods.
(a) Inspection and testing by an accredited laboratory with written certification.
(b) Inspection and testing by the user.
(c) Written certification from the manufacturer at the time of purchase. Included as part of this
certification should be copies of the production quality control records referenced by lot and shift
numbers.
2 WEATHERING STATEMENT FOR PLASTIC PIPE
(a) The resistance of plastic pipe to outdoor exposure can vary greatly. The manufacturer of the plastic
pipe should be required to supply a written statement of the period of time the product can be
stored outside without loss of properties that qualify it for buried gas piping application. The
operator should ensure that this exposure time is not exceeded.
43
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(b) When storing outdoors, cumulative exposure periods should be considered. The Pipe Production
Code marked on the pipe includes the date of manufacture. In general, most manufacturers store
pipe outdoors prior to shipment, and allowance for this period should be made. Exposure time can
be minimized by issuing from storage on a "first-in, first-out" rotation, with the date of manufacture
used as a control. The pipe with the earliest date of manufacture should be issued first for
installation.
(c) See §192.321(g) and guide material under §192.321 for limitations and considerations on the use
of plastic pipe temporarily installed above ground.
§192.61
§192.63
Marking of materials.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, each valve, fitting, length of pipe, and
other component must be marked --
(1) As prescribed in the specification or standard to which it was manufactured, except that
thermoplastic fittings must be marked in accordance with ASTM D 2513; or
(2) To indicate size, material, manufacturer, pressure rating, and temperature rating, and as
appropriate, type, grade, and model.
(b) Surfaces of pipe and components that are subject to stress from internal pressure may not
be field die stamped.
(c) If any item is marked by die stamping, the die must have blunt or rounded edges that will
minimize stress concentrations.
(d) Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to items manufactured before November 12,
1970, that meet all of the following:
(1) The item is identifiable as to type, manufacturer, and model.
(2) Specifications or standards giving pressure, temperature, and other appropriate criteria
for the use of items are readily available.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-31, 43 FR 13880, Apr. 3, 1978 with Amdt. 192-
31A, 43 FR 21462, May 18, 1978; Amdt. 192-61, 53 FR 36793, Sept. 22, 1988 with Amdt. 192-61A, 54
FR 32641, Aug. 9, 1989; Amdt. 192 62, 54 FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18,
1993; Amdt. 192-76, 61 FR 26121, May 24, 1996 with Amdt. 192-76 Correction, 61 FR 36825, July 15,
1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) The manufacturer marks the pipe and fittings with the maximum temperature at which the pipe and
fittings have been qualified for use. For example: PE 2406 CDC – The first letter following the 4-digit
number designates the maximum temperature at which the piping material’s hydrostatic design basis
(HDB) has been established and, thus, the maximum temperature at which the pipe can be used. The
second letter indicates the HDB for the piping material at that maximum temperature and the third letter
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
44
is the categorized melt index (actual values are listed in ASTM D 2513). The first letter designations
from ASTM D 2513 are as follows.
A=100 oF
B=120 oF
C=140 oF
D=160 oF
E=180 oF
Note: The HDB expresses the long-term strength of a thermoplastic material in terms of a series of
standard strength categories (i.e., 1600 psi, 1250 psi, 1000 psi, etc.) which have been established in
accordance with ASTM D 2837. Specific HDBs can be obtained from the manufacturer and from the
Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI).
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(b) Thermoplastic pipe manufactured prior to August 16, 1978 may not be marked with the appropriate
code letters for elevated temperature operation. Operators who have installed such pipe should take
proper precautions to ensure the pipe is used only within the actual temperature and stress limits for
which it was tested and qualified. See §192.123(b)(2).
§192.65
Transportation of pipe.
In a pipeline to be operated at a hoop stress of 20 percent or more of SMYS, an operator may not
use pipe having an outer diameter to wall thickness ratio of 70 to 1 or more, that is transported by
railroad unless --
(a) The transportation is performed in accordance with API RP 5L1; or
(b) In the case of pipe transported before November 12, 1970, the pipe is tested in accordance
with Subpart J of this part to at least 1.25 times the maximum allowable operating pressure if it is to
be installed in a class 1 location and to at least 1.5 times the maximum allowable operating pressure
if it is to be installed in a class 2, 3, or 4 location. Notwithstanding any shorter time period permitted
under Subpart J of this part, the test pressure must be maintained for at least 8 hours.
[Amdt. 192-12, 38 FR 4760, Feb. 22, 1973; Amdt. 192-17, 40 FR 6345, Feb. 11, 1975 with Amdt. 192-17
Correction, 40 FR 24361, June 6, 1975; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See Guide Material Appendix G-192-9. A reference for marine and inland waterway transportation of line
pipe is API RP 5LW, "Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine
Vessels."
45
Reserved
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
46
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND 192.101
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART C
SUBPART C
PIPE DESIGN
§192.101
Scope.
This subpart prescribes the minimum requirements for the design of pipe.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.103
General.
Pipe must be designed with sufficient wall thickness, or must be installed with adequate
protection, to withstand anticipated external pressures and loads that will be imposed on the pipe
after installation.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
The minimum wall thickness for pressure containment as calculated under §192.105 may not be
adequate to withstand other forces to which the pipeline may be subjected. Consideration should be
given to stresses associated with transportation, handling the pipe during construction, weight of water
during testing, buoyancy, geotechnical forces, and other secondary loads that may occur during
construction, operation or maintenance. Consideration should also be given to welding or mechanical
joining requirements.
2 NON-STEEL PIPE
The minimum wall thickness for materials other than steel pipe are prescribed elsewhere in Part 192.
See §§192.123 and 192.125.
3 REFERENCES
Numerous references are available for the calculation of external forces on pipelines. Methods include
reliance on experience, empirical formula, and finite element analysis. A partial listing of references
follows.
(a) API RP 5L1, “Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe.”
(b) API RP 5LW, “Recommended Practice for Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Vessels."
47
(c) API RP 1102, “Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways.”

(d) API RP 1117, “Movement of In-Service Pipelines.”
(e) ASCE 428-5, “Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems" (Discontinued).
(f) GRI-91/0283, “Guidelines for Pipelines Crossing Railroads.”
(g) GRI-91/0284, “Guidelines for Pipelines Crossing Highways.”
§192.105
Design formula for steel pipe.
(a) The design pressure for steel pipe is determined in accordance with the following formula:
P = 2 St x F x E x T
D
P = Design pressure in pounds per square inch (kPa) gage.
S = Yield strength in pounds per square inch (kPa) determined in accordance with §192.107.
D = Nominal outside diameter of the pipe in inches (millimeters).

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
t = Nominal wall thickness of the pipe in inches. If this is unknown, it is determined in accordance
with §192.109. Additional wall thickness required for concurrent external loads in accordance
with §192.103 may not be included in computing design pressure.
F = Design factor determined in accordance with §192.111.
E = Longitudinal joint factor determined in accordance with §192.113.
T = Temperature derating factor determined in accordance with §192.115.
(b) If steel pipe that has been subjected to cold expansion to meet the SMYS is subsequently
heated, other than by welding or stress relieving as a part of welding, the design pressure is limited
to 75 percent of the pressure determined under paragraph (a) of this section if the temperature of the
o o o o
pipe exceeds 900 F (482 C) at any time or is held above 600 F (316 C) for more than 1 hour.
[Amdt. 192-47, 49 FR 7567, Mar. 1, 1984; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 WALL THICKNESS
The nominal wall thickness (t) should not be less than that determined by the considerations given in the
guide material under §192.103.
2 NOMINAL OUTSIDE DIAMETER
The nominal outside diameter (D) used in the design formula is listed in Table 192.105i for nominal pipe
sizes (NPS) 12 inches and less. For pipe greater than 12 inches, the nominal pipe size and nominal
outside diameter are the same. Pipe may be ordered by the nominal pipe size; however, the nominal
outside diameter is required in the design formula for steel pipe.
48
PIPE SIZE AND OUTSIDE DIAMETER
Nominal Pipe Size Nominal Outside Nominal Pipe Size Nominal Outside
(NPS) Diameter (D) (NPS) Diameter (D)
(Inches) (Inches) (Inches) (Inches)
1
/8 0.405 2½ 2.875
¼ 0.540 3 3.500
3
/8 0.675 3½ 4.000
½ 0.840 4 4.500
¾ 1.050 5 5.563
1 1.315 6 6.625
1¼ 1.660 8 8.625
1½ 1.900 10 10.750
2 2.375 12 12.750
Note: Values obtained from ASTM A53.
TABLE 192.105i
3 DESIGN PRESSURE OF PIPE WITH UNKNOWN VARIABLES
When reviewing the design pressure for a conversion under §192.14 or an uprating of steel pipe under
Subpart K, and the design pressure of pipe cannot be calculated because one or more of the variables
is unknown, a value may be determined in accordance with §192.619(a)(1).
§192.107
Yield strength (S) for steel pipe.
(a) For pipe that is manufactured in accordance with a specification listed in section I of
Appendix B of this part, the yield strength to be used in the design formula in §192.105 is the SMYS
stated in the listed specification, if that value is known.
(b) For pipe that is manufactured in accordance with a specification not listed in section I of
Appendix B to this part or whose specification or tensile properties are unknown, the yield strength
to be used in the design formula in §192.105 is one of the following:
(1) If the pipe is tensile tested in accordance with section II-D of Appendix B to this part, the
lower of the following:
(i) 80 percent of the average yield strength determined by the tensile tests.
(ii) The lowest yield strength determined by the tensile tests.
(2) If the pipe is not tensile tested as provided in paragraph (b)(1) of this section,
24,000 p.s.i. (165 MPa).
[Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996;
Amdt. 192-84, 63 FR 7721, Feb. 17, 1998 with Amdt. 192-84 Confirmation, 63 FR 38757, July 20, 1998
and Amdt. 192-84 Correction, 63 FR 38758, July 20, 1998; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
49
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.109
Nominal wall thickness (t) for steel pipe.
(a) If the nominal wall thickness for steel pipe is not known, it is determined by measuring the
thickness of each piece of pipe at quarter points on one end.
(b) However, if the pipe is of uniform grade, size, and thickness and there are more than 10
lengths, only 10 percent of the individual lengths, but not less than 10 lengths, need be measured.
The thickness of the lengths that are not measured must be verified by applying a gage set to the
minimum thickness found by the measurement. The nominal wall thickness to be used in the design
formula in §192.105 is the next wall thickness found in commercial specifications that is below the
average of all the measurements taken. However, the nominal wall thickness used may not be more
than 1.14 times the smallest measurement taken on pipe less than 20 inches (508 millimeters) in
outside diameter, nor more than 1.11 times the smallest measurement taken on pipe 20 inches (508
millimeters) or more in outside diameter.
[Amdt.192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
§192.111
Design factor (F) for steel pipe.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section, the design factor
to be used in the design formula in §192.105 is determined in accordance with the following table:
Class Location Design factor (F)
1 0.72
2 0.60
3 0.50
4 0.40
(b) A design factor of 0.60 or less must be used in the design formula in §192.105 for steel pipe
in Class 1 locations that:
(1) Crosses the right-of-way of an unimproved public road, without a casing;
(2) Crosses without a casing, or makes a parallel encroachment on, the right-of-way of
either a hard surfaced road, a highway, a public street, or a railroad;
(3) Is supported by a vehicular, pedestrian, railroad, or pipeline bridge; or
50
(4) Is used in a fabricated assembly, (including separators, mainline valve assemblies,

cross-connections, and river crossing headers) or is used within five pipe diameters in any direction
from the last fitting of a fabricated assembly, other than a transition piece or an elbow used in place
of a pipe bend which is not associated with a fabricated assembly.
(c) For Class 2 locations, a design factor of 0.50, or less, must be used in the design formula in
§192.105 for uncased steel pipe that crosses the right-of-way of a hard surfaced road, a highway, a
public street, or a railroad.
(d) For Class 1 and Class 2 locations, a design factor of 0.50, or less, must be used in the
design formula in §192.105 for --
(1) Steel pipe in a compressor station, regulating station, or measuring station; and
(2) Steel pipe, including a pipe riser, on a platform located offshore or in inland navigable
waters.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 USE OF DESIGN FACTOR (F) FOR STEEL PIPE IN §192.111(b), (c), and (d)
Installation Condition Class Location
1 2 3 4
Crossings without casings of:
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Private roads (See Note 1) .72 .60 .50 .40
The rights-of-way of unimproved public roads .60 .60 .50 .40
The rights-of-way of hard surfaced roads, highways, public streets, .60 .50 .50 .40
railroads
Crossings with casings of:
railroads
Parallel encroachments on:
railroads
51
Installation Condition (Continued) Class Location
1 2 3 4
Pipelines on bridges .60 .60 .50 .40
Fabricated assemblies (See Note 2) .60 .60 .50 .40
Compressor, regulating, or measuring station piping .50 .50 .50 .40
Pipe, including pipe risers, on platforms located offshore .50 N/A N/A N/A
Pipe, including risers, on platforms located in inland navigable waters .50 .50 .50 .40
Notes:
1. "Private roads" are roads that are not intended for use by the general public and over which travel
and transportation are restricted.
2. Paragraph 192.165(b)(3) requires that liquid separators located in compressor stations and
constructed of pipe and fittings without internal welding must be fabricated with a design factor (F)
of 0.40, or less.
TABLE 192.111i
2 DESIGN OF UNCASED PIPELINE CROSSINGS OF HIGHWAYS AND RAILROADS

(§192.111(b)(1), (b)(2) and (c))
ű§192.112
űAdditional design requirements for steel pipe using
űalternative maximum allowable operating pressure.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
For a new or existing pipeline segment to be eligible for operation at the alternative maximum
allowable operating pressure (MAOP) calculated under § 192.620, a segment must meet the
following additional design requirements. Records for alternative MAOP must be maintained, for
the useful life of the pipeline, demonstrating compliance with these requirements:
52
To address this design issue: The pipeline segment must meet these additional requirements:
(a) General standards for the (1) The plate, skelp, or coil used for the pipe must be micro-
steel pipe. alloyed, fine grain, fully killed, continuously cast steel with
calcium treatment.
(2) The carbon equivalents of the steel used for pipe must not
exceed 0.25 percent by weight, as calculated by the Ito-Bessyo
formula (Pcm formula) or 0.43 percent by weight, as calculated
by the International Institute of Welding (IIW) formula.
(3) The ratio of the specified outside diameter of the pipe to the
specified wall thickness must be less than 100. The wall
thickness or other mitigative measures must prevent denting
and ovality anomalies during construction, strength testing and
anticipated operational stresses.
(4) The pipe must be manufactured using API Specification 5L,
product specification level 2 (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7) for maximum operating pressures and minimum and
maximum operating temperatures and other requirements
under this section.
(b) Fracture control (1) The toughness properties for pipe must address the
potential for initiation, propagation and arrest of fractures in
accordance with:
(i) API Specification 5L (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7); or
(ii) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
B31.8 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7); and
(iii) Any correction factors needed to address pipe grades,
pressures, temperatures, or gas compositions not expressly
addressed in API Specification 5L, product specification level 2
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
or ASME B31.8 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
(2) Fracture control must:
(i) Ensure resistance to fracture initiation while addressing
the full range of operating temperatures, pressures, gas
compositions, pipe grade and operating stress levels, including
maximum pressures and minimum temperatures for shut-in
conditions, that the pipeline is expected to experience. If these
parameters change during operation of the pipeline such that
they are outside the bounds of what was considered in the
design evaluation, the evaluation must be reviewed and
updated to assure continued resistance to fracture initiation
over the operating life of the pipeline;
(ii) Address adjustments to toughness of pipe for each
grade used and the decompression behavior of the gas at
operating parameters;
(iii) Ensure at least 99 percent probability of fracture arrest
within eight pipe lengths with a probability of not less than 90
percent within five pipe lengths; and
53
(b) Fracture control (iv) Include fracture toughness testing that is equivalent to
(continued) that described in supplementary requirements SR5A, SR5B, and
SR6 of API Specification 5L (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7) and ensures ductile fracture and arrest with the
following exceptions:
(A) The results of the Charpy impact test prescribed in
SR5A must indicate at least 80 percent minimum shear area for
any single test on each heat of steel; and
(B) The results of the drop weight test prescribed in
SR6 must indicate 80 percent average shear area with a
minimum single test result of 60 percent shear area for any steel
test samples. The test results must ensure a ductile fracture
and arrest.
(3) If it is not physically possible to achieve the pipeline
toughness properties of paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this
section, additional design features, such as mechanical or
composite crack arrestors and/or heavier walled pipe of proper
design and spacing, must be used to ensure fracture arrest as
described in paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(c) Plate/coil quality control (1) There must be an internal quality management program at
all mills involved in producing steel, plate, coil, skelp, and/or
rolling pipe to be operated at alternative MAOP. These
programs must be structured to eliminate or detect defects and
inclusions affecting pipe quality.
(2) A mill inspection program or internal quality management
program must include (i) and either (ii) or (iii):
(i) An ultrasonic test of the ends and at least 35 percent of
the surface of the plate/coil or pipe to identify imperfections that
impair serviceability such as laminations, cracks, and
inclusions. At least 95 percent of the lengths of pipe
manufactured must be tested. For all pipelines designed after
[the effective date of the final rule], the test must be done in
accordance with ASTM A578/A578M Level B, or API 5L
Paragraph 7.8.10 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7) or
equivalent method, and either
(ii) A macro etch test or other equivalent method to identify
inclusions that may form centerline segregation during the
continuous casting process. Use of sulfur prints is not an
equivalent method. The test must be carried out on the first or
second slab of each sequence graded with an acceptance
criteria of one or two on the Mannesmann scale or equivalent;
or
54
(c) Plate/coil quality control (iii) A quality assurance monitoring program implemented
(continued) by the operator that includes audits of: (a) all steelmaking and
casting facilities, (b) quality control plans and manufacturing
procedure specifications, (c) equipment maintenance and
records of conformance, (d) applicable casting superheat and
speeds, and (e) centerline segregation monitoring records to
ensure mitigation of centerline segregation during the
continuous casting process.
(d)Seam quality control (1) There must be a quality assurance program for pipe seam
welds to assure tensile strength provided in API Specification
5L (incorporated by reference, see §192.7) for appropriate
grades.
(2) There must be a hardness test, using Vickers (Hv10)
hardness test method or equivalent test method, to assure a
maximum hardness of 280 Vickers of the following:
(i) A cross section of the weld seam of one pipe from each
heat plus one pipe from each welding line per day; and
(ii) For each sample cross section, a minimum of 13
readings (three for each heat affected zone, three in the weld
metal, and two in each section of pipe base metal).
(3) All of the seams must be ultrasonically tested after cold
expansion and mill hydrostatic testing.
(e) Mill hydrostatic test (1) All pipe to be used in a new pipeline segment must be
hydrostatically tested at the mill at a test pressure
corresponding to a hoop stress of 95 percent SMYS for 10
seconds. The test pressure may include a combination of
internal test pressure and the allowance for end loading
stresses imposed by the pipe mill hydrostatic testing equipment
as allowed by API Specification 5L, Appendix K (incorporated by
ref-erence, see § 192.7).
(2) Pipe in operation prior to November 17, 2008, must have
been hydrostatically tested at the mill at a test pressure
corresponding to a hoop stress of 90 percent SMYS for 10
seconds.
(f) Coating (1) The pipe must be protected against external corrosion by a
non-shielding coating.
(2) Coating on pipe used for trenchless installation must be
non-shielding and resist abrasions and other damage possible
during installation.
(3) A quality assurance inspection and testing program for the
coating must cover the surface quality of the bare pipe, surface
cleanliness and chlorides, blast cleaning, application
temperature control, adhesion, cathodic disbondment, moisture
permeation, bending, coating thickness, holiday detection, and
repair.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 55
(g) Fittings and flanges (1) There must be certification records of flanges, factory
induction bends and factory weld ells. Certification must
address material properties such as chemistry, minimum yield
strength and minimum wall thickness to meet design
conditions.
(2) If the carbon equivalents of flanges, bends and ells are
greater than 0.42 percent by weight, the qualified welding
procedures must include a pre-heat procedure.
(3) Valves, flanges and fittings must be rated based upon the
required specification rating class for the alternative MAOP.
(h) Compressor stations (1) A compressor station must be designed to limit the
temperature of the nearest downstream segment operating at
alternative MAOP to a maximum of 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49
degrees Celsius) or the higher temperature allowed in
paragraph (h)(2) of this section unless a long-term coating
integrity monitoring program is implemented in accordance
with paragraph (h)(3) of this section.
(2) If research, testing and field monitoring tests demonstrate
that the coating type being used will withstand a higher
temperature in long-term operations, the compressor station
may be designed to limit downstream piping to that higher
temperature. Test results and acceptance criteria addressing
coating adhesion, cathodic disbondment, and coating condition
must be provided to each PHMSA pipeline safety regional office
where the pipeline is in service at least 60 days prior to
operating above 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius).
An operator must also notify a State pipeline safety authority
when the pipeline is located in a State where PHMSA has an
interstate agent agreement, or an intrastate pipeline is regulated
by that State.
(3) Pipeline segments operating at alternative MAOP may
operate at temperatures above 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49
degrees Celsius) if the operator implements a long-term coating
integrity monitoring program. The monitoring program must
include examinations using direct current voltage gradient
(DCVG), alternating current voltage gradient (ACVG), or an
equivalent method of monitoring coating integrity. An operator
must specify the periodicity at which these examinations occur
and criteria for repairing identified indications. An operator
must submit its long-term coating integrity monitoring program
to each PHMSA pipeline safety regional office in which the
pipeline is located for review before the pipeline segments may
be operated at temperatures in excess of 120 degrees
Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius). An operator must also notify a
State pipeline safety authority when the pipeline is located in a
State where PHMSA has an interstate agent agreement, or an
intrastate pipeline is regulated by that State.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
56
[Issued by RIN 2137-AE25, 73 FR 62148, Oct. 17, 2008; Eff. date stayed by 73 FR 72737, Dec. 1,
2008]
Guide Material
§192.113
Longitudinal joint factor (E) for steel pipe.
The longitudinal joint factor to be used in the design formula in §192.105 is determined in
accordance with the following table:
Longitudinal
Specification Pipe Class Joint Factor
(E)
ASTM A 53/A53M Seamless 1.00

Electric resistance welded 1.00
Furnace butt welded 0.60
ASTM A 106 Seamless 1.00
ASTM A 333/A 333M Seamless 1.00
ASTM A 381 Double submerged arc welded 1.00
ASTM A 671 Electric-fusion-welded 1.00
API 5L Seamless 1.00
Electric flash welded 1.00
Submerged arc welded 1.00
Furnace butt welded 0.60
Other Pipe over 4 inches (102 millimeters) 0.80
Other Pipe 4 inches (102 millimeters) or less 0.60
If the type of longitudinal joint cannot be determined, the joint factor to be used must not exceed
that designated for "Other".
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
[Amdt. 192-37, 46 FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-51, 51 FR 15333, Apr. 23, 1986; Amdt. 192-62, 54
FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13,
1998; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
Manufacture of furnace lap-welded pipe was discontinued and process deleted from API Spec 5L in 1962.
57
§192.115
Temperature derating factor (T) for steel pipe.
The temperature derating factor to be used in the design formula in §192.105 is determined as
follows:
Gas temperature Temperature
in degrees derating
Fahrenheit (Celsius) factor ( T )
o o
250 F (121 C) 1.000
or less
o o
300 F (149 C) 0.967
o o
350 F (177 C) 0.933
o o
400 F (204 C) 0.900
o o
450 F (232 C) 0.867
For intermediate gas temperatures, the derating factor is determined by interpolation.
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.117
§192.119
§192.121
Design of plastic pipe.
Subject to the limitations of §192.123, the design pressure for plastic pipe is determined by
either of the following formulas:
P = 2S t (DF)
(D-t)
58 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

P = 2S (DF)
(SDR-1)
Where:
P = Design pressure, gauge, psig (kPa).

S = For thermoplastic pipe, the HDB is determined in accordance with the listed
o o o o o o
specification at a temperature equal to 73 F (23 C), 100 F (38 C), 120 F (49 C), or 140
o o
F (60 C). In the absence of an HDB established at the specified temperature, the HDB of
a higher temperature may be used in determining a design pressure rating at the
specified temperature by arithmetic interpolation using the procedure in Part D.2 of PPI
TR-3/2004, HDB/PDB/SDB/MRS Policies (incorporated by reference, see §192.7). For
reinforced thermosetting plastic pipe, 11,000 psig (75,842 kPa). [Note: Arithmetic
interpolation is not allowed for PA-11 pipe.]
t = Specified wall thickness, inches (mm).
D = Specified outside diameter, inches (mm).
SDR = Standard dimension ratio, the ratio of the average specified outside diameter to the
minimum specified wall thickness, corresponding to a value from a common numbering
system that was derived from the American National Standards Institute preferred
number series 10.
DF = 0.32 or
= 0.40 for nominal pipe size (IPS or CTS) 4-inch or less, SDR-11 or greater (i.e., thicker pipe
wall), PA-11 pipe produced after January 23, 2009.
[Amdt. 192-31, 43 FR 13880, Apr. 3, 1978 with Amdt. 192-31 Correction, 43 FR 43308, Sept. 25, 1978;
Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996;
Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004; Amdt. 192-
103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006; RIN 2137-AE26, 73 FR 79002, Dec. 24, 2008]
GUIDE MATERIAL
This guide material is under review following Amendment RIN 2137-AE26.
1 NATURAL GAS
(a) Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) values are awarded by the Hydrostatic Stress Board (HSB) of the
Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI) and are listed in PPI TR-4, which can be accessed at
www.plasticpipe.org.
(b) ASTM D2513 requires elevated temperature HDB listings for plastic piping materials used at
temperatures above 73 °F. PPI publishes elevated temperature HDB values for PE and PA
materials in TR-4.
(c) Magnetically-filled PE (reference ASTM D2513, Annex A.6) is considered as either PE 2406 or PE
3408 material.
(d) Long-term hydrostatic strength (LTHS) for reinforced thermosetting plastic covered by ASTM D2517
is 11,000 psi.
(e) HDB values apply only to materials meeting all the requirements of ASTM D2513 and are based on
engineering test data analyzed in accordance with ASTM D2837, "Standard Test Method for
Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design Basis for
Thermoplastic Pipe Products."
(f) HDB values at 73 °F for thermoplastic materials covered by ASTM D2513 are listed in Table
192.121i. The values used in the design formula for thermoplastic materials are actually HDB values
that are a categorized value of the long-term hydrostatic strength.
59
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Pipe Material HDB @ 73 °F, psi
PA 32312 (PA 11) 2500
PE 2406 1250
PE 3408 1600
PVC Type I, Grade 1, Class 12454B (PVC 1120)* 4000

PVC Type II, Grade 1, Class 1433D (PVC 2116)* 3200
* Editions of ASTM D2513 issued after 2001 no longer permit use of PVC piping for new
gas piping installations, but do specify that it may be used for repair and maintenance of
existing PVC gas piping. The Regulations may continue to reference an edition of ASTM
D2513 earlier than 2001. The operator is advised to check §192.7.
TABLE 192.121i
2 PETROLEUM GASES
PE and PA materials listed in ASTM D2513 may be used for liquid petroleum gas (LPG) piping
applications. NFPA 58 (referenced by §192.7) prescribes the following:
(a) PA may be used in liquid or vapor LPG systems up to the design pressure of the piping material.
PPI recommends a chemical derating factor of 1.0 (no derating) for PA 11 piping.
(b) PE, when recommended by the manufacturer, may be used in vapor-only LPG systems up to 30
psig pressure. PPI recommends a 0.5 chemical derating factor for the use of PE piping.
(c) PVC is not permitted.
Some information on the strengths of polyethylenes with propane is given in PPI TR-22, “Polyethylene
Piping Distribution Systems for Components of Liquid Petroleum Gases.” See guide material under
§192.123.
3 MINIMUM REQUIRED WALL THICKNESS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The minimum wall thickness (tm) for a given design pressure is determined from the formula below. Also,
see §192.123(c) and (d) plus 3 of the guide material under §192.123.
tm = PD
(P + 0.64 S)
Where:
P = Design pressure, gauge, kPa (psi)
D = Specified outside diameter, mm (in.)
o
S = The long-term hydrostatic strength, for thermoplastic pipe, kPa (psi) determined at 23 C
o o o o o o o
(73 F), 38 C (100 F), 49 C (120 F), or 60 C (140 F); for reinforced thermosetting
pipe, 75,800 kPa (11,000 psi)
4 INTERPOLATION OF HYDROSTATIC DESIGN BASIS (HDB) VALUES
(a) For thermoplastic pipe that is to be installed at a service temperature greater than 73 ºF and less
than that at which the next HDB has been established, the HDB at the anticipated service
temperature can be determined by interpolation. The pipe manufacturer should be consulted for
assistance in determining an interpolated HDB.
60
(b) The interpolation formula as prescribed in §192.121 is published in PPI TR-3 as follows.
1 1
( SL SH )( )
ST SL TL TT
1 1
( )
TL TH
Where:
ST = Interpolated LTHS for the anticipated service temperature (psi)
SL = LTHS established at a temperature below the anticipated service temperature (psi)
SH = LTHS established at a temperature above the anticipated service temperature (psi)
TL = Temperature at which the lower LTHS (SL) was established (K)
TT = Anticipated service temperature (K)
TH = Temperature at which the higher LTHS (SH) was established (K)
(c) Section 192.121 requires that the interpolation be made between the LTHS values at the lower and
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
higher temperatures. The resulting interpolated LTHS is categorized into an HDB. This interpolated
HDB is then used to determine the design pressure under §192.121.
(d) Example:
An operator is installing SDR 11 PE pipe where the anticipated service temperature is 78 ºF. HDB
values are established and published in PPI TR-4 at 73 ºF (296 K) and 140 ºF (333 K). Thus, the
operator has the option of establishing an interpolated HDB at the anticipated service temperature,
78 °F (299 K), or using the 140 °F HDB of 800 psi.
(1) In order to calculate the HDB for the anticipated service temperature, the operator must obtain
the actual LTHS values established for the material at the nearest temperature above and below
the temperature for which the interpolated value is to be determined. These values are typically
available from the pipe supplier. If these LTHS values are not available, the lowest LTHS for the
HDB category in Table 192.121ii may be used as a conservative estimate.
(2) Once the LTHS values are obtained, the interpolation calculation input is as follows.
SL(73 °F) = 1567 psi
SH(140 °F) = 845 psi
TL = 73 ºF (295.93 K)
TT = 78 ºF (298.71 K)
TH = 140 ºF (333.15 K)
Hence, the interpolation calculation determines that ST = 1506.86 psi or 1507 psi.
(3) To determine the HDB at 78 ºF, the interpolated LTHS value is categorized using Table 1 from
ASTM Standard D 2837-04, a selection of which is shown in Table 192.121ii.
Range of Calculated LTHS Values Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB)

Psi (MPa) Psi (MPa)
600 to <760 (4.14 to <5.24) 630 (4.34)
760 to <960 (5.24 to <6.62) 800 (5.52)
960 to <1200 (6.62 to <8.27) 1000 (6.89)
1200 to <1530 (8.27 to <10.55) 1250 (8.62)
1530 to <1920 (10.55 to <13.24) 1600 (11.03)
TABLE 192.121ii
61
(4) Based upon an interpolated LTHS value of 1510 psi, the HDB to be used in the design formula
for this example is 1250 psi.
For this SDR 11 PE pipe with an anticipated service temperature of 78 °F, the design pressure
is calculated in accordance with §192.121 using the interpolated HDB of 1250 psi as follows.
2S 2(1250 psi )
P (.32) (.32) 80 psig
( SDR 1) (11 1)
5 REFERENCES
(a) PPI TR-4, "PPI Listing of Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB), Strength Design Basis (SDB), Pressure
Design Basis (PDB) and Minimum Required Strength (MRS) Ratings for Thermoplastic Piping
Materials or Pipe."
(b) PPI TR-22, "Polyethylene Piping Distribution Systems for Components of Liquid Petroleum Gases."
§192.123
Design limitations for plastic pipe.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (e) and paragraph (f) of this section, the design pressure
may not exceed a gauge pressure of 100 psig (689 kPa) for plastic pipe used in:
(1) Distribution systems; or
(2) Classes 3 and 4 locations.
(b) Plastic pipe may not be used where operating temperatures of the pipe will be:
o o o o
(1) Below –20 F (–29 C), or –40 F (–40 C) if all pipe and pipeline components whose
o o
operating temperature will be below –20 F (–29 C) have a temperature rating by the manufacturer
consistent with that operating temperature; or
(2) Above the following applicable temperatures:
(i) For thermoplastic pipe, the temperature at which the HDB used in the design
formula under §192.121 is determined.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
o o
(ii) For reinforced thermosetting plastic pipe, 150 F (66 C).
(c) The wall thickness for thermoplastic pipe may not be less than 0.062 inches (1.57
millimeters).
(d) The wall thickness for reinforced thermosetting plastic pipe may not be less than that listed
in the following table:
Nominal Minimum wall

size in thickness in
inches (millimeters) inches (millimeters)
2 (51) 0.060 (1.52)

3 (76) 0.060 (1.52)
4 (102) 0.070 (1.78)
6 (152) 0.100 (2.54)
(e) The design pressure for thermoplastic pipe produced after July 14, 2004 may exceed a
gauge pressure of 100 psig (689 kPa) provided that:
(1) The design pressure does not exceed 125 psig (862 kPa);
62
(2) The material is a PE2406 or a PE3408 as specified within ASTM D2513 (incorporated by
reference, see §192.7);
(3) The pipe size is nominal pipe size (IPS) 12 or less; and
(4) The design pressure is determined in accordance with the design equation defined in
§192.121.
(f) The design pressure for polyamide-11 (PA-11) pipe produced after January 23, 2009 may
exceed a gauge pressure of 100 psig (689 kPa) provided that:
(1) The design pressure does not exceed 200 psig (1379 kPa);
(2) The pipe size is nominal pipe size (IPS or CTS) 4-inch or less; and
(3) The pipe has a standard dimension ratio of SDR-11 or greater (i.e., thicker pipe wall).
[Amdt. 192-31, 43 FR 13880, Apr. 3, 1978; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78
Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-93, 68
FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004 with Amdt. 192-94 Correction,
69 FR 54591, Sept. 9, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006; RIN 2137-AE26, 73 FR 79002,
Dec. 24, 2008]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 IMPACT AND DUCTILITY
(a) The impact and ductility properties of plastics should be evaluated when the material is intended for
use in facilities subjected to low temperatures. Lower temperatures will affect thermoplastic pipe by
increasing stiffness and vulnerability to impact damage.
(b) Significant impact or shock loads on thermoplastic pipe at low temperatures can fracture the pipe.
Care should be taken to avoid dropping or striking the pipe with handling equipment, tools, or other
objects.
(c) For coiled pipe, lower temperatures will require more effort to uncoil the pipe, and it can spring back
forcibly if the ends are not anchored or restrained. The forceful movement of the loose pipe ends
becomes more pronounced in cold weather and personnel should be aware of this for their own
safety. Extra precautions should be taken when installing larger-diameter coiled pipe (>3-inch) in
cold temperature conditions. The manufacturer of straightening and re-rounding equipment should
be consulted for recommendations regarding low-temperature equipment operation.
2 PETROLEUM GASES
The pressure-temperature relationship with petroleum gases should be such that condensation will not
occur when using PE piping.
3 HOT TAPS
(a) When making a hot-plate saddle fusion on PE pipelines, the probability of a blowout increases with
an increase in pressure or a decrease in wall thickness. This should be considered, particularly
when performing hot-plate saddle fusion on PE pipelines as follows: 1-inch and 1¼-inch pipe with an
SDR greater than 10, and 2-inch, 3-inch, and 4-inch pipe with an SDR greater than 11. Where this is
a concern, the pipeline pressure may need to be reduced during such fusions. Alternatively, a
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
heavier-wall thickness could be used than that required by the pressure design formula. See PPI
TR-41, “Generic Saddle Fusion Joining Procedure for Polyethylene Gas Piping.”
(b) Electrofusion tapping tees may be used as an alternate to hot-plate, fusion tapping tees to reduce
the probability of blowouts when hot tapping PE pipes. The manufacturer of the electrofusion fitting
should be contacted for recommendations.
63
(c) Mechanical tapping tees may be used as an alternative to heat-fusion tapping tees to avoid the
possibility of blowouts when tapping PE pipes.
4 EFFECTS OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS
4.1 General.
Liquid hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and condensates, either inside the pipe or in the
surrounding soil, are known to have a detrimental effect on PE and PVC plastic piping materials. PA 11
piping is not affected by liquid hydrocarbons. Contact the piping manufacturer for specific
recommendations.
4.2 Effect on design pressure (see §192.121).

(a) If thermoplastic materials covered by ASTM D 2513 are to be exposed continuously to liquid
hydrocarbons, it is recommended that the design pressure be de-rated in accordance with the
following formula. See 4.3 below for references on this subject.
Pde-rated = P§192.121 x DFC
Where:
Pde-rated = De-rated design pressure, gauge, psig (kPa).
P§192.121 = Design pressure, gauge, psig (kPa) determined under §192.121.
DFC = Chemical Design Factor determined in accordance with Table 192.123i.
Pipe Material Chemical Design Factor

PA (polyamide) 1.00
PE (polyethylene) 0.50
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) 0.50
TABLE 192.123i
(b) If PE or PVC pipe is to be exposed intermittently to liquid hydrocarbons, the pipe manufacturer
should be consulted to determine the appropriate DFC.
4.3 References.
(a) PA pipe.
(1) “An Evaluation of Polyamide 11 for Use in High Pressure/High Temperature Gas Piping
Systems,” T.J. Pitzi et al., 15th Plastic Fuel Gas Pipe Symposium Proceedings - 1997, p. 107.
(2) “Polyamide 11 Liners Withstand Hydrocarbons, High Temperature,” A. Berry, Pipeline & Gas
Journal, December 1998, p. 81.
(b) PE pipe.
(1) PPI TR-9, “Recommended Design Factors and Design Coefficients for Thermoplastic Pressure
Pipe.”
(2) PPI TR-22, “Polyethylene Piping Distribution Systems for Components of Liquid Petroleum
Gases.”
(3) “Mechanical Integrity of Fusion Joints Made from Polyethylene Pipe Exposed to Heavy
Hydrocarbons,” S.M. Pimputkar, 14th Plastic Fuel Gas Pipe Symposium Proceedings - 1995, p.
141.
(4) “Strength of Fusion Joints Made from Polyethylene Pipe Exposed to Heavy Hydrocarbons,” S.M.
Pimputkar, 15th Plastic Fuel Gas Pipe Symposium Proceedings - 1997, p. 309.
(5) GRI 96/0194, “Service Effects of Hydrocarbons on Fusion and Mechanical Performance of
Polyethylene Gas Distribution Piping.”
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
64
(c) PVC pipe.

“Prediction of Organic Chemical Permeation through PVC Pipe,” A.R. Berens, Research
Technology, November 1985, p. 57.
5 PLASTIC PIPE MANUFACTURED BEFORE MAY 18, 1978
The following language was removed from §192.123(b)(2)(i) by Amendment 192-93:

“However, if the pipe was manufactured before May 18, 1978 and its long-term hydrostatic
strength was determined at 73 ºF (23 ºC), it may be used at temperatures up to 100 ºF
(38 ºC).”
This language permitted the installation and operation of plastic pipe manufactured prior to May 18,
1978, at temperatures up to 100 ºF using the 73 ºF HDB. This sentence was removed since this
vintage plastic pipe is no longer available nor is it still being installed. However, pipe installed under
this clause is “grandfathered” and can continue to be operated at temperatures up to 100 ºF using the
73 ºF HDB.
§192.125
Design of copper pipe.
(a) Copper pipe used in mains must have a minimum wall thickness of 0.065 inches (1.65
millimeters) and must be hard drawn.
(b) Copper pipe used in service lines must have wall thickness not less than that indicated in
the following table:
Standard Nominal Wall thickness inch (millimeter)

size inch O.D. inch
(millimeter) (millimeter)
Nominal Tolerance
1/2 (13) .625 (16) .040 (1.06) .0035 (.0889)

5/8 (16) .750 (19) .042 (1.07) .0035 (.0889)
3/4 (19) .875 (22) .045 (1.14) .0040 (.1020)
1 (25) 1.125 (29) .050 (1.27) .0040 (.1020)
1 1/4 (32) 1.375 (35) .055 (1.40) .0045 (.1143)
1 1/2 (38) 1.625 (41) .060 (1.52) .0045 (.1143)
(c) Copper pipe used in mains and service lines may not be used at pressures in excess of 100
p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage.
(d) Copper pipe that does not have an internal corrosion resistant lining may not be used to
3 3
carry gas that has an average hydrogen sulfide content of more than 0.3 grains/100 ft (6.9/m ) under
o o
standard conditions. Standard conditions refers to 60 F and 14.7 psia (15.6 C and one atmosphere)
of gas.
[Amdt. 192-62, 54 FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See §192.377 for additional requirement regarding copper service lines.

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
65
Reserved
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
66
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART D
SUBPART D
DESIGN OF PIPELINE COMPONENTS
§192.141
Scope.
This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for the design and installation of pipeline
components and facilities. In addition, it prescribes requirements relating to protection against
accidental overpressuring.
GUIDE MATERIAL
Useful industry references for design and construction of auxiliary piping for compressor stations or other
similar installations (other than gas piping) are listed in Table 192.141i. Federal, state, and local requirements
may also apply.
Piping System Fluid Design Code

Power piping (boiler external Air, steam, water, oil, gas, steam ASME B31.1
piping) condensate
Power piping (non-boiler external Air, steam, water, oil, gas, steam ASME B31.3
piping) condensate
Utility, auxiliary, process, air Air, steam, water, oil, steam ASME B31.3
injection condensate, glycol, natural gas
liquids
Process Hydrocarbons, chemicals ASME B31.3
Refrigeration Refrigerant (e.g., propane) ASME B31.3 or B31.5
Fire protection Water NFPA 14 and 24
Drinking and domestic supply Water AWWA Standards; Uniform
Plumbing Code
Plumbing and drains Sanitary and waste water Uniform Plumbing Code
TABLE 192.141i
§192.143
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
General requirements.
(a) Each component of a pipeline must be able to withstand operating pressures and other
anticipated loadings without impairment of its serviceability with unit stresses equivalent to those
allowed for comparable material in pipe in the same location and kind of service. However, if design
based upon unit stresses is impractical for a particular component, design may be based upon a
67
pressure rating established by the manufacturer by pressure testing that component or a prototype
of the component.
(b) The design and installation of pipeline components and facilities must meet applicable
requirements for corrosion control found in subpart I of this part.
[Amdt. 192-48, 49 FR 19823, May 10, 1984; RIN 2137-AE09, 72 FR 20055, April 23, 2007]
GUIDE MATERIAL
The designer should select components that will withstand the field test pressure to which they will be
subjected without failure or leakage and without impairment to their serviceability. Consideration should also
be given to pulsation-induced vibrations that could produce excessive cyclic stresses.
See Guide Material Appendices G-192-9 and G-192-10.
§192.144
Qualifying Metallic Components.
Notwithstanding any requirement of this subpart which incorporates by reference an edition of
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a document listed in §192.7 or Appendix B of this part, a metallic component manufactured in
accordance with any other edition of that document is qualified for use under this part if --
(a) It can be shown through visual inspection of the cleaned component that no defect exists
which might impair the strength or tightness of the component; and
(b) The edition of the document under which the component was manufactured has equal or
more stringent requirements for the following as an edition of that document currently or previously
listed in §192.7 or appendix B of this part:
(1) Pressure testing;
(2) Materials; and
(3) Pressure and temperature ratings.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-45, 48 FR 30637, July 5, 1983; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See Guide Material Appendix G-192-1A for documents previously incorporated by reference in the
Regulations. Current documents incorporated by reference that were listed in Appendix A prior to
Amendment 192-94, published June 14, 2004, are now found in §192.7.
If the edition of the document under which the component was manufactured was neither previously listed
nor currently listed in §192.7, and was not previously listed in Appendix A, then requirements under
§192.144(b) should be reviewed to determine if the metallic component is qualified for use under Part 192.
68
§192.145
Valves.
(a) Except for cast iron and plastic valves, each valve must meet the minimum requirements of
API 6D (incorporated by reference, see §192.7), or to a national or international standard that
provides an equivalent performance level. A valve may not be used under operating conditions that
exceed the applicable pressure-temperature ratings contained in those requirements.
(b) Each cast iron and plastic valve must comply with the following:
(1) The valve must have a maximum service pressure rating for temperatures that equal or
exceed the maximum service temperature.
(2) The valve must be tested as part of the manufacturing, as follows:
(i) With the valve in the fully open position, the shell must be tested with no leakage
to a pressure at least 1.5 times the maximum service rating.
(ii) After the shell test, the seat must be tested to a pressure not less than 1.5 times the
maximum service pressure rating. Except for swing check valves, test pressure during the seat test
must be applied successively on each side of the closed valve with the opposite side open. No
visible leakage is permitted.
(iii) After the last pressure test is completed, the valve must be operated through its
full travel to demonstrate freedom from interference.
(c) Each valve must be able to meet the anticipated operating conditions.
(d) No valve having shell components made of ductile iron may be used at pressures exceeding
80 percent of the pressure ratings for comparable steel valves at their listed temperature. However, a
valve having shell components made of ductile iron may be used at pressures up to 80 percent of
the pressure ratings for comparable steel valves at their listed temperature, if --
(1) The temperature-adjusted service pressure does not exceed 1,000 p.s.i (7MPa) gage;
and
(2) Welding is not used on any ductile iron component in the fabrication of the valve shells
or their assembly.
(e) No valve having pressure-containing parts made of ductile iron may be used in the gas pipe
components of compressor stations.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-22, 41 FR 13589, Mar. 31, 1976; Amdt. 192-37, 46
FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-62, 54 FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13,
1998; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 FLANGED CAST IRON VALVES IN STEEL PIPELINES
Consideration should be given to the effect of secondary stresses (e.g., resulting from earth movement,
expansion and contraction or other external forces) which could affect the structural integrity of flanged
cast iron valves in steel pipelines. Adequate support, compression couplings, or other means may be
used.
2 EQUIVALENT STANDARDS FOR STEEL VALVES

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2.1 Equivalent standards.

Valve standards API Spec 6A, API Std 600, ASME B16.33, ASME B16.34, and ASME B16.38 provide
an equivalent performance level to API Spec 6D for gas application purposes.
69
2.2 Valves not listed in API Spec 6D.

Although all valve sizes (such as those smaller than 2 inches) are not listed in API Spec 6D,
manufacturers may design, build and test non-listed sizes in accordance with all applicable requirements
of API Spec 6D and, thereby, meet the equivalency criteria. However, application of the API monogram
to valve sizes not listed in the API Specification is not permitted.
3 PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATING
Any valve which cannot comply to the API Spec 6D standard pressure-temperature rating because of
material(s) which require a reduced maximum temperature limit should be provided with markings on
the nameplate showing the maximum pressure rating at that temperature and with the pressure rating at
o
100 F.
4 PLASTIC VALVES
ASTM D2513 requires that all plastic valves meet the requirements of ASME B16.40, “Manually
Operated Thermoplastic Gas Shutoffs and Valves in Gas Distribution Systems.” The manufacturing test
requirements outlined in §192.145(b) for plastic valves are part of the testing requirements outlined in
ASME B16.40.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
§192.147
Flanges and flange accessories.
(a) Each flange or flange accessory (other than cast iron) must meet the minimum requirements
of ASME/ANSI B16.5, MSS SP-44, or the equivalent.
(b) Each flange assembly must be able to withstand the maximum pressure at which the
pipeline is to be operated and to maintain its physical and chemical properties at any temperature to
which it is anticipated that it might be subjected in service.
(c) Each flange on a flanged joint in cast iron pipe must conform in dimensions, drilling, face
and gasket design to ASME/ANSI B16.1 and be cast integrally with the pipe, valve, or fitting.
[Amdt. 192-62, 54 FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 FLANGES
1.1 Flange types.

(a) The dimensions and drilling for all line or end flanges should conform to one of the following
standards.
ASME B16 Series listed in Appendix A (for iron and steel)
MSS SP-44 Steel Pipe Line Flanges
Flanges cast or forged integral with pipe, fittings or valves in sizes and for the maximum service
rating covered by the standards listed above may be used subject to the facing, bolting and
gasketing requirements of this paragraph and 1.2, 2.1 and 2.2 below.
(b) Threaded companion flanges that comply with the B16 group of American National Standards, in
sizes and for maximum service ratings covered by these standards, may be used.
(c) Lapped flanges in sizes and pressure standards established by ASME B16.5 may be used.
70
(d) Slip-on welding flanges in sizes and pressure standards established in ASME B16.5 may be used.
Slip-on flanges or rectangular section may be substituted for hubbed slip-on flanges provided the
thickness is increased as required to produce equivalent strength as determined by calculations
made in accordance with Section VIII, Pressure Vessels, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code.
(e) Welding neck flanges in sizes and pressure standards established in ASME B16.5, ASME B16.47,
and MSS SP-44 may be used. The bore of the flanges should correspond to the inside diameter of
the pipe used. For acceptable welding end treatment, see Figure 192.235B in Guide Material
Appendix G-192-5.
(f) Flanges made of ductile iron should conform to material and dimensional standards listed in
§192.145(a) and should be subject to all service restrictions as outlined for valves in that paragraph.
The bolting requirements for ductile-iron flanges should be the same as for carbon and low-alloy
steel flanges as listed in 2.1 below.
1.2 Flange facings.

(a) Cast iron, ductile iron, and steel flanges should have contact faces finished in accordance with MSS
SP-6, Finishes for Contact Faces of Pipe Flanges of Connecting-End Flanges of Valves and
Fittings.
(b) Class 25 and Class 125 cast iron integral or threaded companion flanges may be used with a
full-face gasket or with a flat ring gasket extending to the inner edge of the bolt holes. When using a
full-face gasket, the bolting may be of alloy steel (ASTM A193). When using a ring gasket, the
bolting should be of carbon steel, without heat treatment other than stress relief, equivalent to ASTM
A307 Grade B.
(c) When bolting together two Class 250 integral or threaded companion cast iron flanges, having 1/16
inch raised faces, the bolting should be of carbon steel, without heat treatment other than stress
relief, equivalent to ASTM A307 Grade B.
(d) Class 150 steel flanges may be bolted to Class 125 cast iron flanges. When such construction is
used, the 1/16 inch raised face on the steel flange should be removed. When bolting such flanges
together, using a flat ring gasket extending to the inner edge of the bolt holes, the bolting should be
of carbon steel, without heat treatment other than stress relief, equivalent to ASTM A307 Grade B.
When bolting such flanges together using a full-face gasket, the bolting may be alloy steel (ASTM
A193).
(e) Class 300 steel flanges may be bolted to Class 250 cast iron flanges. Where such construction is
used, the bolting should be of carbon steel, without heat treatment other than stress relief,
equivalent to ASTM A307 Grade B. It is recommended that the raised face on the steel flange be
removed. When this is done, bolting should be of carbon steel, without heat treatment other than
stress relief, equivalent to ASTM A307 Grade B.
(f) Forged steel welding neck flanges have an outside diameter and drilling the same as ASME B16.1,
but with modified flange thicknesses, hub dimensions, and special facing details, may be used to
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bolt against flat-faced cast iron flanges, and may operate at the pressure-temperature ratings given
in ASME B16.1 Class 125 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges provided:
(1) The minimum flange thickness, T, of the steel flange is not less than that specified for size 6
inch and larger.
(2) Flanges are used with nonmetallic full-face gaskets extending to the periphery of the flange.
(3) The design joint has been proven by test to be suitable for the ratings.
71
2 FLANGE ACCESSORIES
2.1 Bolting.
(a) For all flange joints other than described under 1.2(c), (d), (e) and (f), the bolting should be made of
alloy steel conforming to ASTM A193, A320 or A354, or of heat-treated carbon steel conforming to
ASTM A449. However, bolting for American National Standard Class 250 and 300 flanges to be
o o
used at temperatures between minus 20 F and plus 450 F may be made to ASTM A307, Grade B.
(b) Alloy steel bolting material conforming to ASTM A193 or ASTM A354 should be used for insulating
flanges if such bolting is made 1/8 inch undersized.
(c) The materials used for nuts should conform to ASTM A194 and A307. A307 nuts may be used only
with A307 bolting.
(d) All carbon and alloy steel bolts, stud bolts, and their nuts should be threaded in accordance with the
following thread series and dimension class as required by ASME B1.1.
(1) Carbon Steel -- All carbon steel bolts and stud bolts should have coarse threads, Class 2A
dimensions and their nuts, Class 2B dimensions.
(2) Alloy Steel -- All alloy steel bolts and stud bolts of 1 inch and smaller nominal diameters should
be of the coarse thread series; nominal diameters 1 1/8 inch and larger should be of the 8
thread series. Bolts and stud bolts should have a Class 2A dimension, and their nuts should
have a Class 2B dimension.
(e) Bolts should have American National Standard regular square heads or heavy hexagonal heads
and should have American National Standard heavy hexagonal nuts conforming to the dimensions
of ASME B18.2.1 and B18.2.2.
(f) Nuts cut from bar stock in such a manner that the axis will be parallel to the direction of rolling of the
bar may be used in all sizes for joints in which one or both flanges are cast iron, and for joints with
steel flanges where the pressure does not exceed 250 psig. Such nuts should not be used for joints
in which both flanges are steel and the pressure exceeds 250 psig except that, for nut sizes 1/2 inch
and smaller, these limitations do not apply.
(g) For all flange joints, the bolts or stud bolts used should extend completely through the nuts.
2.2 Gaskets.
(a) Material for gaskets should be capable of withstanding the maximum pressure and maintaining its
physical and chemical properties at any temperature to which it might reasonably be subjected in
service.
o
(b) Gaskets used under pressure and at temperatures above 250 F should be of noncombustible
material. Metallic gaskets should not be used with Class 150 standard or lower-rated flanges.
(c) Full-face gaskets should be used with all bronze flanges, and may be used with Class 25 or Class
125 cast iron flanges. Flat ring gaskets with outside diameter extending to the inside of the bolt
holes may be used with cast iron flanges, with raised face steel flanges, or with lapped steel flanges.
(d) In order to secure higher unit compression on the gasket, metallic gaskets of a width less than the
full male face of the flange may be used with raised face, lapped, or large male and female facings.
The width of the gasket for small male and female or for tongue and groove joints should be equal
to the width of the male face or tongue.
(e) Rings for ring joints should be of dimensions established in ASME B16.20. The material for these
rings should be suitable for the service conditions encountered and should be softer than the
flanges.
2.3 Insulating kits.

(a) Insulating kits are available to provide electrical isolation at flanged connections. Insulating kits
typically contain a gasket, washers, and sleeves for the bolts.
(b) Insulating kits should be specified to be compatible with both the gas stream and the external
environment (e.g., temperature, pressure, gas quality or composition, moisture).
72 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(c) Assembly.
(1) Carefully inspect the insulating kit components for rough edges, cracks, delaminations, or other
defects that could contribute to crushing, cracking, or loss of seal under load.
(2) Ensure proper flange alignment and follow the manufacturer’s assembly instructions, including
torque values that may vary from non-insulating flange assemblies.
(3) Prior to coating or painting flanged connections, verify that desired insulating properties have
been attained.
(4) Coating or painting materials should be nonconductive.
(d) Post assembly.
(1) Where possible, include the assembled insulating flange in pressure testing or perform an
instrumented leak test prior to coating or painting.
(2) If the assembly is to be buried, consider providing a test station with test leads and bonding
wires for future test capability. See §§192.469 and 192.471.
(3) Consider providing for ground fault, lightning protection, or temporary bonding. See §192.467.
3 FLANGE INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
Proper installation and maintenance of flanged joints are critical for maintaining safe operation of
pipeline facilities.
3.1 Flange preparation.

(a) The sealing surfaces of the flanges should be clean and smooth.
(b) To seal properly, the sealing faces should be installed parallel to each other.
3.2 Bolting methods.

Methods for tightening flange bolts may include the use of torque wrenches or the use of hydraulic stud
tensioners.
(a) Bolt torque values.
(1) The proper bolt torque values are based on gasket material, flange size, flange type, flange
rating, bolt size, bolt material, and thread lubricant. When available, the gasket manufacturer's
recommended torque values should be followed.
(2) The minimum torque value represents the amount of force required to provide proper
compression of the gasket to prevent leakage.
(3) The maximum torque value represents a torque limit to prevent gasket crushing, bolt yielding,
flange deformation, or flange cracking.
(4) Thread lubrication significantly influences the amount of torque actually applied to the flange
assembly. All flange bolts should be lubricated, and lubrication can be accomplished by using
pre-coated bolts or by the field application of thread lubricants.
(b) Bolt torque procedure.
Bolt torque should be applied evenly across the flange and is normally applied in several steps. Bolt
torque should be applied using manual or hydraulic torque wrenches. The following method
provides an example of applying torque. The number of steps may vary based on recommendations
of the gasket manufacturer and operator requirements. Except for the final step, use a star or
crisscross pattern to tighten the bolts.
(1) Install and hand tighten all bolts and nuts.
(2) Tighten all bolts to 30% of the final torque value.
(5) Follow a circular pattern and ensure that all bolts are tightened to 100% of the final torque
value.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
73
(c) Hydraulic tensioning.

Hydraulic tensioning involves stretching the bolt to achieve a desired elongation as the nut is
tightened onto the flange bolt. Advantages of hydraulic tensioning include the elimination of friction
factor errors and more uniform gasket loading. The disadvantages of hydraulic tensioning include
the need for longer studs, specialized equipment, and additional workspace.
§192.149
Standard fittings.
(a) The minimum metal thickness of threaded fittings may not be less than specified for the
pressures and temperatures in the applicable standards referenced in this part, or their equivalent.
(b) Each steel butt-welding fitting must have pressure and temperature ratings based on
stresses for pipe of the same or equivalent material. The actual bursting strength of the fitting must
at least equal the computed bursting strength of pipe of the designated material and wall thickness,
as determined by a prototype that was tested to at least the pressure required for the pipeline to
which it is being added.
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Steel butt-welding fittings should comply with either ASME B16.9 or MSS SP-75 and should have
pressure and temperature ratings based on stresses for pipe of the same or equivalent material.
(b) Threaded fittings should comply with ASME B16.3, ASME B16.4, ASME B16.11, ASME B16.15, MSS
SP-83, or equivalent as appropriate.
(c) Socket welding fittings should comply with ASME B16.11, ASTM A733, MSS SP-79, or MSS SP-83 or
equivalent as appropriate.
§192.150
Passage of internal inspection devices.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, each new transmission line and
each replacement of line pipe, valve, fitting, or other line component in a transmission line must be
designed and constructed to accommodate the passage of instrumented internal inspection devices.
(b) This section does not apply to:
(1) Manifolds;
(2) Station piping such as at compressor stations, meter stations, or regulator stations;
(3) Piping associated with storage facilities, other than a continuous run of transmission
line between a compressor station and storage facilities;
(4) Cross-overs;
(5) Sizes of pipe for which an instrumented internal inspection device is not commercially
available;
(6) Transmission lines, operated in conjunction with a distribution system which are
installed in Class 4 locations;
(7) Offshore transmission lines, except transmission lines 10¾ inches (273 millimeters) or
74
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

more in outside diameter on which construction begins after December 28, 2005, that run from
platform to platform or platform to shore unless —
(i) Platform space or configuration is incompatible with launching or retrieving
instrumented internal inspection devices; or
(ii) If the design includes taps for lateral connections, the operator can demonstrate,
based on investigation or experience, that there is no reasonably practical alternative under the
design circumstances to the use of a tap that will obstruct the passage of instrumented internal
inspection devices; and
(8) Other piping that, under §190.9 of this chapter, the Administrator finds in a particular
case would be impracticable to design and construct to accommodate the passage of instrumented
internal inspection devices.
(c) An operator encountering emergencies, construction time constraints or other unforeseen
construction problems need not construct a new or replacement segment of a transmission line to
meet paragraph (a) of this section, if the operator determines and documents why and
impracticability prohibits compliance with paragraph (a) of this section. Within 30 days after
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discovering the emergency or construction problem the operator must petition, under §190.9 of this
chapter, for approval that design and construction to accommodate passage of instrumented
internal inspection devices would be impracticable. If the petition is denied, within 1 year after the
date of the notice of the denial, the operator must modify that segment to allow passage of
instrumented internal inspection devices.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-72, 59 FR 17275, April 12, 1994 with Amdt. 192-72 Ext., 59 FR 49896, Sept. 30,
1994, Amdt. 192-72 Ext. Correction, 59 FR 52863, Oct. 19, 1994 and Amdt. 192-72 Ext., 60 FR 7133,
Feb. 7, 1995; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-97, 69 FR 36024, June 28, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
REFERENCES
(a) NACE RP0102, "In-Line Inspection of Pipelines."

(b) NACE 35100, Technical Committee Report, "In-Line Nondestructive Inspection of Pipelines."
§192.151
Tapping.
(a) Each mechanical fitting used to make a hot tap must be designed for at least the operating
pressure of the pipeline.
(b) Where a ductile iron pipe is tapped, the extent of full-thread engagement and the need for
the use of outside-sealing service connections, tapping saddles, or other fixtures must be
determined by service conditions.
(c) Where a threaded tap is made in cast iron or ductile iron pipe, the diameter of the tapped
hole may not be more than 25 percent of the nominal diameter of the pipe unless the pipe is
reinforced, except that
(1) Existing taps may be used for replacement service, if they are free of cracks and have
good threads; and
(2) A 1¼-inch (32 millimeters) tap may be made in a 4-inch (102 millimeters) cast iron or
ductile iron pipe, without reinforcement. However, in areas where climate, soil, and service
conditions may create unusual external stresses on cast iron pipe, unreinforced taps may be used
75
only on 6-inch (152 millimeters) or larger pipe.
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 DESIGN
1.1 Proprietary fittings.

(a) General. When using proprietary hot tap fittings, the operator should ensure that the pressure-
temperature rating, installation procedure and service restrictions have been established in
accordance with sound engineering principles. The fittings should be used only in accordance with
the manufacturer's recommendations.
(b) Pressure-temperature ratings. Published catalog or engineering data supplied by a reputable
manufacturer or designer is usually sufficient. When the rating cannot be so established, it should
be established by test in accordance with paragraph UG-101 of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code.
1.2 Other fittings.

For design requirements for hot tap fittings fabricated by welding, see §192.153.
1.3 Branch connection.

For hot taps involving branch connections, see guide material under §192.155.
2 PRESSURE LIMITATIONS
Tapping equipment can have a maximum working pressure rating less than the fitting and less than the
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actual operating pressure of the pipeline being tapped. In that event, the operating pressure must be
temporarily reduced during the tapping operation. If, in an emergency, a fitting is not qualified for the
MAOP of the pipeline, the operating pressure must be lowered to the pressure rating of the fitting and
must be maintained at or below this level until the fitting is removed.
3 SIZE LIMITATIONS
3.1 Large-diameter taps.

Large diameter taps using mechanical fittings can reduce the remaining circumferential area below that
required to withstand anticipated longitudinal forces due to pressure, bending, and thermal effects. The
operator should anticipate and design for complete circumferential cracking. The operator should
confirm that the longitudinal pullout resistance of the fitting is adequate, or provide appropriate restraint,
such as a mechanical harness, strapping, or girth (fillet) end welds. For welds, see guide material under
§192.713.
3.2 Oversize taps.

When an oversize tap (i.e., greater than 25 percent of the nominal diameter) into cast iron or ductile-iron
pipe is made through a band-type fitting, it is common practice to use a full-encirclement gasket for leak
containment in the event of a circumferential crack.
4 SEPARATION
To resist longitudinal cracks between taps, taps into cast iron or ductile-iron pipe should be separated
longitudinally by at least the circumference of the pipe being tapped.
76
5 OTHER
See guide material under §192.627 for personnel qualifications, identification of pipe to be tapped, and
suitability for tapping. See §192.627 for tapping pipelines under pressure.
§192.153
Components fabricated by welding.
(a) Except for branch connections and assemblies of standard pipe and fittings joined by
circumferential welds, the design pressure of each component fabricated by welding, whose
strength cannot be determined, must be established in accordance with paragraph UG-101 of
Section VIII, Division 1, of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
(b) Each prefabricated unit that uses plate and longitudinal seams must be designed,
constructed, and tested in accordance with section I, section VIII, Division 1, or Section VIII, Division
2 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, except for the following:
(1) Regularly manufactured butt-welding fittings.
(2) Pipe that has been produced and tested under a specification listed in Appendix B to this
part.
(3) Partial assemblies such as split rings or collars.
(4) Prefabricated units that the manufacturer certifies have been tested to at least twice the
maximum pressure to which they will be subjected under the anticipated operating conditions.
(c) Orange-peel bull plugs and orange-peel swages may not be used in pipelines that are to
operate at a hoop stress of 20 percent or more of the SMYS of the pipe.
(d) Except for flat closures designed in accordance with Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, flat closures and fish tails may not be used on pipe that either operates at 100
p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage, or more, or is more than 3 inches (76 millimeters) nominal diameter.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993 with Amdt. 192-68
Correction, 58 FR 45268, Aug. 27, 1993; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
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GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.155
Welded branch connections.
Each welded branch connection made to pipe in the form of a single connection, or in a header
or manifold as a series of connections, must be designed to ensure that the strength of the pipeline
system is not reduced, taking into account the stresses in the remaining pipe wall due to the opening
in the pipe or header, the shear stresses produced by the pressure acting on the area of the branch
opening, and any external loadings due to thermal movement, weight, and vibration.
77
GUIDE MATERIAL
REINFORCEMENT OF WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS
1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The following paragraphs provide design recommendations for the usual combinations of loads,
exclusive of excessive external loads.
1.1 Reinforcement rule.

The reinforcement in the crotch section of a welded branch connection should be determined by the rule
that the metal area available for reinforcement be equal to or greater than the recommended area
defined in 1.2 below as well as in Figure 192.155A in Guide Material Appendix G-192-4.
1.2 Recommended cross-sectional area.

The recommended cross-sectional area AR is defined as the product of d times t:
AR = d x t
Where:
d = the length of the finished opening in the header wall measured parallel to the axis of the
run.
t = the nominal header wall thickness as specified in §192.105. When the pipe wall thickness
includes an allowance for corrosion or erosion, all dimensions used should be those that
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will result after the anticipated corrosion or erosion has taken place.
1.3 Area available for reinforcement.

The area available for reinforcement should be the sum of:
(a) The cross-sectional area resulting from any excess thickness available in the header thickness
(over the minimum recommended for the header as defined in 1.2 above) and which lies within the
reinforcement area as defined in 1.4 below.
(b) The cross-sectional area resulting from any excess thickness available in the branch wall thickness
(over the minimum thickness recommended for the branch and which lies within the reinforcement
areas as defined in 1.4 below).
(c) The cross-sectional area of all added reinforcing metal that lies within the reinforcement area, as
defined in 1.4 below, including that of solid weld metal which is conventionally attached to the
header or branch or both.
1.4 Area of reinforcement.

The area of reinforcement is shown in Figure 192.155 A in Guide Material Appendix G-192-4 and is
defined as a rectangle whose length extends a distance (d) on each side of the transverse centerline of
the finished opening and whose width extends a distance of 2½ times the header wall thickness on each
side of the surface of the header wall, except that in no case should it extend more than 2½ times the
thickness of the branch wall from the outside surface of the header or of the reinforcement, if any.
1.5 Stress correction factor for reinforcement area.

The material of any added reinforcement should have an allowable working stress at least equal to that
of the header wall, except that material of lower allowable stress may be used if the area is increased in
direct ratio of the allowable stresses for header and reinforcement material respectively.
78
1.6 Pad or saddle reinforcement material.

(a) The material used for pad or saddle reinforcement may be of specifications differing from those of
the pipe, provided the cross-sectional area is made in correct proportion to the relative strength of
the pipe and reinforcement materials at the operating temperatures, and provided it has welding
qualities comparable to those of the pipe. No credit should be taken for the additional strength of
material having a higher strength than that of the part to be reinforced.
(b) When pads or saddles are used which cover the weld between branch and header, a vent hole
should be provided in the ring or saddle to reveal leakage in the weld between the branch and
header and to provide venting during welding and heat treating operations. Vent holes should be
plugged during service to prevent crevice corrosion between the pipe and reinforcing member, but
no plugging material should be used that would be capable of sustaining pressure within the crevice.
(c) Reinforcement pads and saddles should be accurately fitted to the parts to which they are attached.
Figures 192.155C and 192.155D in Guide Material Appendix G-192-4 illustrate some acceptable
forms of reinforcement.
1.7 Ribs or gussets.

The use of ribs or gussets should not be considered as contributing to reinforcement of the branch
connection. Ribs or gussets may be used for purposes other than reinforcement, such as stiffening.
1.8 Branch attachments.

(a) The branch should be attached by a weld for the full thickness of the branch or header wall plus a
fillet weld W 1 as shown in Figures 192.155B and 192.155C in Guide Material Appendix G-192-4.
The use of concave fillet welds is preferred to further minimize corner stress concentration. Pad or
saddle reinforcement should be attached as shown in Figure 192.155C in Guide Material Appendix
G-192-4. When a full fillet is not used, it is recommended that the edge of the reinforcement be
relieved or chamfered at approximately 45 degrees to merge with the edge of the fillet.
(b) Branch connections attached at an angle less than 85 degrees to the run become progressively
weaker as the angle becomes less. Any such design should be given individual study, and sufficient
reinforcement provided to compensate for the inherent weakness of such construction. The use of
encircling ribs to support the flat or reentering surfaces is acceptable, and may be included in the
strength calculations. The designer is cautioned that stress concentrations near the ends of partial
ribs, straps, or gussets may defeat their reinforcing benefit.
2 REINFORCEMENT OF MULTIPLE OPENINGS
2.1 General.
When two or more adjacent branches are spaced at less than 2 times their average diameter (so that
their effective areas of reinforcement overlap), the group of openings should be reinforced in accordance
with the recommendations of 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 of this guide material. The reinforcing metal should be
added as a combined reinforcement, the strength of which should equal the combined strengths of the
reinforcements determined for the separate openings. In no case should any portion of a cross section
be considered to apply to more than one opening or be evaluated more than once in a combined area.
2.2 Consideration of distance between centers.

(a) When more than two adjacent openings are to be provided with a combined reinforcement, the
minimum distance between centers of any two of these openings should preferably be at least 1½
times their average diameter, and the area of reinforcement between them should be at least equal
to 50 percent of the total determined for these two openings on the cross section being considered.
(b) When the distance between the centers of two adjacent openings, as considered under 2.2 above,
is less than 1 1/3 times their average diameter, no credit for reinforcement should be given for any
of the metal between these two openings.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 79
2.3 Treatment as one assumed opening.

Any number of closely spaced adjacent openings, in any arrangement, may be reinforced as if the group
was one opening of a diameter enclosing all the openings.
3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
In addition, branch connections should comply with the Special Considerations given in Table 192.155i.
REINFORCEMENT OF WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS:

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Ratio of Design Hoop

Stress to Minimum Ratio of Nominal Branch Diameter to Nominal Header Diameter (R2)
Specified Yield
Strength in Header
(R1)
R2 d 25% 25% < R2 d 50% 50% < R2
R1 d 20% G G H
20% < R1 d 50% D,I I H,I
50% < R1 C,D,E B,E A,E,F
TABLE 192.155i
3.1 Special Consideration A.

Smoothly contoured, wrought-steel tees of proven design are preferred. When tees cannot be used, the
reinforcing member should extend around the circumference of the header. Pads, partial saddles, or
other types of localized reinforcement should not be used.
3.2 Special Consideration B.

Smoothly contoured tees of proven design are preferred. When tees are not used, the reinforcing
member should be of the complete encirclement type, but may be of the pad type, saddle type, or a
welding outlet fitting.
3.3 Special Consideration C.

The reinforcement member may be of the complete encirclement type, pad type, saddle type or welding
outlet fitting type. The edges of reinforcement members should be tapered to the header thickness. It is
recommended that legs of fillet welds joining the reinforcing members and header do not exceed the
thickness of the header.
3.4 Special Consideration D.

Reinforcement calculations are not normally made for openings 2 inches and smaller in diameter.
However, care should be taken to provide suitable protection against vibrations and other external forces
to which these small openings are frequently subjected.
3.5 Special Consideration E.

All welds joining the header, branch and reinforcing members should be equivalent to those shown in
Figures 192.155B and 192.155C in Guide Material Appendix G-192-4.
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80
3.6 Special Consideration F.

The inside edges of the finished opening should, whenever possible, be rounded to a 1/8 inch radius. If
the encircling member is thicker than the header and is welded to the header, the ends should be
tapered down to the header thickness and continuous fillet welds should be made.
3.7 Special Consideration G.

Consideration should be given to reinforcement of openings in special cases, such as pressures over
100 psi, thin-wall pipe, or severe external loads.
3.8 Special Consideration H.

When a reinforcement member is used, and the branch diameter is such that localized type of
reinforcement member would extend around more than half the circumference of the header, then a
complete encirclement type of reinforcement member should be used, regardless of the design hoop
stress, or a smoothly contoured wrought-steel tee of proven design may be used.
3.9 Special Consideration I.

The reinforcement may be of any type included in this guide material.
§192.157
Extruded outlets.
Each extruded outlet must be suitable for anticipated service conditions and must be at least
equal to the design strength of the pipe and other fittings in the pipeline to which it is attached.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
1.1 Applicability.
(a) The recommendations below apply to steel extruded outlets in which the reinforcement is integral.
An extruded outlet is defined as an outlet in which the extruded lip at the outlet has a height above
the surface of the run which is equal to or greater than the radius of curvature of the external
contoured portion of the outlet: i.e., h0 t r0. See Figures 192.157A, B, C, and D and nomenclature in
Guide Material Appendix G-192-4.
(b) These recommendations do not apply to any nozzles or branch connections in which additional
non-integral material is applied in the form of rings, pads, or saddles.
(c) These recommendations apply only to cases where the axis of the outlet intersects and is
perpendicular to the axis of the run.
(d) Figures 192.157 A, B, C, and D in Guide Material Appendix G-192-4 define the pertinent dimensions
and limiting conditions.
1.2 Marking.
In addition to the material contained herein, the manufacturer should be responsible for establishing, in
accordance with Part 192, the design pressure and temperature. The manufacturer's name or
trademark and the design pressure and temperature should be marked on the section.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
81
2 CALCULATIONS
2.1 Recommended area.

The recommended area is defined as A = K (tr x D0) where K shall be taken as follows:
ª 1.00 d
« 0.60 <
D
«
d d
K = «0.6 + 2 / 3x 0.15 < d 0.60
« D D
« d
« 0.70 d 0.15
«¬ D
The design should meet the criteria that the reinforcement area defined in 2.2 below is not less than the
recommended area.
2.2 Reinforcement area.

The reinforcement area should be the sum of areas A1 + A2 + A3 as defined below:
(a) Area A1 -- The area lying within the reinforcement zone resulting from any excess thickness
available in the run wall: i.e.,
A1 = D0 (Tr - tr)
(b) Area A2 -- The area lying within the reinforcement zone resulting from excess thickness available in
the branch pipe wall: i.e.,
A2 = 2L (Tb - tb)
(c) Area A3 -- The area lying within the reinforcement zone resulting from excess thickness available in
the extruded outlet lip: i.e.,
A3 = 2r0 (T0 - Tb)
2.3 Reinforcement of multiple openings.

The design recommendation in the guide material under §192.155 should be referred to except that the
recommended area and reinforcement area should be as given in the guide material under §192.157.
3 OTHER
Extruded outlets manufactured in compliance with MSS SP-75 are in accord with 1 and 2 above.
§192.159
Flexibility.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Each pipeline must be designed with enough flexibility to prevent thermal expansion or
contraction from causing excessive stresses in the pipe or components, excessive bending or
unusual loads at joints, or undesirable forces or moments at points of connection to equipment, or at
anchorage or guide points.
82
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 STEEL
1.1 Applicability.
These recommendations are applicable only to above ground steel piping for temperatures through 450
o
F.
1.2 Amount of expansion.

The thermal expansion of the more common materials used for piping should be determined from Table
192.159i of this guide material. The expansion to be considered is the difference between the expansion
for the maximum expected operating temperature and that for the expected average erection
temperature. For materials not included in this table, or for precise calculations, reference should be
made to authoritative source data, such as publications of the National Bureau of Standards.
THERMAL EXPANSION OF CARBON AND LOW-

ALLOY, HIGH-TENSILE STEEL AND WROUGHT
IRON PIPING
Total expansion in
Temperature Degree F inches per 100 feet
o
above 32 F
32 0.0
60 0.2
100 0.5
125 0.7
150 0.9
175 1.1
200 1.3
225 1.5
250 1.7
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
300 2.2
350 2.6
400 3.0
450 3.5
TABLE 192.159i
1.3 Flexibility requirements.

(a) Formal calculations should be required only where reasonable doubt exists as to the adequate
flexibility of the system.
(b) Flexibility should be provided by the use of bends, loops, or offsets, or provisions should be made to
absorb thermal changes by the use of expansion joints or couplings of the slip joint type or
expansion joints of the bellows type. If expansion joints are used, anchors or ties of sufficient
strength and rigidity should be installed to provide for end forces due to fluid pressure and other
causes.
(c) In calculating the flexibility of a piping system, the system should be treated as a whole. The
significance of all parts of the line and all restraints, such as solid supports or guides, should be
considered.
83
(d) Calculations should take into account stress intensification factors found to exist in components
other than plain straight pipe. Credit may be taken for the extra flexibility of such components. In the
absence of more directly applicable data, the flexibility factors and stress intensification factors
shown in Guide Material Appendix G-192-3 may be used.
(e) Properties of pipe and fittings for these calculations should be based on nominal dimensions, and
the joint factor E should be taken as 1.00.
(f) Whether piping is cold sprung or not, the total range in temperature should be used in all expansion
calculations. In addition to the expansion of the line itself, the linear and angular movements of the
equipment to which it is attached should be considered.
1.4 Cold springing.

In order to modify the effect of expansion and contraction, runs of pipe may be cold sprung. Cold spring
may be taken into account in the calculations of the reaction as shown in 1.5 (f) below, provided an
effective method of obtaining the designed cold spring is specified and used.
Flexibility calculations should be based on the modulus of elasticity Ec at ambient temperature.
1.5 Combined stress calculations.

(a) Using the above assumptions, the stresses and reactions due to expansion should be investigated
at all significant points.
(b) The expansion stresses should be combined in accordance with the following formula:
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SE = S b2+4 S 2t
Where:
SE = maximum computed expansion stress, psi
Sb = iMb/Z = resultant bending stress, psi
St = Mt/2Z = torsional stress, psi
i = stress intensification factor (see Guide Material Appendix G-192-3)
Mb = resultant bending moment, pound inches
Mt = torsional moment, pound inches
3
Z = section modulus of pipe, inches
(c) Subject to the further limitation of 1.5 (d) and (e) below, the maximum computed expansion stress,
SE, should not exceed 0.72S. (S is the specified minimum yield strength, psi.)
(d) The total of the following should not exceed the specified minimum yield strength, S:
(1) The maximum computed expansion stress, SE.
(2) The longitudinal pressure stress.
(3) The longitudinal bending stress due to external loads, such as weight of pipe and contents and
the wind.
(e) The sum of (d)(2) and (d)(3) should not exceed 75 percent of the allowable stress in the hot
condition (S x F x T).
Where:
S = specified minimum yield strength, psi
F = design factor determined in accordance with §192.111
T = temperature derating factor in accordance with §192.115
(f) The reactions R' should be obtained as follows from the reactions R derived from the flexibility
calculations and should not exceed limits which the attached equipment or anchorage is designed to
sustain.
84
(1 - 2/3 C s )R 0 d C s d 0.6
Rc = {
Cs R 0.6 d C s d 1.0
Where:
Cs = the cold spring factor varying from zero for no cold spring to 1.0 for 100 percent cold
spring
R = range of reactions corresponding to the full expansion range based on Ec
Ec = the modulus of elasticity in the cold condition
2 PLASTIC
See guide material under §§192.281 and 192.321.
3 OTHER MATERIALS
For cast iron pipe, see Guide Material Appendix G-192-18.
§192.161
Supports and anchors.
(a) Each pipeline and its associated equipment must have enough anchors or supports to--
(1) Prevent undue strain on connected equipment;
(2) Resist longitudinal forces caused by a bend or offset in the pipe; and
(3) Prevent or damp out excessive vibration.
(b) Each exposed pipeline must have enough supports or anchors to protect the exposed pipe
joints from the maximum end force caused by internal pressure and any additional forces caused by
temperature expansion or contraction or by the weight of the pipe and its contents.
(c) Each support or anchor on an exposed pipeline must be made of durable, non-combustible
material and must be designed and installed as follows:
(1) Free expansion and contraction of the pipeline between supports or anchors may not be
restricted.
(2) Provision must be made for the service conditions involved.
(3) Movement of the pipeline may not cause disengagement of the support equipment.
(d) Each support of an exposed pipeline operated at a stress level of 50 percent or more of
SMYS must comply with the following:
(1) A structural support may not be welded directly to the pipe.
(2) The support must be provided by a member that completely encircles the pipe.
(3) If an encircling member is welded to a pipe, the weld must be continuous and cover the
entire circumference.
(e) Each underground pipeline that is connected to a relatively unyielding line or other fixed
object must have enough flexibility to provide for possible movement, or it must have an anchor that
will limit the movement of the pipeline.
(f) Except for offshore pipelines, each underground pipeline that is being connected to new
branches must have a firm foundation for both the header and the branch to prevent detrimental
lateral and vertical movement.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988]
85 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

GUIDE MATERIAL
1 COMPRESSION OR SLEEVE-TYPE COUPLINGS
Compression or sleeve-type couplings used in exposed piping should be designed and installed so that
the joint will sustain the longitudinal pullout or thrust forces caused by contraction or expansion of the
piping. If such provision is not made in the manufacture of the coupling, suitable bracing or strapping
should be provided, but such design should not interfere with the normal performance of the coupling or
with its proper maintenance.
2 WELDING SUPPORTS OR ANCHORS TO PIPE
Structural supports or anchors may be welded directly to the pipe that is designed to operate at a hoop
stress of less than 50 percent of the specified minimum yield strength. Proportioning and welding
strength requirements of such attachments should conform to standard structural practice.
3 NEED FOR ANCHORS AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL RESTRAINT FRICTION
Where there is doubt as to the adequacy of restraint friction of the soil in which piping is buried, anchors
should be designed and installed at bends or offsets.
4 BEARING AT A BEND
If buried pipe is anchored by bearing at the bend, care should be taken to distribute the load on the soil
so that the bearing pressure is within safe limits for the soil involved.
5 LONGITUDINAL PULLOUT FORCE
Buried pipe joints that are close to the points of thrust origin should be designed to sustain the
longitudinal pullout force. If such provision is not made in the manufacture of the joints, suitable bracing
or strappings should be provided.
6 CONNECTIONS IN A CONSOLIDATED BACKFILL
When openings are made in a consolidated backfill to connect new branches to an existing pipeline,
care should be taken to provide firm foundation for both the header and the branch.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
7 BLOWDOWN DISCHARGE SUPPORTS
The gas jetting out of a blowdown discharge can exert considerable forces on a piping system.
Structural supports may be required to prevent vertical and lateral movement of the piping system. Soil
mechanics should be considered in determining the support capability of the ground under the thrust
supports.
§192.163
Compressor stations: Design and construction.
(a) Location of compressor building. Except for a compressor building on a platform located
offshore or in inland navigable waters, each main compressor building of a compressor station must
be located on property under the control of the operator. It must be far enough away from adjacent
86
property, not under control of the operator, to minimize the possibility of fire being communicated to
the compressor building from structures on adjacent property. There must be enough open space
around the main compressor building to allow the free movement of fire-fighting equipment.
(b) Building construction. Each building on a compressor station site must be made of
noncombustible materials if it contains either --
(1) Pipe more than 2 inches (51 millimeters) in diameter that is carrying gas under pressure;
or
(2) Gas handling equipment other than gas utilization equipment used for domestic
purposes.
(c) Exits. Each operating floor of a main compressor building must have at least two separated
and unobstructed exits located so as to provide a convenient possibility of escape and an
unobstructed passage to place of safety. Each door latch on an exit must be of a type that can be
readily opened from the inside without a key. Each swinging door located in an exterior wall must be
mounted to swing outward.
(d) Fenced areas. Each fence around a compressor station must have at least two gates located
so as to provide a convenient opportunity for escape to a place of safety, or have other facilities
affording a similarly convenient exit from the area. Each gate located within 200 feet (61 meters) of
any compressor plant building must open outward and, when occupied, must be openable from the
inside without a key.
(e) Electrical facilities. Electrical equipment and wiring installed in compressor stations must
conform to the National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA-70, so far as that code is applicable.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-37, 46 FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt 192-68, 58
FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (§192.163(e))
Noncombustible as applied to a building construction material means a material which, in the form in
which it is used, falls in one of the following groups (a) through (c):
(a) Materials no part of which will ignite when subjected to fire. Examples: asbestos fiber, brick, clay tile,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
concrete, glass, gypsum, iron, portland cement, slate, steel, and stone. Any material that liberates
o
flammable gas when heated to any temperature up to 1,380 F, for five minutes is not considered
noncombustible within the meaning of this paragraph.
(b) Materials having a structural base of noncombustible material, as defined in (a), with a surfacing not
over 1/8 inch thick which has a flame spread rating not higher than 50. Examples: certain types of
protected steel sheets, gypsum wallboard.
(c) Materials in the form and thickness used, other than as described in (a) or (b), having a flame
spread not higher than 25 without evidence of continued progressive combustion and of such
composition that surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through the material in any way would
not have a flame spread rating higher than 25 without evidence of continued progressive
combustion.
Any material that is subject to increase in combustibility or flame spread rating through the effects of
age, moisture or other atmospheric condition, beyond the limits established above, is not classified as
noncombustible. Flame spread rating as used herein refers to ratings obtained according to UL 723,
"Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials"; NFPA 224, “Homes and Camps in
Forest Areas (Discontinued)”; and ASTM E84, “Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
Building Materials.” The rating is an indication of the burning characteristics of a material and is derived
in comparison with untreated red oak boards as 100.
87
Fire hazard classifications (including flame spreads, fuel contributed and smoke developed) for various
building materials may be obtained from Building Materials Directory -- Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.
Also, fire resistance ratings for many floors, roofs, beams, columns, and walls may be obtained from
Fire Resistance Index -- Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.
2 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

(§192.163(e))
References for the definitions, or classification, of hazardous locations are as follows.

(a) NFPA 70, "National Electrical Code," Article 500.
(b) API RP 500, "Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at
Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class 1, Division 1 and Division 2," Paragraph 4.2.
(c) AGA XF0277, "Classification of Gas Utility Areas for Electrical Installations."
§192.165
Compressor stations: Liquid removal.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(a) Where entrained vapors in gas may liquefy under the anticipated pressure and temperature
conditions, the compressor must be protected against the introduction of those liquids in quantities
that could cause damage.
(b) Each liquid separator used to remove entrained liquids at a compressor station must --
(1) Have a manually operable means of removing these liquids.
(2) Where slugs of liquid could be carried into the compressors, have either automatic liquid
removal facilities, an automatic compressor shutdown device, or a high liquid level alarm; and
(3) Be manufactured in accordance with Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code, except that liquid separators constructed of pipe and fittings without internal welding
must be fabricated with a design factor of 0.4, or less.
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Liquid separators that are installed in compressor station piping to protect the compressor from the
introduction of liquid in quantities that could cause damage should be designed in accordance with
§192.165(b)(1), (2) and (3).
(b) When liquid removal facilities (e.g., pigging receiver tanks, slug catchers, drips and sumps) are installed
in the pipeline outside the compressor station piping, they should be designed as fabricated assemblies
rather than as part of the station piping.
§192.167
Compressor stations: Emergency shutdown.
(a) Except for unattended field compressor stations of 1,000 horsepower (746 kilowatts) or less,
each compressor station must have an emergency shutdown system that meets the following:
(1) It must be able to block gas out of the station and blow down the station piping.
(2) It must discharge gas from the blowdown piping at a location where the gas will not
88
create a hazard.
(3) It must provide means for the shutdown of gas compression equipment, gas fires, and
electrical facilities in the vicinity of gas headers and in the compressor building, except, that--
(i) Electrical circuits that supply emergency lighting required to assist station
personnel in evacuating the compressor building and the area in the vicinity of the gas headers must
remain energized; and
(ii) Electrical circuits needed to protect equipment from damage may remain
energized.
(4) It must be operable from at least two locations, each of which is--
(i) Outside the gas area of the station;
(ii) Near the exit gates, if the station is fenced, or near emergency exits, if not fenced;
and
(iii) Not more than 500 feet (153 meters) from the limits of the station.
(b) If a compressor station supplies gas directly to a distribution system with no other adequate
source of gas available, the emergency shutdown system must be designed so that it will not
function at the wrong time and cause an unintended outage on the distribution system.
(c) On a platform located offshore or in inland navigable waters, the emergency shutdown
system must be designed and installed to actuate automatically by each of the following events:
(1) In the case of an unattended compressor station--
(i) When the gas pressure equals the maximum allowable operating pressure plus 15
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
percent; or
(ii) When an uncontrolled fire occurs on the platform; and
(2) In the case of a compressor station in a building--
(i) When an uncontrolled fire occurs in the building; or
(ii) When the concentration of gas in air reaches 50 percent or more of the lower
explosive limit in a building which has a source of ignition.
For the purpose of paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, an electrical facility that conforms to Class 1,
Group D of the National Electrical Code is not a source of ignition.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
All emergency valves and controls should be identified by signs. All important gas pressure piping should be
identified as to functions by signs or color codes.
For blowdown considerations, see guide material under §§192.161 and 192.179.
§192.169
Compressor stations: Pressure limiting devices.
(a) Each compressor station must have pressure relief or other suitable protective devices of
sufficient capacity and sensitivity to ensure that the maximum allowable operating pressure of the
station piping and equipment is not exceeded by more than 10 percent.
(b) Each vent line that exhausts gas from the pressure relief valves of a compressor station
must extend to a location where the gas may be discharged without hazard.
89
GUIDE MATERIAL
An adequate relief device or automatic compressor shutdown device should be installed in the discharge line
of each compressor between the gas compressor and the first discharge block valve. The relieving capacity
of the relief device should be equal to or greater than the capacity of the compressor. If the relief devices on
the compressor do not prevent the possibility of overpressuring the piping, as specified in §192.169(a),
additional relieving device(s) should be installed on the piping to prevent it from being overpressured.
§192.171
Compressor stations: Additional safety equipment.
(a) Each compressor station must have adequate fire protection facilities. If fire pumps are a
part of these facilities their operation may not be affected by the emergency shutdown system.
(b) Each compressor station prime mover, other than an electrical induction or synchronous
motor, must have an automatic device to shut down the unit before the speed of either the prime
mover or the driven unit exceeds a maximum safe speed.
(c) Each compressor unit in a compressor station must have a shutdown or alarm device that
operates in the event of inadequate cooling or lubrication of the unit.
(d) Each compressor station engine that operates with pressure gas injection must be equipped
so that stoppage of the engine automatically shuts off the fuel and vents the engine distribution
manifold.
(e) Each muffler for a gas engine in a compressor station must have vent slots or holes in the
baffles of each compartment to prevent gas from being trapped in the muffler.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 FUEL LINES
Fuel gas lines within a compressor station should be equipped with at least one master shutoff valve.
This valve should be located at a point outside of the area or areas served, and should not be located
inside a building.
2 MUFFLERS
The external shell of mufflers for engines using gas as fuel should be designed in accordance with good
engineering practice and should be constructed of ductile materials.
3 STARTING AIR SYSTEMS
Items for consideration when designing compressor starting air systems include:
(a) Air pressure, storage volume, and size of connecting piping. Each system should be adequate to
rotate the engine at the cranking speed and for the number of revolutions necessary to purge the
fuel gas from the power cylinders and muffler. The recommendations of the engine manufacturer
may be used as a guide in determining the factors.
(b) Number of engines installed and starting requirements. The possibility of having to start multiple
engines within a short time period should be considered.
(c) Check valve in the starting air line near each engine to prevent a backflow of fuel from the engine
into the air piping system.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
90
(d) Check valve in the main air line on the immediate outlet side of the air tank(s), or, as an alternate,
fire resistant lubricant or non-lubricated air compressors.
(e) Air cooling equipment between the starting air compressor and air storage tanks to remove
moisture and entrained oil.
4 GAS DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS
The design of a gas detection system, including the number of gas detectors and their placement,
should be based on compressor building configuration, manufacturer's recommendations, and
prudent engineering design.
(a) Alarms should:
(1) Be uniquely and immediately recognizable to personnel inside and outside the alarmed
structure.
(2) Consider background noise and lighting in their design.
(3) Not be connected to devices that are activated for non-emergency purposes, such as outside
telephone ringers, unless the alarm has a separate and distinguishable sound.
(b) Considerations should include:
(1) Monitoring for gas in areas isolated from the compressors in and near the compressor
building, such as control rooms, auxiliary rooms, and basements.
(2) Multiple alarm levels in the gas detection system. In addition to §192.736 requirements, a
second alarm may be set at a higher percentage of LEL to activate additional alarms or the
emergency shutdown (ESD) system, or both.
(3) Other types of detectors tied into the alarm system, such as flame or smoke alarms.
§192.173
Compressor stations: Ventilation.
Each compressor station building must be ventilated to ensure that employees are not
endangered by the accumulation of gas in rooms, sumps, attics, pits, or other enclosed places.
GUIDE MATERIAL
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
These are guidelines for ventilating compressor station buildings from gas leakage during normal operating
conditions or abnormal conditions, such as a blown gasket or leaking packing gland.
1 GENERAL
(a) Building ventilation may be by natural convection or assisted by powered fans. If ventilation is
provided by electrically powered fans, the electrical supply should remain energized even under an
emergency shutdown of the gas piping. See §§192.163(e) and 192.167 regarding electrical
equipment and wiring.
(b) Consideration should also be given to installing gas detection systems for flammable or toxic gases
in compressor buildings designed to alarm at predetermined levels. Such systems may activate
compressor shutdown/blowdown systems or the vent louver controls. See §192.736.
91
2 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
(a) In designing a ventilation system, some considerations are:

(1) Quality of the gas being compressed ("sweet" or "sour").
(2) Desired number of air changes in the room per unit of time.
(3) The temperature differential between the floor and ridge ventilators.
(4) The use of manual or motorized louvers (intake and exhaust). (If motorized: Will the ventilation
system controls be tied into a gas detection system, and, will the louvers "fail open" with loss of
power?)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(b) A ventilation system should be designed to keep the percentage of gas in the building atmosphere
below the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) by an acceptable margin. If the gas stream contains toxic
contaminants, specific standards should be considered, such as the Threshold Limit Value (TLV),
for such contaminants in the ventilation system design.
(c) In order to design for adequate ventilation, it is suggested that properly sized fresh air vents be
located as near to the building floor as possible, and the exhaust vents as high as possible. To help
eliminate the possibility of unventilated areas, fresh air vent locations should be distributed as
uniformly as possible around the building. Placement of exhaust ventilation outlets should be given
careful consideration, such as full ridge ventilation when utilizing a natural air convection system.
Avoid the re-entrance of exhausted air by discharging as high as possible and ensuring that no
window, outside air intake, or other such opening is in the path of an exhaust ventilator discharge.
(d) If the compressor building is not equipped with a gas detection system, consideration should be
given to ensuring that the ventilation louver system remains open at all times when the compressors
are pressurized. In a motorized louver system, this may be provided with an interlock between the
lower controls and the pressurizing or manifold valves sequencing controls. With manually operated
systems, operating procedures could be established requiring louvers to be opened any time the
compressors are pressurized.
(e) Buildings, other than office buildings, located in temperate or tropical climates that are properly
ventilated for heat dissipation generally do not require additional venting for gas dilution.
(f) Additional details on ventilation practices may be obtained from the American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), and the Committee on Industrial
Ventilation of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
§192.175
Pipe-type and bottle-type holders.
(a) Each pipe-type and bottle-type holder must be designed so as to prevent the accumulation
of liquids in the holder, in connecting pipe, or in auxiliary equipment, that might cause corrosion or
interfere with the safe operation of the holder.
(b) Each pipe-type or bottle-type holder must have minimum clearance from other holders in
accordance with the following formula:
§ ·
C=(D x P x F) ¨ C =(3D x P x F) µ
48.33 © 1000 ¹
in which:
C = Minimum clearance between pipe containers or bottles in inches (millimeters).
D = Outside diameter of pipe containers or bottles in inches (millimeters).
P = Maximum allowable operating pressure, p.s.i. (kPa) gage.
F = Design factor as set forth in §192.111 of this part.
92
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) The definition of pipe in §192.3 includes pipe-type holders. Therefore, all requirements applicable to pipe
also apply to pipe-type holders.
(b) The definition of pipeline in §192.3 includes holders. Therefore, all requirements applicable to pipelines
also apply to pipe-type and bottle-type holders.
(c) See guide material under §192.3 for the definition of bottle, bottle-type holder, pipe-container and
pipe-type holder.
§192.177
Additional provisions for bottle-type holders.
(a) Each bottle-type holder must be --

(1) Located on a site entirely surrounded by fencing that prevents access by unauthorized
persons and with minimum clearance from the fence as follows:
Maximum allowable operating Minimum clearance

pressure feet (meters)
Less than 1,000 p.s.i. (7 MPa) gage 25 (7.6)

1,000 p.s.i. (7 MPa) gage or more 100 (31)
(2) Designed using the design factors set forth in §192.111; and
(3) Buried with a minimum cover in accordance with §192.327.
(b) Each bottle-type holder manufactured from steel that is not weldable under field
conditions must comply with the following:
(1) A bottle-type holder made from alloy steel must meet the chemical and tensile
requirements for the various grades of steel in ASTM A 372/A 372M.
(2) The actual yield-tensile ratio of the steel may not exceed 0.85.
(3) Welding may not be performed on the holder after it has been heat treated or stress
relieved, except that copper wires may be attached to the small diameter portion of the bottle end
closure for cathodic protection if a localized thermit welding process is used.
(4) The holder must be given a mill hydrostatic test at a pressure that produces a hoop
stress at least equal to 85 percent of the SMYS.
(5) The holder, connection pipe, and components must be leak tested after installation as
required by Subpart J of this part.
[Amdt. 192-58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988; Amdt. 192-62, 54 FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989; Amdt. 192-68, 58
FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
93
GUIDE MATERIAL
For the definition of the bottle-type holder, see guide material under §§192.3 and 192.175.
§192.179
Transmission line valves.
(a) Each transmission line, other than offshore segments, must have sectionalizing block
valves spaced as follows, unless in a particular case the Administrator finds that alternative
spacing would provide an equivalent level of safety:
(1) Each point on the pipeline in a Class 4 location must be within 2½ miles (4 kilometers)
of a valve.
(2) Each point on the pipeline in a Class 3 location must be within 4 miles (6.4 kilometers)
of a valve.
(3) Each point on the pipeline in a Class 2 location must be within 7½ miles (12
kilometers) of a valve.
(4) Each point on the pipeline in a Class 1 location must be within 10 miles (16 kilometers)
of a valve.
(b) Each sectionalizing block valve on a transmission line, other than offshore segments,
must comply with the following:
(1) The valve and the operating device to open or close the valve must be readily
accessible and protected from tampering and damage.
(2) The valve must be supported to prevent settling of the valve or movement of the pipe
to which it is attached.
(c) Each section of a transmission line, other than offshore segments, between main line
valves must have a blowdown valve with enough capacity to allow the transmission line to be
blown down as rapidly as practicable. Each blowdown discharge must be located so the gas can
be blown to the atmosphere without hazard and, if the transmission line is adjacent to an
overhead electric line, so that the gas is directed away from the electrical conductors.
(d) Offshore segments of transmission lines must be equipped with valves or other com-
ponents to shut off the flow of gas to an offshore platform in an emergency.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt.
192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 VALVE SPACING ON OFFSHORE-ONSHORE PIPELINES
Where the distance between valves on a combined segment of a new offshore-onshore pipeline
exceeds the valve spacing requirements for onshore pipelines, consideration should be given to the
installation of a block valve at the nearest practical location to the land juncture of the pipeline
segment.
2 BLOWDOWN RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1 Blowdown duration and timing.

(a) The operator should minimize blowdown time by properly sizing and placing blowdown
discharges to:
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94
(1) Reduce the time gas is venting through a rupture and susceptible to ignition.
(2) Reduce the duration of a gas fire, minimizing the impact on life and property.
(3) Reduce the impact on flow capacity while the pipeline is out of service.
(b) The operator should consider the following when scheduling non-emergency blowdowns for
pipeline maintenance or repairs.
(1) Blow down during daylight hours to minimize noise emission impact on the public.
(2) Blow down during favorable atmospheric conditions, so that vented gas is efficiently
dispersed into the atmosphere and does not travel toward potential ignition sources or
populated areas.
(3) Provide advance notification to local residents, law enforcement, fire officials, and other
pipeline operators in the area.
(4) Coordinate blowdowns with the operator’s gas control department as well as customers
whose service may be impacted by the blowdowns.
2.2 Blowdown location.

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The following should be considered when locating blowdown discharges.

(a) Discharges should be located a sufficient distance away from buildings such that:
(1) Should vented gas ignite, buildings will not be in danger of ignition or heat damage.
(2) Noise emissions from blowdowns will have minimal impact on the public.
(3) Methane emissions from blowdowns will have minimal public and environmental impact.
(b) Discharges should be located a sufficient distance away from overhead electric lines, and other
potential ignition sources, so that the explosive gas/air concentrations of the dispersed vented
gas do not come in contact with an ignition source.
2.3 Blowdown emissions.

Where practicable, operators should consider the following emission reducing actions during non-
emergency blowdowns.
(a) Reduce methane emissions for environmental and economic reasons by:
(1) Using existing compressor or regulator stations to pull down the pipeline pressure before
blowdown.
(2) Using a portable evacuation compressor to pull down the pipeline pressure by pumping the
gas into another pipeline before blowdown.
(3) Flaring the blowdown gas.
(b) Reduce entrained liquid emissions by:
(1) Using blowdown separators.
(2) Flaring the blowdown gas.
(c) Reduce noise emissions by using blowdown silencers, particularly in populated areas.
§192.181
Distribution line valves.
(a) Each high-pressure distribution system must have valves spaced so as to reduce the time
to shut down a section of main in an emergency. The valve spacing is determined by the operating
pressure, the size of the mains, and the local physical conditions.
(b) Each regulator station controlling the flow or pressure of gas in a distribution system
must have a valve installed on the inlet piping at a distance from the regulator station sufficient to
permit the operation of the valve during an emergency that might preclude access to the station.
(c) Each valve on a main installed for operating or emergency purposes must comply with the
following:
(1) The valve must be placed in a readily accessible location so as to facilitate its
95
operation in an emergency.
(2) The operating stem or mechanism must be readily accessible.
(3) If the valve is installed in a buried box or enclosure, the box or enclosure must be
installed so as to avoid transmitting external loads to the main.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 HIGH-PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION LINE VALVES (§192.181(a))
1.1 Physical characteristics.

The following physical characteristics should be considered when establishing high-pressure
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distribution system line valve locations.

(a) Size of area to be isolated.
(b) Topographic features, such as rivers, major highways and railroads.
(c) Number of valves necessary to isolate the area.
1.2 Operating characteristics.

The following operating characteristics should be considered when establishing locations for high-
pressure distribution system line valves.
(a) Total number of customers; and such customers as hospitals, schools, commercial, and
industrial users that would be affected.
(b) Time required for available personnel to carry out isolation procedures.
(c) Time required for controlling the pressure in the isolated area by such means as venting and
transferring gas to adjacent systems.
(d) Time required for available personnel to restore service to the customer.
2 REGULATOR STATION ISOLATION
Paragraph 192.181(b) details the requirement for a valve on the inlet piping. When a distribution
system is supplied by more than one regulator station, or when the system may reasonably be
expected to create a significant backfeed, consideration should be given to isolating the stations from
backfeed during an emergency. This may be accomplished by one of the following:
(a) Installing a valve on the station outlet piping.
(b) Utilizing valving in the distribution system to prevent a backfeed into the station.
(c) Developing a procedure to shut down all stations supplying the system.
§192.183
Vaults: Structural design requirements.
(a) Each underground vault or pit for valves, pressure relieving, pressure limiting, or
pressure regulating stations, must be able to meet the loads which may be imposed upon it, and
to protect installed equipment.
(b) There must be enough working space so that all of the equipment required in the vault or
pit can be properly installed, operated, and maintained.
(c) Each pipe entering, or within, a regulator vault or pit must be steel for sizes 10 inches (254
millimeters), and less, except that control and gage piping may be copper. Where pipe extends
through the vault or pit structure, provision must be made to prevent the passage of gasses or
liquids through the opening and to avert strains in the pipe.
96
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 SUPPORTS
Equipment and piping in vaults or pits should be suitably supported by metal, masonry, or concrete
supports. Control piping should be placed and supported so that its exposure to injury or damage is
reduced to a minimum.
2 OPENINGS
2.1 Location.
(a) Vault or pit openings should be located so as to minimize the hazards of tools or other objects
falling upon the regulator, piping or other equipment. Control piping and the operating parts of the
equipment installed should not be located under an opening unless such parts are suitably
protected from workmen stepping on them.
(b) In designing the vault or pit to protect installed equipment, consideration should be given to
incidents that may cause portions of the roof or cover to fall into the vault.
2.2 Cover.
A circular cover should be installed, or other suitable precautions should be taken, if a vault or pit
opening is to be located above equipment that could be damaged by a falling cover.
3 CONSIDERATIONS TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE BY OUTSIDE FORCES
§192.185
Vaults: Accessibility.
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Each vault must be located in an accessible location and, so far as practical, away from --
(a) Street intersections or points where traffic is heavy or dense;
(b) Points of minimum elevation, catch basins, or places where the access cover will be in the
course of surface waters; and
(c) Water, electric, steam, or other facilities.
GUIDE MATERIAL
97
§192.187
Vaults: Sealing, venting, and ventilation.
Each underground vault or closed top pit containing either a pressure regulating or reducing
station, or a pressure limiting or relieving station, must be sealed, vented or ventilated, as follows:
(a) When the internal volume exceeds 200 cubic feet (5.7 cubic meters) --
(1) The vault or pit must be ventilated with two ducts, each having at least the ventilating
effect of a pipe 4 inches (102 millimeters) in diameter;
(2) The ventilation must be enough to minimize the formation of combustible atmosphere
in the vault or pit; and
(3) The ducts must be high enough above grade to disperse any gas-air mixtures that
might be discharged.
(b) When the internal volume is more than 75 cubic feet (2.1 cubic meters) but less than 200
cubic feet (5.7 cubic meters) --
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(1) If the vault or pit is sealed, each opening must have a tight fitting cover without open
holes through which an explosive mixture might be ignited, and there must be a means for testing
the internal atmosphere before removing the cover;
(2) If the vault or pit is vented, there must be a means of preventing external sources of
ignition from reaching the vault atmosphere; or
(3) If the vault or pit is ventilated, paragraph (a) or (c) of this section applies.
(c) If a vault or pit covered by paragraph (b) of this section is ventilated by openings in the
covers or gratings and the ratio of the internal volume, in cubic feet, to the effective ventilating
area of the cover or grating, in square feet, is less than 20 to 1, no additional ventilation is
required.
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
DUCTING
Where ducts are used, the outside end of the ducts should be equipped with a suitable weatherproof
fitting or vent-head designed to prevent foreign matter from entering or obstructing the duct. The effective
area of the openings in such fittings or vent-heads should be at least equal to the cross-sectional area of a
4 inch duct. The horizontal section of the ducts should be as short as practical and pitched to prevent the
accumulation of liquids. The number of bends and offsets should be reduced to a minimum and provisions
should be incorporated to facilitate periodic cleaning. Where two ducts are employed, it may be desirable
to locate one internal vent at a higher elevation than the other for improved ventilation.
98
§192.189
Vaults: Drainage and waterproofing.
(a) Each vault must be designed so as to minimize the entrance of water,

(b) A vault containing gas piping may not be connected by means of a drain connection to
any other underground structure.
(c) Electrical equipment in vaults must conform to the applicable requirements of Class 1,
Group D, of the National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70.
[Amdt. 192-76, 61 FR 26121, May 24, 1996 with Amdt. 192-76 Correction, 61 FR 36825, July 15, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
Equipment installed in vaults should be designed to continue to operate safely if submerged.
§192.191
Design pressure of plastic fittings.
(a) Thermosetting fittings for plastic pipe must conform to ASTM D 2517.
(b) Thermoplastic fittings for plastic pipe must conform to ASTM D 2513.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.193
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Valve installation in plastic pipe.

Each valve installed in plastic pipe must be designed so as to protect the plastic material
against excessive torsional or shearing loads when the valve or shutoff is operated, and from any
other secondary stresses that might be exerted through the valve or its enclosure.
99
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 LOADING IMPOSED BY VALVE OPERATION
Common methods to prevent excessive strains in plastic pipe at valve installations include the
following.
(a) Using a valve having a low operating torque.
(b) Anchoring the valve body to resist twisting.
(c) Making the transition from plastic-to-metal some distance from the valve. Transition pieces
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approximately 2 feet long will usually provide sufficient stabilization. However, each installation
should be designed to prevent excessive strain on the plastic pipe.
(d) Installing protective sleeves, designed to mitigate the stresses imposed on the plastic pipe in the
transition area between the valve and the plastic piping, should be considered if undue stresses
at this joint are anticipated, or if recommended by the manufacturer. The installation of protective
sleeves, in addition to providing adequate backfill and compaction around the transition area,
reduces excessive bending and shear stresses. For protective sleeves, see guide material under
§192.367.
2 SECONDARY STRESSES
2.1 Transitions.
The transition from plastic pipe to metal or to a more rigid section of plastic pipe should be supported
by undisturbed or well-compacted soil, by bridging, or by sleeve encasement. In addition to providing
adequate backfill and compaction around the transition area, the installation of protective sleeves or
bridging should be considered to reduce excessive bending and shear stresses. These stresses have
been known to cause premature brittle-like failures in some pre-1982 PE piping materials. For
protective sleeves, see guide material under §192.367.
2.2 Valve enclosures.

Where curb boxes or other enclosures are used, they should not be supported by the plastic pipe and
should not in any way impose secondary stresses on the plastic pipe.
2.3 Coiled pipe.

Valves installed in thermoplastic piping that has been coiled should be suitably restrained to prevent
the rotation that may occur.
§192.195
Protection against accidental overpressuring.
(a) General requirements. Except as provided in §192.197, each pipeline that is connected to
a gas source so that the maximum allowable operating pressure could be exceeded as the result
of pressure control failure or of some other type of failure, must have pressure relieving or
pressure limiting devices that meet the requirements of §§192.199 and 192.201.
(b) Additional requirements for distribution systems. Each distribution system that is
supplied from a source of gas that is at a higher pressure than the maximum allowable operating
pressure for the system must--
(1) Have pressure regulation devices capable of meeting the pressure, load, and other
service conditions that will be experienced in normal operation of the system, and that could be
activated in the event of failure of some portion of the system; and
(2) Be designed so as to prevent accidental overpressuring.
100
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
1.1 Inlet and outlet pressure rating considerations.

Selection of inlet and outlet pressure ratings of control equipment, such as regulators and control
valves, should include consideration of the following.
(a) The maximum inlet pressure at which the regulator will perform in accordance with the
manufacturer's specifications.
(b) The maximum pressure to which the inlet may be subjected, under abnormal conditions, without
causing damage to the regulator.
(c) The maximum outlet pressure at which the regulator will perform in accordance with the
manufacturer's specifications.
(d) The maximum pressure to which the outlet may be subjected under abnormal conditions without
causing damage to the internal parts of the regulator.
(e) The maximum outlet pressure which can be safely contained by the pressure carrying
components, such as diaphragm cases, actuators, pilots and control lines.
(f) Springs, orifices, or other parts should not be changed or modified without reevaluation of the
above factors.
1.2 Prevention of overpressuring downstream pressure-carrying components.

Recognized methods of preventing overpressuring the downstream pressure-carrying components of
control equipment include the following.
(a) Selecting equipment rated to withstand inlet pressure on the downstream side. This is particularly
important if the equipment employs internal sensing and the adjacent downstream piping is not
otherwise protected.
(b) Connecting the control or sensing line to the downstream pressure system where overpressure
protection has been provided.
(c) Protecting the downstream pressure carrying components by installing a relief valve, regulator,
back-pressure valve, or other suitable device in the control or sensing line.
2 OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION
2.1 Facilities that might at times be bottle-tight.

Suitable protective devices to prevent overpressuring of facilities that might at times be bottle-tight
include the following.
(a) Spring-loaded relief valves meeting the provisions of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, Section VIII, Division 1.
(b) Pilot-operated back-pressure regulators used as relief valves which are designed so that failure
of the control lines will cause the regulator to open.
(c) Rupture disks of the type meeting the provisions of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII, Division 1.
2.2 High-pressure distribution systems.

Suitable devices to prevent overpressuring of high-pressure distribution systems include the following.
(a) Spring-loaded relief valves meeting the provisions of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, Section VIII, Division 1.
(b) Weight-loaded relief valves.
(c) A monitoring regulator installed in series with the primary regulator.
(d) A series regulator set to continuously limit the pressure on the inlet of the primary regulator to not
more than the maximum allowable operating pressure of the distribution system.
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101
(e) An automatic shut-off device installed in series with the primary pressure regulator. The
automatic shutoff device should be set to shut off when the pressure on the distribution system
reaches a specified limit that does not exceed the maximum allowable operating pressure. Since
this device remains closed until manually reset, it should not be used where it might cause an
interruption in service to a large number of customers.
(f) Pilot-operated back-pressure regulators used as relief valves and designed so that failure of the
control lines will cause the regulator to open.
(g) Spring-loaded diaphragm relief valves.
2.3 Low-pressure distribution systems.

Suitable protective devices to prevent overpressuring of low-pressure distribution systems include the
following.
(a) A liquid-seal relief device that can be set to open accurately and consistently at the desired
pressure.
(b) See 2.2(b) through 2.2(f) above.
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2.4 Other considerations.

When bypass piping is included in the station design to facilitate maintenance or inspection of
automatic overpressure protection devices, consideration should be given to the following.
(a) Providing a regulator on the bypass piping.
(b) Arranging the bypass piping for series regulators so that only one regulator at a time is
bypassed.
(c) When only a manually operated bypass valve is installed:
(1) Providing upstream and downstream pressure gauges within sight of a person operating the
manual valve, and
(2) Specifying a manual valve that is marked with the flow direction and the operating direction to
close it.
§192.197
Control of the pressure of gas delivered from high-pressure distribution systems.
(a) If the maximum actual operating pressure of the distribution system is 60 psi (414 kPa)
gage, or less, and a service regulator having the following characteristics is used, no other
pressure limiting device is required:
(1) A regulator capable of reducing distribution line pressure to pressures recommended
for household appliances.
(2) A single port valve with proper orifice for the maximum gas pressure at the regulator
inlet.
(3) A valve seat made of resilient material designed to withstand abrasion of the gas,
impurities in gas, cutting by the valve, and to resist permanent deformation when it is pressed
against the valve port.
(4) Pipe connections to the regulator not exceeding 2 inches (51 millimeters) in diameter.
(5) A regulator that, under normal operating conditions, is able to regulate the
downstream pressure within the necessary limits of accuracy and to limit the build-up of pressure
under no-flow conditions to prevent a pressure that would cause the unsafe operation of any
connected and properly adjusted gas utilization equipment.
(6) A self-contained service regulator with no external static or control lines.
(b) If the maximum actual operating pressure of the distribution system is 60 p.s.i. (414 kPa)
gage or less, and a service regulator that does not have all of the characteristics listed in
paragraph (a) of this section is used, or if the gas contains materials that seriously interfere with
102
the operation of service regulators, there must be suitable protective devices to prevent unsafe
overpressuring of the customer's appliances if the service regulator fails.
(c) If the maximum actual operating pressure of the distribution system exceeds 60 p.s.i. (414
kPa) gage, one of the following methods must be used to regulate and limit, to the maximum safe
value, the pressure of gas delivered to the customer:
(1) A service regulator having the characteristics listed in paragraph (a) of this section,
and another regulator located upstream from the service regulator. The upstream regulator may
not be set to maintain a pressure higher than 60 p.s.i. (414 kPa) gage. A device must be installed
between the upstream regulator and the service regulator to limit the pressure on the inlet of the
service regulator to 60 p.s.i. (414 kPa) gage or less in case the upstream regulator fails to function
properly. This device may be either a relief valve or an automatic shutoff that shuts, if the pressure
on the inlet of the service regulator exceeds the set pressure (60 p.s.i. (414 kPa) gage or less), and
remains closed until manually reset.
(2) A service regulator and a monitoring regulator set to limit, to a maximum safe value,
the pressure of the gas delivered to the customer.
(3) A service regulator with a relief valve vented to the outside atmosphere, with the relief
valve set to open so that the pressure of gas going to the customer does not exceed a maximum
safe value. The relief valve may either be built into the service regulator or it may be a separate
unit installed downstream from the service regulator. This combination may be used alone only in
those cases where the inlet pressure on the service regulator does not exceed the manufacturer's
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safe working pressure rating of the service regulator, and may not be used where the inlet
pressure on the service regulator exceeds 125 p.s.i. (862 kPa) gage For higher inlet pressures, the
methods in paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of this section must be used.
(4) A service regulator and an automatic shutoff device that closes upon a rise in pres-
sure downstream from the regulator and remains closed until manually reset.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-93,
68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
Suitable protective devices to prevent overpressuring of customer's appliances, as a result of service

regulator failure, with the conditions described in §192.197(b) include the following.
(a) A monitoring regulator.
(b) A relief valve.
(c) An automatic shut-off device.
These devices may be installed as an integral part of the service regulator or as a separate unit.
§192.199
Requirements for design of pressure relief and limiting devices.
Except for rupture discs, each pressure relief or pressure limiting device must--
(a) Be constructed of materials such that the operation of the device will not be impaired by
corrosion;
(b) Have valves and valve seats that are designed not to stick in a position that will make the
device inoperative;
(c) Be designed and installed so that it can be readily operated to determine if the valve is
free, can be tested to determine the pressure at which it will operate, and can be tested for leakage
when in the closed position;
103
(d) Have support made of noncombustible material;

(e) Have discharge stacks, vents, or outlet ports designed to prevent accumulation of water,
ice, or snow, located where gas can be discharged into the atmosphere without undue hazard;
(f) Be designed and installed so that the size of the openings, pipe, and fittings located
between the system to be protected and the pressure relieving device, and the size of the vent line
are adequate to prevent hammering of the valve and to prevent impairment of relief capacity;
(g) Where installed at a district regulator station to protect a pipeline system from over-
pressuring, be designed and installed to prevent any single incident such as an explosion in a
vault or damage by a vehicle from affecting the operation of both the overpressure protective
device and the district regulator; and
(h) Except for a valve that will isolate the system under protection from its source of
pressure, be designed to prevent unauthorized operation of any stop valve that will make the
pressure relief valve or pressure limiting device inoperative.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 RUPTURE DISKS
Rupture disks should meet the requirements for design as described in the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1.
2 CONTROL LINES
All control lines should be protected from falling objects, excavation, or other foreseeable causes of
damage. They should be designed and installed so that damage to any one control line cannot render
both the district regulator and overpressure protective device inoperative.
3 SINGLE INCIDENT (§192.199(g))
3.1 General.
In complying with §192.199(g), the operator should evaluate each district regulating station as to the
type and extent of risks that may be expected. Different locations may suggest the need for individual
station design, installation considerations and the ability to perform maintenance, inspection and
testing activities.
3.2 Examples.
Among the incidents that should be considered in the design of a district regulator station are the
following.
(a) Explosions or fire in vault.
(b) Damage by vehicles.
(c) Damage by earthmoving equipment.
(d) Weather and environmental effects.
(e) Others that might result from site selection with respect to airport and railroad operations.
3.3 Protection.
Design and installation considerations include the following.
(a) General.
(1) Protection for relief valve stacks.
(2) Selection of the type of overpressure protection.
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104
(3) Evaluation of the need for redundant protection.

(4) Inspection or maintenance activities that could compromise the integrity of normal
overpressure protection. See guide material under §192.739.
(b) Vaults.
(1) Use of a single vault, a double chamber vault, or vaults separated by an appropriate distance.
(2) Structural design. See guide material under §192.183.
(c) Above ground installations.
(1) Location on property under control of the operator.
(2) Space around building(s) for free movement of firefighting equipment.
(3) Use of a single-room building, a double-room building or buildings separated by an
appropriate distance.
(4) Use of ventilated buildings made of noncombustible materials. The roof and sidewalls should
be designed to relieve the force of an explosion.
(5) Use of posts, guardrails, or barricades.
4 SECURITY (§192.199(h))
Recommended methods for complying with §192.199(h) of the regulations include the following.
(a) Securing the proper position of any valve under a relief valve that could make the relief valve
inoperative or valves that could make the pressure regulating or limiting device ineffective, such
as a bypass valve or a control line valve.
(b) Installing duplicate relief valves, each having adequate capacity to protect the system. Isolating
valves or a three-way valve should be installed so that it is mechanically impossible to render
more than one safety device inoperative at a time.
5 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE BY OUTSIDE FORCES
§192.201
Required capacity of pressure relieving and limiting stations.
(a) Each pressure relief station or pressure limiting station or group of those stations
installed to protect a pipeline must have enough capacity, and must be set to operate, to insure
the following:
(1) In a low pressure distribution system, the pressure may not cause the unsafe
operation of any connected and properly adjusted gas utilization equipment.
(2) In pipelines other than a low pressure distribution system--
(i) If the maximum allowable operating pressure is 60 p.s.i. (414 kPa) gage or more,
the pressure may not exceed the maximum allowable operating pressure plus 10 percent, or the
pressure that produces a hoop stress of 75 percent of SMYS, whichever is lower.
(ii) If the maximum allowable operating pressure is 12 p.s.i. (83 kPa) gage or more,
but less than 60 p.s.i. (414 kPa) gage, the pressure may not exceed the maximum allowable
operating pressure plus 6 p.s.i. (41 kPa) gage; or
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(iii) If the maximum allowable operating pressure is less than 12 p.s.i. (83 kPa) gage,
the pressure may not exceed the maximum allowable operating pressure plus 50 percent.
(b) When more than one pressure regulating or compressor station feeds into a pipeline,
relief valves or other protective devices must be installed at each station to ensure that the
complete failure of the largest capacity regulator or compressor, or any single run of lesser
105
capacity regulators or compressors in that station, will not impose pressures on any part of the
pipeline or distribution system in excess of those for which it was designed, or against which it
was protected, whichever is lower.
(c) Relief valves or other pressure limiting devices must be installed at or near each regulator
station in a low-pressure distribution system, with a capacity to limit the maximum pressure in the
main to a pressure that will not exceed the safe operating pressure for any connected and
properly adjusted gas utilization equipment.
[Amdt. 192-9, 37 FR 20826, Oct. 4, 1972; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
(a) The regulator capacity against which the relief device should protect is the maximum capacity
under any single failure mode. The regulator capacity shown in the manufacturer's literature can
be used, provided it is known to be the capacity of the regulator in a failed wide-open position.
The capacity of the relief device should be based on the maximum capacity of the regulator at the
highest pressure in the pipeline that supplies gas to the regulator. This supply pressure may be
the maximum operating pressure or the maximum allowable operating pressure defined in
§192.3.
(b) The minimum demand on a system may be considered when sizing the relief device provided
there is assurance that this minimum flow will always be present.
(c) When there is parallel regulation at a station, the relief capacity for the station should be based
on the assumption that the largest capacity regulator fails wide open.
(d) Consideration should also be given to the capacity of the pipeline system supplying the station. If
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the pipeline is not capable of supplying the failed wide-open capacity of the largest capacity
regulator, the relief capacity may be based on the maximum capacity of the pipeline system
supplying the station.
2 DETERMINATION OF RELIEF DEVICE CAPACITY
(a) When installed in accordance with the provisions of §192.199(f):

(1) Relief devices stamped by the manufacturer with a capacity certified under the rules of
Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, including recertification
stampings, may be considered capable of relieving the capacity stamped. An adjustment
should be made to determine the capacity at actual operating conditions.
(2) Capacities listed in information published by the manufacturer may be used to identify the
capacity of the relief device under the stated conditions.
(3) The use of published data or data otherwise obtained from the manufacturer, and data
calculated using recognized formulas, is acceptable.
(b) Relief device capacities as set out above are normally based on the pressure measured at the
inlet to the relief device with discharge to atmosphere without vent stack piping. Therefore, when
the installation is not in accordance with the provisions of §192.199(f), consideration should be
given to the pressure loss in the inlet piping to the relief device, the control piping location and
back pressure on the discharge side caused by vent stack piping.
(c) References include the following.
(1) For the calculations in 2(a)(3) above, UG-131 of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code. It is not the intent herein that the capacity be limited to 90 percent of
the actual capacity as set out in Section VIII rules, but only that this information is useful in
calculating the actual capacity of a relief device.
106
(2) For data on relief devices which have been certified by the NBBI, "Relieving Capacities of
Safety Valves and Relief Valves Approved by the National Board" (Discontinued).
(3) For the effect of backpressure on relief device discharge, Figure D-1 of API RP 520 P2,
“Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries, Part 2
Installation.”
§192.203
Instrument, control, and sampling pipe and components.
(a) Applicability. This section applies to the design of instrument, control, and sampling pipe
and components. It does not apply to permanently closed systems, such as fluid-filled
temperature-responsive devices.
(b) Materials and design. All materials employed for pipe and components must be designed
to meet the particular conditions of service and the following:
(1) Each takeoff connection and attaching boss, fitting, or adapter must be made of
suitable material, be able to withstand the maximum service pressure and temperature of the pipe
or equipment to which it is attached, and be designed to satisfactorily withstand all stresses
without failure by fatigue.
(2) Except for takeoff lines that can be isolated from sources of pressure by other valving,
a shutoff valve must be installed in each takeoff line as near as practicable to the point of takeoff.
Blowdown valves must be installed where necessary.
o
(3) Brass or copper material may not be used for metal temperatures greater than 400 F
o
(204 C).
(4) Pipe or components that may contain liquids must be protected by heating or other
means from damage due to freezing.
(5) Pipe or components in which liquids may accumulate must have drains or drips.
(6) Pipe or components subject to clogging from solids or deposits must have suitable
connections for cleaning.
(7) The arrangement of pipe, components, and supports must provide safety under
anticipated operating stresses.
(8) Each joint between sections of pipe, and between pipe and valves or fittings, must be
made in a manner suitable for the anticipated pressure and temperature condition. Slip type
expansion joints may not be used. Expansion must be allowed for by providing flexibility within
the system itself.
(9) Each control line must be protected from anticipated causes of damage and must be
designed and installed to prevent damage to any one control line from making both the regulator
and the over-pressure protective device inoperative.
[Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18,
1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
Instrument, control, and sampling pipe and components which extend to a remote location (adjacent room or
building) should be identified by color code, signs, diagrams, or other appropriate means so that proper
valves can be located and operated in an emergency. At locations where the identification of such piping is
obvious, color coding, marking, diagrams, etc., may not be necessary. Also, see Guide Material Appendix G-
192-13 and 3.3 of the guide material under §192.199.
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107
Reserved
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108
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition Subpart E
SUBPART E
WELDING OF STEEL IN PIPELINES
§192.221
Scope.
(a) This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for welding steel materials in pipelines.
(b) This subpart does not apply to welding that occurs during the manufacture of steel pipe or
steel pipeline components.
GUIDE MATERIAL
Welding terms used in this Guide generally conform to the standard definitions established by the American
Welding Society and contained in AWS Publication A3.0 "Standard Welding Terms and Definitions." See
definition of "Pipe Manufacturing Processes" in the guide material under §192.3 for exceptions.
§192.223
(Removed.)
§192.225
Welding procedures.
(a) Welding must be performed by a qualified welder in accordance with welding procedures
qualified under section 5 of API 1104 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7) or section IX of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code ‘‘Welding and Brazing Qualifications’’ (incorporated by
reference, see §192.7) to produce welds meeting the requirements of this subpart. The quality of the
test welds used to qualify welding procedures shall be determined by destructive testing in
accordance with the applicable welding standard(s).
(b) Each welding procedure must be recorded in detail, including the results of the qualifying
tests. This record must be retained and followed whenever the procedure is used.
[Amdt. 192-18, 40 FR 10181, Mar. 5, 1975; Amdt. 192-22, 41 FR 13589, Mar. 31, 1976; Amdt. 192-37, 46
FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-52, 51 FR 20294, June 4, 1986; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June
14, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
Additional references for welding procedures include the following.

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(a) ASME B31.8, "Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems."
109
(b) API Std 1104, "Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities," Appendix B, "In-Service Welding.”
Information on preheating and stress relieving of welded connections can be found in the above references.
Preheating and stress relieving should be performed in accordance with the qualified welding procedure
being used.
§192.227
Qualification of welders.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each welder must be qualified in
accordance with section 6 of API 1104 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7) or section IX of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (incorporated by reference, see §192.7). However, a welder
qualified under an earlier edition than listed in §192.7 of this part may weld but may not requalify
under that earlier edition.
(b) A welder may qualify to perform welding on pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces
a hoop stress of less than 20 percent of SMYS by performing an acceptable test weld, for the
process to be used, under the test set forth in section I of Appendix C of this part. Each welder who
is to make a welded service line connection to a main must first perform an acceptable test weld
under section II of Appendix C of this part as a requirement of the qualifying test.
[Amdt. 192-18, 40 FR 10181, Mar. 5, 1975 with Amdt. 192-18A, 40 FR 27222, June 27, 1975; Amdt. 192-
22, 41 FR 13589, Mar. 31, 1976; Amdt. 192-37, 46 FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850,
Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt. 192-52, 51 FR 20294, June 4, 1986; Amdt. 192-75, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996
with Amdt. 192-75 Correction, 61 FR 38403, July 24, 1996; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996
with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004;
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006; Amdt. 192-103, 72 FR 4655, Feb. 1, 2007]
GUIDE MATERIAL
It is the operator's responsibility to ensure that all welding is performed by qualified welders. The ability of
welders to make sound welds should be determined by test welds using previously qualified welding
procedures. The evaluation of test welds may be conducted by qualified operator personnel or testing
laboratories.
§192.229
Limitations on welders.
(a) No welder whose qualification is based on nondestructive testing may weld compressor
station pipe and components.
(b) No welder may weld with a particular welding process unless, within the preceding 6
calendar months, he has engaged in welding with that process.
(c) A welder qualified under §192.227(a) --
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(1) May not weld on pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of 20
percent or more of SMYS unless within the preceding 6 calendar months the welder has had one
110
weld tested and found acceptable under the sections 6 or 9 of API Standard 1104 (incorporated by
reference, see §192.7). Alternatively, welders may maintain an ongoing qualification status by
performing welds tested and found acceptable under the above acceptance criteria at least twice
each calendar year, but at intervals not exceeding 7½ months. A welder qualified under an earlier
edition of a standard listed in §192.7 of this part may weld but may not requalify under that earlier
edition; and
(2) May not weld on pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of less
than 20 percent of SMYS unless the welder is tested in accordance with paragraph (c)(1) of this
section or requalifies under paragraph (d)(1) or (d)(2) of this section.
(d) A welder qualified under §192.227(b) may not weld unless --
(1) Within the preceding 15 calendar months, but at least once each calendar year, the
welder has requalified under §192.227(b); or
(2) Within the preceding 7½ calendar months, but at least twice each calendar year, the
welder has had --
(i) A production weld cut out, tested, and found acceptable in accordance with the
qualifying test; or
(ii) For welders who work only on service lines 2 inches (51 millimeters) or smaller in
diameter, two sample welds tested and found acceptable in accordance with the test in section III of
Appendix C of this part.
37, 46 FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction,
61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886,
June 14, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
A welding "process" is one element of a welding "procedure." Processes commonly used in pipeline welding
procedures include the following:
(a) Shielded metal-arc.
(b) Submerged arc.
(c) Gas tungsten-arc.
(d) Gas metal-arc.
(e) Flux-cored arc.
(f) Oxyacetylene.
(g) Flash.
§192.231
Protection from weather.
The welding operation must be protected from weather conditions that would impair the quality
of the completed weld.
GUIDE MATERIAL
111
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§192.233
Miter joints.
(a) A miter joint on steel pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of 30
percent or more of SMYS may not deflect the pipe more than 3 degrees.
(b) A miter joint on steel pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of less
than 30 percent, but more than 10 percent, of SMYS may not deflect the pipe more than 12½ degrees
and must be a distance equal to one pipe diameter or more away from any other miter joint, as
measured from the crotch of each joint.
(c) A miter joint on steel pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of 10
percent or less of SMYS may not deflect the pipe more than 90 degrees.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.235
Preparation for welding.
Before beginning any welding, the welding surfaces must be clean and free of any material that
may be detrimental to the weld, and the pipe or component must be aligned to provide the most
favorable condition for depositing the root bead. This alignment must be preserved while the root
bead is being deposited.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 BUTT WELDS
Some acceptable end preparations are shown in Figures 192.235A and 192.235B of Guide Material
Appendix G-192-5.
2 FILLET WELDS
Minimum dimensions for fillet welds used in the attachment of slip-on flanges and for socket-welded
joints are shown in Figure 192.235C of Guide Material Appendix G-192-5. Similar minimum dimensions
for fillet welds used in branch connections are shown in Figures 192.155B and 192.155C of Guide
Material Appendix G-192-4.
3 SEAL WELDS
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Where threaded joints are seal-welded, the weld should not be considered as contributing to the
strength of the joint.
112
4 MITER WELDS
In making mitered joints, care should be taken to ensure proper groove spacing, alignment, and full
penetration. In cutting miter joints, the cutting torch should be held so that the entire cut surface is in the
same plane. The miter cut should be followed by a beveling cut, leaving 1/32 inch to 1/16 inch of
shoulder at the inner wall. The included angle of the resultant welding groove should be at least 60
degrees.
§192.237
(Removed.)
§192.239
(Removed.)
§192.241
Inspection and test of welds.
(a) Visual inspection of welding must be conducted by an individual qualified by appropriate

training and experience to ensure that:
(1) The welding is performed in accordance with the welding procedure; and
(2) The weld is acceptable under paragraph (c) of this section.
(b) The welds on a pipeline to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of 20
percent or more of SMYS must be nondestructively tested in accordance with §192.243, except that
welds that are visually inspected and approved by a qualified welding inspector need not be
nondestructively tested if --
(1) The pipe has a nominal diameter of less than 6 inches (152 millimeters); or
(2) The pipeline is to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of less than 40
percent of SMYS and the welds are so limited in number that nondestructive testing is impractical.
(c) The acceptability of a weld that is nondestructively tested or visually inspected is
determined according to the standards in Section 9 of API Standard 1104 (incorporated by reference,
see §192.7). However, if a girth weld is unacceptable under those standards for a reason other than
a crack, and if Appendix A to API 1104 applies to the weld, the acceptability of the weld may be
further determined under that appendix.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
37, 46 FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction,
61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886,
June 14, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
113
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 VISUAL INSPECTION
The measures listed below should be performed at sufficient intervals to ensure good quality
workmanship. Consideration should be given to nondestructively testing, repairing, or cutting out any
weld with questionable acceptability under Section 9 of API Std 1104.
(a) Inspect the fit-up of a joint before the weld is made.
(b) Visually inspect the stringer bead before subsequent beads are applied. Each bead inspected
should be examined for defects that may make the weld unacceptable, such as:
(1) Incomplete fusion.
(2) Slag inclusion.
(3) Porosity.
(4) Cracks.
(c) Inspect the completed weld before coating.
2 INSPECTOR QUALIFICATIONS
(a) In determining whether an individual has appropriate training and experience, consideration should
be given to the individual’s qualification examination results, if any, and welding education.
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(b) The documentation of inspector qualifications should be retained.
§192.243
Nondestructive testing.
(a) Nondestructive testing of welds must be performed by any process, other than trepanning,
that will clearly indicate defects that may affect the integrity of the weld.
(b) Nondestructive testing of welds must be performed --
(1) In accordance with written procedures; and
(2) By persons who have been trained and qualified in the established procedures and with
the equipment employed in testing.
(c) Procedures must be established for the proper interpretation of each nondestructive test of
a weld to ensure the acceptability of the weld under §192.241(c).
(d) When nondestructive testing is required under §192.241(b), the following percentages of
each day's field butt welds, selected at random by the operator, must be nondestructively tested
over their entire circumference:
(1) In Class 1 locations, except offshore, at least 10 percent.
(2) In Class 2 locations, at least 15 percent.
(3) In Class 3 and Class 4 locations, at crossing of major or navigable rivers, offshore, and
within railroad or public highway rights-of way, including tunnels, bridges, and overhead road
crossings, 100 percent unless impracticable, in which case at least 90 percent. Nondestructive
testing must be impracticable for each girth weld not tested.
(4) At pipeline tie-ins, including tie-ins of replacement sections, 100 percent.
(e) Except for a welder whose work is isolated from the principal welding activity, a sample of
each welder's work for each day must be nondestructively tested, when nondestructive testing is
required under §192.241(b).
(f) When nondestructive testing is required under §192.241(b), each operator must retain, for
the life of the pipeline, a record showing by milepost, engineering station, or by geographic feature,
the number of girth welds made, the number nondestructively tested, the number rejected, and the
disposition of the rejects.
114
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-50, 50 FR 37192, Sept. 12, 1985; Amdt. 192-78,
61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 METHODS (§192.243(a))
The most prevalent methods for through-the-wall inspection are radiography and ultrasonics. For
surface examination, dye penetrant or magnetic particle inspections are useful.
2 RECORDS (§192.243(f))
The required written records that are to be retained for the life of any pipeline may be in any form that
documents all the required information. It is recognized that the process of obtaining and storing
permanent visual records of nondestructive testing results is impractical, not feasible, or both.
§192.245
Repair or removal of defects.
(a) Each weld that is unacceptable under §192.241(c) must be removed or repaired. Except for
welds on an offshore pipeline being installed from a pipeline vessel, a weld must be removed if it
has a crack that is more than 8 percent of the weld length.
(b) Each weld that is repaired must have the defect removed down to sound metal and the
segment to be repaired must be preheated if conditions exist which would adversely effect the
quality of the weld repair. After repair, the segment of the weld that was repaired must be inspected
to ensure its acceptability.
(c) Repair of a crack, or of any defect in a previously repaired area must be in accordance with
written weld repair procedures that have been qualified under §192.225. Repair procedures must
provide that the minimum mechanical properties specified for the welding procedure used to make
the original weld are met upon completion of the final weld repair.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-46, 48 FR 48669, Oct. 20, 1983]
GUIDE MATERIAL
References for repair include the following sections of API Std 1104, "Welding of Pipelines and Related
Facilities."
(a) Section 10, "Repair and Removal of Defects."
(b) Section B.7, "Repair and Removal of Defects" in Appendix B, "In-Service Welding."
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
115
Reserved
116
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DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART F
SUBPART F
JOINING OF MATERIALS OTHER THAN BY WELDING
§192.271
Scope.
(a) This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for joining materials in pipelines, other than
by welding.
(b) This subpart does not apply to joining during the manufacture of pipe or pipeline
components.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.273
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General.
(a) The pipeline must be designed and installed so that each joint will sustain the longitudinal
pullout or thrust forces caused by contraction or expansion of the piping or by anticipated external
or internal loading.
(b) Each joint must be made in accordance with written procedures that have been proven by
test or experience to produce strong gastight joints.
(c) Each joint must be inspected to insure compliance with this subpart.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 JOINT CAPABILITY
The capability of a joining method should be established by test or experience. Certification by the
manufacturer is acceptable in lieu of testing.
2 JOINT CLASSIFICATION
A joining method can be qualified as either equivalent to the pipe being joined or as limiting the service
conditions of the pipeline.
3 WRITTEN PROCEDURES FOR JOINING
(a) Written procedures for a joining method should include the following.
(1) Preparation requirements (e.g., cleaning, surface conditioning, priming, lubricating, caulking and
heating) that have an impact on the capability of the joint.
117
(2) Assembly instructions, such as sequence of operations, positioning of parts and clearances
required.
(3) Completion limits, such as tools required, torque, hydraulic pressure, and engagement.
(b) The procedures should be included in the installation specifications, the regularly referenced
operating procedures, and employee training materials as appropriate.
4 BOLTING
See 2 and 3 of the guide material under §192.147.
5 THREADED JOINTS
5.1 Written procedures.

Section 192.273(b) requires each joint to be made in accordance with written procedures (see 3 above)
that have been proven by test or experience to produce strong gastight joints. In developing written
procedures for threaded connections, the following should be considered.
(a) Threaded connections other than those provided by the manufacturer should be used only on
metallic pipe and fittings.
(b) Threads should be clean before being connected.
(c) Before re-using previously used threads, the threaded surfaces should be cleaned and inspected for
wear and tear. In some cases, a thread gauge may be used to observe the fit at several points on
the circumference along the thread length.
(d) Threads exhibiting excessive wear and tear should not be re-used. Some examples of excessive
wear and tear include deformation, tearing, or gouging that can interfere with the continuity or
strength of the threads.
(e) Joint compound or tape should be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s directions.
(f) The two ends should be properly aligned.
(g) The joint should be tightened using appropriate tools to produce a gastight joint. Care should be
used to protect the adjacent piping from damage while tightening.
(h) The joint should be leak tested after completion to ensure a gastight joint.
(i) Subpart I requires that new threaded connections on buried metallic pipe be coated and cathodically
protected.
5.2 External loading.

(a) Before installing metallic pipe with threaded joints, consideration should be given to the following in
locations where external loading, such as frost-induced movement, can be reasonably expected.
(1) Using heavier-wall pipe.
(2) Supporting the threaded joint.
(3) Installing a welded joint rather than installing a threaded joint.
(b) Stress concentration from the threads should be considered if an analysis of external loading is
performed.
5.3 Pipe size.

Threaded metallic joints on pipe over 4 inches in diameter are difficult to assemble without leakage at
these joints. Therefore, welded steel joints should be considered on pipe larger than 4 inches.
5.4 Reference.
ASME B1.20.1, “Pipe Threads, General Purpose, Inch,” which includes guidance on the minimum
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
number of threads for proper engagement.
118
§192.275
Cast iron pipe.
(a) Each caulked bell and spigot joint in cast iron pipe must be sealed with mechanical leak
clamps.
(b) Each mechanical joint in cast iron pipe must have a gasket made of a resilient material as
the sealing medium. Each gasket must be suitably confined and retained under compression by a
separate gland or follower ring.
(c) Cast iron pipe may not be joined by threaded joints.
(d) Cast iron pipe may not be joined by brazing.
[Amdt. 192-62, 54 FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.277
Ductile iron pipe.
(a) Ductile iron pipe may not be joined by threaded joints.

(b) Ductile iron pipe may not be joined by brazing.
[Amdt. 192-62, 54 FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.279
Copper pipe.
Copper pipe may not be threaded except that copper pipe used for joining screw fittings or
valves may be threaded if the wall thickness is equivalent to the comparable size of Schedule 40 or
heavier wall pipe listed in Table C1 of ASME/ANSI B16.5.
[Amdt. 192-62, 54 FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993]
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
119
GUIDE MATERIAL
This guide material is under review following Amendment 192-103

(primarily evaluating current ASME B16.5).
(a) Copper pipe may be joined by a mechanical joint or a brazed or soldered lap joint. The filler material
used for brazing should be a copper-phosphorous or a silver base alloy.
(b) Butt welds should not be used for joining copper pipe or copper tubing.
§192.281
Plastic pipe.
(a) General. A plastic pipe joint that is joined by solvent cement, adhesive, or heat fusion may
not be disturbed until it has properly set. Plastic pipe may not be joined by a threaded joint or miter
joint.
(b) Solvent cement joints. Each solvent cement joint on plastic pipe must comply with the
following:
(1) The mating surfaces of the joint must be clean, dry, and free of material which might be
detrimental to the joint.
(2) The solvent cement must conform to ASTM Designation D 2513.
(3) The joint may not be heated to accelerate the setting of the cement.
(c) Heat-fusion joints. Each heat-fusion joint on plastic pipe must comply with the following:
(1) A butt heat-fusion joint must be joined by a device that holds the heater element square
to the ends of the piping, compresses the heated ends together, and holds the pipe in proper
alignment while the plastic hardens.
(2) A socket heat-fusion joint must be joined by a device that heats the mating surfaces of
the joint uniformly and simultaneously to essentially the same temperature.
(3) An electrofusion joint must be joined utilizing the equipment and techniques of the
fittings manufacturer or equipment and techniques shown, by testing joints to the requirements of
§192.283(a)(1)(iii), to be at least equivalent to those of the fittings manufacturer.
(4) Heat may not be applied with a torch or other open flame.
(d) Adhesive joints. Each adhesive joint on plastic pipe must comply with the following:
(1) The adhesive must conform to ASTM Designation D 2517.
(2) The materials and adhesive must be compatible with each other.
(e) Mechanical joints. Each compression type mechanical joint on plastic pipe must comply
with the following:
(1) The gasket material in the coupling must be compatible with the plastic.
(2) A rigid internal tubular stiffener, other than a split tubular stiffener, must be used in
conjunction with the coupling.
[Amdt. 192-34, 44 FR 42968, July 23, 1979 with Amdt. 192-34 Correction, 44 FR 50841, Aug. 30, 1979
and Amdt. 192-34 Correction, 44 FR 57100, Oct. 4, 1979; Amdt. 192-58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988;
Amdt. 192-61, 53 FR 36793, Sept. 22, 1988; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993; Amdt. 192-78, 61
FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996]
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120
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 INTRODUCTION (Plastic-to-plastic and plastic-to-metal)
To achieve sound joints in plastic piping requires skillful application of qualified procedures and the use
of proper materials and equipment in good condition. Joints should be made by personnel who are
qualified in the written procedures required for the type of joint involved.
2 GENERAL (Plastic-to-plastic)
Plastic piping is joined by several material-specific joining methods including solvent cement, heat
fusion, and adhesives as described below. All plastic piping materials may be joined by mechanical
methods. The Regulations require that the joining procedures be qualified and that joining personnel and
inspectors be trained and qualified. (See §§192.281, 192.283, 192.285, and 192.287.)
3 FIELD JOINING (Plastic-to-plastic and plastic-to-metal)
3.1 Solvent cement for repairing PVC piping only. (Plastic-to-plastic)

Note: Editions of ASTM D2513 issued after 2001 no longer permit use of PVC piping for new
installations, but do specify that it may be used for repair and maintenance of existing PVC gas piping.
The Regulations may continue to reference an edition of ASTM D2513 earlier than 2001. The operator is
advised to check §192.7.
(a) The solvent cement and piping components may be conditioned prior to assembly by warming,
provided that it is done in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Special
o
precautions are required when the surface temperature of the material is below 50 F or above 100
o
F.
(b) Square cut ends, free of burrs, are required for a proper socket joint. Beveling of the leading edge of
the spigot end will provide for ease of insertion and better distribution of the cement.
(c) Proper fit between the pipe or tubing and the mating socket or sleeve is essential to a good joint.
Before application of cement, the pipe or tubing should freely enter the fitting but should not bottom
against the internal shoulder. Sound joints cannot normally be made between components that have
a loose or very tight fit.
(d) A uniform coating of the solvent cement is required on both mating surfaces. A light coating should
be applied to the socket and a heavier coating applied to the pipe or tubing. The pipe should
immediately be inserted into the socket and bottomed in the socket.
For diameters greater than 2 inches, additional measures may be necessary to bottom the pipe.
The completed joint should be held together for sufficient time to prevent the pipe from backing out
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of the fitting. After the joint is made, excess cement should be removed from the outside of the joint.
(e) The joint should not be subject to a pressure test until it has developed a high percentage of its
ultimate strength. The time required for this to occur varies with the type of cement, humidity, and
temperature.
(f) Other recommendations for making joints may be found in ASTM D2855 (for PVC), the Appendix of
ASTM D2235 (for ABS), and the Appendix of ASTM D2560 (for CAB, but withdrawn 1986).
3.2 Heat fusion for PA-to-PA and PE-to-PE only by externally applied heat. (Plastic-to-plastic)
(a) PA and PE cannot be fused to each other.
(b) General training programs that include both printed material and slides are available from the
Plastics Pipe Institute (see Guide Material Appendix G-192-1) and many manufacturers of plastic
pipe.
(c) Care should be used in the heating operation. The material should be sufficiently heated to produce
a sound joint but not overheated to the extent that the material is damaged.
121
(d) Square cut ends, free of burrs, are required for a proper joint.
(e) The mating surfaces should be clean, dry, and free of material which might be detrimental to the
joint.
(f) Other recommendations for making heat-fusion joints may be found in ASTM D 2657.
(g) PE piping of different compounds or grades can be heat fused to each other. Such joining should
not be undertaken indiscriminately, and should be undertaken only when qualified procedures for
joining the specific compounds are used. Suggested references are as follows.
(1) PPI TN-13, "General Guidelines for Butt, Saddle and Socket Fusion of Unlike Polyethylene
Pipes and Fittings."
(2) PPI TR-33, “Generic Butt Fusion Joining Procedure for Polyethylene Gas Pipe.”
(3) PPI TR-41, “Generic Saddle Fusion Joining Procedure for Polyethylene Gas Piping.”
(h) Rain, cold, and windy weather conditions can influence fusion quality. Modification of the
recommended heating time in the procedure should be given consideration during such conditions.
(i) For hot taps on PE, see guide material under §192.123.
(j) The condition of equipment for heat fusing PE must conform to the equipment manufacturer's
recommended tolerances for acceptable wear of critical components. The use of damaged or worn
equipment may result in fusion joints that are weak or out of alignment. The frequency of inspection
should be determined by the operator based on equipment usage, equipment age and condition,
and manufacturer's recommendation. See Guide Material Appendix G-192-20 for a sample
inspection form.
3.3 Heat fusion by electrofusion. (Plastic-to-plastic)

(a) Sections 192.273 and 192.283 require that procedures for making joints other than by welding be
written and qualified. Each electrofusion equipment manufacturer is a source of appropriate
procedures for their respective system. The operator should check state requirements on the use of
electrofusion. Generally each procedure should contain some or all of the following elements:
(1) Couplings.
(i) The pipe should be cut at a square angle.
(ii) The pipe should be marked with the proper stab depth for the fitting.
(iii) Surface oxidation should be removed from the area of the pipe to be fused, up to the
stab-depth marks, using the tool specified in the qualified procedure.
(iv) One end of the pipe should be secured in an appropriate clamping device, the fitting slid
onto pipe, the second piece of pipe placed into clamp, and the fitting slid to final position
onto each pipe so it is properly aligned. Insertion up to the stab-depth marks should be
ensured.
(v) The control box should be tested for proper function.
(vi) The fitting should be connected to the fusion control box and the cycle activated. The
fitting should be left in the clamp until cooling has been completed.
(vii) The joint should be inspected in accordance with §192.273.
(2) Sidewall fittings.
(i) Determine the pipe area where the fitting is to be fused.
(ii) All surface oxidation should be removed from the pipe in the area to be fused using the
tool specified in the qualified procedure.
(iii) The fitting should be positioned and clamped in the cleaned area.
(iv) The control box should be tested for proper function.
(v) The fitting should be connected to the fusion control box and the cycle activated. The
fitting should be left in the clamp until cooling has been completed.
(vi) The joint should be inspected in accordance with §192.273.
(b) ASTM F1055 and the following are references for joining plastic pipe by electrofusion.
(1) ASTM F1290, "Standard Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings."
(2) PPI Technical Committee Project 141, "Standard Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyolefin
Pipe and Fittings."
122 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

3.4 Adhesive for thermosetting pipe only. (Plastic-to-plastic)

(a) The mating surfaces should be suitably prepared and should be dry and free of material that might
be detrimental to the joint.
(b) Adhesive should be properly mixed and liberally applied on both mating surfaces. The assembled
joint should be held together in alignment for sufficient time to prevent the pipe or tubing from
backing out of the fitting.
(c) The assembled joint should not be disturbed until the adhesive has properly set. The joint should not
be subjected to a pressure test until it has developed a high percentage of its ultimate strength. The
time required for this to occur varies with the adhesive, humidity, and ambient temperature.
(d) To accelerate curing, an adhesive bonded joint may be heated in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendation.
3.5 Mechanical joints for all plastic piping. (Plastic-to-plastic and plastic-to-metal)
(a) When compression type mechanical joints are used, the elastomeric gasket material in the fitting
should be compatible with the plastic; that is, neither the plastic nor the elastomer should cause
deterioration in chemical or mechanical properties to the other over a long period.
(b) A stiffener is required for thermoplastic piping. The tubular stiffener required to reinforce the end of
the pipe or tubing should extend at least under that section of the pipe compressed by the gasket or
gripping material. The stiffener should be free of rough or sharp edges that could damage the
piping. Stiffeners that fit the pipe or tube too tightly or too loosely may cause defective joining. The
operator should check with the manufacturer for recommendations.
(c) The pull-out resistance of compression-type fittings varies with the type and size of the fitting and
the wall thickness of the pipe being joined. ASTM D2513 describes .. requirements for three
categories of mechanical fittings.
(1) Category 1 – full seal, full restraint. These types of mechanical fittings, when properly installed,
are designed to provide a joint that is stronger than the piping being connected.
(2) Category 2 – full seal, no restraint.
(3) Category 3 – full seal, partial restraint.
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(d) All mechanical joints should be designed and installed to effectively sustain the longitudinal pull-out
forces caused by contraction of the piping and by maximum anticipated external loading. To
minimize these forces, practices such as the following should be used.
(1) With direct burial, snaking the pipe in the ditch when the pipe is sufficiently flexible.
(2) With insertion in a casing, pushing the pipe into place so that it is in compression rather than
tension.
(3) Allowing for the effect of thermal expansion and contraction of installed pipe due to seasonal
changes in the temperature. The importance of this allowance increases with the length of the
installation. This allowance may be accomplished by the following:
(i) Offsets.
(ii) Anchoring.
(iii) Strapping the joint.
(iv) Placing the pipe in slight axial compression.
(v) Expansion-contraction devices.
(vi) Fittings designed to prevent pull-out (ASTM D2513, Categories 1 and 3).
(vii) Combinations of the above.
This allowance is of paramount importance when the plastic pipe is used for insertion inside
another pipe because it is not restrained. Coefficients of thermal expansion for thermoplastic
materials determined using ASTM D696 are listed in Table 192.281i.
123
COEFFICIENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION

Nominal Coefficients of Expansion
1 o
Pipe Material Thermal Expansion (in./100 ft. pipe/ F increase)
-5 o
(x 10 in./in./ F)
PA 32312 (PA 11) 9.0 0.108

PE 2406 9.0 0.108
PE 3408 9.0 0.108
PVC 1120 3.0 0.036
PVC 2116 4.0 0.048
1
Individual compounds may differ from the values in this table by as much as ±10 percent. More exact
values for specific commercial products may be obtained from the manufacturer.
PA = polyamide
PE = polyethylene
PVC = poly (vinyl chloride)
TABLE 192.281i
§192.283
Plastic pipe: Qualifying joining procedures.
(a) Heat fusion, solvent cement, and adhesive joints. Before any written procedure established
under §192.273(b) is used for making plastic pipe joints by a heat fusion, solvent cement, or
adhesive method, the procedure must be qualified by subjecting specimen joints made according to
the procedure to the following tests:
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(1) The burst test requirements of --
(i) In the case of thermoplastic pipe, paragraph 6.6 (sustained pressure test) or
paragraph 6.7 (Minimum Hydrostatic Burst Test) or paragraph 8.9 (Sustained Static pressure Test) of
ASTM D2513 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7);
(ii) In the case of thermosetting plastic pipe, paragraph 8.5 (Minimum Hydrostatic
Burst Pressure) or paragraph 8.9 (Sustained Static Pressure Test) of ASTM D2517 (incorporated by
reference, see §192.7);
or
(iii) In the case of electrofusion fittings for polyethylene pipe and tubing, paragraph 9.1
(Minimum Hydraulic Burst Pressure Test), paragraph 9.2 (Sustained Pressure Test), paragraph 9.3
(Tensile Strength Test), or paragraph 9.4 (Joint Integrity Tests) of ASTM Designation F1055
(incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
(2) For procedures intended for lateral pipe connections, subject a specimen joint made
from pipe sections joined at right angles according to the procedure to a force on the lateral pipe
until failure occurs in the specimen. If failure initiates outside the joint area, the procedure qualifies
for use; and
124
(3) For procedures intended for nonlateral pipe connections, follow the tensile test
requirements of ASTM D638 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7), except that the test may be
conducted at ambient temperature and humidity. If the specimen elongates no less than 25 percent
or failure initiates outside the joint area, the procedure qualifies for use.
(b) Mechanical joints. Before any written procedure established under §192.273(b) is used for
making mechanical plastic pipe joints that are designed to withstand tensile forces, the procedure
must be qualified by subjecting 5 specimen joints made according to the procedure to the following
tensile test:
(1) Use an apparatus for the test as specified in ASTM D638 (except for conditioning),
(incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
(2) The specimen must be of such length that the distance between the grips of the
apparatus and the end of the stiffener does not affect the joint strength.
(3) The speed of testing is 0.20 in (5.0 mm) per minute, plus or minus 25 percent.
(4) Pipe specimens less than 4 inches (102 mm) in diameter are qualified if the pipe yields to
an elongation of no less than 25 percent or failure initiates outside the joint area.
(5) Pipe specimens 4 inches (102 mm) and larger in diameter shall be pulled until the pipe is
subjected to a tensile stress equal to or greater than the maximum thermal stress that would be
o o
produced by a temperature change of 100 F (38 C) or until the pipe is pulled from the fitting. If the
pipe pulls from the fitting, the lowest value of the five test results or the manufacturer's rating,
whichever is lower must be used in the design calculations for stress.
(6) Each specimen that fails at the grips must be retested using new pipe.
(7) Results obtained pertain only to the specific outside diameter, and material of the pipe
tested, except that testing of a heavier wall pipe may be used to qualify pipe of the same material but
with a lesser wall thickness.
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(c) A copy of each written procedure being used for joining plastic pipe must be available to the
persons making and inspecting joints.
(d) Pipe or fittings manufactured before July 1, 1980, may be used in accordance with
procedures that the manufacturer certifies will produce a joint as strong as the pipe.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-34, 44 FR 42968, July 23, 1979 with Amdt. 192-34 Time Ext., 44 FR 50841, Aug.
30, 1979, Amdt. 192-34 Time Ext., 44 FR 57100, Oct. 4, 1979, Amdt. 192-34A, 45 FR 9931, Feb. 14, 1980,
Amdt. 192-34B, 46 FR 39, Jan. 2, 1981, Amdt. 192-34 Correction, 47 FR 32720, July 29, 1982 and Amdt.
192-34 Correction, 47 FR 49973, Nov. 4, 1982; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993; Amdt. 192-78,
61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-85,63
FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004 with Amdt. 192-94 Correction, 69
FR 54591, Sept. 9, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 WRITTEN PROCEDURES
(a) An operator may elect to develop and qualify joining procedures or may follow the joining
procedures qualified by piping or fitting manufacturers. In either instance, the operator is responsible
for ensuring that the joining procedure used is qualified in accordance with the requirements of
§192.283.
(b) When a manufacturer's qualified joining procedure is used, the manufacturer should supply written
procedures, including pictures, demonstrating the appearance of satisfactory joints. Written
procedures for fitting installation are often packaged with each fitting.
(c) Qualified procedures should be in the operator’s installation manuals and may be printed on wallet
or shirt pocket cards, or made available by other means.
125
2 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION (Plastic-to-plastic and plastic-to-metal)
2.1 Procedure and qualification for joints and permanent repairs. (Plastic-to-plastic and plastic-to-metal)
(a) Solvent cement, heat fusion, and adhesive. (Plastic-to-plastic)
(1) Procedure. A separate procedure should be established for each plastic compound and for
each method of joining. The procedure specification should include at least the following.
(i) Plastic compound or compounds.
(ii) Joint design.
(iii) Size and thickness range.
(iv) Method of joining.
(v) Curing or set-up time.
(vi) Temperature limits.
(vii) Temperature of the heating tool.
(viii) Proper end finishing.
(ix) Tools and equipment.
(x) Joining or repair technique.
(2) Qualification. The procedure specification should be considered qualified if test assemblies of
joints or repairs made in accordance with the procedure specification meet the requirements of
2.2 below. The test assemblies should be cured, set, or hardened in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations.
(b) Mechanical. (Plastic-to-plastic and plastic-to-metal)
(1) Procedure. A separate procedure should be established for each kind and type of mechanical
fitting to be used for making a joint or repair. It should include at least the following.
(i) Kind and type of plastic material(s).
(ii) Other piping elements to be joined to the plastic.
(iii) Joint design.
(iv) Size and thickness range.
(v) Type of mechanical fitting.
(vi) Tools and equipment.
(vii) Joining and repair procedure.
(2) Qualification. To qualify the procedure specification, test assemblies of joints or repairs should
be made in accordance with the procedure specifications and tested in accordance with 2.2
below. The test assemblies may be restrained to the same extent that they would be in service.
These assemblies should be sectioned or dismantled to inspect for damage to the plastic pipe.
The procedure should be rejected if there is evidence of damage that would reduce the service
life of an installed joint or repair.
2.2 Test Requirements. (Plastic-to-plastic and plastic-to-metal)

Test assemblies should successfully meet the following requirements.
(a) Leak test. An assembly should not leak when subjected to a stand-up pressure test with air or gas.
(b) Short-term burst test. An assembly should meet the minimum burst requirements of ASTM D 2513
or ASTM D2517, whichever is applicable, for the specific kind and size of plastic pipe used in the
assembly.
(c) Sustained-pressure test. An assembly should not fail when subjected to a sustained pressure test,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
such as the 1000 hr test described in ASTM D2513 or ASTM D2517 (whichever is applicable), for
the specific kind and size of plastic pipe used in the assembly.
(d) Inspection. An assembly should be subjected to suitable nondestructive or destructive inspection to
determine if the bonded area is substantially equivalent to the intended bond area.
126
3 UNLIKE PE COMPONENT QUALIFICATION
PE components made of different compounds and different grades of materials may be heat-fused,
provided that properly qualified procedures for joining the specific compounds are used. Any
combination of PE 2306, PE 2406, PE 3306, PE 3406, and PE 3408 may be joined by heat fusion using
qualified procedures for specific materials. Operators attempting to qualify such procedures may be able
to obtain qualified procedures from pipe manufacturers. (See guide material under §192.281 for PE heat
fusion.) Additionally, the following references may be of assistance.
(a) PPI TN-13, "General Guidelines for Butt, Saddle and Socket Fusion of Unlike Polyethylene Pipes
and Fittings."
(b) PPI TR-33, “Generic Butt Fusion Joining Procedure for Polyethylene Gas Pipe.”
(c) PPI TR-41, “Generic Saddle Fusion Joining Procedure for Polyethylene Gas Piping.”
§192.285
Plastic pipe: Qualifying persons to make joints.
(a) No person may make a plastic pipe joint unless that person has been qualified under the
applicable joining procedure by --
(1) Appropriate training or experience in the use of the procedure; and
(2) Making a specimen joint from pipe sections joined according to the procedure that
passes the inspection and test set forth in paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) The specimen joint must be --
(1) Visually examined during and after assembly or joining and found to have the same
appearance as a joint or photographs of a joint that is acceptable under the procedure; and
(2) In the case of a heat fusion, solvent cement, or adhesive joint:
(i) Tested under any one of the test methods listed under §192.283(a) applicable to the
type of joint and material being tested;
(ii) Examined by ultrasonic inspection and found not to contain flaws that would
cause failure; or
(iii) Cut into at least 3 longitudinal straps, each of which is --
(A) Visually examined and found not to contain voids or discontinuities on the cut
surfaces of the joint area; and
(B) Deformed by bending, torque, or impact, and if failure occurs, it must not
initiate in the joint area.
(c) A person must be requalified under an applicable procedure, if during any 12-month period
that person --
(1) Does not make any joints under that procedure; or
(2) Has 3 joints or 3 percent of the joints made, whichever is greater, under that procedure
that are found unacceptable by testing under §192.513.
(d) Each operator shall establish a method to determine that each person making joints in
plastic pipelines in the operator's system is qualified in accordance with this section.
30, 1979, Amdt. 192-34 Time Ext., 44 FR 57100, Oct. 4, 1979, Amdt. 192-34A, 45 FR 9931, Feb. 14, 1980
and Amdt. 192-34B, 46 FR 39, Jan. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003; Amdt. 192-94,
69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004]
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
127
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 OBSERVATION AND CERTIFICATION OF JOINER
Persons qualifying to make joints in plastic piping should be observed and certified by a qualified joiner
while demonstrating their ability to make satisfactory joints using the correct procedure. See AGA
XR0104, "Plastic Pipe Manual for Gas Service."
2 CERTIFICATION RECORDS
Records or qualification cards or both, which show the extent of the individual's qualifications, should be
maintained for the qualification interval.
3 ULTRASONIC INSPECTION OF FUSION JOINTS
Ultrasonic inspection equipment should be capable of inspecting the internal bead for proper formation
as well as detecting flaws in the fusion zone. Each manufacturer is a source of procedures for its
equipment. The criteria for establishing an acceptable fusion joint must be verified by a destructive test
and be repeatable. Each procedure should include the following.
(a) Cleaning the inspection area on both sides of the fusion joint.
(b) Using an appropriate manufacturer-approved couplant to couple the transducer to the pipe.
(c) Inspecting the entire pipe circumference on both sides of the fusion joint.
§192.287
Plastic pipe: Inspection of joints.
No person may carry out the inspection of joints in plastic pipes required by §§192.273(c) and
192.285(b) unless that person has been qualified by appropriate training or experience in evaluating
the acceptability of plastic pipe joints made under the applicable joining procedure.
30, 1979, and Amdt. 192-34 Time Ext., 44 FR 57100, Oct. 4, 1979; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14,
2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
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128
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART G
SUBPART G
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR TRANSMISSION LINES AND MAINS
§192.301
Scope.
This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for constructing transmission lines and mains.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.303
Compliance with specifications or standards.
Each transmission line or main must be constructed in accordance with comprehensive written
specifications or standards that are consistent with this part.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.305
Inspection: General.
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Each transmission line or main must be inspected to ensure that it is constructed in accordance
with this part.
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Each operator should provide inspection by personnel who are knowledgeable by training or
experience. Inspection should ensure that all work conforms to the operator’s specifications and to
applicable federal, state, and local requirements. The inspector should have the authority to order the
repair or the removal and replacement of any component that fails to meet the above requirements.
(b) The operator should assemble and retain all necessary records.
129
§192.307
Inspection of materials.
Each length of pipe and each other component must be visually inspected at the site of
installation to ensure that it has not sustained any visually determinable damage that could impair
its serviceability.
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Pipe and other components used in the construction of transmission lines and mains may be exposed
to possible damage during the handling and transportation required to reach the installation location.
Those performing the visual inspection at the installation site should be alert for such damage. Also,
care should be exercised to prevent handling damage during installation.
(b) Field inspections for gouged or grooved pipe should be performed just ahead of the coating operation
and during the lowering-in and backfill operations.
(c) Inspection should be made to determine that the coating machine does not cause harmful gouges or
grooves.
(d) Lacerations of the protective coating should be carefully examined prior to the repair of the coating to
see if the pipe surface has been damaged.
(e) All repairs, replacements, or changes should be inspected before they are covered.
(f) Since plastic piping and other components are susceptible to mishandling damage, special attention
should be given during the installation site inspection to detect cuts, gouges, scratches, kinks, and
similar imperfections.
§192.309
Repair of steel pipe.
(a) Each imperfection or damage that impairs the serviceability of a length of steel pipe must be
repaired or removed. If a repair is made by grinding, the remaining wall thickness must at least be
equal to either:
(1) The minimum thickness required by the tolerances in the specification to which the pipe
was manufactured; or
(2) The nominal wall thickness required for the design pressure of the pipeline.
(b) Each of the following dents must be removed from steel pipe to be operated at a pressure
that produces a hoop stress of 20 percent, or more, of SMYS, unless the dent is repaired by a
method that reliable engineering tests and analyses show can permanently restore the serviceability
of the pipe:
(1) A dent that contains a stress concentrator such as a scratch, gouge, groove, or arc
burn.
(2) A dent that affects the longitudinal weld or a circumferential weld.
(3) In pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of 40 percent or more
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
130
of SMYS, a dent that has a depth of --

(i) More than 1/4 inch (6.4 millimeters) in pipe 12-3/4 inches (324 millimeters) or less in
outer diameter; or
(ii) More than 2 percent of the nominal pipe diameter in pipe over 12-3/4 inches (324
millimeters) in outer diameter.
For the purpose of this section a "dent" is a depression that produces a gross disturbance in the
curvature of the pipe wall without reducing the pipe-wall thickness. The depth of a dent is measured
as the gap between the lowest point of the dent and a prolongation of the original contour of the
pipe.
(c) Each arc burn on steel pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of 40
percent, or more, of SMYS must be repaired or removed. If a repair is made by grinding, the arc burn
must be completely removed and the remaining wall thickness must be at least equal to either:
(1) The minimum wall thickness required by the tolerances in the specification to which the
pipe was manufactured; or
(2) The nominal wall thickness required for the design pressure of the pipeline.
(d) A gouge, groove, arc burn, or dent may not be repaired by insert patching or by pounding
out.
(e) Each gouge, groove, arc burn, or dent that is removed from a length of pipe must be
removed by cutting out the damaged portion as a cylinder.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-88,
64 FR 69660, Dec. 14, 1999]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 RELIABLE ENGINEERING TESTS AND ANALYSES (§192.309(b))
See guide material under §192.485.
2 DEPTH OF A DENT (§192.309(b))
The original contour of the pipe can be estimated by placing a straight edge of sufficient length to span
the dent in the longitudinal direction of the pipe. The depth is then measured at the maximum
perpendicular distance between the dent and the straight edge. Examples of tools to measure the
deflection include contour gauge, pit depth gauge, and calipers.
3 ARC BURNS (§192.309(c))
When the visible evidence of the arc burn has been removed by grinding, swab the ground area with 20
percent solution of ammonium persulfate. A blackened spot indicates that additional grinding is
necessary. The complete removal of the metallurgical notch created by the arc burn has been
accomplished when the swabbing does not result in a blackened spot.
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131
§192.311
Repair of plastic pipe.
Each imperfection or damage that would impair the serviceability of plastic pipe must be
repaired or removed.
[Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
1.1 Personnel qualification.

Repairs should be made by personnel who have demonstrated the ability to make satisfactory repairs.
For thermoplastic piping repairs that involve making a joint, see guide material under §192.285.
1.2 Procedure qualification.

Repairs should be made in accordance with procedures that have been qualified by making sample
repairs and destructively testing those samples in accordance with established test methods. Examples
of such test methods are contained in ASTM D2513. For thermoplastic piping repairs that involve
making a joint, see guide material under §192.283.
1.3 Manufacturer's recommendations.

(a) Consider the recommendations of the plastic pipe manufacturer when determining the type of
repair to be made.
(b) Give special consideration to the extent of fiber damage in the case of thermosetting plastic pipe.
(c) Consult with the fitting manufacturer when developing the qualified repair procedure.
(d) Ensure that the repair being made is consistent with recommendations by the fitting manufacturer.
1.4 Installation practices.

For general precautions, backfilling, and squeeze-off (including reopening), see guide material under
§192.321.
2 SLEEVES AND PATCHES
2.1 Material.
(a) The wall thickness of the patch or sleeve should be at least equal to that of the pipe.
(b) If the repair is made by heat fusion, the patch or sleeve should preferably be the same type and
grade.
(c) If the repair is made by solvent cement, the patch or sleeve should be essentially the same type
and grade.
2.2 Special considerations.

(a) If a patch or full-encirclement sleeve is used, it should extend far enough beyond the damaged
area to ensure structural integrity.
(b) If a full-encirclement split sleeve is used, the longitudinal join line should be as far as possible from
the defects, but should in no case be closer than one-half inch.
132 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

2.3 In-service piping.

For repairs to in-service piping, see guide material under §192.703.
§192.313
Bends and elbows.
(a) Each field bend in steel pipe, other than a wrinkle bend made in accordance with §192.315,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
must comply with the following:
(1) A bend must not impair the serviceability of the pipe.
(2) Each bend must have a smooth contour and be free from buckling, cracks, or any other
mechanical damage.
(3) On pipe containing a longitudinal weld, the longitudinal weld must be as near as
practicable to the neutral axis of the bend unless --
(i) The bend is made with an internal bending mandrel; or
(ii) The pipe is 12 inches (305 millimeters) or less in outside diameter or has a
diameter to wall thickness ratio less than 70.
(b) Each circumferential weld of steel pipe which is located where the stress during bending
causes a permanent deformation in the pipe must be nondestructively tested either before or after
the bending process.
(c) Wrought-steel welding elbows and transverse segments of these elbows may not be used
for changes in direction on steel pipe that is 2 inches (51 millimeters) or more in diameter unless the
arc length, as measured along the crotch, is at least 1 inch (25 millimeters).
[Amdt. 192-26, 41 FR 26016, June 24, 1976; Amdt. 192-29, 42 FR 42865, Aug. 25, 1977 with Amdt. 192-
29 Correction, 42 FR 60148, Nov. 25, 1977; Amdt. 192-49, 50 FR 13224, Apr. 3, 1985; Amdt. 192-85, 63
FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Hot bends made on cold-worked or heat-treated pipe should be designed in accordance with
§192.105(b).
(b) Cold field bends of high-strength line pipe are prone to forming cosmetic ripples. These ripples can
appear more pronounced when viewed on thin-film coated (high gloss) pipe. Although not perfectly
smooth, these ripples generally do not impair the serviceability of the pipe. However, the operator
should ensure that the bending procedures used will not produce ripples that will impair the
serviceability of the pipe. A reference for evaluating whether ripples produced in the bending process
have impaired the serviceability is PRCI L51740, "Evaluation of the Structural Integrity of Cold Field-
Bent Pipe."
133
§192.315
Wrinkle bends in steel pipe.
(a) A wrinkle bend may not be made on steel pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces a
hoop stress of 30 percent, or more, of SMYS.
(b) Each wrinkle bend on steel pipe must comply with the following:
(1) The bend must not have any sharp kinks.
(2) When measured along the crotch of the bend, the wrinkles must be a distance of at least
one pipe diameter.
(3) On pipe 16 inches (406 millimeters) or larger in diameter, the bend may not have a
deflection of more than 1½ degrees for each wrinkle.
(4) On pipe containing a longitudinal weld the longitudinal seam must be as near as
practicable to the neutral axis of the bend.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.317
Protection from hazards.
(a) The operator must take all practicable steps to protect each transmission line or main from
washouts, floods, unstable soil, landslides, or other hazards that may cause the pipeline to move or
to sustain abnormal loads. In addition, the operator must take all practicable steps to protect
offshore pipelines from damage by mud slides, water currents, hurricanes, ship anchors, and fishing
operations.
(b) Each aboveground transmission line or main, not located offshore or in inland navigable
water areas, must be protected from accidental damage by vehicular traffic or other similar causes,
either by being placed at a safe distance from the traffic or by installing barricades.
(c) Pipelines, including pipe risers, on each platform located offshore or in inland navigable
waters must be protected from accidental damage by vessels.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-
78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
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1 NATURAL HAZARDS (§192.317(a))
(a) Reasonable precautions (e.g., increasing the wall thickness, constructing revetments, preventing
erosion, installing anchors, and providing flexibility) should be taken to protect the transmission line
or main.
134
(b) Where transmission lines or mains cross areas that are normally under water or subject to flooding
(e.g., lakes, bays, swamps, and river crossings), sufficient weight or anchorage should be applied
to the line to prevent flotation. This may include areas behind protected levees and areas seaward
of floodgates.
(c) For underwater crossings that may be subject to washout due to the natural hazards of bed
changes, high water velocities, deepening of the channel, or changing of the channel location in the
bed, attention should be given to designing protection for the transmission line or main. The
crossing should be located in the more stable bank and bed locations. The depth of the line,
location of the bends installed in the banks, and the wall thickness of the pipe should be selected
based on the characteristics of the crossing. Locations where these design considerations apply
include, but are not limited to, five areas identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) as containing significant pipeline systems that are threatened by flooding (San
Jacinto/Houston Ship Channel; Southern Louisiana Area; Ventura County, CA; Cushing, OK; San
Francisco Bay Area).
(d) Where transmission lines or mains cross areas that are not normally under water, but are subject to
periodic run-off, the depth should be sufficient to protect the pipeline from expected scour
(washout), such as that expected from a 100-year flood. Concrete coating, protective mats, or other
means can be used to protect the pipeline from damage that may result from scouring action.
(e) Access to isolation valves should be designed considering water elevations during a 100-year flood
event. This can be accomplished by placing the valves above the 100-year flood elevation, behind
levees, or by using valve extensions and access platforms.
2 PLATFORM PIPING AND RISERS (§192.317(c))
(a) Whenever feasible, platform piping below the lowest deck level should be located inboard of the
vertical plane established by the intersection of the outermost structural members of the platform
and the high water level.
(b) Whenever feasible, pipe risers should be located along faces of a platform other than those where
boat landings are provided. Additional protection may be afforded by the installation of boat
bumpers or encasement. When risers are installed on facings of a platform where boat landings are
located, they should be located inboard of the boat landing or otherwise protected by bumpers or
framework comparable in mechanical strength to the boat landing. When pipe risers 6 inches and
smaller in size are installed, consideration should be given to furnishing additional protection in the
proximity of the water line by installation of a structural member of greater mechanical strength.
3 CONSIDERATIONS TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE BY OUTSIDE FORCES
3.1 Onshore.
3.2 Offshore.
When designing and constructing offshore pipelines, consideration should be given to the placement of
subsea taps, valves, bypasses, and other appurtenances to avoid or mitigate damage from anchors,
nets, etc. It should be recognized that other federal and state agencies have established regulations
that can effect the design and construction of offshore pipelines.
4 CONSIDERATIONS TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE BY BLASTING OPERATIONS

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5 CONSIDERATIONS TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE BY EXTERNAL CORROSION FROM STRAY

ELECTRICAL CURRENTS
135
§192.319
Installation of pipe in a ditch.
(a) When installed in a ditch, each transmission line that is to be operated at a pressure
producing a hoop stress of 20 percent or more of SMYS must be installed so that the pipe fits the
ditch so as to minimize stresses and protect the pipe coating from damage.
(b) When a ditch for a transmission line or main is backfilled, it must be backfilled in a manner
that--
(1) Provides firm support under the pipe; and
(2) Prevents damage to the pipe and pipe coating from equipment or from the backfill
material.
(c) All offshore pipe in water at least 12 feet (3.7 meters) deep but not more than 200 feet (61
meters) deep, as measured from the mean low tide, except pipe in the Gulf of Mexico and its inlets
under 15 feet (4.6 meters) of water, must be installed so that the top of the pipe is below the natural
bottom unless the pipe is supported by stanchions, held in place by anchors or heavy concrete
coating, or protected by an equivalent means. Pipe in the Gulf of Mexico and its inlets under 15 feet
(4.6 meters) of water must be installed so that the top of the pipe is 36 inches (914 millimeters) below
the seabed for normal excavation or 18 inches (457 millimeters) for rock excavation.
78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 INSTALLATION
1.1 General considerations.

On pipelines operating at stresses of 20 percent or more of the specified minimum yield strength, it is
important that stresses induced into the pipeline by construction be minimized. The pipe should fit the
ditch without the use of external force to hold it in place until the backfill is completed. Periodic
placement of sandbags, styrofoam benches, etc., along the bottom of the ditch is one effective means
of providing firm support and minimizing construction stresses.
When long sections of pipe that have been welded alongside the ditch are lowered in, or where
excessive depths are encountered, care should be taken to avoid jerking the pipe or imposing any
strains that might kink or put a permanent bend in the pipe. Where these conditions are encountered,
the use of slack loops should be considered.
1.2 Surf zones.

In surf zones, special consideration should be given to maintaining the position of the pipe under
anticipated conditions of buoyance and water motion. This may be accomplished by the following
means.
(a) Burying the pipe at a greater depth below the natural bottom.
(b) Using weight coatings.
(c) Using anchors.
1.3 Inspections.
(a) Onshore.
(1) The condition of the ditch bottom should be inspected just before the pipe is lowered-in.
136 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(2) The surface of the coated pipe should be inspected as the pipe is lowered into the ditch.
Coating lacerations indicate that the pipe may have been damaged after the coating was
applied.
(3) The fit of the pipe to the ditch should be inspected before backfilling.
(b) Offshore.
(1) The surface of the corrosion preventive coating should be inspected before weight-coating.
(2) The weight-coating should be inspected before the pipe is welded.
2 JOINT RESTRAINT
2.1 Harnessing or buttressing.

Suitable harnessing or buttressing should be provided at points where the pipe deviates from a straight
line and the thrust, if not restrained, would separate the joints.
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Cast iron pipe installed in unstable soils should be provided with suitable supports. See guide material
under §192.755.
3 BACKFILLING
3.1 General.
Backfilling should be performed in a manner to provide firm support under the pipe.
3.2 Backfill material.

(a) General. If there are large rocks in the material to be used for backfill, care should be used to
prevent damage to the coating. This may be accomplished by the use of rock shield material or by
making an initial fill with enough rock-free material to prevent damage.
(b) Effects on cathodic protection (CP) system. Consideration should be given to the possible shielding
effects on CP currents that may occur from the installation of non-conductive materials, such as
rock shielding and padding.
3.3 Rock shielding.

Where rock shielding is used to prevent coating damage, it must be installed properly. One method of
installing a wrap-type rock shielding material is to secure the rock shielding entirely around the pipe
using fiberglass tape or other suitable banding material. Rock shielding should not be draped over the
pipe unless suitable backfill and padding is placed in the ditch to provide continuous and adequate
support of the pipe in the trench.
3.4 Consolidation.
If trench flooding is used to consolidate the backfill, care should be taken to see that the pipe is not
floated from its firm bearing on the trench bottom. Where mains are installed in existing or proposed
roadways or in unstable soil, flooding should be augmented by wheel rolling or mechanical compaction.
Multi-lift mechanical compaction can be used in lieu of flooding.
4 ALTERNATIVE INSTALLATION METHODS
4.1 Horizontal directional drilling.

(a) See Guide Material Appendix G-192-6 for damage prevention considerations while performing
directional drilling or using other trenchless technologies.
(b) See Guide Material Appendix G-192-15A for additional considerations for horizontal directional
drilling to install steel pipelines.
137
§192.321
Installation of plastic pipe.
(a) Plastic pipe must be installed below ground level except as provided by paragraphs (g) and
(h) of this section.
(b) Plastic pipe that is installed in a vault or any other below grade enclosure must be
completely encased in gas-tight metal pipe and fittings that are adequately protected from corrosion.
(c) Plastic pipe must be installed so as to minimize shear or tensile stresses.
(d) Thermoplastic pipe that is not encased must have a minimum wall thickness of 0.090 inch
(2.29 millimeters), except that pipe with an outside diameter of 0.875 inch (22.3 millimeters) or less
may have a minimum wall thickness of 0.062 inch (1.58 millimeters).
(e) Plastic pipe that is not encased must have an electrically conducting wire or other means of
locating the pipe while it is underground. Tracer wire may not be wrapped around the pipe and
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contact with the pipe must be minimized but is not prohibited. Tracer wire or other metallic elements
installed for pipe locating purposes must be resistant to corrosion damage, either by use of coated
copper wire or by other means.
(f) Plastic pipe that is being encased must be inserted into the casing pipe in a manner that will
protect the plastic. The leading end of the plastic must be closed before insertion.
(g) Uncased plastic pipe may be temporarily installed above ground level under the following
conditions:
(1) The operator must be able to demonstrate that the cumulative aboveground exposure of
the pipe does not exceed the manufacturer's recommended maximum period of exposure or 2 years,
whichever is less.
(2) The pipe either is located where damage by external forces is unlikely or is otherwise
protected against such damage.
(3) The pipe adequately resists exposure to ultraviolet light and high and low temperatures.
(h) Plastic pipe may be installed on bridges provided that it is:
(1) Installed with protection from mechanical damage, such as installation in a metallic
casing;
(2) Protected from ultraviolet radiation; and
(3) Not allowed to exceed the pipe temperature limits specified in §192.123.
Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003; Amdt. 192-94,
69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
1.1 Handling.
Care should be taken to avoid rough handling of plastic pipe. It should not be dropped or have other
objects dropped upon it, nor should it be pushed or pulled over sharp projections. Caution should be
taken to prevent kinking or buckling. Any kinks or buckles that occur should be cut out as a cylinder.
1.2 Considerations to minimize damage by outside forces.

138
1.3 Other.
(a) Plastic materials vary in their ability to resist damage from fire, heat, and chemicals. Care should be
exercised at all times to protect the pipe from these hazards.
(b) Plastic pipe should be adequately supported during storage. Thermoplastic pipe and fittings should
be protected from long-term exposure to direct sunlight. See 2 of the guide material under §192.59.
2 DIRECT BURIAL OF PLASTIC PIPE
2.1 Contraction.
The piping should be installed with sufficient slack to provide for possible contraction. Under high
temperature conditions, cooling may be necessary before the last connection is made. See 3.5(c)(3) of
the guide material under §192.281.
2.2 Installation stress.

When long sections of piping that have been assembled alongside the ditch are lowered-in, care should
be taken to avoid any strains that may overstress or buckle the piping, or impose excessive stress on
the joints.
2.3 Backfilling.
(a) General. Blocking should not be used to support plastic pipe. Plastic pipe should be laid on
undisturbed soil, well-compacted soil, well-tamped soil, or other continuous support. If plastic pipe
is to be laid in soils that may damage it, the pipe should be protected by suitable rock-free
materials.
(b) Backfill material. Backfilling should be performed in a manner to provide firm support around the
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piping. The material used for backfilling should be free of large rocks, pieces of pavement, or any
other materials that might damage the pipe.
(c) Consolidation. If trench flooding is used to consolidate the backfill, care should be taken to see that
the piping is not floated from its firm bearing on the trench bottom. Where mains and service lines
are installed in existing or proposed roadways or in unstable soil, flooding should be augmented by
wheel rolling or mechanical compaction. Multi-lift mechanical compaction can be used in lieu of
flooding. Care should be taken when using mechanical compaction not to cause excessive ovality
of the plastic pipe.
2.4 Means of locating.

(a) Tracer wire.
(1) A bare or coated corrosion-resistant metal wire may be buried along the plastic pipe. Wire size
#12 or #14 AWG is commonly installed.
(2) Tracer wire may be installed physically separated from, or immediately adjacent to, the plastic
pipe. Separation may lead to difficulty in accurately locating the plastic pipe. In determining
placement of tracer wire relative to plastic pipe, the operator should consider the relative
importance of locating the pipe versus potential pipe damage from a current surge through the
tracer wire. Lightning strikes are a source of current surges.
(3) Tracer wire should not be wrapped around plastic pipe. It may be taped to the outside of the
plastic pipe, especially for installation by boring or plowing-in, or placed loosely in the trench
directly adjacent to the pipe.
(4) A separation of 2" to 6" between plastic pipe and tracer wire is commonly used where current
surges, such as from lightning, have been experienced or can be expected.
(5) Leads from tracer wire into curb boxes and valve boxes and on outside service risers can be
used for direct connection of locating instruments. Consideration should be given to ensuring
that no bare tracer wire is exposed such that a lightning strike could cause a current surge
through the wire.
139
(6) Splicing of tracer wire, if necessary, should be done in a manner to produce an electrically and
mechanically sound joint that will not loosen or separate under conditions to which it may be
subjected such as backfilling operations and freeze-thaw cycles.
(7) Where the tracer wire is electrically connected to metallic structures (e.g., steel or cast iron
pipe) for reasons such as expanded locating capabilities or cathodic protection, consideration
should be given to the effects of electrical current surges on the ability to locate the plastic pipe
or the increased potential for damage.
(8) Additional information may be obtained from AGA XR0104, ”Plastic Pipe Manual for Gas
Service.”
(b) Metallic tape. A metallic coated or corrosion-resistant metallic tape may be installed along with the
plastic pipe. Care should be taken so that the tape is not torn or separated during backfilling
operations. Metallic locating tape normally has no accessible leads for connecting locating
equipment, making it necessary to use a passive or induced current locating device.
(c) Mapping. Accurate mapping of plastic pipe with dimensions referenced to permanent landmarks
such as lot lines or street centerlines is an acceptable method of locating plastic pipe.
(d) Passive devices. Tuned coils or other passive devices may be buried at strategic points along a
plastic pipeline. These devices can be located from above ground by means of an associated
locating instrument.
2.5 Warning tape.

A highly visible warning tape may be used in addition to one of the means for locating the pipe. Such
tapes are usually yellow with a legend such as "Warning: Buried Gas Pipeline." Warning tapes are
generally installed approximately 12" directly above the plastic pipe so that it will be struck first by
someone digging in the vicinity.
3 PLASTIC PIPE INSERTED INTO A CASING OR INTO AN ABANDONED PIPELINE
3.1 General.
(a) The casing or abandoned pipeline should be prepared to the extent necessary to remove any
sharp edges, projections, dust, welding slag, or abrasive material which could damage the plastic
during or after insertion.
(b) A support sleeve or plug should be used to prevent the plastic pipe from bearing on the end of the
casing or abandoned pipeline.
(c) Maps or other records should indicate plastic pipe that is inserted in a casing or an abandoned
pipeline.

(a) That portion of the plastic pipe which spans disturbed earth should be protected by bridging, by
compaction of the soil under the plastic pipe, or by other means to prevent the settling of the backfill
from shearing the plastic pipe.
(b) The portion of the plastic pipe exposed due to the removal of a section of casing pipe or
abandoned pipeline should have sufficient strength or be protected with bridging or other means,
so as to withstand the anticipated external soil loadings.
(c) Protective sleeve installations that are designed to mitigate the stresses imposed onto the plastic
pipe in the transition area should be considered if undue stresses are anticipated, or if
recommended by the manufacturer. The installation of protective sleeves, in addition to providing
adequate backfill and compaction around the transition area, reduces excessive bending and shear
stresses. For protective sleeves, see guide material under 192.367.
(d) Cased plastic pipe can contract due to cold gas or low ambient temperature. See 3.5(c)(3) of the
140
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(e) Where a gas leak migrating through the annular space between the plastic pipe and the casing or
abandoned pipeline could result in a hazardous condition, consideration should be given to
plugging the annular space at one or both ends. Plugs may also be provided at intermediate points
such as where the casing or abandoned pipeline is cut to permit the installation of a service tee or a
lateral main. Care should be used in the selection of the plugging material to avoid damage to the
plastic pipe. Both urethane foam and grout have been found to be effective for this purpose.
(f) If water that has accumulated between the casing or abandoned pipeline and the carrier pipe
freezes, the carrier pipe can be constricted (affecting the capacity) or damaged causing a leak. One
or more of the following steps can be taken to minimize this possibility.
(1) Sizing the pipe so that the formation of ice between the carrier and the casing or abandoned
pipeline will not constrict the carrier pipe to the extent that service is affected.
(2) Providing for drainage at the lower points in the casing or abandoned pipeline.
(3) Inserting a filler such as a closed cell foam material in the annular space.
3.3 Reference.
See 8 below for plastic pipe encased on bridges.
4 PROVISIONS FOR BENDS
4.1 General considerations.

The bends should be free of buckles, cracks, or other evidence of damage.
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4.2 Bending radius.
Plastic pipe may not be deflected to a radius smaller than the minimum recommended by the
manufacturer for the kind, type, grade, wall thickness, and diameter of the particular plastic pipe used.
5 SQUEEZE-OFF AND REOPENING THERMOPLASTIC PIPE FOR PRESSURE CONTROL

PURPOSES
5.1 Preliminary investigation.

Before thermoplastic pipe is squeezed-off and reopened, investigations and tests should be made to
determine that the particular type, grade, size, and wall thickness of pipe of the same manufacture can
be squeezed-off and reopened without causing failure under the conditions which will prevail at the time
of the squeeze-off and reopening. References for squeeze-off procedures, tools, and precautions are
included in the following.
(a) AGA XR0104, “Plastic Pipe Manual for Gas Service.”
(b) GRI-92/0147.1, “Users' Guide on Squeeze-Off of Polyethylene Gas Pipes."
(c) GRI-94/0205, “Guidelines and Technical Reference on Gas Flow Shut-Off in Polyethylene Pipes
Using Squeeze Tools.”
(d) ASTM F1041, “Standard Guide for Squeeze-Off of Polyolefin Gas Pressure Pipe and Tubing."
(e) ASTM F1563, “Standard Specification for Tools to Squeeze-Off Polyethylene (PE) Gas Pipe or
Tubing.”
5.2 Field consideration.

(a) The work should be done utilizing equipment and procedures that have been established and
proven by test to be capable of performing the operation safely and effectively.
(b) Unless it has been determined by investigation and test that squeeze-off and reopening does not
significantly affect the long-term properties of the pipe, the squeezed-off and reopened area of the
pipe should be reinforced in accordance with the guide material under §192.311.
(c) To prevent squeeze-off at the same point, a permanent mark or clamp should be put on the plastic
pipe at the location of the squeeze point.
141
6 DAMAGE PREVENTION DURING DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
See Guide Material Appendix G-192-6 for damage prevention considerations while performing
7 PLASTIC PIPE TEMPORARILY INSTALLED ABOVE GROUND
7.1 Aboveground exposure to sunlight.

Before using plastic pipe above ground, the operator should obtain the recommended maximum
exposure time from the manufacturer and determine the date of manufacture from the Pipe Production
Code marked on the pipe. If the operator cannot accurately document the actual time that pipe was
stored outdoors, the entire time since the date of manufacture should be considered as aboveground
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exposure.
7.2 Protection from external forces.

Means to protect the pipe may include:
(a) Barricades.
(b) Fencing.
(c) Elevation support. To prevent strain on the plastic pipe due to sagging or wind forces, elevation
support should be provided. A reference for determining support spacing is PPI Handbook of
Polyethylene Pipe, Chapter 8, "Above-Ground Applications for Polyethylene Pipe."
(d) Signs and markers.
(e) Physical barriers such as planks or sleeves.
7.3 Temperature exposure.

Aboveground pipe is exposed to greater variations in temperature than pipe installed below ground.
During installation, consideration should be given to pipe elongation and contraction as the temperature
changes during the day or seasonally.
7.4 Valves.
Valves installed in aboveground plastic pipe should be braced or anchored, or the adjacent pipe
stiffened or reinforced, to decrease torque forces being transferred to the pipe during operation of the
valve.
8 PLASTIC PIPE INSTALLED ON BRIDGES
8.1 Design considerations.

The following information for temperature, ultraviolet radiation, external damage, and chemical
resistance should be considered when designing plastic pipe systems for installation on bridges.
(a) Temperature.
(1) Ensure that the hydrostatic design basis (HDB) of the plastic material for the highest
temperature anticipated is sufficient to meet the design pressure required by §192.121.
Consider heavier-wall plastic pipe or a plastic pipe material with a higher HDB at the anticipated
use temperature.
(2) If the existing HDB is insufficient for the anticipated temperature, consider the potential of both
temperature increase and decrease to ensure that the pipeline and joints are adequate for the
longitudinal stresses imposed by temperature variations.
(3) Where the pipeline is installed in a casing, consider installing the pipe in a manner that
minimizes thermal effects of heat transfer from the casing to the pipeline and prevents abrasion
of the pipe due to thermal expansion and contraction of the plastic pipe. Methods to minimize
thermal forces include the following.
142
(i)
Installation of spacers. The spacers should be placed sufficiently close together to
prevent excessive deflection (sag) between the spacers for anchored and guided pipe.
Consideration should be given to significant longitudinal stresses when deflection is
minimized. Alternatively, the spacers may be placed at a sufficient distance to allow
deflection between the spacers to reduce the longitudinal stress. In either case, the
amount of deflection should not allow the pipe to contact the casing between spacers. It
may be necessary to consider the thermal conductivity of the spacers if they are metallic.
(ii) Filling the annular space between the pipe and its casing with a tight-fitting insulating
material.
(b) Ultraviolet radiation.
Methods to protect plastic pipe from ultraviolet radiation include the following.
(1) Installation of pipe within a casing.
(2) Use of compatible external coating on the pipe.
(c) External damage.
(1) Position the pipeline to protect it from external damage. Consider providing additional
protection, such as installation in a casing or utility tunnel.
(2) Where installed in a casing, the pipeline should be protected from shear forces imposed by soil
or other loading at the ends of the casing.
(d) Chemical resistance.
Consider the installation environment (e.g., salts used on roads during winter, vehicle oils), and
ensure that the plastic pipe is adequate for the exposure.
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(a) Other regulations. The agency having jurisdiction over the bridge should be consulted to determine
if there are additional requirements.
(b) Casing end seals. Consider the installation of casing end seals to prevent water from entering the
annular space between a casing and the pipeline.
(c) Valves. Consider installing valves to isolate the pipe on the bridge in case of a leak or failure.
(d) Seismic. Consider the effects of abnormal movement in areas of seismic activity.
(e) Joints. Butt fusion, electrofusion, or ASTM D2513 Category 1 mechanical fittings should be used.
However, Category 2 or Category 3 mechanical fittings may be used provided their joining
procedure includes additional restraint as needed to meet the pullout requirements of §192.283(b).
8.3 References.
(a) ASME I00353, "Installation of Plastic Gas Pipeline in Steel Conduits Across Bridges."
(b) PPI Handbook of Polyethylene Pipe, Chapter 8, "Above-Ground Applications for Polyethylene
Pipe.”
§192.323
Casing.
Each casing used on a transmission line or main under a railroad or highway must comply with
the following:
(a) The casing must be designed to withstand the superimposed loads.
(b) If there is a possibility of water entering the casing, the ends must be sealed.
(c) If the ends of an unvented casing are sealed and the sealing is strong enough to retain the
maximum allowable operating pressure of the pipe, the casing must be designed to hold this
pressure at a stress level of not more than 72 percent of SMYS.
143
(d) If vents are installed on a casing, the vents must be protected from the weather to prevent
water from entering the casing.
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Where plastic piping must be cased or bridged, suitable precautions should be taken to prevent
crushing or shearing the piping. See guide material under §192.321.
(b) A reference for the design, installation, maintenance, repair, and monitoring of steel-cased pipelines is
NACE RP0200, “Steel-Cased Pipeline Practice.”
§192.325
Underground clearance.
(a) Each transmission line must be installed with at least 12 inches (305 millimeters) of
clearance from any other underground structure not associated with the transmission line. If this
clearance cannot be attained, the transmission line must be protected from damage that might result
from the proximity of the other structure.
(b) Each main must be installed with enough clearance from any other underground structure
to allow proper maintenance and to protect against damage that might result from proximity to other
structures.
(c) In addition to meeting the requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, each plastic
transmission line or main must be installed with sufficient clearance, or must be insulated from any
source of heat so as to prevent the heat from impairing the serviceability of the pipe.
(d) Each pipe-type or bottle-type holder must be installed with a minimum clearance from any
other holder as prescribed in §192.175(b).
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 CLEARANCE
1.1 Transmission lines (§192.325(a)).

If a minimum of 12 inches of clearance cannot be attained at the time of installation, less clearance may
be allowed provided:
(a) Adequate measures are undertaken to prevent contact between the pipeline and the underground
structure, such as encasement of the pipeline with concrete, polyethylene or vulcanized elastomer,
or the installation of sand-cement bags, concrete pads or open-cell polyurethane pads in the space
between the pipeline and the underground structure.
(b) Adequate measures are taken to prevent mechanical damage to the pipe and coating of multiple
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pipeline bundles installed by directional boring. Adequate measures should be employed to provide
separation between the individual pipelines in the bundle in order to minimize damage to the pipe
and coating. This may be accomplished by employing dielectric spacing devices (e.g., dense
rubber spacers) or vulcanized elastomer spacers between the individual pipelines in the bundle.
See §192.461(e).
144
1.2 Mains (§192.325(b)).

The following possible activities should be considered when determining the clearance to be attained
between the main being installed and other underground structures.
(a) Installation and operation of maintenance and emergency control devices, such as leak clamps,
pressure control fittings, and squeeze-off equipment.
(b) Connection of service laterals to both the main and other underground structures.
(c) For additional methods of protection in lieu of sufficient clearance, see 1.1(a) above.
1.3 Clearance between plastic main or transmission line and any source of heat (§192.325(c)).
The operator should consider the degree of the hazard presented by the heat source when determining
the clearance, insulation, or protective material. For installations near electric or steam lines, the
operator should also consider the following.
(a) A minimum radial separation of 12 inches is recommended by the Common Ground Alliance’s
“Best Practices” Guide, Practice Statement 2-12, available at www.commongroundalliance.com.
See 5.3(d) of the guide material under §192.361.
(b) For installations near electric lines, see 5.3(e) of the guide material under §192.361.
2 ADJACENT UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES
When installing new mains or replacing existing mains, the proximity and condition of existing conduits,
ducts, sewer lines, and similar structures, including abandoned structures, should be considered since
they have the potential to provide a path for the migration of leaking gas.
§192.327
Cover.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (c), (e), (f), and (g) of this section, each buried
transmission line must be installed with a minimum cover as follows:
Location Normal soil Consolidated rock

Inches (Millimeters) Inches (Millimeters)
Class 1 locations 30 (762) 18 (457)

Class 2,3, and 4 locations 36 (914) 24 (610)
Drainage ditches of public roads and railroad 36 (914) 24 (610)
crossings
(b) Except as provided in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section, each buried main must be
installed with at least 24 inches (610 millimeters) of cover.
(c) Where an underground structure prevents the installation of a transmission line or main
with the minimum cover, the transmission line or main may be installed with less cover if it is
provided with additional protection to withstand anticipated external loads.
(d) A main may be installed with less than 24 inches (610 millimeters) of cover if the law of the
State or municipality --
(1) Establishes a minimum cover of less than 24 inches (610 millimeters);
(2) Requires that mains be installed in a common trench with other utility lines; and
(3) Provides adequately for prevention of damage to the pipe by external forces.
(e) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, all pipe installed in a navigable river,
stream, or harbor must be installed with a minimum cover of 48 inches (1,219 millimeters) in soil or
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145
24 inches (610 millimeters) in consolidated rock between the top of the pipe and the underwater
natural bottom (as determined by recognized and generally accepted practices).
(f) All pipe installed offshore, except in the Gulf of Mexico and its inlets, under water not more
than 200 feet (60 meters) deep, as measured from the mean low tide, must be installed as follows:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, pipe under water less than 12 feet
(3.66 meters) deep, must be installed with a minimum cover of 36 inches (914 millimeters) in soil or
18 inches (457 millimeters) in consolidated rock between the top of the pipe and the natural bottom.
(2) Pipe under water at least 12 feet (3.66 meters) deep must be installed so that the top of
the pipe is below the natural bottom, unless the pipe is supported by stanchions, held in place by
anchors or heavy concrete coating, or protected by an equivalent means.
(g) All pipelines installed under water in the Gulf of Mexico and its inlets, as defined in §192.3,
must be installed in accordance with §192.612(b)(3).
78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-98,
69 FR 48400, Aug. 10, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.328
Additional construction requirements for steel pipe using
alternative maximum allowable operating pressure.
For a new or existing pipeline segment to be eligible for operation at the alternative maximum
allowable operating pressure calculated under §192.620, a segment must meet the following
additional construction requirements. Records must be maintained, for the useful life of the pipeline,
demonstrating compliance with these requirements:
To address this construction The pipeline segment must meet this additional requirement:
issue:
(a) Quality assurance (1) The construction of the pipeline segment must be done
under a quality assurance plan addressing pipe inspection,
hauling and stringing, field bending, welding, non-destructive
examination of girth welds, applying and testing field applied
coating, lowering of the pipeline into the ditch, padding and
backfilling, and hydrostatic testing.
(2) The quality assurance plan for applying and testing field
applied coating to girth welds must be:
(i) Equivalent to that required under §192.112(f)(3) for
pipe; and
(ii) Performed by an individual with the knowledge, skills,
and ability to assure effective coating application.
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146
To address this construction The pipeline segment must meet this additional requirement:
issue:
(b) Girth welds (1) All girth welds on a new pipeline segment must be non-
destructively examined in accordance with §192.243(b) and (c).
(c) Depth of cover (1) Notwithstanding any lesser depth of cover otherwise
allowed in §192.327, there must be at least 36 inches (914
millimeters) of cover or equivalent means to protect the pipeline
from outside force damage.
(2) In areas where deep tilling or other activities could threaten
the pipeline, the top of the pipeline must be installed at least
one foot below the deepest expected penetration of the soil.
(d) Initial strength testing (1) The pipeline segment must not have experienced failures
indicative of systemic material defects during strength testing,
including initial hydrostatic testing. A root cause analysis,
including metallurgical examination of the failed pipe, must be
performed for any failure experienced to verify that it is not
indicative of a systemic concern. The results of this root cause
analysis must be reported to each PHMSA pipeline safety
regional office where the pipe is in service at least 60 days prior
to operating at the alternative MAOP. An operator must also
notify a State pipeline safety authority when the pipeline is
located in a State where PHMSA has an interstate agent
agreement, or an intrastate pipeline is regulated by that State.
(e) Interference currents (1) For a new pipeline segment, the construction must address
the impacts of induced alternating current from parallel electric
transmission lines and other known sources of potential
interference with corrosion control.
[Issued by RIN 2137-AE25, 73 FR 62148, Oct. 17, 2008; Eff. date stayed by 73 FR 72737, Dec. 1,
2008]
Guide Material
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147
Reserved
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148
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART H
SUBPART H
CUSTOMER METERS, SERVICE REGULATORS,
AND SERVICE LINES
§192.351
Scope.
This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for installing customer meters, service
regulators, service lines, service line valves, and service line connections to mains.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.353
Customer meters and regulators: Location.
(a) Each meter and service regulator, whether inside or outside a building, must be installed
in a readily accessible location and be protected from corrosion and other damage, including, if
installed outside a building, vehicular damage that may be anticipated. However, the upstream
regulator in a series may be buried.
(b) Each service regulator installed within a building must be located as near as practical to
the point of service line entrance.
(c) Each meter installed within a building must be located in a ventilated place and not less
than 3 feet (914 millimeters) from any source of ignition or any source of heat which might
damage the meter.
(d) Where feasible, the upstream regulator in a series must be located outside the building,
unless it is located in a separate metering or regulating building.
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
(a) Where practical, no building should have more than one service line.
(b) Meters should normally be installed at the service regulator. When more than one meter is set
on a particular premises, they should typically be set at one location. If meters are installed at
multiple locations on the premises, the operator should consider providing a tag or other means
to indicate that there are multiple meter locations.
(c) An outside, aboveground meter location is desirable when weather conditions, availability of
space, and other conditions permit.
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149
(d) When selecting a meter or service regulator location, consideration should be given to the
potential damage by outside forces, such as those from vehicles, construction equipment, tools,
materials that might be placed on the meter, and falling objects (e.g., packed snow or ice from a
roof). Where such potential is evident, the meter or service regulator should be protected or an
alternate location selected. See Guide Material Appendix G-192-13.
(e) Meters and service regulators should not be installed in contact with the soil or other potentially
corrosive materials. The potential for shorting out the insulating fitting should also be considered.
(f) See guide material under §192.479 for the following relative to atmospheric corrosion.
(1) General considerations.
(2) Specific considerations regarding the meter and service regulator location and the regulator
vent lines and tubing.
(g) Section 192.353(a) requires that each meter and service regulator be installed in a readily
accessible location. Each location should accommodate access for reading, inspection, repairs,
testing, changing, and operation of the gas shut-off valve.
(h) The meter location should normally permit the installation of the service line in a straight line
perpendicular to the main.
(i) Meters and service regulators should not be installed in the following locations.
(1) Under or in front of windows or other building openings which may be used as emergency
fire exits or under interior or exterior stairways.
(2) A crawl space with limited clearance.
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(3) Near building air intakes.
2 OUTSIDE METER OR SERVICE REGULATOR LOCATIONS
(a) Outside meters or service regulators should be installed in the following locations.
(1) Preferably, above ground in a protected location, adjacent to the building served.
(2) In a properly designed buried vault or meter box.
(i) The vault or meter box should be located on the customer's property, either adjacent to
the building served or near the gas main.
(ii) Vaults may be located in a public right-of-way. Consent of local jurisdictions may be
required.
(iii) Proper design and location considerations should include ventilation, vehicular traffic
(see §192.355(c)), potential for soil accumulation, surface water runoff, high water
table, and proximity to building air intakes or openings.
(iv) Piping installed through vault walls should be properly coated to protect from corrosion.
(v) Note §192.189(b) that states:
A vault containing gas piping may not be connected by means of a drain
connection to any other underground structure.
(vi) When outside a paved surface, consideration should be given to the potential for fill,
topsoil, or sod being placed over the vault.
(vii) See guide material under §192.355 for considerations involving service regulator and
relief vents in vaults.
(b) At locations where vehicular damage is reasonably anticipated, some means of providing
protection to the meter set assembly include the following.
(1) Distance from roadways or driveways.
(2) Installation of posts, parking bumpers, or barricades.
(3) Location behind existing protective structures.
(4) Installation in a buried vault or meter box.
150
3 INSIDE METER OR SERVICE REGULATOR LOCATIONS
(a) Inside meter locations should be considered under the following conditions.
(1) An acceptable outside location is not available or practical.
(2) Protection from ambient temperatures is necessary to avoid meter freeze-ups. (This
condition is most often encountered in low-pressure systems that pick up moisture from
water-sealed gas holders or other sources.)
(b) Where practical, meters and service regulators should not be located in confined engine, boiler,
heater, or electrical equipment rooms, nor should they be located in living quarters, closets,
restrooms, bathrooms, or similar locations.
(c) Each service regulator installed within a building should be located as near as practical to the
service line entry point. When selecting the service regulator location, venting requirements and
the vent piping location and length should be considered. See §§192.355 and 192.357.
(d) Where a meter or service regulator is located inside a building, §192.365 requires a readily
accessible shut-off valve that, if feasible, is located outside the building.
(e) Meters and service regulators in certain inside locations (e.g., parking garages) may require
protection from vehicular damage. See 2(b) above.
(f) For additional considerations regarding plastic service lines, see guide material under §192.375.
4 OTHER METER OR SERVICE REGULATOR LOCATIONS
An alternate consideration is a specially constructed cabinet recessed in the building wall, sealed
from inside the building and vented to and accessible from outside the building.
§192.355
Customer meters and regulators: Protection from damage.
(a) Protection from vacuum or back pressure. If the customer's equipment might create
either a vacuum or a back pressure, a device must be installed to protect the system.
(b) Service regulator vents and relief vents. Service regulator vents and relief vents must
terminate outdoors, and the outdoor terminal must --
(1) Be rain and insect resistant;
(2) Be located at a place where gas from the vent can escape freely into the atmosphere
and away from any opening into the building; and
(3) Be protected from damage caused by submergence in areas where flooding may
occur.
(c) Pits and vaults. Each pit or vault that houses a customer meter or regulator at a place
where vehicular traffic is anticipated must be able to support that traffic.
[Amdt. 192-58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 PROTECTIVE DEVICE
A suitable protective device should be installed downstream of the meter and regulator under the
following conditions.
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151
(a) If the customer's utilization equipment, such as a gas compressor, could produce an excessive
drop in gas pressure or a vacuum at the meter or regulator, a protective device such as the
following should be used.
(1) Automatic shut-off valve with manual reset (for decreasing pressure).
(2) Restricting orifice.
(3) Regulating device set to close at a predetermined decrease in pressure.
(b) If the customer's utilization equipment could cause compressed gas, compressed air, oxygen,
etc., to flow back into the meter or regulator, a protective device such as the following should be
used.
(1) Check valve.
(2) Automatic shut-off valve with manual reset (for increasing pressure).
(3) Regulating device set to close at a predetermined increase in pressure. The protective
device should provide gastight shutoff if flow reversal occurs. Consideration should be given
to the explosion hazard of air or oxygen mixed with natural gas or other hydrocarbons.
(c) If a supplementary or an alternate gas supply (e.g., LPG) is interconnected for standby use and
could flow back into the meter or regulator, a protective device such as those listed in 1 (a) and
(b) above should be used. A 3-way valve that closes the normal gas supply before admitting the
alternate supply could eliminate the need for a protective device.
2 CORROSION DAMAGE
If corrosion damage is likely to occur to meters and service regulators, see guide material under
§192.479.
3 CONSIDERATIONS TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE BY VEHICLES AND OTHER OUTSIDE FORCES
4 REGULATOR AND RELIEF VENTS AND VENT PIPING
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4.1 Outside vents and vent piping termination.
All outside regulator vents and the outside terminations of all service regulator vent and relief lines
should have vented caps, fittings, or other protection. The protection should be installed in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, and should meet the requirements of §192.355(b).
Where there is a potential for exposure to severe water or freezing conditions, special fittings or other
arrangements should be used which will prevent blocking of the vent or relief line or interference with
the operation of the regulator due to ice and water.
4.2 Inside regulators.

See §§192.353 and 192.357 for design and location considerations for inside regulators. See 4.3
below for vent piping design considerations.
4.3 Vent piping design.

(a) Single regulator or relief vent.
The vent piping should be designed to minimize the back pressure if the regulator diaphragm
ruptures or the relief valve activates.
(b) Multiple regulator or relief vents.
Typically, a separate vent line is used for each regulator or relief valve as in (a), but a properly
designed common vent line may be used.
(1) A common vent line should be designed and sized to:
(i) Minimize back pressure to the connected regulator having the largest venting flow rate,
if venting occurs.
152
(ii)
Ensure that the outlet pressure of the other connected regulators does not increase to
an unsafe value. If a regulator diaphragm ruptures or a relief valve activates and gas
flows through the common vent line, the resultant back pressure will cause the outlet
pressure of the other connected regulators to increase by the back-pressure amount.
The amount of back pressure depends on the diameter and length of the common vent
line and the venting flow rate.
(iii) Ensure that the total maximum vent line pressure for all regulators connected does not
exceed the maximum back pressure specified for any one of the connected regulator
vents.
(iv) Ensure that all the regulators connected to a common vent line have the same delivery
pressure.
(2) Regulators with low-pressure delivery (utilization pressure for low-pressure gas burning
equipment) should have no high-pressure delivery regulator connected to the common vent
line installation.
(3) When considering the addition of regulators to an existing common vent line:
(i) Do not connect a regulator with a different delivery pressure.
(ii) Do not connect a regulator with a larger venting flow rate than used in the initial design,
unless a new calculation indicates that the common vent line is adequate at the larger
venting flow rate.
(4) The operator should consider using regulators with either:
(i) A device set to close at a predetermined increase in pressure, or
(ii) Using an automatic shut-off valve with a manual reset.
5 PITS AND VAULTS
(a) See guide material under §192.353 for design and location considerations.
(b) When service regulators are installed in underground pits or vaults, regulator and relief vents
should be installed in a manner to prevent blocking of the vents where there is a potential for soil
or water accumulation.
§192.357
Customer meters and regulators: Installation.
(a) Each meter and each regulator must be installed so as to minimize anticipated stresses
upon the connecting piping and the meter.
(b) When close all-thread nipples are used, the wall thickness remaining after the threads are
cut must meet the minimum wall thickness requirements of this part.
(c) Connections made of lead or other easily damaged material may not be used in the
installation of meters or regulators.
(d) Each regulator that might release gas in its operation must be vented to the outside
atmosphere.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 ACCESSIBILITY
The meter should be installed where it can be easily read and the connections are accessible. See
guide material under §192.353 for location considerations.
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153
2 MINIMIZING ANTICIPATED STRESSES
(a) Care should be taken to ensure that the meter set assembly is not installed under stress.
(b) Where practical, the outside portion of the service line, including associated piping, should be
designed so that damage to the service line due to outside forces will not cause leakage inside a
building.
(c) Swing joint piping techniques may be used to reduce the problems of piping stress and for ease
of installation. For pipe sizes up to 1¼" where meter bars are not installed for piping support, it is
common industry practice to use swing joint piping.
(d) For threaded metallic joints, see guide material under §192.273.
(e) Piping should be supported to minimize stress on the regulator body, meter case, and piping.
Appropriate blocking, pads, stands, brackets, and hangers should be used as necessary.
Supports for horizontal steel piping should be spaced so that the distances listed in Table
192.357i are not exceeded.
(f) Reasonable precautions, such as increased pipe wall thickness, may be taken to protect the
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meter set assembly or service regulator from natural or other hazards.
MAXIMUM HORIZONTAL SUPPORT SPACING FOR STEEL PIPING
Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) Maximum Support Spacing (Feet)

½ 6
3/4 or 1 8
1 1/4 through 2 10
2 and larger See MSS SP-58
and MSS SP-69
TABLE 192.357i
3 VENTING OF REGULATORS AND RELIEFS TO THE OUTSIDE ATMOSPHERE
See 4 and 5 of the guide material under §192.355.
§192.359
Customer meter installations: Operating pressure.
(a) A meter may not be used at a pressure that is more than 67 percent of the manufacturer's
shell test pressure.
(b) Each newly installed meter manufactured after November 12, 1970, must have been tested
to a minimum of 10 p.s.i. (69 kPa) gage.
(c) A rebuilt or repaired tinned steel case meter may not be used at a pressure that is more
than 50 percent of the pressure used to test the meter after rebuilding or repairing.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
154
§192.361
Service lines: Installation.
(a) Depth. Each buried service line must be installed with at least 12 inches (305 millimeters)
of cover in private property and at least 18 inches (457 millimeters) of cover in streets and roads.
However, where an underground structure prevents installation at those depths, the service line
must be able to withstand any anticipated external load.
(b) Support and backfill. Each service line must be properly supported on undisturbed or
well-compacted soil, and material used for backfill must be free of materials that could damage
the pipe or its coating.
(c) Grading for drainage. Where condensate in the gas might cause interruption in the gas
supply to the customer, the service line must be graded so as to drain into the main or into drips
at the low points in the service line.
(d) Protection against piping strain and external loading. Each service line must be installed
so as to minimize anticipated piping strain and external loading.
(e) Installation of service lines into buildings. Each underground service line installed below
grade through the outer foundation wall of a building must --
(1) In the case of a metal service line, be protected against corrosion;
(2) In the case of a plastic service line, be protected from shearing action and backfill
settlement; and
(3) Be sealed at the foundation wall to prevent leakage into the building.
(f) Installation of service lines under buildings. Where an underground service line is in-
stalled under a building --
(1) It must be encased in a gas tight conduit;
(2) The conduit and the service line must, if the service line supplies the building it
underlies, extend into a normally usable and accessible part of the building; and
(3) The space between the conduit and the service line must be sealed to prevent gas
leakage into the building and, if the conduit is sealed at both ends, a vent line from the annular
space must extend to a point where gas would not be a hazard, and extend above grade,
terminating in a rain and insect resistant fitting.
(g) Locating underground service lines. Each underground nonmetallic service line that is
not encased must have a means of locating the pipe that complies with §192.321(e).
[Amdt. 192-75, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996 with Amdt. 192-75 Correction, 61 FR 38403, July 24,
1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 COVER CONSIDERATIONS
(a) Where cover requirements cannot be met due to existing substructures, the portions of the
service lines which could be subjected to superimposed loads should be cased or bridged, or the
pipe should be appropriately strengthened.
(b) See Guide Material Appendix G-192-13 for additional cover considerations and for
considerations to minimize damage by outside forces.
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155
2 COATED STEEL SERVICE LINES IN BORES
2.1 General.
When coated steel pipe is to be installed in a bore, care should be taken to prevent damage to the
coating during installation.
2.2 Boring or driving.

(a) When a coated steel pipeline is to be installed by boring or driving, the pipe should not be used
as the bore pipe or drive pipe unless the coating is sufficiently durable to withstand the
operation. If considering retaining the bored or driven pipe as the carrier pipe, it should be
demonstrable that the coating is sufficiently durable for the anticipated soil conditions and
installation forces. Where significant damage to the coating may result from boring or driving, the
coated pipeline should be installed in an oversize bore or in casing pipe of sufficient diameter to
accommodate the pipe.
(b) See Guide Material Appendix G-192-6 for damage prevention considerations while performing
(c) See Guide Material Appendix G-192-15A for additional considerations for horizontal directional
drilling.
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2.3 Special consideration.

In exceptionally rocky soil, and if significant damage to the coating is likely, coated pipe should not
be inserted through an open bore.
3 PLASTIC SERVICE LINES
3.1 Main connection.

The excavation below the piping at the main connection should be tamped using compactable
material. Where non-compactable material is present, such as very wet mud, it may be necessary to
replace it with compactable material.
The connection between a PE service line and the main is particularly susceptible to excessive shear
stresses due to the design of the joint. Consideration should be made in the joint design to determine
if a protective sleeve is necessary, in addition to providing adequate backfill and compaction around
the transition area, to reduce excessive bending and shear stresses. Protective sleeves that are
designed to mitigate the stresses imposed onto the plastic pipe in the transition areas should be
considered if undue stresses at this joint are anticipated, or if recommended by the manufacturer.
For protective sleeves, see guide material under §192.367. For guide material specific to protective
bridging sleeves, see Figures 192.361A and 192.361B.
FIGURE 192.361A
Tapping Tee Installation with Compaction of Soil
156
FIGURE 192.361B
Tapping Tee Installation Using Protective Bridging Sleeve
Across Poorly Compacted Soil
3.2 Building wall or meter set assembly.

The transition from plastic pipe to more rigid piping should be protected from shear and bending as
at the main connection. The considerations in 3.1 above should be applied to joints in PE piping in
the transition area to the meter riser and the through-the-wall fitting at the building wall or meter set
assembly. If there is neither a basement excavation nor a footing excavation, the trench bottom
should be compacted and smoothed.
If there is either a basement excavation or a footing excavation, compaction may not be feasible
because of possible damage to the building wall. Where compaction is not feasible, some other
method of continuous support for the service line should be provided over the disturbed soil.
3.3 Boring.
See Guide Material Appendix G-192-6 for damage prevention considerations while performing
3.4 Locating underground service lines.

See 2.4 of the guide material under §192.321 for providing a means of locating nonmetallic service
lines.
4 CONSOLIDATION
If trench flooding is used to consolidate the backfill, care should be taken to see that the pipe is not
floated from its firm bearing on the trench bottom. Where service lines are installed in existing or
proposed roadways or in unstable soil, flooding should be augmented by wheel rolling or mechanical
compaction. Multi-lift mechanical compaction can be used in lieu of flooding.
5.1 Existing structures.

When installing a new service line or replacing an existing service line, the proximity and condition of
existing conduits, ducts, sewer lines and similar structures, including abandoned structures, should
be considered since they have the potential to provide a path for the migration of leaking gas.
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157
5.2 Trees and shrubs.

Consideration should be given to not installing service lines in close proximity to specific types of
trees or shrubs which have extensive root growth, particularly the younger ones. Such growth could
exert forces on the pipe and nearby joints.
5.3 Underground clearance and heat sources.

(a) Each gas service line should be installed with sufficient clearance from, or insulated from, any
known heat source (e.g., an underground electric or steam line), which could impair the
serviceability of the gas service line.
(b) The operator should consider the degree of the hazard presented by the heat source when
determining the clearance, insulation, or protective material.
(c) If possible, the operator should install the gas service line with sufficient clearance from adjacent
facilities in order to access it for any necessary repairs or inspections.
(d) The Common Ground Alliance’s “Best Practices” Guide includes Practice Statement 2-12 titled
“Supply Line Separation” and is available at www.commongroundalliance.com. Practice
Statement 2-12 recommends a minimum of 12-inch radial separation between supply facilities,
such as steam lines, plastic gas lines, other fuel lines, and direct buried electrical supply lines,
when installing new direct buried supply facilities in a common trench. If 12-inch separation
cannot be feasibly attained at the time of installation, the Practice Statement recommends taking
mitigating measures, including the use of insulators, casing, shields, or spacers.
(e) Some low-voltage and high-voltage electric lines may increase the average annual ground
temperature of the earth near plastic gas service lines. In such cases, the temperature profile
should be established based on the construction, material, and operating conditions. For
information on the impact of average annual and maximum ground temperatures and how and
when to obtain a temperature profile, refer to “Effect of Elevated Ground Temperature (from
Electric Cables) on the Pressure Rating of PE Pipe in Gas Piping Applications,” AGA Operations
Conference, April 2007, available at www.aga.org/gptc. The effect of this increased average
annual ground temperature is a possible decrease in the pressure rating of plastic pipe. This can
be determined by contacting the plastic pipe manufacturer for pressure rating data to determine
the LTHS (HDB) at this increased average annual ground temperature using the temperature
interpolation method described in PPI TR-3 (also, see 4 of the guide material under §192.121).
6 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
(a) For threaded metallic connections, see guide material under §192.273.
(b) For main connections, see §192.367.
§192.363
Service lines: Valve requirements.
[Effective Date: 11/12/70] --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(a) Each service line must have a service-line valve that meets the applicable requirements of
Subparts B and D of this part. A valve incorporated in a meter bar, that allows the meter to be
bypassed, may not be used as a service line valve.
(b) A soft seat service line valve may not be used if its ability to control the flow of gas could
be adversely affected by exposure to anticipated heat.
(c) Each service-line valve on a high-pressure service line, installed above ground or in an
area where the blowing of gas would be hazardous, must be designed and constructed to
minimize the possibility of the removal of the core of the valve with other than specialized tools.
158
GUIDE MATERIAL
The operator should make certain that the types of service-line valves installed on high-pressure service
lines are suitable. This may be accomplished by making tests or by reviewing the tests made by the
manufacturer.
See guide material under §192.381 for considerations on using excess flow valves (EFVs).
§192.365
Service lines: Location of valves.
(a) Relation to regulator or meter. Each service line valve must be installed upstream of the
regulator or, if there is no regulator, upstream of the meter.
(b) Outside valves. Each service line must have a shut-off valve in a readily accessible
location that, if feasible, is outside of the building.
(c) Underground valves. Each underground service-line valve must be located in a covered
durable curb box or standpipe that allows ready operation of the valve and is supported in-
dependently of the service lines.
GUIDE MATERIAL
When installing a shut-off valve, the operator should consider the access to and operability of the valve
under all reasonably anticipated conditions including areas prone to high water or flooding conditions.
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§192.367
Service lines: General requirements for connections to main piping.
(a) Location. Each service line connection to a main must be located at the top of the main
or, if that is not practical, at the side of the main, unless a suitable protective device is installed to
minimize the possibility of dust and moisture being carried from the main into the service line.
(b) Compression-type connection to main. Each compression-type service line to main
connection must--
(1) Be designed and installed to effectively sustain the longitudinal pull-out or thrust
forces caused by contraction or expansion of the piping, or by anticipated external or internal
loading; and
(2) If gaskets are used in connecting the service line to the main connection fitting, have
gaskets that are compatible with the kind of gas in the system.
[Amdt. 192-75, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996 with Amdt. 192-75 Correction, 61 FR 38403, July 24,
1996]
159
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 MAIN CONNECTION AND PE PIPING
1.1 General.
The connection between a PE service line and the service tee at the main is particularly susceptible
to excessive bending and shear stresses due to the design of the joint.
1.2 Backfill and compaction.

It is important that adequate backfill and compaction be provided in the transition area to reduce the
stresses at the joint between the service tee and the plastic piping. Protective sleeves or bridging
should also be considered if undue stresses are anticipated at these joints.
1.3 Protective sleeves.

(a) Purpose.
Protective sleeves mitigate excessive bending and shear stresses imposed on the plastic pipe at
transition areas. Protective sleeve installations are in addition to providing adequate backfill and
compaction around transition areas.
(b) Design.
(1) The protective sleeve should be designed to fully support the PE pipe in the joint area at the
service tee.
(2) The protective sleeve should be of adequate length and inside diameter to ensure that the
manufacturer’s minimum bend radius is not exceeded.
(3) The annulus between both the protective sleeve and the service tee, and the PE service line,
should be of such fit to avoid overstressing the joint due to anticipated earth settlement after
installation.
(4) Protective sleeves, supplied by several manufacturers, are typically lengths of either PE or
PVC pipe.
1.4 Bending at joints in PE piping.

Due to the nature of installation, the service tee connection can experience excessive bending forces
that are transmitted to the piping at the service tee joint.
(a) Bending of PE piping can overstress the joints, which can lead to premature failures. These
concerns are heightened when making mechanical joints from steel service tees to PE pipe as
the transition is from a rigid steel coupling to a flexible pipe, concentrating stresses at the
transition area.
(b) The minimum bend radii recommendations received from various PE piping manufacturer's
range from 90 to 125 pipe diameters depending on the PE used.
Example: 1” IPS (1.315” OD) PE piping containing a fitting in a bend should be bent at a bend
radius no tighter than 118” to 164” depending on the specific pipe manufacturer's
recommendation. (Where, 1.315” x 90 = 118”; 1.315” x 125 = 164”.) Contact the piping
manufacturer for specific minimum bend radius recommendations.

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
160
§192.369
Service lines: Connections to cast iron or ductile iron mains.
(a) Each service line connected to a cast iron or ductile iron main must be connected by a
mechanical clamp, by drilling and tapping the main, or by another method meeting the
requirements of §192.273.
(b) If a threaded tap is being inserted, the requirements of §§192.151(b) and (c) must also be
met.
GUIDE MATERIAL

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§192.371
Service lines: Steel.
Each steel service line to be operated at less than 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage must be
constructed of pipe designed for a minimum of 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage.
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.373
Service lines: Cast iron and ductile iron.
(a) Cast or ductile iron pipe less than 6 inches (152 millimeters) in diameter may not be
installed for service lines.
(b) If cast iron pipe or ductile iron pipe is installed for use as a service line, the part of the
service line which extends through the building wall must be of steel pipe.
(c) A cast iron or ductile iron service line may not be installed in unstable soil or under a
building.
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
161
§192.375
Service lines: Plastic.
(a) Each plastic service line outside a building must be installed below ground level, except
that --
(1) It may be installed in accordance with §192.321(g); and
(2) It may terminate above ground level and outside the building, if --
(i) The above ground level part of the plastic service line is protected against
deterioration and external damage; and
(ii) The plastic service line is not used to support external loads.
(b) Each plastic service line inside a building must be protected against external damage.
[Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18,
1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) One method of protecting that part of a plastic service line that is above ground or within a building from
external damage is to completely enclose it in a metal pipe of sufficient strength. The metal pipe should
have adequate protection against corrosion and should extend a minimum of 6 inches below grade for
outside installations.
(b) For temperature limitations, see §192.123.
(c) Plastic pipe may be temporarily installed above ground. For limitations and considerations on such use,
see §192.321(g).
(d) For additional considerations relating to meter or service regulator locations, see guide material under
§192.353.
§192.377
Service lines: Copper.
Each copper service line installed within a building must be protected against external damage.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 LOCATIONS
1.1 Concealed.
(a) Except when passing through walls and partitions, concealed locations should be avoided.
(b) When concealed locations are unavoidable, the service line should be located in hollow partitions
rather than solid ones. The piping should be protected from physical damage by tools and other
materials penetrating the wall or partition.
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162
1.2 Exposed.
Consideration should be given to appropriate guards and additional supports when an exposed service
line may reasonably be expected to be subject to physical damage due to normal activities in its vicinity.
2 SUPPORT
A horizontal run of service line should be supported to resist buckling or bending. The recommended
maximum support spacing for commonly used tubing sizes is contained in Table 192.377i.
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM SUPPORT SPACING
Tube Size (OD inches) Support Spacing (feet)

1/2 4
5/8 or 3/4 6
7/8 or 1 1/8 8
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TABLE 192.377i
§192.379
New service lines not in use.
Each service line that is not placed in service upon completion of installation must comply with
one of the following until the customer is supplied with gas;
(a) The valve that is closed to prevent the flow of gas to the customer must be provided with a
locking device or other means designed to prevent the opening of the valve by persons other than
those authorized by the operator.
(b) A mechanical device or fitting that will prevent the flow of gas must be installed in the
service line or in the meter assembly.
(c) The customer's piping must be physically disconnected from the gas supply and the open
pipe ends sealed.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-8, 37 FR 20694, Oct. 3, 1972]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.381
Service lines: Excess flow valve performance standards.
(a) Excess flow valves to be used on single residence service lines that operate continuously
throughout the year at a pressure not less than 10 p.s.i. (69 kPa) gage must be manufactured and
tested by the manufacturer according to an industry specification, or the manufacturer's written
specification, to ensure that each valve will:
163
(1) Function properly up to the maximum operating pressure at which the valve is rated;
(2) Function properly at all temperatures reasonably expected in the operating environment
of the service line;
(3) At 10 p.s.i. (69 kPa) gage;
(i) Close at, or not more than 50 percent above, the rated closure flow rate specified
by the manufacturer; and
(ii) Upon closure, reduce gas flow --
(A) For an excess flow valve designed to allow pressure to equalize across the
valve, to no more than 5 percent of the manufacturer's specified closure flow rate, up to a maximum
of 20 cubic feet per hour (0.57 cubic meters per hour); or
(B) For an excess flow valve designed to prevent equalization of pressure across
the valve, to no more than 0.4 cubic feet per hour (.01 cubic meters per hour); and
(4) Not close when the pressure is less than the manufacturer's minimum specified
operating pressure and the flow rate is below the manufacturer's minimum specified closure flow
rate.
(b) An excess flow valve must meet the applicable requirements of Subparts B and D of this
part.
(c) An operator must mark or otherwise identify the presence of an excess flow valve in the
service line.
(d) An operator shall locate an excess flow valve as near as practical to the fitting connecting
the service line to its source of gas supply.
(e) An operator should not install an excess flow valve on a service line where the operator has
prior experience with contaminants in the gas stream, where these contaminants could be expected
to cause the excess flow valve to malfunction or where the excess flow valve would interfere with
necessary operation and maintenance activities on the service, such as blowing liquids from the
line.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-79, 61 FR 31449, June 20, 1996; Amdt. 192-80, 62 FR 2618, Jan. 17, 1997; Amdt.
192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
The following provides operators with guide material when considering the use of an Excess Flow Valve
(EFV). See guide material under §192.3 for the definitions of EFV, EFV-Bypass (EFVB), and EFV-Non-
Bypass (EFVNB).
2 PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
The performance characteristics of an EFV should be published by the manufacturer. The published
information should include the manufacturer's assigned product description or model number.
Additional information can be found in the following references.
(a) Performance criteria: MSS SP-115, “Excess Flow Valves for Natural Gas Service.”
(b) Test method: ASTM F1802, “Standard Test Method for Performance Testing of Excess Flow
Valves.”
2.1 Pressure or related limitations.

(a) The EFV should function without unintended closure within the manufacturer's operating pressure
limits.
(b) The EFV should not be damaged by test pressures or corresponding flow rates that may be
uncontrolled.
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164
2.2 Reset of the EFV.

The EFV should be capable of resetting through automatic or manual means. Currently, there are two
basic designs:
(a) EFVB: Automatic. When selecting an EFVB, which provides automatic reset, consideration should
be given to the reset time and the volume under the worst-case system conditions.
(b) EFVNB: Manual. The EFVNB may be used to provide complete shutoff of all gas flow. Once
activated, a manual reset capability should be available, such as back-pressuring the line. The
maximum leakage through an EFVNB should be in accordance with MSS SP-115.
2.3 Flow rates during operation.

(a) The actual EFV closure flow rate should be no less than the manufacturer's established limits. This
closure flow rate should be no greater than 50% above the manufacturer's established rate at the
respective EFV inlet pressure.
(b) When subjected to snap-acting loads, the EFV should not close as the flow rate changes abruptly
from a base steady flow to one equal to, or greater than, the typical customer's peak load.
2.4 Inlet pressure changes during EFV operation.

The EFV should not close when subjected to surges in the inlet pressure.
2.5 Contamination.
The manufacturer should demonstrate by accelerated testing that, over time, the EFV closure flow rate
will not adversely decrease, nor will the reset characteristics change as a result of exposure to normal
system contaminants that may occur over the life of the EFV.
2.6 Pressure drop.

The pressure drop across the EFV at the manufacturer's minimum recommended inlet pressure should
not impair the ability to meet the customer's peak flow requirements.
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3 OPERATING CONSIDERATIONS
EFVs should be selected based on loads, pressures, line lengths, and other operating conditions. The
following are some operating factors for consideration.
3.1 Placement.
The placement of the EFV should take into account the geometry of various tapping tees and other
methods of lateral connection that may cause turbulence and other flow transients that could affect EFV
performance.
3.2 Pressure and flow.

(a) The pressure drop across the EFV, the operating pressure of the supply system, the connected
load, and the size and length of downstream piping should be considered when selecting an EFV.
(b) The EFV should not be installed where the operating pressure extremes experienced at the valve
inlet are reasonably expected to fall outside the manufacturer's established operating pressure
limits.
(c) Surge conditions may cause some EFVs to close unexpectedly and should be avoided when
possible. These conditions may result from restoration of pressure following construction activity,
customer curtailment, cold weather peak demand, or other activity that may affect pressure and
flow in a short time period.
3.3 In-line components.

(a) Fittings and other restrictions should be considered. The pressure drop associated with such under
various conditions may have an effect on the performance of the EFV.
165
(b) The characteristics of the meter set assembly should be reviewed, including the minimum inlet
pressure to the regulator, to ensure that the necessary flow is provided under all operating
conditions. The EFV selected should be compatible with these conditions.
3.4 Changes in gas density.

Changes in gas density due to peak saving, such as propane-air mixtures, may alter the closure flow
characteristics.
3.5 Snap-acting loads.

Snap-acting loads may cause flow to change abruptly and are mainly found in non-residential service
lines. These may be caused by the firing of large gas equipment or by simultaneous firing of several
gas appliances. The operator should be aware of the operational effect of a sudden load demand on an
EFV.
4 INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS
Unless established otherwise, the manufacturer's recommended procedures for installation of an EFV
should be followed. The following are some general installation factors for consideration.
4.1 Contaminants.
During or prior to installation, dirt, liquid, or other contaminating foreign material should not be allowed
to enter the EFV.
4.2 Gas flow direction.

Ensure the EFV is properly oriented with the direction of gas flow.
4.3 Application of heat.

Exposure to heat when performing such tasks as tie-ins or coating applications should be controlled so
as not to adversely affect the EFV.
4.4 Pressure testing.

When performing a pre-installation pressure test through the upstream lateral tee, a rapid re-
pressurization of the line should be avoided because such action may damage or close the downstream
EFV.
5 IDENTIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS
Marking and identifying that an EFV has been installed may be accomplished by affixing a durable
identifying tag to the meter set assembly, appropriately indicating the presence of an EFV on maps or
records, or other acceptable methods. Combinations of the above may also be considered.
§192.383
Excess flow valve customer notification.
(a) Definitions. As used in this section:

Costs associated with installation means the costs directly connected with installing an
excess flow valve, for example, costs of parts, labor, inventory and procurement. It does not include
maintenance and replacement costs until such costs are incurred.
Replaced service line means a natural gas service line where the fitting that connects the
service line to the main is replaced or the piping connected to this fitting is replaced.
166 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Service line customer means the person who pays the gas bill, or where service has not yet
been established, the person requesting service.
(b) Which customers must receive notification. Notification is required on each newly installed
service line or replaced service line that operates continuously throughout the year at a pressure not
less than 68.9 kPa (10 psig) and that serves a single residence. On these lines an operator of a
natural gas distribution system must notify the service line customer once in writing.
(c) What to put in the written notice.
(1) An explanation for the customer that an excess flow valve meeting the performance
standards prescribed under §192.381 is available for the operator to install if the customer bears the
costs associated with installation;
(2) An explanation for the customer of the potential safety benefits that may be derived
from installing an excess flow valve. The explanation must include that an excess flow valve is
designed to shut off the flow of natural gas automatically if the service line breaks;
(3) A description of installation, maintenance, and replacement costs. The notice must
explain that if the customer requests the operator to install an EFV, the customer bears all costs
associated with installation, and what those costs are. The notice must alert the customer that costs
for maintaining and replacing an EFV may later be incurred, and what those costs will be, to the
extent known.
(d) When notification and installation must be made.
(1) After February 3, 1999 an operator must notify each service line customer set forth in
paragraph (b) of this section:
(i) On new service lines when the customer applies for service.
(ii) On replaced service lines when the operator determines the service line will be
replaced.
(2) If a service line customer requests installation an operator must install the EFV at a
mutually agreeable date.
(e) What records are required.
(1) An operator must make the following records available for inspection by the
Administrator or a State agency participating under 49 U.S.C. 60105 or 60106:
(i) A copy of the notice currently in use, and
(ii) Evidence that notice has been sent to the service line customers set forth in
paragraph (b) of this section, within the previous three years.
(2) [Reserved]
(f) When notification is not required.
The notification requirements do not apply if the operator can demonstrate–
(1) That the operator will voluntarily install an excess flow valve or that the state or local
jurisdiction requires installation;
(2) That excess flow valves meeting the performance standards of §192.381 are not
available to the operator
(3) That an operator has prior experience with contaminants in the gas stream that could
interfere with the operation of an excess flow valve, cause loss of service to a residence, or interfere
with necessary operation or maintenance activities, such as blowing liquids from the line.
(4) That an emergency or short time notice replacement situation made it impractical for the
operator to notify a service line customer before replacing a service line. Examples of these
situations would be where an operator has to replace a service line quickly because of–
(i) Third party excavation damage;
(ii) Grade 1 leaks as defined in the Appendix G–192-11 of the Gas Piping Technology
Committee guide for gas transmission and distribution systems;
(iii) A short notice service line relocation request.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-83, 63 FR 5464, Feb. 3, 1998 with Amdt. 192-83 Correction, 63 FR 20134, Apr.
23, 1998]
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GUIDE MATERIAL
1 OPERATOR VS. CUSTOMER FUNDING OF EXCESS FLOW VALVES (EFVs)
In deciding whether to voluntarily install EFVs, the operator may use a decision analysis method to
compare the costs of alternative programs. When such a method is used, the operator should
periodically review the decision based on actual costs and field experience. The operator should also
consider that recoverable cost for voluntarily installed valves may be determined by regulatory
authorities.
2 CUSTOMER NOTIFICATION MESSAGE
2.1 Generic notification.

Use of a generic notification document prepared by an association, consultant, or other entity, is
acceptable as long as it contains all the relevant information. Therefore, an operator does not need to
prepare a unique notice specific to its customers.
2.2 Information.
In addition to information on safety, availability, and pricing of EFVs, the notice may address legal
issues, such as ownership rights, limitation of liability, and a disclaimer of warranties. Additional
information may be included, such as EFV manufacturer's brochures, a consumer group's telephone
number, and other information that aids a customer's decision-making ability. Wording and explanations
should be written for the average customer, not for persons with specialized technical expertise, such
as engineers or attorneys.
2.3 EFV limitations and service line failures.

The notice may include the limitations of EFVs. For example, an EFV does not protect against slow
leaks, such as those caused by corrosion, at threaded joints, or beyond the service regulator (e.g., pilot
light outages). The notice may describe conditions that could cause a service line to fail, including third-
party damage, earthquakes, lightning strikes, ground subsidence, or vandalism.
3 WHEN NOTIFICATION IS NOT REQUIRED
The operator should be prepared to provide supporting documentation when §192.383(f) is applied.
4 OTHER
4.1 Emergency situations.

Operators should attempt to make an EFV customer notification when a service line is being replaced in
an emergency situation.
4.2 Customer inquiries.

The operator should provide knowledgeable personnel to explain technical information to enable the
customer to make a well-reasoned decision about the installation. Alternatively, operators may make
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EFV vendor literature available or refer customers to EFV vendors for information.
168
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART I
SUBPART I
REQUIREMENTS FOR CORROSION CONTROL
§192.451
Scope.
This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for the protection of metallic pipelines from
external, internal, and atmospheric corrosion.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971; Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt.
192-33, 43 FR 39389, Sept. 5, 1978]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.452
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How does this subpart apply to converted pipelines and
regulated onshore gathering lines?
(a) Converted pipelines. Notwithstanding the date the pipeline was installed or any earlier
deadlines for compliance, each pipeline which qualifies for use under this part in accordance with
§192.14 must meet the requirements of the subpart specifically applicable to pipelines installed
before August 1, 1971, and all other applicable requirements within 1 year after the pipeline is
readied for service. However, the requirements of this subpart specifically applicable to pipelines
installed after July 31, 1971, apply if the pipeline substantially meets those requirements before it is
readied for service or it is a segment that is replaced, relocated or substantially altered.
(b) Regulated onshore gathering lines. For any regulated onshore gathering line under §192.9
existing on April 14, 2006, that was not previously subject to this part, and for any onshore gathering
line that becomes a regulated onshore gathering line under §192.9 after April 14, 2006, because of a
change in class location or increase in dwelling density:
(1) The requirements of this subpart specifically applicable to pipelines installed before
August 1, 1971, apply to the gathering line regardless of the date the pipeline was actually installed;
and
(2) The requirements of this subpart specifically applicable to pipelines installed after July
31, 1971, apply only if the pipeline substantially meets those requirements.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-30, 42 FR 60146, Nov. 25, 1977; Amdt. 192-102, 71 FR 13289, Mar. 15, 2006]
169
GUIDE MATERIAL
The operator should review the corrosion control records or perform field tests and surveys for the pipeline
to be converted to ensure that cathodic protection can be applied to the pipeline to meet the requirements of
Subpart I within 12 months of the conversion. The tests and surveys may include electrical surveys, pipe
examination, coating examination and soil tests. A record of the review or tests and surveys should be
maintained.
§192.453
General.
The corrosion control procedures required by §192.605(b)(2), including those for the design,
installation, operation and maintenance of cathodic protection systems, must be carried out by, or
under the direction of, a person qualified in pipeline corrosion control methods.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971; Amdt. 192-71, 59 FR 6579, Feb. 11, 1994]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
Personnel responsible for directing the design, installation, operation, or maintenance of an operator’s
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corrosion control systems should have knowledge of and practical experience in the following.
(a) Pipeline coatings.
(b) Cathodic protection (CP) systems (galvanic and impressed current).
(c) Stray current interference.
(d) Electrical isolation.
(e) Survey methods and evaluation techniques.
(f) Instruments used.
2 REFERENCE
A reference for the design and installation of CP systems is NACE RP0169, Sections 7 and 8.
§192.455
External corrosion control: Buried or submerged pipelines
installed after July 31, 1971.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), and (f) of this section, each buried or submerged
pipeline installed after July 31, 1971, must be protected against external corrosion, including the
following:
(1) It must have an external protective coating meeting the requirements of §192.461.
(2) It must have a cathodic protection system designed to protect the pipeline in
170
accordance with this subpart, installed and placed in operation within 1 year after completion of
construction.
(b) An operator need not comply with paragraph (a) of this section, if the operator can
demonstrate by tests, investigation, or experience in the area of application, including, as a
minimum, soil resistivity measurements and tests for corrosion accelerating bacteria, that a
corrosive environment does not exist. However, within six months after an installation made
pursuant to the preceding sentence, the operator shall conduct tests, including pipe-to-soil potential
measurements with respect to either a continuous reference electrode or an electrode using close
spacing, not to exceed 20 feet (6 meters), and soil resistivity measurements at potential profile peak
locations, to adequately evaluate the potential profile along the entire pipeline. If the tests made
indicate that a corrosive condition exists, the pipeline must be cathodically protected in accordance
with paragraph (a) (2) of this section.
(c) An operator need not comply with paragraph (a) of this section, if the operator can
demonstrate by tests, investigation, or experience that --
(1) For a copper pipeline, a corrosive environment does not exist; or
(2) For a temporary pipeline with an operating period of service not to exceed five years
beyond installation, corrosion during the five-year period of service of the pipeline will not be
detrimental to public safety.
(d) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, if a pipeline is
externally coated, it must be cathodically protected in accordance with paragraph (a) (2) of this
section.
(e) Aluminum may not be installed in a buried or submerged pipeline if that aluminum is
exposed to an environment with a natural pH in excess of 8.0, unless tests or experience indicate its
suitability in the particular environment involved.
(f) This section does not apply to electrically isolated, metal alloy fittings in plastic pipelines, if:
(1) For the size fitting to be used, an operator can show by test, investigation, or experience
in the area of application that adequate corrosion control is provided by the alloy composition; and
(2) The fitting is designed to prevent leakage caused by localized corrosion pitting.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971; Amdt. 192-28, 42 FR 35653, July 11, 1977; Amdt.
192-39, 47 FR 9842, Mar. 8, 1982; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78
Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 REFERENCES
NACE RP0169, “Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping

Systems,” as follows.
(a) For §192.455(a), see Sections 7, 8, and 9.
(b) For §192.455(b), see Section 3.
2 ISOLATED STEEL COMPONENTS IN PLASTIC PIPING SYSTEMS
Where an operator is unable to demonstrate by tests, investigation, or experience that cathodic

protection (CP) is not required, one of the following methods may be used to protect isolated steel
components in plastic piping systems.
(a) A galvanic anode directly connected to the steel component. Although the anode lead may be used
as a test station for monitoring CP under §192.465, a separate test lead may be installed so that
damage to the test lead will not interfere with CP.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
171
(b) Each steel component may be connected to a tracer wire that is also connected to one or more
galvanic anodes. To facilitate monitoring, the tracer wire may be terminated at one or more service
risers. The operator should consider the impact that a tracer wire network might have on the
anode's effectiveness to cathodically protect the steel component. Considerations may include:
(1) Installation of the proper size anode.
(2) The potential for damage to the tracer wire between the anode and the steel component.
The operator is cautioned that a break in the tracer wire could affect the protection and monitoring
of the connected components. See 2 of the guide material under §192.321 for further information
regarding tracer wires.
3 STRAY ELECTRICAL INTERFERENCE CURRENTS
Piping exposed to stray electrical interference currents may require protection and mitigation prior to the
end of the one-year maximum time period stated in the Regulations. See guide material under
§192.473.
§192.457
External corrosion control: Buried or submerged pipelines
installed before August 1, 1971.
(a) Except for buried piping at compressor, regulator, and measuring stations, each buried or
submerged transmission line installed before August 1, 1971, that has an effective external coating
must be cathodically protected along the entire area that is effectively coated, in accordance with
this subpart. For the purposes of this subpart, a pipeline does not have an effective external coating
if its cathodic protection current requirements are substantially the same as if it were bare. The
operator shall make tests to determine the cathodic protection current requirements.
(b) Except for cast iron or ductile iron, each of the following buried or submerged pipelines
installed before August 1, 1971, must be cathodically protected in accordance with this subpart in
areas in which active corrosion is found:
(1) Bare or ineffectively coated transmission lines.
(2) Bare or coated pipe at compressor, regulator, and measuring stations.
(3) Bare or coated distribution lines.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971; Amdt. 192-33, 43 FR 39389, Sept. 5, 1978; Amdt.
92-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See guide material under §192.465 regarding “areas in which active corrosion is found.”
172 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

§192.459
External corrosion control: Examination of buried pipeline when exposed.
Whenever an operator has knowledge that any portion of a buried pipeline is exposed, the
exposed portion must be examined for evidence of external corrosion if the pipe is bare, or if the
coating is deteriorated. If external corrosion requiring remedial action under Secs. 192.483 through
192.489 is found, the operator shall investigate circumferentially and longitudinally beyond the
exposed portion (by visual examination, indirect method, or both) to determine whether additional
corrosion requiring remedial action exists in the vicinity of the exposed portion.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971; Amdt. 192-87, 64 FR 56978, Oct. 22, 1999]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 FIELD INVESTIGATION
The following may be considered when inspecting exposed pipe for external corrosion.
(a) If no corrosion is found, further investigation is not required.
(b) If corrosion is found, but the corrosion does not require remedial action (as required by §§192.483,
192.485, 192.487, and 192.489), repair or upgrade the cathodic protection system to prevent
further corrosion, if applicable.
(c) If corrosion requiring remedial action is found, perform an investigation by visual examination, an
indirect method, or a combination of both to determine the extent of any additional detrimental
corrosion in the vicinity of the exposed pipe. This investigation must be conducted both
circumferentially and longitudinally. Procedures for additional investigation may include the
following.
(1) Guidelines for determining when to use a visual examination or other methods.
(2) A list of operator-approved investigation methods, which might include additional excavation,
electrical surveys, wall-thickness measurements, internal inspection tools, or other non-
destructive testing methods.
(3) Allowable methods of inspection.
(4) Criteria for how much pipe must be found that does not require remedial action before stopping
the investigation. These criteria might include location, diameter, operating pressure, or other
factors.
(5) Guidelines for what to do if remedial action is required but cannot be performed immediately.
(6) Guidelines for when to contact a supervisor or other personnel who are qualified in corrosion
control methods (see guide material under §192.453).
(7) Requirements for documentation.
(d) Repair of any coating damage caused or found during an inspection.
2 FIELD REPORT
A field work report or similar form is useful for describing the condition of the coating or exposed pipe
surface in qualitative terms. General criteria for rating the existing conditions should be established
system-wide to provide for consistency in field reporting and analysis. Where possible, the report or
form should include the following.
(a) An evaluation of the coating condition.
(b) An evaluation of the pipe condition.
(c) The extent of the initial investigation.
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173
(d) The extent of any additional investigation conducted, if remedial action is required.
3.1 General.
When inspecting the exposed pipeline, consideration should be given to the proximity and condition of
existing conduits, ducts, sewer lines and similar structures, including abandoned facilities, which might
have the potential to provide a path for the migration of leaking gas.
3.2 Cathodic shielding.

Visual inspection for corrosion is an effective method to determine cathodic shielding of a pipeline. The
area exposed around a pipeline should be inspected for foreign objects that can contribute to cathodic
shielding. Once a corroded or shielded area is discovered, remedial measures should be taken. See
9.2 of the guide material under §192.465 for further information regarding shielding of current.
4 INSPECTING PIPELINE IN CASINGS
4.1 Visual inspection.

Normally, it is impractical to inspect a carrier pipe in a casing. Whenever the encased carrier pipe is
exposed, it should be visually inspected. Visual inspection of the encased carrier pipe for atmospheric
corrosion conditions within casings should be made in those situations where the casing must be
lengthened due to road widening or other construction, and where the carrier pipe must be pulled out of
the casing and replaced.
4.2 In-line inspection.

In-line inspection surveys may be used to evaluate corrosion of an encased carrier pipe. However, it is
normally not practical to use this technique except when it is part of a general in-line inspection survey.
§192.461
External corrosion control: Protective coating.
(a) Each external protective coating, whether conductive or insulating, applied for the purpose
of external corrosion control must --
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(1) Be applied on a properly prepared surface;

(2) Have sufficient adhesion to the metal surface to effectively resist underfilm migration of
moisture;
(3) Be sufficiently ductile to resist cracking;
(4) Have sufficient strength to resist damage due to handling and soil stress; and
(5) Have properties compatible with any supplemental cathodic protection.
(b) Each external protective coating which is an electrically insulating type must also have low
moisture absorption and high electrical resistance.
(c) Each external protective coating must be inspected just prior to lowering the pipe into the
ditch and backfilling, and any damage detrimental to effective corrosion control must be repaired.
(d) Each external protective coating must be protected from damage resulting from adverse
ditch conditions or damage from supporting blocks.
(e) If coated pipe is installed by boring, driving, or other similar method, precautions must be
taken to minimize damage to the coating during installation.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971]
174
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 REFERENCES
References are contained in Table 192.461i.
REFERENCES
Federal Regulation NACE Document*

§192.461(a) RP0169, Section 5
§192.461(b) RP0169, Section 5
§192.461(c) RP0274
§192.461(d) RP0169, Section 5
RP0375, Section 6
*Note: See Guide Material Appendix G-192-1,
Section 1.9, for document titles.
TABLE 192.461i
2 BORING OR DRIVING (§192.461(e))

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
See 2 of the guide material under §192.361.
§192.463
External corrosion control: Cathodic protection.
(a) Each cathodic protection system required by this subpart must provide a level of cathodic
protection that complies with one or more of the applicable criteria contained in Appendix D of this
subpart. If none of these criteria is applicable, the cathodic protection system must provide a level of
cathodic protection at least equal to that provided by compliance with one or more of these criteria.
(b) If amphoteric metals are included in a buried or submerged pipeline containing a metal of
different anodic potential --
(1) The amphoteric metals must be electrically isolated from the remainder of the pipeline
and cathodically protected; or
(2) The entire buried or submerged pipeline must be cathodically protected at a cathodic
potential that meets the requirements of Appendix D of this part for amphoteric metals.
(c) The amount of cathodic protection must be controlled so as not to damage the protective
coating or the pipe.
GUIDE MATERIAL
Amphoteric metal, as defined in NACE RP0169, is a metal that is susceptible to corrosion in both acid and
alkaline environments (e.g., aluminum and copper).
175
§192.465
External corrosion control: Monitoring.
(a) Each pipeline that is under cathodic protection must be tested at least once each calendar
year, but with intervals not exceeding 15 months, to determine whether the cathodic protection
meets the requirements of §192.463. However, if tests at those intervals are impractical for
separately protected short sections of mains or transmission lines, not in excess of 100 feet (30
meters), or separately protected service lines, these pipelines may be surveyed on a sampling basis.
At least 10 percent of these protected structures, distributed over the entire system must be
surveyed each calendar year, with a different 10 percent checked each subsequent year, so that the
entire system is tested in each 10-year period.
(b) Each cathodic protection rectifier or other impressed current power source must be
inspected six times each calendar year, but with intervals not exceeding 2½ months, to ensure that it
is operating.
(c) Each reverse current switch, each diode, and each interference bond whose failure would
jeopardize structure protection, must be electrically checked for proper performance six times each
calendar year, but with intervals not exceeding 2½ months. Each other interference bond must be
checked at least once each calendar year, but with intervals not exceeding 15 months.
(d) Each operator shall take prompt remedial action to correct any deficiencies indicated by the
monitoring.
(e) After the initial evaluation required by §§192.455(b) and (c) and 192.457(b), each operator
must, not less than every 3 years at intervals not exceeding 39 months, reevaluate its unprotected
pipelines and cathodically protect them in accordance with this subpart in areas in which active
corrosion is found. The operator must determine the areas of active corrosion by electrical survey.
However, on distribution lines and where an electrical survey is impractical on transmission lines,
areas of active corrosion may be determined by other means that include review and analysis of leak
repair and inspection records, corrosion monitoring records, exposed pipe inspection records, and
the pipeline environment. In this section:
(1) Active corrosion means continuing corrosion which, unless controlled, could result in a
condition that is detrimental to public safety.
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(2) Electrical survey means a series of closely spaced pipe-to-soil readings over a pipeline
that are subsequently analyzed to identify locations where a corrosive current is leaving the
pipeline.
(3) Pipeline environment includes soil resistivity (high or low), soil moisture (wet or dry),
soil contaminants that may promote corrosive activity, and other known conditions that could affect
the probability of active corrosion.
192-33, 43 FR 39389, Sept. 5, 1978; Amdt. 192-35, 44 FR 75384, Dec. 20, 1979 with Amdt. 192-35A, 45
FR 23441, Apr. 7, 1980; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192.93, 68 FR 53895, Sept.
15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 METHODS FOR MONITORING CATHODICALLY PROTECTED PIPELINES
Monitoring requirements of pipeline cathodic protection (CP) systems may be satisfied by on-site,
remote, or other testing and inspection methods.
176
2 REMEDIAL ACTION TO CORRECT DEFICIENCIES FOUND BY MONITORING
(a) Common corrosion control methods include coating, CP, and electrical isolation. CP systems
typically use galvanic anodes or impressed current (rectifiers). Other corrosion control devices may
include electrical isolators, interference bonds, diodes, and reverse current switches.
(b) Remedial action is required whenever it is determined that the CP or other installed corrosion
control methods are not operating effectively.
(c) The specific remedial action to be taken depends on the type of corrosion control method installed
and the problem encountered. In certain situations, the deficiency can be corrected by modifying
existing corrosion control methods (e.g., increasing output from adjacent rectifiers).
(d) Operators are required to take prompt remedial action to correct deficiencies indicated by
monitoring. Remedial action should correct the deficiency before the next monitoring cycle required
by §192.465. However, for monitoring cycles greater than one year, remedial action should be
completed within 15 months of discovery.
Example: It is discovered that pipe coating has deteriorated and that the existing corrosion control
system is unable to achieve the desired CP level. The operator should initiate and document action
taken to achieve the acceptable CP level before the next monitoring cycle. Remedial action might
(1) Installing additional CP,
(2) Recoating the pipe to meet the requirements of §192.461, or
(3) Replacing the pipe.
(e) If remedial action cannot be completed prior to the next scheduled monitoring cycle, the operator
should document the actions taken to correct the deficiency and the expected timeframe for
completion.
3 METHODS FOR LOCATING CORROSION AREAS ON UNPROTECTED PIPELINES
(a) Unprotected pipeline as used in §192.465(e) means a metallic pipeline (other than cast iron and
ductile iron) that is not cathodically protected in accordance with §192.463. The most effective,
practical, and reliable methods to evaluate or determine areas of corrosion on gas facilities will vary
with the type and location of facilities. Historically, electrical-type surveys have been practical and
effective on transmission pipelines and other pipelines in rural areas (see 9 below). In-line
inspection may also be useful where the pipeline will accommodate this equipment (see 10 below).
Pipelines in urban areas present great difficulty in the use of in-line inspection tools and in the
practical application and interpretation of electrical-type surveys. The use of such surveys will
generally be precluded in urban areas by the considerations in 9.2 below.
(b) Where electrical-type surveys are considered impractical or ineffectual, leak surveys and a review
of leak survey results, corrosion leak repair history, and records of exposed pipe examinations are
the most effective means of determining corrosion areas. In addition, §192.465(e) requires an
operator to consider the pipeline environment that could affect the probability of active corrosion.
Leak surveys and records review may be the most appropriate method to determine corrosion
areas on distribution gas facilities and other gas facilities in urban areas. On-stream corrosion
detectors, pressure tests, ultrasonic, acoustical, visual, or other methods may be applicable in
special cases.
4 DETERMINING ACTIVE CORROSION ON UNPROTECTED PIPELINES
4.1 Considerations.
The determination that active corrosion exists depends on an assessment whether conditions in known
or suspected corrosion areas are such that continuing corrosion could result in a detriment to public
safety. Personnel qualified by training or experience should make the determination whether a
suspected or known corrosion condition should be considered active corrosion. The following factors
should be considered in assessing the effect on public safety.
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177
(a) Leak frequency.

(b) Pressure.
(c) Location of piping.
(d) Location of dwellings and other structures.
(e) Gas venting and migration characteristics of the area.
4.2 Determination.
Continuing corrosion should be considered as active corrosion if it is determined that operation and
maintenance actions will not control the corrosion condition to an extent that prevents it from becoming
detrimental to public safety.
5 "NOT ACTIVE" CONTINUING CORROSION ON UNPROTECTED PIPELINES
(a) If continuing corrosion is determined to be "not active," CP or other corrective measures may not be
required. One method of assessing continuing corrosion is by a measured or calculated corrosion
rate of the pipe in the area of concern. Application of the corrosion rate to the pipe could result in an
estimate of when the pipe might become a detriment to public safety. Corrective measures would
be required prior to that time. Such an analysis would be required at least every three years at
intervals not exceeding 39 months, since §192.465(e) requires an unprotected pipeline be
reevaluated every three years at intervals not exceeding 39 months for the existence of active
corrosion.
(b) Corrosion that is currently considered "not active" could also become active due to growth of public
presence in the vicinity of the pipeline. An increase in the rate of corrosion is not necessarily
required.
6 CORRECTING ACTIVE CORROSION ON UNPROTECTED PIPELINES
6.1 Corrective measures.

Where it has been determined that active corrosion exists, §192.465(e) requires CP in accordance with
Subpart I for the pipeline in areas of active corrosion. The following corrective measures should be
considered.
(a) Cathodically protecting the pipeline in areas of active corrosion. The following measures should be
considered to assist in the application of CP.
(1) Coating or recoating the pipe.
(2) Controlling stray current.
(3) Mitigating shielding effects or non-galvanic corrosion, such as microbiologically influenced
corrosion (MIC).
(b) Replacing with plastic pipe or coated steel pipe.
(c) Abandonment.
6.2 Prompt action.

Operators should take prompt action when an area of active corrosion is found. Corrective action
should be completed within 15 months of discovery, or earlier if analysis indicates a shorter interval is
appropriate. If corrective action cannot be completed within 15 months, the operator should document
the actions taken and the expected timeframe for completion.
6.3 Reference.
AGA XL8920, "Attention Prioritizing and Pipe Replacement/Renewal Decisions."
178 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

7 MONITORING OF CATHODICALLY PROTECTED AREAS ON UNPROTECTED PIPELINES

(§192.465(a))
7.1 "Active" corrosion areas.

See 4 and 6 above. For areas of local corrosion protection provided by galvanic anodes at individual
locations of active corrosion, the anodes need to provide a level of CP that complies with §192.463.
Monitoring is required in accordance with §192.465(a).
7.2 "Not active" corrosion areas.

See 5 above. For areas of local protection provided by galvanic anodes at individual locations of "not
active" corrosion, the corrosion protection levels are not subject to the requirements of §192.463. Such
"voluntarily installed" anodes need not be monitored in accordance with §192.465(a), but the pipeline
must be reevaluated every three years at intervals not exceeding 39 months in accordance with
§192.465(e).
8 MONITORING OF UNPROTECTED PIPELINES (§192.465(e))
Every three years at intervals not exceeding 39 months, unprotected pipelines are required to be
reevaluated to identify areas of active corrosion in accordance with §192.465(e). Electrical surveys are
required except as follows.
(a) Where electrical survey is impractical, the study of failures, leakage history, corrosion, class
location, hazard to the public, and unusual operating/maintenance conditions may be used to
evaluate the need for protection.
(b) Where the pipeline is remotely located or otherwise determined that corrosion caused leaks would
not be a detriment to public safety.
9 USING ELECTRICAL-TYPE SURVEYS FOR UNPROTECTED PIPELINES
9.1 Methods.
(a) The following are examples of electrical-type surveys.
(1) Pipe-to-soil potential measurement. Where practical, this electrical survey is required by
§192.465(e) to determine areas of active corrosion on transmission lines.
(2) Soil resistivity measurement.
(3) Dual electrode or earth gradient measurement.
(4) Line current measurement.
(b) Except for pipe-to-soil potential surveys, if other electrical-type surveys are used to determine areas
of active corrosion, §192.465(e) requires a review and analysis of leak repair and inspection
records, corrosion monitoring records, exposed pipe inspection records, and the pipeline
environment.
9.2 Applicability
Where electrical-type surveys are considered for use in determining corrosion areas, the operator
should consider the following conditions that may make these surveys impractical to apply or
ineffective, or may result in unreliable data.
(a) Stray earth gradient. Telluric currents, iron ore deposits, A.C. induction, and other sources create
stray earth potential gradients that may make it difficult to reliably interpret electrical surveys.
(b) Lack of electrical continuity. The facility may not be electrically continuous due to unknown
insulators or other high resistance joining methods, such as gasketed joints and, on occasion, lack
of continuity on threaded connections. These discontinuities may be intermittent with time.
(c) Pavement and congestion. Electrical-type surveys are complicated in congested areas where
frequent pipe contact is necessary. Paved streets and sidewalks prevent ready access to the soil
contact required for the copper sulfate electrode and also limit ability to contact the pipe itself.
179 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(d) Electrical isolation. Facilities that are not electrically isolated are often in direct contact with other
metallic structures or in indirect contact with these structures through the earth, house plumbing,
wiring, or electrical grounding systems. Where such contacts exist, electrical surveys are either
ineffective or may erroneously indicate corrosion problems. For example, an unknown contact
between a steel pipeline and aluminum, zinc, or galvanized metal would indicate an electro-
negative peak on a pipe-to-soil survey that may erroneously be interpreted as a corrosive condition
on the pipeline.
(e) Shielding of current. CP current may be shielded from the pipeline by nearby objects close to the
pipeline. The current can be picked up by nearby conducting elements such as casings, parallel or
crossing lines, scrap metal, or other foreign objects. Non-conducting elements close to the pipeline
can also shield or limit the current to the pipeline. Such elements could be disbonded coating,
rocks, solid-type rock shield (i.e., material that would shield CP), rock ledges, or concrete
structures. The shielding effects can go undetected by an electrical survey due to the many
combinations of the size and location of shielding objects.
(f) Sufficiency of history and details of facilities. Correct interpretation of electrical measurements on
gas facilities depends on detailed knowledge of the age and types of material installed,
maintenance history, location of galvanic anodes, coating, foreign facilities, location and types of
service lines, joining methods, and unusual soil conditions. For example, the installation of
insulators after the facilities have been in service will alter the significance of previous electrical
survey data.
(g) Other conditions.
(1) Extremely dry soil.
(2) Adjacent underground facilities.
(h) Practicability. The extreme hardship or expense of obtaining a meaningful electrical survey may
render a survey inappropriate for a given pipeline because of the above or other conditions.
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10 USING IN-LINE INSPECTION SURVEYS TO DETECT CORROSION
10.1 Methods.
The following are types of in-line inspection surveys that have been successfully used to detect
corrosion.
(a) Magnetic flux leakage.
(b) Ultrasonic, provided the pipeline is filled with liquid.
10.2 Applicability.
In-line inspection surveys may be impractical to apply or be ineffective. In addition, they may result in
damage to the pipeline or the in-line inspection tool. When considered for use in determining corrosion
areas, the operator should address the following conditions.
(a) Valves and fittings with inside diameters smaller than the inside diameter of the pipe.
(b) Launching and receiving facilities with inadequate inside diameter or length.
(c) Changes in nominal pipe sizes, sharp bends, or short-radius ells.
(d) Obstructions.
(e) Lack of scraper bars (i.e., retaining bars installed in branch connections).
(f) Inadequate pressure to move the in-line inspection tool.
(g) Inadequate pressure regulating facilities to control the velocity of the in-line inspection tool.
(h) Inadequate liquid medium when using ultrasonic instruments.
10.3 Limitations.
In-line inspection tools may be used to find external and internal corrosion. Although the tool does
indicate areas of metal loss, it may not give accurate indications of defect severity. Further, it may not
reliably detect most crack defects that can occur in pipelines. Defects that may not necessarily be
detected by the in-line inspection tools include the following.
180
(a) Stress corrosion cracking.

(b) Manufacturing defects in the longitudinal weld.
(c) Laminations, inclusions, and similar defects.
(d) Girth-weld defects.
(e) Cracks in gouges.
(f) Coating defects.
10.4 Reference.
§192.467
External corrosion control: Electrical isolation.
(a) Each buried or submerged pipeline must be electrically isolated from other underground
metallic structures, unless the pipeline and the other structures are electrically interconnected and
cathodically protected as a single unit.
(b) One or more insulating devices must be installed where electrical isolation of a portion of a
pipeline is necessary to facilitate the application of corrosion control.
(c) Except for unprotected copper inserted in ferrous pipe, each pipeline must be electrically
isolated from metallic casings that are a part of the underground system. However, if isolation is not
achieved because it is impractical, other measures must be taken to minimize corrosion of the
pipeline inside the casing.
(d) Inspection and electrical tests must be made to assure that electrical isolation is adequate.
(e) An insulating device may not be installed in an area where a combustible atmosphere is
anticipated unless precautions are taken to prevent arcing.
(f) Where a pipeline is located in close proximity to electrical transmission tower footings,
ground cables or counterpoise, or in other areas where fault currents or unusual risk of lightning
may be anticipated, it must be provided with protection against damage due to fault currents or
lightning, and protective measures must also be taken at insulating devices.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971; Amdt. 192-33, 43 FR 39389, Sept. 5, 1978]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION (§192.467(a), (b), and (c))
1.1 Insulating devices. (§192.467(a) and (b))

Insulating devices may consist of insulating flange assemblies (see guide material under §192.147),
unions or couplings, or fabricated insulating joints. These devices should be properly rated for
temperature, pressure, and dielectric strength. Typical locations where electrical insulating devices
should be considered include the following.
(a) At supporting pipe stanchions, bridge structures, tunnel enclosures, piling, and reinforced concrete
foundations where electrical contact would preclude effective cathodic protection (CP). It may be
necessary to electrically isolate the piping from such a structure, or the piping and structure from
adjacent underground piping.
(b) At metallic curb boxes and valve enclosures. These should be designed, fabricated and installed in
such a manner that electrical isolation from the piping system will be maintained.
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181
(c) Where a pipe enters a building through a metallic wall sleeve and where it is intended to maintain
electrical isolation between the sleeve and the pipe. To accomplish this, insulating spacers should
be used.
(d) At river weights, pipeline anchors, and metallic reinforcement in weight coatings. These should be
electrically isolated from the carrier pipe and installed so that coating damage will not occur.
(e) Points at which facilities change ownership, such as meter stations and well heads.
(f) Connections to main line piping systems such as gathering or distribution system laterals.
(g) Inlet and outlet piping of inline measuring or pressure regulating stations or both.
(h) Compressor or pumping stations, either in the suction and discharge piping or in the main line
immediately upstream and downstream of the station.
(i) In stray current areas.
(j) At the termination of service line connections and entrance piping to prevent electrical continuity
with other metallic systems.
1.2 Casings. (§192.467(c))

(a) New installations.
(1) Spacers and sealing. All new construction of cased metallic pipelines should provide for the
installation of insulating type casing spacers or other suitable means to prevent physical
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
contact between the carrier pipe and casing. The ends of the casing may be sealed with a
non-conductive sealing method to prevent mud, silt, and water from entering the annular space
between the casing and the carrier pipe. It may be necessary to fill this annular space with a
non-conductive type casing filler to ensure continued isolation in those installations where end
seals alone may not be sufficient to resist the entrance of water.
(2) Joining. Lengths of casing should be joined by a full weld, or other type of joint that will provide
an adequate seal against water entrance. Any holes in the casing should be closed by welding,
or otherwise sealed.
(3) Insertion. Care should be taken during installation to reduce the possibility of electrical shorts.
The carrier pipe should be as straight as practical. The internal diameter of the casing should
be adequate to ensure physical clearance from the carrier pipe. The carrier pipe should be
carefully inspected and all coating damage repaired. Care should be taken during insertion of
the carrier pipe. To prevent damage to the coating and spacer, the casing should be clear of
any mud, water, or debris prior to insertion of the carrier pipe. When existing buried pipe is
being used as the casing, steps should be taken to ensure that the casing pipe is free of weld
protrusions and other obstructions that might cause jamming of the carrier pipe during insertion.
Where insulating type casing spacers are used, one should be installed as close as practical
to each end of the casing. Vent connections, when required, should be installed prior to the
insertion of the carrier pipe to preclude the possibility of damage to the carrier pipe.
(b) Existing installations.
Where there is an indication on existing installations that corrosion is occurring on the carrier pipe
or where a CP installation is rendered inadequate as a result of low resistance between the casing
and carrier pipe, practical measures to help ensure adequate corrosion protection on the pipeline
may consist of one or more of the following.
(1) Filling the annular space between the carrier pipe and casing with a non-conductive filler.
(2) Applying additional CP to the pipe.
(3) In some cases where the carrier pipe is electrically shorted to the casing, it may be practical to
expose the ends of the casing and physically realign the carrier pipe to give enough clearance
for inserting electric insulating material in sheet form between the casing and carrier pipe. The
feasibility of safely moving the carrier pipe to clear a short should be determined prior to
performing the work. See 4 of the guide material under §192.703.
182
2 INSPECTION AND TESTING (§192.467(d))
The required monitoring of CP systems and the evaluation of such test data is generally sufficient to
ensure that electrical isolation is adequate on cathodically protected piping. However, specific electrical
tests on insulating devices should be made where deemed necessary to ensure the adequacy of
electrical isolation and to pinpoint operational problems on CP systems.
3 COMBUSTIBLE ATMOSPHERE (§192.467(e))
(a) Precautions to prevent arcing may be taken by installing galvanic anode type grounding cells or
commercial lightning or fault arrestors across the insulating devices.
(b) Where lightning arrestors are installed across insulating devices within a building or other confined
space anticipated to have a combustible atmosphere, the physical installation of the lightning
arrestors should be made outside the confined space. Electrical conductors of adequate size
should be installed from the insulating point to the lightning arrestors.
4 PROTECTION OF INSULATING DEVICES (§192.467(f))
It is recommended that the operator make a study in collaboration with the electric company on the
common problems of corrosion and electrolysis, taking into consideration the following factors.
(a) The possibility of the pipeline carrying either unbalanced line currents or fault currents.
(b) The possibility of lightning or fault currents inducing voltages sufficient to puncture pipe coatings or
pipe.
(c) CP of the pipeline, including the location of ground beds. (This is particularly important if the electric
line is carried on steel towers.)
(d) Bonding connections that exist between the pipeline and the overhead electric system at the
following.
(1) The steel tower footing;
(2) The buried grounding facility; or
(3) The ground wire.
(e) Protection of insulating joints in the pipeline against induced voltages or currents resulting from
lightning strikes. This can be obtained by:
(1) Connecting buried sacrificial anodes to the pipe near the insulating joints;
(2) Bridging the pipeline insulator with a spark-gap; or
(3) Other effective means.
(f) Cable connections from insulating devices to lightning and fault current arrestors should be short,
direct, and of a size suitable for short-term, high current loading.
(g) The electrical properties of nonwelded joints. (Where the objective is to ensure electrical continuity,
it may be achieved by using fittings manufactured for this purpose or by bonding the mechanical
joints in an approved manner. Conversely, if an insulating joint is required, a device manufactured
to perform this function should be used. In either case, these fittings should be installed in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.)
5 REFERENCES
(a) NACE RP0177, "Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning Effects on Metallic Structures and
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Corrosion Control Systems."

(b) NACE RP0200, "Steel-Cased Pipeline Practices."
183
§192.469
External corrosion control: Test stations.
Each pipeline under cathodic protection required by this subpart must have sufficient test
stations or other contact points for electrical measurement to determine the adequacy of cathodic
protection.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971; Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976]
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GUIDE MATERIAL
1 CONTACT POINTS
Any contact point location (such as valves, blowoffs, meters, service lines, regulators, regulator vents
and platform risers, which are electrically continuous with the structure under test) may be chosen for
testing as long as the level of cathodic protection is effectively determined.
2 TEST LEADS
Some typical test lead locations include the following.

(a) Pipe casing installations.
(b) Foreign metallic structure crossings.
(c) Insulating joints.
(d) Waterway crossings.
(e) Bridge crossings.
(f) Road crossings.
(g) Galvanic anode installations.
(h) Impressed current anode installations.
§192.471
External corrosion control: Test leads.
(a) Each test lead wire must be connected to the pipeline so as to remain mechanically secure
and electrically conductive.
(b) Each test lead wire must be attached to the pipeline so as to minimize stress concentration
on the pipe.
(c) Each bared test lead wire and bared metallic area at point of connection to the pipeline must
be coated with an electrical insulating material compatible with the pipe coating and the insulation
on the wire.
[Issued by Amdt 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971]
184
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 INSTALLATION METHODS
Some acceptable methods include the following.
1.1 Thermit welding.

(a) Steel. Attachment of electrical leads directly to steel pipe by the thermit welding process using
copper oxide and aluminum powder. The thermit welding charge should be limited to a 15-gram
cartridge.
(b) Cast iron. Attachment of electrical leads directly to cast or ductile-iron pipe by the thermit welding
process using copper oxide and aluminum powder. The thermit welding charge should be limited to
a 32-gram cartridge.
1.2 Solder connections.

Attachment of electrical leads directly to steel pipe with the use of soft solders or other materials that do
not involve temperatures exceeding those for soft solders.
1.3 Brazing.
Attachment of electrical leads to steel pipe by brazing, provided that the pipeline operates at less than
29 percent SMYS.
1.4 Mechanical connections.

Mechanical connections which remain secure and electrically conductive.
For convenience, conductors may be coded or permanently identified. Wire should be installed with
slack. Damage to insulation should be avoided. Repairs should be made if damage occurs. Test leads
should not be exposed to excessive heat or excessive sunlight.
§192.473
External corrosion control: Interference currents.
(a) Each operator whose pipeline system is subjected to stray currents shall have in effect a
continuing program to minimize the detrimental effects of such currents.
(b) Each impressed current type cathodic protection system or galvanic anode system must be
designed and installed so as to minimize any adverse effects on existing adjacent underground
metallic structures.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 REFERENCE
A reference is NACE RP0169, Section 9.
185 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

2 INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS
(a) Attention should be given to a new pipeline's physical location, particularly if the location may
subject the pipeline to stray electrical currents from other facilities, such as the following.
(1) Other pipelines or utilities with associated cathodic protection (CP) systems.
(2) Rail transit systems.
(3) Mining or welding operations.
(4) Induced currents from electrical transmission lines.
(b) To the extent possible, the operator should identify and plan for the mitigation and control of
anticipated stray electrical currents prior to construction. As soon as practicable after construction
of the pipeline or facility to be protected is completed, the operator should implement monitoring,
testing, and mitigation plans to control the effects of stray electrical currents. The rate of corrosion
caused by stray electrical current can be higher than the rate of corrosion resulting from galvanic
action.
3 EXTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS
Once the interference control methods have been established, periodic tests and inspections should be
conducted to ensure their continued effectiveness. See §192.465(b), (c), and (d) for inspection and test
requirements for CP rectifiers and interference bonds.
§192.475
Internal corrosion control: General.
(a) Corrosive gas may not be transported by pipeline, unless the corrosive effect of the gas on
the pipeline has been investigated and steps have been taken to minimize internal corrosion.
(b) Whenever any pipe is removed from a pipeline for any reason, the internal surface must be
inspected for evidence of corrosion. If internal corrosion is found --
(1) The adjacent pipe must be investigated to determine the extent of internal corrosion;
(2) Replacement must be made to the extent required by the applicable paragraphs of
§§192.485, 192.487, or 192.489; and
(3) Steps must be taken to minimize the internal corrosion.
(c) Gas containing more than 0.25 grain of hydrogen sulfide per 100 cubic feet (5.8
3
milligrams/m ) at standard conditions (4 parts per million) may not be stored in pipe-type or
bottle-type holders.
192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt.
192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
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186
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
In the presence of free water, gases containing certain constituents, such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, and oxygen, can be corrosive to steel pipelines. Pipeline liquids may combine with these
constituents and cause corrosion that may be detrimental to pipeline integrity. Because of this,
monitoring and evaluating corrosion, operating conditions, gas quality, and liquids found in pipelines are
important elements of internal corrosion control programs. The following are considerations for
managing internal corrosion.
2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
If it is anticipated, or has been determined, that the gas to be transported is corrosive, the following
should be considered for the design of the pipeline system.
(a) Selection of special materials.
(1) Nonmetallic materials.
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(2) Nonferrous metals.

(3) Special alloy steels.
(b) Selection of steel pipe.
(1) Increased wall thickness.
(2) Pipe grade.
(3) Metallurgy.
(4) Internal coating.
(c) Effect of high, low, or no flow velocities and liquid accumulation.
(d) Piping configurations that can contribute to changes in flow velocities, which can cause the free
water and constituents to settle out of the gas stream and build into concentrations that could lead
to internal corrosion. Examples of these configurations include the following.
(1) Dead ends.
(2) Sags or low spots.
(3) Fittings and mechanical connections.
(4) Sharp bends (vertical or horizontal).
(5) Sudden diameter changes.
(6) Drips.
(7) Crossover piping between systems with normally closed valves.
(e) Corrosion monitoring devices and access fittings for them.
(f) Physical location of the pipe, since external climate, heat sources, and environment can affect
internal temperature.
(g) Selection and location of liquid separation, dehydration, or gas scrubbing equipment.
3 DETECTION METHODS
The following may be used to detect internal corrosion.

(a) Visual inspection of piping and components.
(1) Access ports.
(2) Selective cut-outs.
(b) Corrosion monitoring devices.
(1) Corrosion coupons and spools.
(2) Resistance probes.
(3) Polarization probes.
(4) Hydrogen probes and patches.
(5) Electrochemical probes.
187
(c) Sampling.
(1) Liquids analysis.
(i) Chemical composition.
(ii) Microbiological composition.
(2) Gas composition analysis.
(3) Solids analysis.
(i) Chemical composition.
(ii) Microbiological composition.
(d) Trending of analytical data.
(e) Internal inspection tools.
(f) Ultrasonic inspection.
(g) Radiography.
(h) Failure analysis.
(i) Internal corrosion direct assessment.
4 FREQUENCY
The following considerations could impact the frequency of monitoring or testing.

(a) Location and history of water removal.
(b) Age and condition of pipe and drips.
(c) Internal corrosion history, including leaks and ruptures.
(d) Liquids composition.
(e) Gas composition.
(f) System operating parameters (e.g., temperature, pressure, volumes transported, wet system vs.
dry).
(g) System physical layout (e.g., topography).
(h) Flow characteristics.
(i) Proximity to dwellings and the public.
(j) Class location, HCAs, or identified sites (see §192.903).
(k) Pipeline segments downstream of production or storage fields where free water and constituents
might accumulate.
(l) Solids composition.
(m) Past inspection results.
(n) Past results obtained using corrosion monitoring devices.
(o) System design (e.g., materials of construction, pipe wall thickness, pigging facilities, presence of
drips).
5 MITIGATIVE MEASURES
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The following measures can be used to mitigate internal corrosion.
(a) Control of moisture level (e.g., by dehydration, separation, or temperature control).
(b) Reduction of corrosive constituents (chemical or biological) in the gas.
(c) Internal coating.
(d) Liquids or solids removal.
(1) Pigging -- frequency of pigging will depend on both the volume and the analysis of materials
received during pigging operations.
(2) Drips -- frequency of operation will depend on both the volume and analysis of materials
removed.
(3) Separators -- frequency of maintenance will depend on changes in results from liquids
analyses.
(e) Chemical or biological treatments.
(1) Treatments should not cause deterioration of piping system components.
188
(2) Treatments should be compatible with the following.

(i) Gas being transported.
(ii) Downstream gas utilization and processing equipment.
(iii) Any other treatments.
6 REFERENCES
(a) See 2 of the guide material under §192.53.

(b) GRI-02/0057, “Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment of Gas Transmission Pipelines --
Methodology,” Oliver Moghissi, Bruce Cookingham, Lee Norris, Narasi Sridhar, and Phil Dusek.
(c) NACE MR0175, “Materials for Use in H2S-Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production.”
(d) NACE RP0175, “Control of Internal Corrosion in Steel Pipelines and Piping Systems” (Revised
1975; Discontinued).
(e) NACE RP0192, “Monitoring Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production with Iron Counts.”
(f) NACE RP0775, “Preparation, Installation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Corrosion Coupons in
Oilfield Operations.”
(g) NACE TM0194, “Field Monitoring of Bacterial Growth in Oilfield Systems.”
(h) NACE 3D170, Technical Committee Report, “Electrical and Electrochemical Methods for
Determining Corrosion Rates” (Revised 1984; Withdrawn 1994).
(i) “Evaluation of Chemical Treatments in Natural Gas System vs. MIC and Other Forms of Internal
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Corrosion Using Carbon Steel Coupons,” Timothy Zintel, Derek Kostuck, and Bruce
Cookingham, Paper # 03574 presented at CORROSION/03 San Diego, CA.
(j) “Field Guide for Investigating Internal Corrosion of Pipelines,” Richard Eckert, NACE Press,
2003.
(k) “Field Use Proves Program for Managing Internal Corrosion in Wet-Gas Systems,” Richard
Eckert and Bruce Cookingham, Oil & Gas Journal, January 21, 2002.
(l) “Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment,” Oliver Moghissi, Bruce Cookingham, Lee Norris, and
Phil Dusek, Paper # 02087 presented at CORROSION/02 Denver, CO.
(m) “Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment of Gas Transmission Pipeline – Application,” Oliver
Moghissi, Laurie Perry, Bruce Cookingham, and Narasi Sridhar, Paper # 03204 presented at
CORROSION/03 San Diego, CA.
(n) “Microscopic Differentiation of Internal Corrosion Initiation Mechanisms in a Natural Gas
System,” Richard Eckert, Henry Aldrich, and Chris Edwards, Bruce Cookingham, Paper # 03544
presented at CORROSION/03 San Diego, CA.
§192.476
Internal corrosion control: Design and construction of transmission line.
(a) Design and construction. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each new
transmission line and each replacement of line pipe, valve, fitting, or other line component in a
transmission line must have features incorporated into its design and construction to reduce the
risk of internal corrosion. At a minimum, unless it is impracticable or unnecessary to do so, each
new transmission line or replacement of line pipe, valve, fitting, or other line component in a
transmission line must:
(1) Be configured to reduce the risk that liquids will collect in the line;
(2) Have effective liquid removal features whenever the configuration would allow liquids
to collect; and
(3) Allow use of devices for monitoring internal corrosion at locations with significant
potential for internal corrosion.
(b) Exceptions to applicability. The design and construction requirements of paragraph (a) of
189
this section do not apply to the following:

(1) Offshore pipeline; and
(2) Pipeline installed or line pipe, valve, fitting or other line component replaced before
May 23, 2007.
(c) Change to existing transmission line. When an operator changes the configuration of a
transmission line, the operator must evaluate the impact of the change on internal corrosion risk
to the downstream portion of an existing onshore transmission line and provide for removal of
liquids and monitoring of internal corrosion as appropriate.
(d) Records. An operator must maintain records demonstrating compliance with this section.
Provided the records show why incorporating design features addressing paragraph (a)(1), (a)(2),
or (a)(3) of this section is impracticable or unnecessary, an operator may fulfill this requirement
through written procedures supported by as-built drawings or other construction records.
[Issued by RIN 2137-AE09, 72 FR 20055, Apr. 23, 2007]
Guide Material
§192.477
Internal corrosion control: Monitoring.
If corrosive gas is being transported, coupons or other suitable means must be used to
determine the effectiveness of the steps taken to minimize internal corrosion. Each coupon or other
means of monitoring internal corrosion must be checked two times each calendar year, but with
intervals not exceeding 7½ months.
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Devices that can be used to monitor internal corrosion or the effectiveness of corrosion mitigation
measures include hydrogen probes, corrosion probes, corrosion coupons, test spools, and
nondestructive testing equipment capable of indicating loss in wall thickness.
(b) Consideration should be given to the site selection and the type of access station used to expose the
device to on-stream monitoring. It is desirable to incorporate a retractable feature in the monitoring
station to avoid facility shutdowns during periodic inspections, such as weight loss measurements, and
for on-stream pigging of the facility.
(c) A written procedure should be established to determine that the monitoring device is operating properly.
(d) See guide material under §192.475 if internal corrosion is discovered or is not under mitigation.
190
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§192.479
Atmospheric corrosion control: General.
(a) Each operator must clean and coat each pipeline or portion of pipeline that is exposed to
the atmosphere, except pipelines under paragraph (c) of this section.
(b) Coating material must be suitable for the prevention of atmospheric corrosion.
(c) Except portions of pipelines in offshore splash zones or soil-to-air interfaces, the operator
need not protect from atmospheric corrosion any pipeline for which the operator demonstrates by
test, investigation, or experience appropriate to the environment of the pipeline that corrosion will--
(1) Only be a light surface oxide; or
(2) Not affect the safe operation of the pipeline before the next scheduled inspection.
192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
(a) The need for coating can be determined by experience in the same or essentially identical
environment.
(b) The degree of surface preparation, the selection of the coating materials, and the application
procedures must be selected to achieve the desired coating system life span. A reference is the
SSPC Painting Manual ("Good Painting Practice" - Volume 1; and "Systems and Specifications" -
Volume 2), which is published by the Steel Structures Painting Council.
(c) See guide material under §192.481 for determining areas of atmospheric corrosion.
2 EXPOSED PIPING AND RELATED FACILITIES
The following methods should be considered for exposed piping and related facilities.
(a) Use of coating. See 1 above.
(b) Selection of corrosion resistant materials.
(c) Avoidance of areas where prevailing winds or other conditions will deposit corrosive materials
(such as salt, moisture, or industrial effluent). Protection in these areas can be provided by
selecting a more appropriate meter and regulator location or by using a protective housing.
(d) Use of materials or coatings or both suitable for the environment may be required for facilities
installed in pits, vaults, or casings and that may be periodically submerged or exposed to excessive
condensation.
(e) Protection of regulator vent lines from plugging by corrosion products. Where practical, the vent line
should be installed in a self-drain position and, where necessary, extended above possible flood
level.
(f) Use of material for vent tubing that is compatible with the environment encountered. For example,
some kinds of plastic tubing should not be exposed to direct sunlight, and certain aluminum alloys
should not be submerged or placed in contact with concrete.
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191
§192.481
Atmospheric corrosion control: Monitoring.
(a) Each operator must inspect each pipeline or portion of pipeline that is exposed to the
atmosphere for evidence of atmospheric corrosion, as follows:
If the pipeline is located: Then the frequency of inspection is:
Onshore ................................ At least once every 3 calendar

years, but with intervals not
exceeding 39 months
Offshore ................................ At least once each calendar year,

but with intervals not exceeding
15 months
(b) During inspections the operator must give particular attention to pipe at soil-to-air
interfaces, under thermal insulation, under disbonded coatings, at pipe supports, in splash zones, at
deck penetrations, and in spans over water.
(c) If atmospheric corrosion is found during an inspection, the operator must provide
protection against the corrosion as required by §192.479.
192-33, 43 FR 39389, Sept. 5, 1978; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
DETERMINING AREAS OF ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION
(a) The presence of atmospheric corrosion can be detected best by visual inspection.
(1) This may require ladders, scaffolds, hoists, or other suitable means of permitting inspector
access to the structure being inspected. In addition to the locations listed in §192.481(b),
attention should be given to locations such as clamps, rest plates, and sleeved openings.
(2) Piping that is thermally or acoustically insulated (jacketed) should be inspected wherever
practical. To minimize damage to the insulation, a visual inspection of the pipe may be
performed by cutting windows into the insulation.
(b) Exposure test racks can be used to evaluate coatings and materials in local environments such as
industrial, coastal, and offshore locations. Many standard procedures or test methods for evaluating
materials and coatings are available from the ASTM International.
(c) Evidence of atmospheric corrosion on meters and regulators may also be determined by inspection
by operator employees such as meter readers and leak survey personnel.
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192
§192.483
Remedial measures: General.
(a) Each segment of metallic pipe that replaces pipe removed from a buried or submerged
pipeline because of external corrosion must have a properly prepared surface and must be provided
with an external protective coating that meets the requirements of §192.461.
(b) Each segment of metallic pipe that replaces pipe removed from a buried or submerged
pipeline because of external corrosion must be cathodically protected in accordance with this
subpart.
(c) Except for cast iron or ductile iron pipe, each segment of buried or submerged pipe that is
required to be repaired because of external corrosion must be cathodically protected in accordance
with this subpart.
GUIDE MATERIAL
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§192.485
Remedial measures: Transmission lines.
(a) General corrosion. Each segment of transmission line pipe with general corrosion and with
a remaining wall thickness less than that required for the MAOP of the pipeline must be replaced or
the operating pressure reduced commensurate with the strength of the pipe based on actual
remaining wall thickness. However, corroded pipe may be repaired by a method that reliable
engineering tests and analyses show can permanently restore the serviceability of the pipe.
Corrosion pitting so closely grouped as to affect the overall strength of the pipe is considered
general corrosion for the purpose of this paragraph.
(b) Localized corrosion pitting. Each segment of transmission line pipe with localized corrosion
pitting to a degree where leakage might result must be replaced or repaired, or the operating
pressure must be reduced commensurate with the strength of the pipe, based on the actual
remaining wall thickness in the pits.
(c) Under paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the strength of pipe based on actual remaining
wall thickness may be determined by the procedure in ASME/ANSI B31G or the procedure in AGA
Pipeline Research Committee Project PR 3-805 (with RSTRENG disk). Both procedures apply to
corroded regions that do not penetrate the pipe wall, subject to the limitations prescribed in the
procedures.
192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt.
192-88, 64 FR 69660, Dec. 14, 1999]
193
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 EVALUATION
1.1 Introduction.
The evaluation of the pressure strength of a corroded region in a transmission pipeline to determine
its suitability for continued service can be made by an analytical method, by pressure testing, or by
an alternate method.

The pipe containing the corroded region may be pressure tested to confirm the established MAOP,
or to determine a lower MAOP. The pressure test should be in accordance with the general
requirements of Subpart J (in particular §192.503), and the pressure should be held for at least 8
hours. The established MAOP may be confirmed by testing to a pressure at least equal to the MAOP
times the appropriate factor in Table 192.485i or ii below. A lower MAOP may be established by
dividing the successful test pressure by the appropriate factor.
(a) For pipeline segments that have not been confirmed for operation in the next higher class
location, see §192.611:
CLASS LOCATION FACTOR

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Class 1 locations
No buildings for human occupancy within 300 feet 1.10
With buildings for human occupancy within 300 feet 1.25

Class 2 locations 1.25
Class 3 & 4 locations and Meter & Compressor Station 1.5
piping in Class 1 & 2 locations
TABLE 192.485i
(b) For pipeline segments that are required to be qualified for an existing class location, see
§192.611:
CLASS LOCATION FACTOR
Class 2 1.25
Class 3 1.50
Class 4 1.80
TABLE 192.485ii
194
1.3 Alternate Method.

For conditions of low stress level, the following method may be used. An MAOP, not to exceed the
established MAOP, may be determined by the following formula:
2S t rT
P
D
Where:
P = MAOP (not to exceed established MAOP), psig
S = hoop stress, psig
tr = actual remaining wall thickness at point of deepest corrosion, inches
T = temperature derating factor, see §192.115
D = pipe outside diameter, inches
S must not exceed 72 percent of SMYS in Class 1 locations, 60 percent in Class 2 locations, 50
percent in Class 3 locations, and 40 percent in Class 4 locations.
2 REPAIR OR REPLACEMENT
If a pipeline has an area of external corrosion that disqualifies it for service at the established MAOP, or
if the MAOP cannot be reduced to the indicated safe level, it should be repaired or replaced. For
acceptable methods of repair, see 3 below and §§192.703, 192.711(b), 192.713, and 192.717.
3 RELIABLE ENGINEERING TESTS AND ANALYSES (§192.485(a))

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Reliable engineering tests and analyses demonstrate compliance with a performance standard.
Operators may conduct their own tests and analyses; or, they may choose to accept testing and
analyses done by manufacturers, trade associations, consultants, or other operators. The
engineering tests and analyses should:
(a) Include the following items, as needed, to achieve satisfactory precision.
(1) Concise and orderly procedures for conducting tests and analyses.
(2) Listing of equipment needed.
(3) Descriptions of test specimens.
(4) Required calculations.
(b) Exhibit sound engineering practices, which may include the following.
(1) Knowledge and experience relating to the subject area.
(2) Data evaluation and statistical analysis.
(3) Assessment of test results to verify an analytical model.
(4) Application of scientific principles.
§192.487
Remedial measures: Distribution lines other than cast iron or ductile iron lines.
(a) General corrosion. Except for cast iron or ductile iron pipe, each segment of generally
corroded distribution line pipe with a remaining wall thickness less than that required for the MAOP
of the pipeline, or a remaining wall thickness less than 30 percent of the nominal wall thickness,
must be replaced. However, corroded pipe may be repaired by a method that reliable engineering
tests and analyses show can permanently restore the serviceability of the pipe. Corrosion pitting so
closely grouped as to affect the overall strength of the pipe is considered general corrosion for the
purpose of this paragraph.
(b) Localized corrosion pitting. Except for cast iron or ductile iron pipe, each segment of
195
distribution line pipe with localized corrosion pitting to a degree where leakage might result must be
replaced or repaired.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-4, 36 FR 12297, June 30, 1971; Amdt. 192-88, 64 FR 69660, Dec. 14, 1999]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 Pitting
Where inspection indicates that pitting exists which may result in leakage, the operator should consider
the following.
(a) Examining the corrosion history and leak records to see if the additional information from this
examination warrants replacement of a segment of this distribution pipe.
(b) Installing leak clamps on or over the pits.
(c) Cleaning and coating the exposed piping in accordance with §192.461.
(d) Applying cathodic protection (CP).
(e) Installing test wires for monitoring CP.
2 RELIABLE ENGINEERING TESTS AND ANALYSES
§192.489
Remedial measures: Cast iron and ductile iron pipelines.
(a) General graphitization. Each segment of cast iron or ductile iron pipe on which general
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graphitization is found to a degree where a fracture or any leakage might result, must be replaced.
(b) Localized graphitization. Each segment of cast iron or ductile iron pipe on which localized
graphitization is found to a degree where any leakage might result, must be replaced or repaired, or
sealed by internal sealing methods adequate to prevent or arrest any leakage.
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) For cast iron pipe, see Guide Material Appendix G-192-18.
(b) For ductile iron, see 4.3(b) of Guide Material Appendix G-192-18.
196
§192.490
Direct assessment.
Each operator that uses direct assessment as defined in §192.903 on an onshore transmission line
made primarily of steel or iron to evaluate the effects of a threat in the first column must carry out
the direct assessment according to the standard listed in the second column. These standards do
not apply to methods associated with direct assessment, such as close interval surveys, voltage
gradient surveys, or examination of exposed pipelines, when used separately from the direct
assessment process.
Threat Standard1
External corrosion §192.9252
Internal corrosion in pipelines that transport dry §192.927

gas
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Stress corrosion cracking §192.929

1
For lines not subject to Subpart O of this part, the terms "covered
segment" and "covered pipeline segment" in §§192.925, 192.927, and
192.929 refer to the pipeline segment on which direct assessment is
performed.
2
In §192.925(b), the provision regarding detection of coating damage
applies only to pipelines subject to Subpart O of this part.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-101, 70 FR 61571, Oct. 25, 2005]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.491
Corrosion control records.
(a) Each operator shall maintain records or maps to show the location of cathodically protected
piping, cathodic protection facilities, galvanic anodes, and neighboring structures bonded to the
cathodic protection system. Records or maps showing a stated number of anodes, installed in a
stated manner or spacing, need not show specific distances to each buried anode.
(b) Each record or map required by paragraph (a) of this section must be retained for as long as
the pipeline remains in service.
(c) Each operator shall maintain a record of each test, survey, or inspection required by this
subpart in sufficient detail to demonstrate the adequacy of corrosion control measures or that a
corrosive condition does not exist. These records must be retained for at least 5 years, except that
197
records related to §§192.465(a) and (e) and 192.475(b) must be retained for as long as the pipeline
remains in service.
192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
In addition to the specific requirements of §192.491, the data contained in the records or maps used for
corrosion control should include the following.
(a) Location of test stations.
(b) Location of rectifiers and groundbeds.
(c) Location of galvanic anodes.
(d) Location of corrosion control facilities, such as insulating flanges or connections, bonds, automatic
switches, and diodes.
(e) Readings of pipe-to-soil potential.
(f) Length and location of cathodically protected segments of piping.
(g) Location of unprotected metallic piping.
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(h) Date cathodic protection facilities placed in service.
198
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART J
SUBPART J
TEST REQUIREMENTS
§192.501
Scope.
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This subpart prescribes minimum leak-test and strength-test requirements for pipelines.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.503
(a) No person may operate a new segment of pipeline, or return to service a segment of
pipeline that has been relocated or replaced, until --
(1) It has been tested in accordance with this subpart and §192.619 to substantiate the
proposed maximum allowable operating pressure; and
(2) Each potentially hazardous leak has been located and eliminated.
(b) The test medium must be liquid, air, natural gas, or inert gas that is --
(1) Compatible with the material of which the pipeline is constructed;
(2) Relatively free of sedimentary materials; and
(3) Except for natural gas, nonflammable.
(c) Except as provided in §192.505(a), if air, natural gas, or inert gas is used as the test medium,
the following maximum hoop stress limitations apply:
Maximum hoop stress allowed as

Class Location percentage of SMYS
Natural gas Air or inert gas
1 80 80
2 30 75
3 30 50
4 30 40
(d) Each joint used to tie in a test segment of pipeline is excepted from the specific test
requirements of this subpart, but each non-welded joint must be leak tested at not less than its
operating pressure.
[Amdt. 192-58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988; Amdt. 192-60, 53 FR 36028, Sept. 16, 1988 with Amdt. 192-
60A, 54 FR 5484, Feb. 3, 1989]
199
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) The test procedure should give consideration to such items as the following.
(1) The method and equipment used.
(2) The test medium and maximum test pressure.
(3) The duration of the test.
(4) The volumetric content of the piping and its location.
(b) See §192.619 for test pressure requirements to substantiate the maximum allowable operating pressure
for steel and plastic pipelines.
(c) See Guide Material Appendices G-192-9 and G-192-10.
§192.505
Strength test requirements for steel pipeline
to operate at a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of SMYS.
(a) Except for service lines, each segment of a steel pipeline that is to operate at a hoop stress
of 30 percent or more of SMYS must be strength tested in accordance with this section to
substantiate the proposed maximum allowable operating pressure. In addition, in a Class 1 or Class
2 location, if there is a building intended for human occupancy within 300 feet (91 meters) of a
pipeline, a hydrostatic test must be conducted to a test pressure of at least 125 percent of maximum
operating pressure on that segment of the pipeline within 300 feet (91 meters) of such a building, but
in no event may the test section be less than 600 feet (183 meters) unless the length of the newly
installed or relocated pipe is less than 600 feet (183 meters). However, if the buildings are evacuated
while the hoop stress exceeds 50 percent of SMYS, air or inert gas may be used as the test medium.
(b) In a Class 1 or Class 2 location, each compressor station, regulator station, and measuring
station must be tested to at least Class 3 location test requirements.
(c) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, the strength test must be conducted by
maintaining the pressure at or above the test pressure for at least 8 hours.
(d) If a component other than pipe is the only item being replaced or added to a pipeline, a
strength test after installation is not required, if the manufacturer of the component certifies that--
(1) The component was tested to at least the pressure required for the pipeline to which it is
being added;
(2) The component was manufactured under a quality control system that ensures that each
item manufactured is at least equal in strength to a prototype and that the prototype was tested to at
least the pressure required for the pipeline to which it is being added; or
(3) The component carries a pressure rating established through applicable ASME/ANSI,
MSS specifications, or by unit strength calculations as described in §192.143.
(e) For fabricated units and short sections of pipe, for which a post installation test is
impractical, a preinstallation strength test must be conducted by maintaining the pressure at or
above the test pressure for at least 4 hours.
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004 with Amdt. 192-
94 Correction, 69 FR 54591, Sept. 9, 2004}
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200
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
The following preliminary considerations should be noted.

(a) Because of the requirements of §192.611 and the possibility of a change in class location, especially
in Class 1 and Class 2 locations, a strength test to at least 90 percent SMYS is recommended.
(b) Pipelines and mains crossing highways and railroads may be tested in the same manner and to the
same pressure as the pipeline on each side of the crossing.
(c) Fabricated assemblies (e.g., mainline valve assemblies, crossover connections, and river crossing
headers) installed in pipelines in Class 1 locations may be tested as required for Class 1 locations
(even though §192.111 requires a Class 2 design factor).
(d) Testing against closed valves is not recommended. Testing should include the use of test
manifolds. Blinds (e.g., flanges or plates) should be used as necessary to minimize testing against
any closed valves. Where valves exist in a test section, they should remain in the open or
manufacturer’s recommended position during the test. To ensure that air does not enter the gas
system, testing with air against a closed valve that is connected to the gas system is not advisable.
(e) A single component with a valid ASME or MSS specification pressure rating may be installed
without a pressure test. Rating examples are common designations, such as ASME Class 600.
Corresponding temperature limits need to be considered for each pressure rating.
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2 TEST PROCEDURE
The test procedure used should be selected after giving due consideration to items such as the
following.
(a) Equipment to be used.
(b) Test medium.*
(c) Environment.
(d) Elevation profile.
(e) Volumetric content of the line.
(f) Test pressure.*
(g) Duration of the test.*
(h) Location of the line.
(i) The effects of temperature changes on the pressure of the test medium.
*See Guide Material Appendix G-192-9.
3 HYDROSTATIC TEST
3.1 Test preparation.

It is recommended that the pipeline segment to be tested be physically isolated from all other pipelines.
See 1(d) above. Testing against closed valves is not recommended. Weld caps, blind flanges, or other
devices of appropriate design should be utilized to seal pipe ends. It is also recommended that spheres
or squeegees be inserted in the pipeline ahead of the water to reduce air entrapment while filling and to
facilitate dewatering operations.
3.2 Test evaluation.

(a) General.
In order that intelligent interpretation of pressure variations can be made, it is important that
accurate thermometers, deadweight pressure gauges, meters, etc., be used and that the readings
be taken at properly located points and at proper intervals of time. The use of a pressure-volume
plot is recommended for tests that are planned to approach SMYS.
201
(b) Small changes in pressure during hold period.

Experience has shown that a small steady decline in pressure often occurs during the hold period.
This does not necessarily indicate the existence of a leak. Such declines can often be caused by a
change in temperature of the test liquid, a small entrapment of air, or a leaking gauge connection. A
pressure rise is usually caused by the warming of air trapped in the structure or the warming of the
test liquid or both. When an appreciable amount of pipe is exposed to atmosphere (not backfilled)
during the test, temperature effects are sometimes quite pronounced.
In the event of a small steady pressure decline, it is considered good practice to periodically add
liquid, thereby maintaining the desired pressure until the hold period is completed. Likewise, it is
also considered good practice to bleed off small quantities of test liquid to prevent exceeding the
maximum selected pressure.
3.3 Locating minor leaks.

When a hydrostatic strength proof test has been completed and there are indications of a minor leak
which was not located during the test, the line may be filled with natural or other detectable gas at a
pressure less than or equal to the maximum allowable operating pressure of the section of line being
tested; and a suitable gas detection device (e.g., flame ionization analyzer, controlled catalytic
combustion unit, infrared analyzer, or nitrous oxide detector) used to search for the leak.
3.4 Repairs.
Temporary repairs may be made in order not to interrupt the test, and a permanent repair made after
completing the test and before placing the line in service. If permanent repairs are made after the
conclusion of the test using pretested pipe, the tie-in welds must be inspected in accordance with
§192.241.
4 AIR, INERT, OR NATURAL GAS TEST
Maximum hoop stress limitations are specified by §192.503(c). More stringent requirements for
conducting such strength tests within 300 feet of buildings designed for human occupancy are specified
by §192.505(a).
4.1 Test preparation.

(a) It is recommended that the pipeline segment to be tested be physically isolated from all other
pipelines. See 1(d) above. Testing against closed valves is not recommended. Weld caps, blind
flanges, or other devices of appropriate design should be utilized to seal pipe ends.
(b) Purging should be considered to prevent an explosive air-gas mixture in the test segment. Refer to
§§192.629 and 192.751 and the accompanying guide material.
(c) In order that intelligent interpretation of pressure variations can be made, it is important that
accurate thermometers, deadweight pressure gauges, meters, etc. be used and that the readings
be taken at properly located points and at proper intervals of time.
4.2 Test procedure.

It is recommended that pressure in the test segment be applied in increments equal to 25 percent of the
total test pressure. At the end of each incremental increase, the pressure should be maintained while the
test segment is checked for leaks or other sources of rapid decline in pressure.
4.3 Locating leaks.

The location of leaks may be determined visually, by sound, by smell, or by utilizing leak detection
equipment. The leak detection method to be used is dependent upon the test media. Caution -- multiple
leaks may exist.
202
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4.4 Repairs.
It may be prudent to lower pressure in the test segment prior to exposing the pipe for repair. While
temporary repairs may be made to accommodate the test, permanent repairs must satisfy requirements
of §§192.309, 192.711, 192.713, 192.715, or 192.717 as applicable.
§192.507
Test requirements for pipelines to operate at a hoop stress less than 30 percent of
SMYS and at or above 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage.
Except for service lines and plastic pipelines, each segment of a pipeline that is to be operated
at a hoop stress less than 30 percent of SMYS and at or above 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage must be
tested in accordance with the following:
(a) The pipeline operator must use a test procedure that will ensure discovery of all potentially
hazardous leaks in the segment being tested.
(b) If, during the test, the segment is to be stressed to 20 percent or more of SMYS and natural
gas, inert gas, or air is the test medium --
(1) A leak test must be made at a pressure between 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage and the
pressure required to produce a hoop stress of 20 percent of SMYS; or
(2) The line must be walked to check for leaks while the hoop stress is held at
approximately 20 percent of SMYS.
(c) The pressure must be maintained at or above the test pressure for at least 1 hour.
[Amdt. 192-58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See 1(b), 1(c), 2, 3, and 4 of the guide material under §192.505; guide material under §192.515; and Guide
§192.509
Test requirements for pipelines to operate below 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage.
Except for service lines and plastic pipelines, each segment of a pipeline that is to be operated
below 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage must be leak tested in accordance with the following:
(a) The test procedure used must ensure discovery of all potentially hazardous leaks in the
segment being tested.
(b) Each main that is to be operated at less than 1 p.s.i. (6.9 kPa) gage must be tested to at least
10 p.s.i. (69 kPa) gage and each main to be operated at or above 1 p.s.i. (6.9 kPa) gage must be tested
at least 90 p.s.i. (621 kPa) gage.
[Amdt. 192-58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 203
GUIDE MATERIAL
See 1(b) of the guide material under §192.505; guide material under §§192.515 and 192.517; and Guide
§192.511
Test requirements for service lines.
(a) Each segment of a service line (other than plastic) must be leak tested in accordance with
this section before being placed in service. If feasible, the service line connection to the main must
be included in the test; if not feasible, it must be given a leakage test at the operating pressure when
placed in service.
(b) Each segment of a service line (other than plastic) intended to be operated at a pressure of
at least 1 p.s.i. (69 kPa) gage but not more than 40 p.s.i. (276 kPa) gage must be given a leak test at a
pressure of not less than 50 p.s.i. (345 kPa) gage.
(c) Each segment of a service line (other than plastic) intended to be operated at pressures of
more than 40 p.s.i. (276 kPa) gage must be tested to at least 90 p.s.i. (621 kPa) gage, except that each
segment of a steel service line stressed to 20 percent or more of SMYS must be tested in accordance
with §192.507 of this subpart.
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[Amdt. 192-75, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996 with Amdt. 192-75 Correction, 61 FR 38403, July 24, 1996;
Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See 1(b), 3.1, and 4 of the guide material under §192.505; guide material under §§192.515 and 192.517; and
Guide Material Appendix G-192-10.
§192.513
Test requirements for plastic pipelines.
(a) Each segment of a plastic pipeline must be tested in accordance with this section.
(b) The test procedure must insure discovery of all potentially hazardous leaks in the segment
being tested.
(c) The test pressure must be at least 150 percent of the maximum operating pressure or 50
p.s.i. (345 kPa) gage, whichever is greater. However, the maximum test pressure may not be more
than three times the pressure determined under §192.121, at a temperature not less than the pipe
temperature during the test.
o
(d) During the test, the temperature of thermoplastic material may not be more than 100 F (38
o
C), or the temperature at which the material's long-term hydrostatic strength has been determined
under the listed specification, whichever is greater.
[Amdt. 192-77, 61 FR 27789, June 3, 1996 with Amdt. 192-77 Correction, 61 FR 45905, Aug. 30, 1996;
Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
204
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 JOINTS
The joints in the plastic piping should be set, cured, or hardened before the test is initiated.
2 ODORANT
Odorant in the liquid form may be detrimental to certain kinds of plastic and should not be used to locate
leaks in plastic pipelines.
3 TEMPERATURE LIMITATIONS
The operator should ensure that piping being tested does not exceed the maximum temperature at
which it has been qualified as indicated by the marking on the pipe and fittings. The operator should
consider the influence of ambient, test medium, and ground temperatures that can affect the pipe
temperature during a test. Sunlight may significantly elevate the pipe temperature, and black plastic pipe
o o
can exceed 140 F (60 C) temperature when exposed to direct sunlight. Some methods used to control
or reduce temperatures during testing are as follows.
(a) Spraying the piping with water.
(b) Protecting the piping from direct sunlight.
(c) Placing the piping in the ditch to shade the piping.
(d) Performing the pressure test during the cooler parts of the day.
When addressing the requirements of §192.513(d), see guide material under §192.63.
4 OTHER
See 2 and 4 of the guide material under §192.505; guide material under §§192.515 and 192.517; and
Guide Material Appendices G-192-9 and G-192-10.
§192.515
Environmental protection and safety requirements.
(a) In conducting tests under this subpart, each operator shall insure that every reasonable
precaution is taken to protect its employees and the general public during the testing. Whenever the
hoop stress of the segment of the pipeline being tested will exceed 50 percent of SMYS, the operator
shall take all practicable steps to keep persons not working on the testing operation outside of the
testing area until the pressure is reduced to or below the proposed maximum allowable operating
pressure.
(b) The operator shall insure that the test medium is disposed of in a manner that will minimize
damage to the environment.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
See 3.1 and 4.1 of the guide material under §192.505.
205
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2 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 General.
The following are other factors to be considered in the interest of safety.
(a) Locating personnel operating testing equipment at a safe distance from the pipeline facilities under
test.
(b) Visually inspecting temporary piping, closures, and other equipment used in connection with the
test, both prior to the application of the test pressure and at appropriate intervals during the test, to
ensure soundness.
(c) Providing for supports or anchors, as required, to prevent excessive stress levels in the test piping
and the piping under test.
(d) Locating blowdown devices in a manner that will divert the gas and the test medium away from
electrical conductors.
(e) Filling and purging the facilities in a manner consistent with good purging principles, taking into
consideration the following.
(1) Compliance with the requirements in §192.629.
(2) Minimizing entrapment of air or gas in the pipeline segment to be subjected to hydrostatic test
by inserting a sphere or other suitable device ahead of the test medium while filling, or by
installing vents at high spots.
(3) Wind direction and velocity.
(4) Prevention of accidental ignition. See §192.751.
(f) Communications between the supervisor in charge and the line surveillance teams, pressure control
and monitor stations, blowdown points and other stations or personnel responsible for various
aspects of the work.
(g) Ready availability of fire extinguishers, breathing apparatus, safety harnesses, ear protection
devices, combustible gas detectors, oxygen deficiency indicators and other such equipment in the
work area.
(h) Distribution of a written test procedure (including the applicable portions of Guide Material Appendix
G-192-12) to employees or contractor personnel or both. The procedure should be reviewed with all
persons involved in conducting the test prior to commencing any work and should include actions to
be taken in the event of a test failure.
2.2 Tests in excess of 50 percent SMYS.

When the test will result in hoop stresses in excess of 50 percent of SMYS, particularly in uprating
facilities, each operator should consider the following precautionary measures to ensure that the test
area is kept clear of persons not directly engaged in the testing operation.
(a) Placing caution signs or barriers along the pipeline route wherever deemed appropriate, such as at
roads and public corridors. These should be supplemented by security patrols or guards or both in
residential areas, industrial areas and at river crossings.
(b) Aerial surveillance of the pipeline route, when practical, to monitor activity in the test area when
testing with natural gas, inert gas or air.
(c) Notifying parties located in the general vicinity of the pipeline to avoid the test area during the period
of the test.
(d) Notifying law enforcement agencies, fire departments, state and county highway departments,
railroad and utility companies with facilities in the test area and, as applicable, airport operators
regarding the scope and period of the test.
(e) When the test is being conducted in high exposure areas, consideration should be given to the
following.
(1) Scheduling the test at a time to minimize public exposure.
(2) Limiting the length of the test section to minimize potential hazards.
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2.3 Tests in excess of 90 percent SMYS.

When the test pressure will produce a hoop stress in excess of 90 percent of SMYS, the following
additional precautions may be considered to minimize the risk to occupants of buildings in close
proximity to the pipeline.
(a) Using pre-tested pipe.
(b) Pre-testing the segment.
(c) Using energy absorbing devices (e.g., sandbag barriers, backfill, piling, and walls).
3 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH FILLING AND DEWATERING PIPELINES FOR HYDROSTATIC

TESTING
(a) During the filling and dewatering processes, significant and sudden variations in pressure may occur
within the pipeline and the temporary filling and dewatering piping. These variations can be caused
by changes in velocity of the pig passing through bends in the pipeline or of the pig and water due to
changes in pipeline elevation. Compressed air escaping around a pig can also create a source for
stored energy within the pipeline. The release of this stored energy, as well as surges transferred
from the pipeline to the temporary filling and dewatering piping, can result in pipe movement.
(b) When conducting a hydrostatic test, the following should be considered when filling and dewatering
pipelines.
(1) Prepare a detailed test plan that includes the required equipment, test duration, and test
pressure.
(2) Conduct training for the individuals involved with the test that includes a review of the test and
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dewatering plan, instructions on the filling/dewatering system installation and techniques, and
proper coupling and anchoring methods.
(3) Perform an engineering analysis of the existing and temporary piping systems to identify the
forces that could adversely affect the integrity of the pipeline or the stability of the drainage
components, such as excessive or variable pressures caused by a stuck pig or leaks.
(4) Develop installation techniques, including effective anchoring systems, that address expected
forces to be experienced during the test, and ensure that they are implemented during filling and
dewatering operations.
(5) Inspect temporary pipe, couplings, and fittings to ensure they are in good condition and rated for
the pressure and temperature conditions specified for the test.
(6) Ensure that anchoring and support systems are installed in accordance with the plan.
(7) Control access to the area around the test site by establishing a limited-access zone to keep out
persons not involved with the test.
(c) For additional background information on this subject, see OPS Advisory Bulletin ADB-04-01 (69 FR
58225, Sept. 29, 2004; reference Guide Material Appendix G-192-1, Section 2).
4 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Each operator, in fulfilling the local, state, and federal environmental regulations with respect to the
disposal of the test medium, should, among other things, give consideration to the following.
(a) Selecting water from satisfactory sources.
(b) Mitigating erosion and flooding of the area where the water is being discharged.
(c) Using filters, impoundment facilities or other appropriate methods to ensure that the atmosphere
and the surface waters are not unnecessarily contaminated by the products being discharged.
(d) Using silencers, during the blowdown operation, where sound might be generated which is
objectionable to area residents.
(e) Scheduling and locating the blowdown to minimize public objection to the noise generated.
207
§192.517
Records.
(a) Each operator shall make, and retain for the useful life of the pipeline, a record of each test
performed under §§192.505 and 192.507. The record must contain at least the following information:
(1) The operator's name, the name of the operator's employee responsible for making the
test, and the name of any test company used.
(2) Test medium used.
(3) Test pressure.
(4) Test duration.
(5) Pressure recording charts, or other record of pressure readings.
(6) Elevation variations, whenever significant for the particular test.
(7) Leaks and failures noted and their disposition.
(b) Each operator must maintain a record of each test required by §§192.509, 192.511, and
192.513 for at least 5 years.
[Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) For tests conducted under §§192.509, 192.511, or 192.513, records are required to show that the
tests have been conducted. The date, location of the test, and the test pressure applied may be
sufficient documentation. Additional information may be included at the discretion of the operator.
(b) For segments of steel service line stressed to 20 percent or more of SMYS (§192.511(c)), records
are required to document testing in accordance with §192.507.
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208
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART K
SUBPART K
UPRATING
§192.551
Scope.
This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for increasing maximum allowable operating
pressures (uprating) for pipelines.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.553
(a) Pressure increases. Whenever the requirements of this subpart require that an increase in
operating pressure be made in increments, the pressure must be increased gradually, at a rate that
can be controlled, and in accordance with the following:
(1) At the end of each incremental increase, the pressure must be held constant while the
entire segment of pipeline that is affected is checked for leaks.
(2) Each leak detected must be repaired before a further pressure increase is made, except
that a leak determined not to be potentially hazardous need not be repaired, if it is monitored during
the pressure increase and it does not become potentially hazardous.
(b) Records. Each operator who uprates a segment of pipeline shall retain for the life of the
segment a record of each investigation required by this subpart, of all work performed, and of each
pressure test conducted, in connection with the uprating.
(c) Written plan. Each operator who uprates a segment of pipeline shall establish a written
procedure that will ensure that each applicable requirement of this subpart is complied with.
(d) Limitation on increase in maximum allowable operating pressure. Except as provided in
§192.555(c), a new maximum allowable operating pressure established under this subpart may not
exceed the maximum that would be allowed under §§192.619 and 192.621 for a new segment of
pipeline constructed of the same materials in the same location. However, when uprating a steel
pipeline, if any variable necessary to determine the design pressure under the design formula
(§192.105) is unknown, the MAOP may be increased as provided in §192.619(a)(1).
Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
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209
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
In fulfilling the requirements of Subpart K (and any state and local requirements for uprating), it is
recommended that the written plan required by §192.553(c) include, as applicable, the following.
(a) The purpose of pressure increase.
(b) The amount of increase and the proposed MAOP.
(c) The location class(es) of the segment being uprated.
(d) A review of the requirements in §§192.619, 192.621, and 192.623 to ensure that the proposed new
maximum allowable operating pressure may be adopted.
(e) A description of the facility. This can be a schematic map to clearly define the pipeline segment to
be uprated and all adjacent pipelines and mains. This map should indicate the following.
(1) Construction dates.
(2) Size, wall thickness, and grade of pipe.
(3) Laterals, side connections and other appurtenances.
(f) A schedule of proposed work. The steps to be taken to accomplish the uprating should be listed.
(g) The definition and assignment of responsibility to complete the various phases of a line uprating
including a check and verification procedure which will ensure that all steps have been completed
in compliance with the Federal Standards before higher pressure is introduced into the system to
be uprated.
(h) The sequence of steps necessary to isolate adjacent piping from the system to be uprated.
Remaining connections to adjacent piping, which will operate at a lower pressure, should be at
points where pressure reducing equipment has been installed in compliance with §§192.195 and
192.201.
(i) A determination that adequate pressure can be maintained in adjacent systems when the section to
be uprated is isolated. If additional interconnections with a higher operating pressure system are
required to maintain the lower pressure system, these connections should conform to the Federal
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Standards.
(j) A procedure for the instruction of all personnel involved in the uprating procedure to ensure
familiarity with the plan.
(k) The notification of all affected customers sufficiently in advance to ensure maximum accessibility of
premises during the uprating operation.
(l) The alterations to pressure regulation and pressure relief facilities necessary to meet the
requirements of §§192.195 and 192.201.
(m) The precautions to be taken to protect employees and the general public during the uprating
operation.
(n) Provision for monitoring pressure in adjacent facilities during uprating. This should be done to
ensure that there are no connections, from the higher pressure system to a lower pressure system,
that do not have pressure reducing equipment conforming to the Federal Standards.
(o) Provision for a final leak survey to confirm the integrity of the facility after uprating is completed.
2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
The following additional items, as applicable, are recommended for the written plans of uprating
projects in distribution systems.
(a) A list of locations where sectionalizing valves are to be installed to meet the requirements of
§192.181.
(b) A list of service lines on the main segments to be uprated.
(c) Provision for checking in the field the source of gas supply for all properties:
(1) Within the boundaries of the affected area.
(2) Adjoining the boundaries of the affected area. This is particularly significant for low-pressure
service lines that have no service regulators.
210
(d) A list of those inactive lines, connected to the segment, which will be abandoned in accordance
with §192.727.
(e) A list of service-line valves to be installed to meet the requirements of §§192.363 and 192.365 (if
applicable).
§192.555
Uprating to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress
of 30 percent or more of SMYS in steel pipelines.
(a) Unless the requirements of this section have been met, no person may subject any segment
of a steel pipeline to an operating pressure that will produce a hoop stress of 30 percent or more of
SMYS and that is above the established maximum allowable operating pressure.
(b) Before increasing operating pressure above the previously established maximum allowable
operating pressure the operator shall --
(1) Review the design, operating, and maintenance history and previous testing of the
segment of pipeline and determine whether the proposed increase is safe and consistent with the
requirements of this part; and
(2) Make any repairs, replacements, or alterations in the segment of pipeline that are
necessary for safe operation at the increased pressure.
(c) After complying with paragraph (b) of this section, an operator may increase the maximum
allowable operating pressure of a segment of pipeline constructed before September 12, 1970, to the
highest pressure that is permitted under §192.619, using as test pressure the highest pressure to
which the segment of pipeline was previously subjected (either in a strength test or in actual
operation).
(d) After complying with paragraph (b) of this section, an operator that does not qualify under
paragraph (c) of this section may increase the previously established maximum allowable operating
pressure if at least one of the following requirements is met:
(1) The segment of pipeline is successfully tested in accordance with the requirements of
this part for a new line of the same material in the same location.
(2) An increased maximum allowable operating pressure may be established for a segment
of pipeline in a Class 1 location if the line has not previously been tested, and if --
(i) It is impractical to test it in accordance with the requirements of this part;
(ii) The new maximum operating pressure does not exceed 80 percent of that allowed
for a new line of the same design in the same location; and
(iii) The operator determines that the new maximum allowable operating pressure is
consistent with the condition of the segment of pipeline and the design requirements of this part.
(e) Where a segment of pipeline is uprated in accordance with paragraph (c) or (d) (2) of this
section, the increase in pressure must be made in increments that are equal to --
(1) 10 percent of the pressure before the uprating; or
(2) 25 percent of the total pressure increase, whichever produces the fewer number of
increments.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 REVIEW PRIOR TO INCREASING OPERATING PRESSURE (§192.555(b)(1))
The following list contains items that an operator should consider when performing the required review.
211
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1.1 Design review.

(a) Present class location.
(b) Adequacy of the original design, and of any change made to the original design during or
subsequent to the original installation, for service at the proposed maximum allowable operating
pressure. Particular attention should be paid to the following.
(1) Material identification as shown on operator records.
(2) Use of mill or other material analysis or inspection reports, or field inspections to resolve
discrepancies or determine unknown values.
(3) Pressure/temperature ratings of components, especially rated pressure at the limiting
temperature of valves, regulators, etc.
(4) Longitudinal joint factor (E) of pipe. See §192.113.
(5) End closures.
(6) Flexibility of piping arrangements.
For pipe which design pressure cannot be calculated because one or more of the variables for
determining the design pressure in §192.105 is unknown, a value may be determined in
accordance with §192.619(a)(1).
(c) Present right-of-way conditions such as the following.
(1) Buried pipelines that have become exposed.
(2) Pipeline segments crossing or with in the right-of-way of public roads.
(3) Crossings exposed to heavy vehicular traffic.
(4) Pipeline segments subject to additional mechanical stress due to support settlement or other
factors.
(d) Adequacy of mill tests on pipe that has not been tested after installation to at least 118 percent of
the proposed maximum allowable operating pressure.
(e) Characteristics, at the proposed maximum allowable operating pressure, of existing regulators, flow
controllers and other instruments.
(f) Need, for operation at the proposed maximum allowable operating pressure, for additional flow
control, pressure limiting, or shut-off components.
(g) Adequacy of connected facilities.
1.2 Operating history review.

(a) Date of original construction (before or after September 12, 1970).
(b) Operating pressures and temperatures experienced by the pipeline segment.
(c) For segments of pipeline constructed before September 12, 1970, records of an operating pressure
appropriate for use as a test pressure as permitted under §192.555(c).
(d) Leakage history records.
(e) Corrosion records.
(f) Cathodic protection (CP).
(1) Date installed.
(2) Level maintained.
(3) Substantial changes in CP requirements.
(g) Unusual operating conditions.
(h) Failure and emergency reports including the possibility of recurrence because of the increased
pressure.
1.3 Maintenance history review.

(a) Existing unrepaired leaks.
(b) Repairs made to leaks, damaged pipe, and welds.
(c) Pipe inspection, leakage survey, and CP reports for condition of pipe and coating.
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212
1.4 Testing history review.

(a) Segments of pipeline constructed on or after September 12, 1970.
(1) Test pressure, test media and test duration.
(2) Date test accepted.
(3) Cause of any test failure (if known).
(4) Repairs made to leaks, damaged pipe, and welds.
(b) Segments of pipeline constructed before September 12, 1970.
(1) Highest pressure to which each test segment was strength tested, or in lieu thereof, pressure of
a strength test sufficient to serve as an acceptable test pressure for the proposed maximum
allowable operating pressure.
(2) Approximate date of test.
(3) Cause of any test failure (if known).
(4) Repairs made to leaks, damaged pipe, and welds.
§192.557
Uprating: Steel pipelines to a pressure that will produce a hoop stress
less than 30 percent of SMYS: plastic, cast iron, and ductile iron pipelines.
(a) Unless the requirements of this section have been met, no person may subject --
(1) A segment of steel pipeline to an operating pressure that will produce a hoop stress
less than 30 percent of SMYS and that is above the previously established maximum allowable
operating pressure; or
(2) A plastic, cast iron, or ductile iron pipeline segment to an operating pressure that is
above the previously established maximum allowable operating pressure.
(b) Before increasing operating pressure above the previously established maximum allowable
operating pressure, the operator shall --
(1) Review the design, operating, and maintenance history of the segment of pipeline;
(2) Make a leakage survey (if it has been more than 1 year since the last survey) and repair
any leaks that are found, except that a leak determined not to be potentially hazardous need not be
repaired, if it is monitored during the pressure increase and it does not become potentially
hazardous;
(3) Make any repairs, replacements, or alterations in the segment of pipeline that are
necessary for safe operation at the increased pressure;
(4) Reinforce or anchor offsets, bends and dead ends in pipe joined by compression
couplings or bell and spigot joints to prevent failure of the pipe joint, if the offset, bend, or dead end
is exposed in an excavation;
(5) Isolate the segment of pipeline in which the pressure is to be increased from any
adjacent segment that will continue to be operated at a lower pressure; and
(6) If the pressure in mains or service lines, or both, is to be higher than the pressure
delivered to the customer, install a service regulator on each service line and test each regulator to
determine that it is functioning. Pressure may be increased as necessary to test each regulator, after
a regulator has been installed on each pipeline subject to the increased pressure.
(c) After complying with paragraph (b) of this section, the increase in maximum allowable
operating pressure must be made in increments that are equal to 10 p.s.i. (69 kPa) gage or 25
percent of the total pressure increase, whichever produces the fewer number of increments.
Whenever the requirements of paragraph (b) (6) of this section apply, there must be at least two
approximately equal incremental increases.
(d) If records for cast iron or ductile iron pipeline facilities are not complete enough to
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determine stresses produced by internal pressure, trench loading, rolling loads, beam stresses, and
other bending loads, in evaluating the level of safety of the pipeline when operating at the proposed
213
increased pressure, the following procedures must be followed:

(1) In estimating the stresses, if the original laying conditions cannot be ascertained, the
operator shall assume that cast iron pipe was supported on blocks with tamped backfill and that
ductile pipe was laid without blocks with tamped backfill.
(2) Unless the actual maximum cover depth is known, the operator shall measure the actual
cover in at least three places where the cover is most likely to be greatest and shall use the greatest
cover measured.
(3) Unless the actual nominal wall thickness is known, the operator shall determine the wall
thickness by cutting and measuring coupons from at least three separate pipe lengths. The coupons
must be cut from pipe lengths in areas where the cover depth is most likely to be the greatest. The
average of all measurements taken must be increased by the allowance indicated in the following
table:
Pipe size Allowance

inches (millimeters) inches (millimeters)
Cast iron pipe Ductile iron pipe
Pit cast pipe Centrifugally cast
pipe
3 to 8 (76 to 203) 0.075 (1.91) 0.065 (1.65) 0.065 (1.65)

10 to 12 (254 to 305) 0.08 (2.03) 0.07 (1.78) 0.07 (1.78)
14 to 24 (356 to 610) 0.08 (2.03) 0.08 (2.03) 0.075 (1.91)
30 to 42 (762 to 1067) 0.09 (2.29) 0.09 (2.29) 0.075 (1.91)
48 (1219) 0.09 (2.29) 0.09 (2.29) 0.08 (2.03)
54 to 60 (1372 to 1524) 0.09 (2.29) ----- -----
(4) For a cast iron pipe, unless the pipe manufacturing process is known, the operator shall
assume that the pipe is pit cast pipe with a bursting tensile strength of 11,000 p.s.i. (76 MPa) gage
and a modulus of rupture of 31,000 p.s.i. (214 Mpa) gage.
[Amdt. 192-37, 46 FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-62, 54 FR 5625, Feb. 6, 1989; Amdt. 192-85, 63
FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 PLANNING AND INVESTIGATIVE STUDIES
1.1 Feasibility.
After developing a written plan in accordance with the requirements of §192.553(c), an evaluation of the
adequacy of the system design and the feasibility of uprating at the increased pressure levels should
(a) A review of the pressure ratings of the pipeline system components, such as valves, fittings, pipe
and regulators.
(b) Analysis of stresses imposed on cast iron or ductile-iron piping.
(1) The analysis should include the following.
(i) Actual laying conditions and manufacturing processes, if known.
(ii) When better data is not available, the operator should assume the following.
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(A) Ductile-iron pipe is grade (60-42-10), conforms to the requirements of ANSI A21.52-
1991, and was designed in accordance with AWWA C150/A21.50 using s (design
hoop stress) equal to 16,800 psi and f (design bending stress) equal to 36,000 psi.
(B) Ductile-iron fittings were cast from grade (70-50-05) ductile-iron and conform to the
requirements of ANSI A21.14-1989.
(2) References for performing the analysis include the following.
(i) For cast iron pipe, the design formulas in AWWA C101-67 (withdrawn 1982) and for
ductile-iron pipe, AWWA C150/A21.50-81 (R86).
(ii) For wall thickness determination of cast iron pipe, the standard thickness listed in tables
1-3 and 1-7 of AWWA C101-67.
(iii) For wall thickness determination of ductile-iron pipe, the standard thickness listed in table
50.5 of AWWA C150/A21.50-81.
(c) A review of leakage, corrosion, operating pressure and maintenance history to ascertain the
present condition of facilities.
(d) An analysis of the effect of the ultimate separation and uprating on adjoining facilities.
1.2 Additional consideration.

(a) An analysis should be made to confirm that the proposed MAOP is in accordance with the
requirements as set forth in §192.553(d).
(b) For cast iron pipe, see Guide Material Appendix G-192-18.
2 WORK PRELIMINARY TO UPRATING
2.1 Leakage survey.

A leakage survey may be required by §192.557(b)(2). Types of leakage surveys are described in Guide
Material Appendix G-192-11 (Natural Gas) and Guide Material Appendix G-192-11A (Petroleum Gas).
2.2 Changes to the system.

Repairs, replacements, or other alterations necessary for the safe operation of both the system to be
uprated and the existing system should include the following.
(a) Installation of anchors or joint reinforcement as required in §192.557(b)(4).
(b) Renewal of gas service lines where warranted.
(c) Installation of service line shut-off valves where required and in accordance with §§192.363 and
192.365.
(d) Installation of service regulators where required and in accordance with §§192.197, 192.353,
192.355, and 192.357.
(e) Consideration of the adequacy of existing service regulators and their characteristics with present
orifice sizing at the proposed pressure levels.
2.3 Monitoring.
Provision should be made for monitoring field pressures prior to and during uprating to ensure the
integrity of both the system to be uprated and the adjacent systems that might be affected by the
uprating.
2.4 Interface.
The necessary field work should be performed to provide positive control to avoid overpressuring the
sections of the systems that are not being uprated. Control procedures may involve actual physical
separation of sections, installation of regulator equipment that is properly operated and set to control at
the proper pressure, or other effective means of separation.
2.5 Customer notification.

Customers should be notified of planned interruptions of gas service.
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215
3 INCREASING PRESSURE
3.1 Communications.
Lines of communication should be established between all control points.
3.2 Isolation.
The system should be isolated from all lower pressure systems.
3.3 Pressure regulation.

The valve to each service regulator should be closed or the operation of each service regulator should
be monitored as the pressure in the main is increased.
3.4 Leak check.

See §192.553(a)(1).
3.5 Leak repairs.

See §192.553(a)(2).
3.6 Monitoring.
The pressure in adjacent facilities should be monitored during the uprating procedure to establish:
(a) That no connection is acting as a source of unregulated gas from the higher pressure segment to
the lower pressure system; and
(b) The adequacy of the remaining lower pressure system at points of separation and other locations.
3.7 Final leak survey.

After the uprating is completed, a final leak survey should be made to confirm the integrity of the
facilities. Necessary leak repairs should be made.
4 RECORDS
The records of investigations, the work, and the testing should be forwarded to the proper department
for retention for the life of the facility.
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216
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART L
SUBPART L
OPERATIONS
§192.601
Scope.
This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for the operation of pipeline facilities.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.603
General provisions.
(a) No person may operate a segment of pipeline unless it is operated in accordance with this
subpart.
(b) Each operator shall keep records necessary to administer the procedures established under
§192.605.
(c) The Administrator or the State Agency that has submitted a current certification under the
pipeline safety laws, (49 U.S.C. 60101 et seq.) with respect to the pipeline facility governed by an
operator's plans and procedures may, after notice and opportunity for hearing as provided in 49 CFR
190.237 or the relevant State procedures, require the operator to amend its plans and procedures as
necessary to provide a reasonable level of safety.
[Amdt. 192-27A, 41 FR 47252, Oct. 28, 1976; Amdt. 192-66, 56 FR 31087, Jul. 9, 1991; Amdt. 192-71, 59
FR 6579, Feb. 11, 1994; Amdt. 192-75, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996 with Amdt. 192-75 Correction, 61 FR
38403, July 24, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Operators may use any record-keeping method that produces authentic records. The data constituting
these records should be retained in a medium that has a life expectancy at least equal to the specified
retention period.
(b) Additional records may be required by state or other federal regulatory agencies.
(c) See guide material under §192.605. Also see Guide Material Appendix G-192-17 for summary of
records required by Part 192.
217
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§192.605
Procedural manual for operations, maintenance, and emergencies.
(a) General. Each operator shall prepare and follow for each pipeline, a manual of written
procedures for conducting operations and maintenance activities and for emergency response. For
transmission lines, the manual must also include procedures for handling abnormal operations. This
manual must be reviewed and updated by the operator at intervals not exceeding 15 months, but at
least once each calendar year. This manual must be prepared before operations of a pipeline system
commence. Appropriate parts of the manual must be kept at locations where operations and
maintenance activities are conducted.
(b) Maintenance and normal operations. The manual required by paragraph (a) of this section
must include procedures for the following, if applicable, to provide safety during maintenance and
operations.
(1) Operating, maintaining, and repairing the pipeline in accordance with each of the
requirements of this subpart and subpart M of this part.
(2) Controlling corrosion in accordance with the operations and maintenance requirements
of subpart I of this part.
(3) Making construction records, maps, and operating history available to appropriate
operating personnel.
(4) Gathering of data needed for reporting incidents under Part 191 of this chapter in a
timely and effective manner.
(5) Starting up and shutting down any part of the pipeline in a manner designed to assure
operations within the MAOP limits prescribed by this part, plus the build-up allowed for operation of
pressure-limiting and control devices.
(6) Maintaining compressor stations, including provisions for isolating units or sections of
pipe and for purging before returning to service.
(7) Starting, operating and shutting down gas compressor units.
(8) Periodically reviewing the work done by operator personnel to determine the
effectiveness, and adequacy of the procedures used in normal operation and maintenance and
modifying the procedures when deficiencies are found.
(9) Taking adequate precautions in excavated trenches to protect personnel from the
hazards of unsafe accumulations of vapor or gas, and making available when needed at the
excavation, emergency rescue equipment, including a breathing apparatus and a rescue harness and
line.
(10) Systematic and routine testing and inspection of pipe-type or bottle-type holders
including-
(i) Provision for detecting external corrosion before the strength of the container has
been impaired;
(ii) Periodic sampling and testing of gas in storage to determine the dew point of
vapors contained in the stored gas which, if condensed, might cause internal corrosion or interfere
with the safe operation of the storage plant; and
(iii) Periodic inspection and testing of pressure limiting equipment to determine that it
is in safe operating condition and has adequate capacity.
(11) Responding promptly to a report of a gas odor inside or near a building, unless the
operator's emergency procedures under §192.615(a)(3) specifically apply to these reports.
(c) Abnormal operation. For transmission lines, the manual required by paragraph (a) of this
section must include procedures for the following to provide safety when operating design limits
have been exceeded:
(1) Responding to, investigating, and correcting the cause of:
(i) Unintended closure of valves or shutdowns;
(ii) Increase or decrease in pressure or flow rate outside normal operating limits;
218
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(iii) Loss of communications;

(iv) Operation of any safety device; and
(v) Any other foreseeable malfunction of a component, deviation from normal
operation, or personnel error, which may result in a hazard to persons or property.
(2) Checking variations from normal operation after abnormal operation has ended at
sufficient critical locations in the system to determine continued integrity and safe operation.
(3) Notifying responsible operator personnel when notice of an abnormal operation is
received.
(4) Periodically reviewing the response of operator personnel to determine the
effectiveness of the procedures controlling abnormal operation and taking corrective action where
deficiencies are found.
(5) The requirements of this paragraph (c) do not apply to natural gas distribution
operators that are operating transmission lines in connection with their distribution system.
(d) Safety-related condition reports. The manual required by paragraph (a) of this section must
include instructions enabling personnel who perform operation and maintenance activities to
recognize conditions that potentially may be safety-related conditions that are subject to the
reporting requirements of §191.23 of this subchapter.
(e) Surveillance, emergency response, and accident investigation. The procedures required by
§§192.613(a), 192.615, and 192.617 must be included in the manual required by paragraph (a) of this
section.
[Amdt. 192-27A, 41 FR 47252, Oct. 28, 1976; Amdt. 192-59, 53 FR 24942, July 1, 1988 with Amdt. 192-
59 Correction, 53 FR 26560, July 13, 1988; Amdt. 192-71, 59 FR 6579, Feb. 11, 1994 with Amdt.
19271A, 60 FR 14379, Mar. 17, 1995; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
(a) Each procedural manual for operations, maintenance, and emergencies should include a written
statement, procedure, or other document addressing each specific requirement of §192.605. The
requirements include the maintenance and normal operation of any pipeline; and the abnormal
operations of transmission lines, other than those transmission lines operated in connection with a
distribution system.
(b) The comprehensive manual can consist of multiple binders with relevant sections kept at
appropriate locations. Appropriate sections of other documents may be referenced instead of being
incorporated, but the referenced documents are to be present at the location to which they apply.
(c) The manual will necessarily vary in length and complexity depending upon the individual operator,
its size, locale, policies, and types of equipment in use and the amount of material included in its
entirety or cross-referenced.
(d) Procedures for only those facilities within the operator’s system need be included in the manual.
Therefore, it is not necessary to have a manual for each pipeline.
(e) The required review of the manual should ensure that the operator’s current facilities and any
deficiencies in the manual are addressed. More serious deficiencies, possibly identified following an
accident, may require immediate correction.
2 TRAINING
2.1 Operations and maintenance procedures.

Each operator should establish a training program that will provide operating and maintenance
personnel with a basic understanding of each element of the procedural manual for operations,
maintenance, and emergencies appropriate to the job assignment. See 3.7 below regarding periodic
reviews, procedure modifications, and retraining of personnel.
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219
2.2 Operations and maintenance tasks.

See Subpart N.
2.3 Emergency response procedures.

Each operator is required by §192.615(b)(2) to train the appropriate operating personnel to ensure that
they are knowledgeable of the emergency procedures. See 2 of the guide material under §192.615.
3 MAINTENANCE AND NORMAL OPERATIONS
In addition to those items required to be in the manual under Subparts L and M as they apply to the
operator’s facilities, other Subparts (e.g., E, F, I, J, and K) may also require written procedures.
Additional guide material can be found under individual sections.
3.1 Control of corrosion.

Refer to guide material for respective sections of Subpart I.
3.2 Availability of construction records, maps, and operating history.

(a) Construction records, maps, and operating history should be comprehensive and current. The
construction records, maps, and operating history will depend upon the individual operator, its size
and locale, and the types of equipment in use.
(b) The construction records, maps, and operating history should be made available to operating
personnel, especially supervisors or those called on to safely operate pipeline facilities or respond to
emergencies, or both. Dispatch or gas control personnel should have maps and operating history
available.
(c) For transmission facilities, the types of records and data that could be made available are as
follows.
(1) Pipeline system maps, including abandoned and out-of-service facilities.
(2) Compressor station and other piping drawings (mechanical and major gas piping).
(3) Maximum allowable operating pressures.
(4) Inventories of pipe and equipment.
(5) Pressure and temperature histories.
(6) Maintenance history.
(7) Emergency shutdown systems drawings.
(8) Isolation drawings.
(9) Purging information.
(10) Applicable bolt torquing information.
(11) Operating parameters for engines and equipment.
(12) Leak history.
(d) For distribution systems, the types of records and data that could be made available are as follows.
(1) Maps showing location of pipe, valves, and other system components.
(2) Maps and records showing pipe specifications, valve type, and operating pressure.
(3) Auxiliary maps and records showing other useful information, including abandoned and out-of-
service facilities.
(e) Communications with knowledgeable personnel should be maintained to respond to questions
concerning the records, maps, or history if the need arises.
(f) Field identification of valves.
(1) Valve identification criteria should be established.
(2) Each operator should have available sufficiently accurate records (including field location
measurements) to readily locate valves and valve covers.
(3) Where valves are located in a valve cluster or in close proximity to valves of other operators, in
addition to records and field location measurements, the following are also recommended.
(i) A valve identification system should be developed so that each valve will have a unique
set of numbers or letters, or both, which is keyed to the records or mapping system.
220
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(ii) For above ground and vault applications, a readily observable and durable code
identifying tag, stamp, or other device should be affixed to the valve.
(iii) For remotely operated and underground valves, a readily observable and durable code
identifying tag, stamp or other device should be affixed to the inside wall of the valve box
or valve extension unit. It should be affixed so that it will not interfere with the valve
operation, and will not be defaced or dislocated by normal operations.
3.3 Data gathering for incidents.

(a) The operator should designate personnel to gather data at the incident site and other locations
where records are retained.
(b) For verification and telephonic reporting that an incident has occurred on the operator’s facility, the
following information should be gathered as soon as possible. See Guide Material Appendix
G-191-1.
(1) Time of the incident.
(2) Location of the incident.
(3) Number of fatalities and personal injuries necessitating in-patient hospitalization.
(4) Estimate of property damage, including gas lost.
(5) Type of incident: leak, rupture, other.
(6) Whether there was an explosion.
(7) Whether there was a fire.
(8) Whether there was a curtailment or interruption of service.
(9) Environmental impact.
(10) Apparent cause.
(11) Component(s) involved and material specification.
(12) Pressure at the time of incident.
(13) Estimated time of repair and return to service.
(14) A 24-hour staffed telephone number.
(c) Procedures should be established for personnel to determine if the event meets the criteria for the
Part 191 definition of an “incident” and to make the telephonic report. Alternate personnel should be
included in the procedures in case primary personnel are not available. If some of the information is
not available, the notification should be made without that information. Any corrections or additional
information may be provided later. See guide material under §191.5.
(d) For the written Incident Report, see guide material under §192.617 and Guide Material Appendices
G-191-2 and G-191-4.
3.4 Starting up and shutting down a pipeline.

(a) Starting up a new transmission line or distribution main.
(1) For transmission lines, following the test to establish maximum allowable operating pressure,
the operator and the person in charge of placing the pipeline in service should establish
procedures for commissioning the new pipeline and placing it in service. The procedures
should include provisions for the following.
(i) Ensuring that the procedural manual for operations, maintenance, and emergencies
addresses the new pipeline.
(ii) Inspecting all overpressure protection devices required for starting up a new pipeline,
including the testing of set pressures and the checking of capacities, if necessary.
(iii) Determining requirements for purging and notifying public officials. See guide material
under §192.751.
(iv) Establishing communication with field personnel and gas control personnel.
(v) Controlling the purge flow rate when pressurizing the pipeline and monitoring pressures
until normal operation is established.
(vi) Conducting a follow-up leakage survey, if applicable.
(vii) Updating maps and other pertinent operating records.
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(2) For distribution mains, following the test to prove tightness or strength, the operator should
establish procedures for commissioning a new main. The procedures should include provisions
for the following.
(i) Ensuring that the procedural manual for operations, maintenance, and emergencies
addresses the new main.
(ii) Tying-in the new system segment.
(iii) Determining requirements for purging and notifying public officials and residents of
purging activity. See guide material under §192.751.
(iv) Updating maps and other pertinent operating records.
(b) Starting up or reinstating service lines.
The operator should establish procedures for reinstating the service line following the test to prove
tightness or strength. The procedures should include provisions for the following.
(1) Ensuring that the procedural manual for operations, maintenance, and emergencies addresses
the new or reinstated services.
(2) Tying-in new or reinstated service segment.
(3) Introducing gas into the meter. Also, see 3.4(c) below.
(4) Updating maps or other pertinent operating records.
(5) Preventing unauthorized turn-on.
(c) Starting up service to a new customer.
The operator should establish procedures for starting up service to a new customer. The
procedures should include provisions for the following.
(1) Operating the meter or service-line valve.
(2) Checking the regulator, if present, and the customer meter.
(3) Where a closed valve is not used at the meter outlet, checking the meter for indications of
downstream leakage (e.g., open fuel line).
(4) Taking appropriate action when downstream leakage is indicated. This may include actions to
prevent unauthorized operation of the meter or service-line valve until downstream leakage is
eliminated.
(d) Shutting down a pipeline.
(e) Abandoning a pipeline after it is shutdown.
3.5 Maintaining compressor stations.

During normal maintenance activities, the following should be considered and applied where
appropriate.
(a) Provisions should be made to prevent gas from entering the compressor cylinders of a reciprocating
engine or a compressor case of a centrifugal compressor while work is being performed on the
units. These provisions should also include the deactivation of the valve operators.
(b) Provisions should be made to prevent fuel gas from entering the power cylinders of a reciprocating
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engine or the burner cans of a gas turbine while work is in progress on the unit or equipment driven
by the unit.
(c) Provisions should be made to prevent starting air from entering the power cylinders of a
reciprocating engine and to prevent starting air or gas from entering any other starting device on an
engine or turbine while work is in progress on the unit or equipment driven by the unit. The flywheel
of the reciprocating engine should be locked in a stationary position where possible.
(d) Recommended methods for isolating the units from sources of gas or starting air include installation
of a blind flange, removal of a portion of the supply piping, or locking a stop valve closed and locking
a downstream vent valve open. If a common downstream vent is used, provision should be made to
prevent backflow to the units.
(e) Provisions should be made to prevent energizing the electric circuits of a motor driven or motor
started compressor unit while work is in progress on the unit or on equipment driven by the unit.
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(f) See 2 and 3 of the guide material under §192.147 for bolting information.
(g) Provisions should be made to return the equipment to service in an orderly manner to prevent the
uncontrolled release of gas to the atmosphere, or overpressuring an isolated or purged piece of
equipment or section of pipe.
3.6 Starting, operating, and shutting down gas compressor units.

The procedures for the starting, operating, and shutdown of gas compressor units should be in writing
and may be developed from operating experience, direct use of manufacturers’ instruction manuals, or a
combination of both.
3.7 Periodically reviewing the work done by operator personnel.

The operator should designate a timetable to review personnel performance to determine if the normal
operating and maintenance procedures found in the manual are effective and adequate. The operator
should determine if deficiencies exist in the procedures. If applicable, modification of procedures should
be accomplished as soon as possible. Documentation should be maintained for all procedure
modifications and retraining of personnel.
3.8 Taking precautions in excavated trenches to protect personnel.

Personnel working in or near a trench should be aware of the potential for an oxygen-deficient
environment and of potential dangers from accumulations of gas or vapor, particularly those associated
with liquid petroleum gases. When determining the likelihood of gas or vapors presenting such a hazard
to personnel, the operator should consider the depth and configuration of the trench, the product
transported, and the diameter, pressure, type of piping material, condition, and configuration of the
pipeline facilities. Although natural gas is lighter than air and non-toxic, some natural gas pipelines
contain constituents such as hydrogen sulfide, heavier-than-air hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon liquids
that may present a hazard to personnel working in or near the trench. The operator should establish
criteria for what constitutes a hazardous condition, taking into consideration the LEL of the gas involved.
Escaping gas may present an added hazard because of the displacement of oxygen. An atmosphere
containing less than 19.5% oxygen should be considered oxygen-deficient for respiration. When it is
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necessary for personnel to enter an excavated trench where hazards could reasonably be expected, the
operator should consider taking the following actions, as appropriate.
(a) Confirming that atmospheric monitoring devices, rescue equipment, and breathing apparatus are in
working order prior to each use.
(b) Checking the atmosphere in the excavated trench.
(c) Establishing a means of exiting the trench.
(d) Reviewing the rescue plan.
(e) Placing a safety observer outside the trench to monitor the atmosphere inside the trench and to be
available to assist in use of rescue equipment, operation of a fire extinguisher, or otherwise assist in
a rescue.
(f) Minimizing sources of ignition in and around the trench. See guide material under §192.751.
(g) Taking actions to reduce the accumulation of gas or vapors, such as:
(1) Isolating the gas facility by closing valves, squeezing off, bagging off, or using stoppers.
(2) Reducing pressure in the facility.
(3) Ventilating the work area.
(h) Requiring the use of flame-retardant clothing, respiratory protection, or a rescue harness and line,
as appropriate. The operator's written procedures should describe activities and situations where
use of these items is required.
3.9 Responding promptly to a report of a gas odor inside or near a building.

See §192.605(b)(11), which requires procedures in either the procedural manual or its related
emergency plan. See 1.1 and 1.3(a) of the guide material under §192.615 for related information.
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4 ABNORMAL OPERATIONS
4.1 General.
An abnormal condition is a non-emergency condition on a gas transmission facility that occurs when the
operating design limits have been exceeded due to a pressure, flow rate, or temperature change outside
the limits of normal conditions. When an abnormal condition occurs, it does not pose an immediate
threat to life or property, but could if not promptly corrected. The actions to be taken by the transmission
operator in each situation should incorporate the operator’s current procedures where applicable. The
procedures should be specific enough to ensure uniformity of action with regard to the general situation,
such as those enumerated above, while allowing sufficient flexibility to fully consider the particular
details, material, equipment, and configurations involved.
4.2 Appropriate actions to abnormal conditions.

In developing appropriate actions to abnormal conditions, the transmission operator should consider the
following.
(a) The type of condition. See list under §192.605(c)(1).
(b) The location where the condition exists (i.e., proximity to public).
(c) The nature of the condition (i.e., the extent to which it the condition could lead to an emergency
situation if not immediately corrected).
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(d) Its affect on the operation of the operator’s system.
4.3 Prevention of condition from recurrence.

Once the condition has been investigated, and normal or safe operations are restored, the operator
should determine what measures can be taken to prevent the cause of the condition from recurring. The
operator should also consider whether these measures should be implemented elsewhere in the
transmission system to avoid similar occurrences of abnormal condition.
4.4 Follow-up monitoring.

The extent of follow-up monitoring after the end of an abnormal condition should be based on the nature
of the condition and the probability that the cause of the condition can recur. The condition is considered
corrected when an operator determines at the end of the monitoring period that the pipeline facility has
maintained operations within its operating design limits.
4.5 Review of personnel response.

A review of personnel response should be conducted based on extent of the abnormal condition. The
review should consider the actions taken, and whether the procedures followed were adequate for the
given situation or should be revised to provide more specificity or more flexibility.
5 SAFETY-RELATED CONDITION REPORT
5.1 Potential safety-related conditions.

Personnel who perform operation and maintenance activities should recognize the following anomalies
as potential safety-related conditions that may be subject to the reporting requirements of §191.23.
(a) General corrosion that has reduced the pipe wall thickness to less than that required for the
maximum allowable operating pressure.
(b) Localized corrosion pitting which has progressed to a degree where leakage might result.
(c) Unintended movement or abnormal loading by environmental causes, such as an earthquake,
landslide, subsidence, or flood, that impairs the serviceability of a pipeline segment.
(d) Material defects, such as those caused in the manufacturing process, or physical damage that
impair the serviceability of a pipeline segment. Sound engineering criteria should be used to
determine if an observed condition involving a material defect or physical damage impairs
serviceability.
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(e) Malfunctions or operating errors that cause the pressure of a pipeline to rise above its maximum
allowable operating pressure plus the buildup allowed for the operation of pressure limiting or control
devices.
(f) Leaks in a pipeline that constitute the need for immediate corrective action to protect the public or
property. Examples include leaks occurring in residential or commercial areas in conjunction with a
natural disaster; leaks where a flammable vapor is detected inside a building; and leaks that involve
response by police or fire departments. While venting is done to mitigate an unsafe condition, it
does not remove the unsafe condition.
(g) Other known anomalies or events that could lead to an imminent hazard and cause (either directly
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or indirectly by remedial action of the operator) for purposes other than abandonment, a 20 percent
or more reduction in operating pressures or shutdown of operation of the effected pipeline segment.
5.2 Procedures and guide material used to recognize a safety-related condition.

Personnel who perform operating and maintenance activities may use operating and maintenance
procedures written in compliance with Subparts I, L and M and the associated guide material and guide
material appendices to recognize anomalies or events that could become safety-related conditions.
Some useful sections in Subparts I, L, and M include:
192.455 192.473 192.485 192.614 192.711 192.721

192.459 192.475 192.487 192.615 192.713 192.723
192.465 192.477 192.489 192.705 192.715 192.739
192.467 192.481 192.613 192.706 192.717
5.3 Analysis and follow-up of instrumented pig data.

Special consideration should be given to the development of written procedures for the timely analysis
of, and follow through on, information obtained through the use of an instrumented pig.
(a) An anomaly discovered with an instrumented pig may be determined to be a safety-related condition
when adequate information is available. For instance, adequate information would be available for
each anomaly that is physically examined. Absent physical examination of each indicated anomaly,
adequate information may be obtained when the data are calibrated. Factors affecting the
calibration include the sophistication of the pig, the reliability of the data, and the accuracy of the
data interpretation.
(b) The date an anomaly is discovered by an operator's representative and the date the anomaly is
determined by an operator's representative to be a safety-related condition are used to determine
the filing deadline stated in the reporting requirements of §191.25.
6 SURVEILLANCE, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
See guide material under §§192.613, 192.615, and 192.617.
7.1 “Work authorization” programs.

Operators should consider including written procedures in their procedural manual for operations,
maintenance, and emergencies to protect maintenance workers from the unexpected movement or
release of energy when working on electrical, pressurized fluid, or mechanical systems where the
inadvertent actuation or release of energy could be dangerous. The procedures commonly used to
protect maintenance personnel include "lockout," "tagout," "blocking," and "work authorization"
programs. Equipment that should be considered includes compressors, filters, scrubbers, launchers,
heat exchangers, and powered valve actuators.
7.2 Operator’s use of powered equipment.

Before using powered equipment for making an excavation, the operator should consider the following.
(a) The use of pertinent maps, other records, or other means to locate the operator’s facilities.
225
(b) Verifying that all other operators of underground facilities in the area have been notified of the
pending excavation and have responded by marking their facilities.
(c) Determining safe distances to be maintained between the digging end of the powered equipment
and underground facilities.
(d) The use of qualified personnel as necessary. See OPS Advisory Bulletin ADB-06-01 (71 FR 2613,
Jan. 17, 2006; reference Guide Material Appendix G-192-1, Section 2).
§192.607
§192.609
Change in class location: Required study.
Whenever an increase in population density indicates a change in class location for a segment
of an existing steel pipeline operating at hoop stress that is more than 40 percent of SMYS, or
indicates that the hoop stress corresponding to the established maximum allowable operating
pressure for a segment of existing pipeline is not commensurate with the present class location, the
operator shall immediately make a study to determine:
(a) The present class location for the segment involved.
(b) The design, construction, and testing procedures followed in the original construction, and
a comparison of these procedures with those required for the present class location by the
applicable provisions of this part.
(c) The physical condition of the segment to the extent it can be ascertained from available
records;
(d) The operating and maintenance history of the segment;
(e) The maximum actual operating pressure and the corresponding operating hoop stress,
taking pressure gradient into account, for the segment of pipeline involved; and
(f) The actual area affected by the population density increase, and physical barriers or other
factors which may limit further expansion of the more densely populated area.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.611
Change in class location: Confirmation or revision of
maximum allowable operating pressure.
(a) If the hoop stress corresponding to the established maximum allowable operating pressure
of a segment of pipeline is not commensurate with the present class location, and the segment is in
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226
satisfactory physical condition, the maximum allowable operating pressure of that segment of
pipeline must be confirmed or revised according to one of the following requirements:
(1) If the segment involved has been previously tested in place for a period of not less than
8 hours:
(i) The maximum allowable operating pressure is 0.8 times the test pressure in Class
2 locations, 0.667 times the test pressure in Class 3 locations, or 0.555 times the test pressure in
Class 4 locations. The corresponding hoop stress may not exceed 72 percent of the SMYS of the
pipe in Class 2 locations, 60 percent of SMYS in Class 3 locations, or 50 percent of SMYS in Class 4
locations.
(ii) The alternative maximum allowable operating pressure is 0.8 times the test
pressure in Class 2 locations and 0.667 times the test pressure in Class 3 locations. For pipelines
operating at alternative maximum allowable pressure per §192.620, the corresponding hoop stress
may not exceed 80 percent of the SMYS of the pipe in Class 2 locations and 67 percent of SMYS in
Class 3 locations.
(2) The maximum allowable operating pressure of the segment involved must be reduced
so that the corresponding hoop stress is not more than that allowed by this part for new segments of
pipelines in the existing class location.
(3) The segment involved must be tested in accordance with the applicable requirements
of Subpart J of this part, and its maximum allowable operating pressure must then be established
according to the following criteria:
(i) The maximum allowable operating pressure after the requalification test is 0.8
times the test pressure for Class 2 locations, 0.667 times the test pressure for Class 3 locations, and
0.555 times the test pressure for Class 4 locations.
(ii) The corresponding hoop stress may not exceed 72 percent of the SMYS of the
pipe in Class 2 locations, 60 percent of SMYS in Class 3 locations, or 50 percent of SMYS in Class 4
locations.
(iii) For pipeline operating at an alternative maximum allowable operating pressure
per §192.620, the alternative maximum allowable operating pressure after the requalification test is
0.8 times the test pressure for Class 2 locations and 0.667 times the test pressure for Class 3
locations. The corresponding hoop stress may not exceed 80 percent of the SMYS of the pipe in
Class 2 locations and 67 percent of SMYS in Class 3 locations.
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(b) The maximum allowable operating pressure confirmed or revised in accordance with this
section, may not exceed the maximum allowable operating pressure established before the
confirmation or revision.
(c) Confirmation or revision of the maximum allowable operating pressure of a segment of
pipeline in accordance with this section does not preclude the application of §§192.553 and 192.555.
(d) Confirmation or revision of the maximum allowable operating pressure that is required as a
result of a study under §192.609 must be completed within 24 months of the change in class
location. Pressure reduction under paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section within the 24-month period
does not preclude establishing a maximum allowable operating pressure under paragraph (a)(3) of
this section at a later date.
[Amdt. 192-5, 36 FR 18194, Sept. 10, 1971; Amdt. 192-53, 51 FR 34987, Oct. 1, 1986; Amdt. 192-63, 54
FR 32886, June 14, 2004; RIN 2137-AE25, 73 FR 62148, Oct. 17, 2008; Eff. date stayed by 73 FR
72737, Dec. 1, 2008]
227
GUIDE MATERIAL
WAIVER FOR CLASS LOCATION
(a) When a pipeline is not commensurate with the new class location, PHMSA-OPS will consider requests
for waivers of remediation requirements, provided certain criteria are met. For detailed instructions and
waiver request requirements, see the OPS Notice for “Development of Class Location Change Waiver
Criteria" (69 FR 38948, June 29, 2004; reference Guide Material Appendix G-192-1, Section 2).
(b) Operators of interstate pipelines are required to submit waiver requests to PHMSA-OPS. Operators of
intrastate pipelines are required to submit waiver requests to the state pipeline regulatory authority or to
PHMSA-OPS if there is no state pipeline regulatory authority.
Note: The waiver is also functionally referred to as a “Special Permit” by PHMSA-OPS.
§192.612
Underwater inspection and reburial of pipelines in the
Gulf of Mexico and its inlets.
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(a) Each operator shall prepare and follow a procedure to identify its pipelines in the Gulf of
Mexico and its inlets in waters less than 15 feet (4.6 meters) deep as measured from mean low water
that are at risk of being an exposed underwater pipeline or a hazard to navigation. The procedures
must be in effect August 10, 2005.
(b) Each operator shall conduct appropriate periodic underwater inspections of its pipelines in
the Gulf of Mexico and its inlets in waters less than 15 feet (4.6 meters) deep as measured from mean
low water based on the identified risk.
(c) If an operator discovers that its pipeline is an exposed underwater pipeline or poses a
hazard to navigation, the operator shall--
(1) Promptly, but not later than 24 hours after discovery, notify the National Response
Center, telephone: 1-800-424-8802, of the location and, if available, the geographic coordinates of
that pipeline.
(2) Promptly, but not later than 7 days after discovery, mark the location of the pipeline in
accordance with 33 CFR part 64 at the ends of the pipeline segment and at intervals of not over 500
yards (457 meters) long, except that a pipeline segment less than 200 yards (183 meters) long need
only be marked at the center; and
(3) Within 6 months after discovery, or not later than November 1 of the following year if
the 6 month period is later than November 1 of the year of discovery, bury the pipeline so that the top
of the pipe is 36 inches (914 millimeters) below the underwater natural bottom (as determined by
recognized and generally accepted practices) for normal excavation or 18 inches (457 millimeters) for
rock excavation.
(i) An operator may employ engineered alternatives to burial that meet or exceed the
level of protection provided by burial.
(ii) If an operator cannot obtain required state or Federal permits in time to comply
with this section, it must notify OPS; specify whether the required permit is State or Federal; and,
justify the delay.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-67, 56 FR 63764, Dec. 5, 1991; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt.
192-98, 69 FR 48400, Aug. 10, 2004]
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GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.613
Continuing surveillance.
(a) Each operator shall have a procedure for continuing surveillance of its facilities to determine
and take appropriate action concerning changes in class location, failures, leakage history,
corrosion, substantial changes in cathodic protection requirements, and other unusual operating
and maintenance conditions.
(b) If a segment of pipeline is determined to be in unsatisfactory condition but no immediate
hazard exists, the operator shall initiate a program to recondition or phase out the segment involved,
or, if the segment cannot be reconditioned or phased out, reduce the maximum allowable operating
pressure in accordance with §192.619(a) and (b).
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
Continuing surveillance should be conducted so as to identify any pipeline facilities experiencing

abnormal or unusual operating and maintenance conditions. This may be accomplished by the following.
(a) Periodic visual inspection of facilities to identify items such as the following:
(1) Changes of population densities.
(2) Effect of exposure or movement of pipeline facilities.
(3) Changes in topography that may have an effect on pipeline facilities.
(4) Potential for, or evidence of, tampering, vandalism, or damage.
(5) Effects of encroachments on pipeline facilities.
(6) Potential for gas migration through air intakes into buildings from vaults and pits.
(7) Specific circumstances relating to patrolling and leakage. See guide material under §§192.705,
192.706, 192.721, and 192.723.
(8) Potential for, or evidence of, soil or water accumulation in vaults or pits.
(9) Potential for, or evidence of, excavation activity.
(b) Periodic review and analysis of records, such as the following.
(1) Patrols.
(2) Leakage surveys.
(3) Valve inspections.
(4) Vault inspections.
(5) Pressure regulating, relieving, and limiting equipment inspections.
(6) Corrosion control inspections.
(7) Facility failure investigations.
Anomalies discovered should be evaluated and those determined to present potential safety concerns
should be scheduled for remediation.
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2 CAST IRON PIPELINES
For cast iron pipelines, see Guide Material Appendix G-192-18.
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3 PE PIPELINES
(a) Some PE materials manufactured before 1982 are subject to brittle-like cracking. This failure mode
relates to a part-through crack initiating in the pipe wall followed by stable crack growth causing
failure. These failures result in a very tight slit-like opening and a gas leak. This older generation of
PE may have leak-free performance for a number of years before brittle-like cracks occur. An
increase in the occurrence of leaks is typically the first indication of a brittle-like cracking problem.
(b) PE materials that are most known for this failure mode include the following.
(1) Century Utility Products, Inc. products.
(2) Low-ductile inner wall PE 2306 “Aldyl A” piping manufactured by DuPont Company during 1971
and 1972. To determine if the “Aldyl A” pipe has low-ductile inner wall, see paragraph (f).
(3) PE gas pipe designated PE 3306.
(c) Conditions that may cause these types of materials to fail prematurely include the following.
(1) Inadequate support and backfill during installation.
(2) Tree root or rock impingement.
(3) Shear and bending stresses due to differential settlement resulting from factors such as:
(i) Excavation in close proximity to PE piping.
(ii) Directional drilling in close proximity to PE piping.
(iii) Frost heave.
(4) Bending stresses due to pipe installations with bends exceeding recommended practices.
(5) Stresses where the pipe has been squeezed off.
(d) Each operator that has these older PE pipelines should consider the following practices.
(1) Review system records to determine if any known susceptible materials have been installed in
the system.
(2) Perform more frequent inspection and leak surveys on systems that have exhibited brittle-like
cracking failures of known susceptible materials.
(3) Collect failure samples of PE piping exhibiting brittle-like cracking.
(4) Record the print line from any piping that has been involved in a failure. The print line
information can be used to identify the resin, manufacturer, and year of manufacture for plastic
piping.
(5) For systems where there is no record of the piping material, consider recording print line data
when piping is excavated for other reasons. Recording the print line data can aid in
establishing the type and extent of PE piping used in the system.
(6) Develop procedures for taking appropriate action, including pipe replacement, to mitigate
potential pipe failures.
(7) Use a consistent record format to collect data on system failures. It is recommended that
operators use a standard industry form developed for gathering data on plastic pipe failures to
help trend and evaluate the extent of plastic pipe performance problems. For information about
such form, visit the AGA website at www.aga.org under "Operations and Engineering/Plastic
Piping Data Project."
(e) For those pipeline systems that contain products manufactured by Century Utility Products, Inc.
between 1970 and 1973, the systems should be monitored and necessary replacements made for
system integrity and public safety.
(f) An operator can determine if the PE 2306 “Aldyl A” piping manufactured by DuPont Company
during 1971 and 1972 has low-ductile inner wall by using the following procedure.
(1) Cut a ½-inch ring from the pipe.
(2) Cut the ring at one point.
(3) Reverse bend the ring, exposing the inner surface of the pipe.
(4) Bend back the ring until the outer surfaces of the pipe (or cut ends) touch.
(5) Cracking on the inner surface of the ring in the bend area indicates low-ductile inner wall.
(g) References concerning brittle-like cracking in PE materials include the following.
(1) NTSB Reports PAB-98-02 and SIR-98-01, available at www.ntsb.gov/publictn.
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230
(2) OPS Advisory Bulletins (see Guide Material Appendix G-192-1, Section 2) as follows.
(i) ADB-99-01 (64 FR 12211, Mar. 11, 1999).
(ii) ADB-99-02 (64 FR 12212, Mar. 11, 1999).
(iii) ADB-02-07 (67 FR 70806, Nov. 26, 2002 with Correction, 67 FR 72027, Dec. 3, 2002).
(3) “Correlating Aldyl ‘A’ and Century PE Pipe Rate Process Method Projections with Actual Field
Performance,” E.F. Palermo, Ph.D, Plastics Pipes XII Conference, April 2004, available at
www.aga.org/gptc.
4 THREADED JOINTS
Operators that have threaded joints in underground gas systems may want to determine if increased
surveillance is warranted. Factors that could be considered include wall thickness, leak history,
susceptibility to corrosion, settlement, frost induced movement, and third-party damage.
5 MINING ACTIVITIES
For pipelines affected by mining activities, see Guide Material Appendix G-192-13.
§192.614
Damage prevention program.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, each operator of a buried
pipeline shall carry out, in accordance with this section, a written program to prevent damage to that
pipeline from excavation activities. For the purpose of this section, the term "excavation activities"
includes excavation, blasting, boring, tunneling, backfilling, the removal of aboveground structures
by either explosive or mechanical means, and other earthmoving operations.
(b) An operator may comply with any of the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section
through participation in a public service program, such as a one-call system, but such participation
does not relieve the operator of responsibility for compliance with this section. However, an operator
must perform the duties of paragraph (c)(3) of this section through participation in a one-call system,
if that one-call system is a qualified one-call system. In areas that are covered by more than one
qualified one-call system, an operator need only join one of the qualified one-call systems if there is
a central telephone number for excavators to call for excavation activities, or if the one-call systems
in those areas communicate with one another. An operator’s pipeline system must be covered by a
qualified one-call system where there is one in place. For the purpose of this section, a one-call
system is considered a “qualified one-call system” if it meets the requirements of section (b)(1) or
(b)(2) of this section.
(1) The state has adopted a one-call damage prevention program under §198.37 of this
chapter; or
(2) The one-call system:
(i) Is operated in accordance with §198.39 of this chapter;
(ii) Provides a pipeline operator an opportunity similar to a voluntary participant to
have a part in management responsibilities; and
(iii) Assesses a participating pipeline operator a fee that is proportionate to the costs
of the one-call system’s coverage of the operator’s pipeline.
(c) The damage prevention program required by paragraph (a) of this section must, at a
minimum:
(1) Include the identity, on a current basis, of persons who normally engage in excavation
activities in the area in which the pipeline is located.
(2) Provides for notification of the public in the vicinity of the pipeline and actual
231
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notification of the persons identified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section of the following as often as
needed to make them aware of the damage prevention program:
(i) The program's existence and purpose; and
(ii) How to learn the location of underground pipelines before excavation activities
are begun.
(3) Provide a means of receiving and recording notification of planned excavation
activities.
(4) If the operator has buried pipelines in the area of excavation activity, provide for actual
notification of persons who give notice of their intent to excavate of the type of temporary marking to
be provided and how to identify the markings.
(5) Provide for temporary marking of buried pipelines in the area of excavation activity
before, as far as practical, the activity begins.
(6) Provide as follows for inspection of pipelines that an operator has reason to believe
could be damaged by excavation activities:
(i) The inspection must be done as frequently as necessary during and after the
activities to verify the integrity of the pipeline; and
(ii) In the case of blasting, any inspection must include leakage surveys.
(d) A damage prevention program under this section is not required for the following pipelines:
(1) Pipelines located offshore.
(2) Pipelines, other than those located offshore, in Class 1 or 2 locations until
September 20, 1995.
(3) Pipelines to which access is physically controlled by the operator.
(e) Pipelines operated by persons other than municipalities (including operators of master
meters) whose primary activity does not include the transportation of gas need not comply with the
following:
(1) The requirement of paragraph (a) of this section that the damage prevention program
be written; and
(2) The requirements of paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of this section.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-40, 47 FR 13818, Apr. 1, 1982; Amdt. 192-57, 52 FR 32798, Aug. 31, 1987; Amdt.
192-73, 60 FR 14646, Mar. 20, 1995; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78
Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-82, 62 FR 61695, Nov. 19, 1997; Amdt. 192-84, 63
FR 7721, Feb. 17, 1998 with Amdt. 192-84 Removal, 63 FR 38757, July 20, 1998 and Amdt. 192-84
Correction, 63 FR 38758, July 20, 1998]
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GUIDE MATERIAL
1 SCOPE
This guide material covers damage prevention programs for buried pipelines, excluding pipelines
specified under §192.614(d) that are exempt from these requirements.
2 WRITTEN PROGRAM
Written procedures, when required, should state the purpose and objectives of the damage prevention
program and provide methods to achieve them. For program content, operators should review
applicable state and local one-call requirements. A reference for state requirements is the One Call
Systems International (OCSI) Directory, which provides a summary of the damage prevention laws in
each state. In addition, operators should review the Common Ground Alliance’s “Best Practices” Guide.
These references are available at www.commongroundalliance.com. The procedures should include the
following.
232
2.1 Definition of excavation activities.

In defining excavation activities to be covered by the damage prevention program, the operator should
review the definition in §192.614(a) and applicable state and local requirements.
2.2 One-call systems.

(a) A one-call system may exist that does not meet the qualification requirements of §192.614(b)(1)
or (b)(2). If the operator participates in a non-qualified one-call system, either because a qualified
one-call system does not cover the area or for any other reason, the operator should consider
working with that one-call system to make it qualified.
(b) If a one-call system covering the operator’s facilities does not exist, the operator should consider
establishing a qualified one-call system with other underground facility operators.
(c) The operator is cautioned that satisfying the requirements of §192.614 may require more than
participation in a one-call system. The operator should evaluate the services being provided by
the one-call system to determine what additional measures may need to be taken to satisfy the
requirements of §192.614.
2.3 Identifying entities to be informed of the program.

(a) Excavators. The sources listed below may be helpful when preparing the list of entities engaged in
excavation activities. The procedure should provide for a periodic review of the list to ensure that it is
current.
(1) One-call center.
(2) Contractor licensing agencies.
(3) Contractor associations.
(4) Local utilities.
(5) Pipeline companies.
(6) Insurance carriers.
(7) State, county, and local road maintenance offices.
(8) Operator records that could provide information on excavation activities, such as pipeline
patrols.
(9) Farmers, adjacent landowners, and industrial complex operators (e.g., asphalt plants, cement
plants, mines, and quarries).
(10) State, county, and local permitting agencies.
(11) Outside consultants, such as direct mail contractors or public relations firms.
(12) Telephone yellow page directory and electronic database listings, such as the following.
(i) Excavating and earth moving contractors.
(ii) Construction contractors.
(iii) Blasting contractors.
(iv) Well drilling and boring contractors.
(v) Landscaping contractors.
(vi) Land leveling and subsoiling contractors.
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(vii) Dredging companies.
(viii) Plumbers.
(ix) Fence erectors.
(x) Power line contractors.
(b) The public. The public in the vicinity of the pipeline can be identified by land and tax records, census
(Tiger) files, operator and pipeline rights-of-way data, or field survey. The general public should be
informed for distribution systems. For transmission systems, the public may include the following.
(1) Residents living on, or adjacent to, the pipeline rights-of-way.
(2) Businesses adjacent to the pipeline rights-of-way.
(3) Easement holders.
(4) Utility companies.
(5) Homeowner organizations.
233
(6) Other pipeline companies within the area.

(7) Church groups.
(8) Schools.
(9) One-call centers.
(c) Government organizations. The following government organizations should be considered for
receiving program information.
(1) Federal, state, county, and municipal governments.
(2) Local fire, police, and sheriff departments.
(3) Emergency management agencies.
(4) Building departments.
(5) Highway departments.
(6) State land departments.
(d) Railroads. Railroad operators whose rights-of-way contain pipeline should be identified. Railroads
operating within the area of the pipeline operator may be identified through the Federal Railroad
Administration.
2.4 Methods of informing entities of the program.

One-call centers and outside consultants, such as direct mail contractors or public relation firms, may
be considered to assist the operator with distribution of program materials and information.
(a) Excavators. Actual notification is required to persons who normally engage in excavation activities in
the area in which the pipeline is located. Actual notification means providing information directly to
the excavator. Methods of providing actual notification should include one or more of the following to
target the excavators identified under 2.3 of this section.
(1) Mail addressed to the excavator.
(2) Telephone.
(3) Electronic notification, such as email.
(4) Personal visit.
(5) Excavator awareness seminars conducted by the operator acting alone, with other
underground facility operators, or through one-call notification system(s) in which the operator
participates may supplement actual notification activities.
The operator should consider documenting these actions. Procedures for periodic renotification of
excavators should be established based upon use of the program.
(b) The public. Operators should consider the following methods for notification of the public about the
operators' damage prevention programs. These methods may also be used to complement and
reinforce the message excavators receive from the actual notification methods listed under 2.4(a)
above.
(1) Mailings.
(2) Bill stuffers.
(3) Handouts.
(4) Newspaper, magazine, television, or radio advertisements.
(5) Speakers supplied to local groups.
(6) Using permitting authorities and public officials to disseminate information.
(7) Joint mailings with other utilities.
(8) Vehicle advertising signboards.
(9) Decals for construction equipment and the pipeline operator's vehicles.
(10) Specialty advertising, such as bumper stickers or imprinted mementos.
(11) Notices in telephone directories.
(12) Public education programs related to §192.616.
(13) School programs.
(14) Personal visits.
(15) Maps.
(16) Exhibits or displays at appropriate public gatherings.
(17) News releases or interviews.
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(18) Specific information packets designed for distribution to individual dwelling units at apartments
and condominiums.
(19) Specific information packets designed for distribution to businesses for employee education.
(20) Electronic communications, such as Web pages or Email.
(21) Billboards or signs.
(22) News articles (as opposed to advertising) covering safety functions, programs, messages or
available information.
2.5 Information to be communicated.

Entities that may engage in excavation activities should be informed of the purpose of the program, how
they can learn the location of underground pipelines before commencing excavation activities, and
actions to be taken if the pipeline or its related components, such as tracer wire, warning tape, and
passive locating devices, are hit or damaged. Illustrations or pictures of the various types of pipeline
locations should be included. Program information should also advise that even minor residential
activities, such as installing fences or performing landscaping, could cause pipeline damage.
(a) The programs and methods of informing entities that may perform excavation activity as
described in 2.4 above should be designed to educate excavators about their obligations under
applicable state laws and regulations, including the following.
(1) How to provide notice of intent to dig, emphasizing the importance of using a one-call
notification system, where applicable.
(2) How far in advance of excavation activity must the notice of intent to dig be provided.
(3) Waiting the required time to allow operators to mark their facilities.
(4) Verifying the location of facilities by hand digging test holes.
(5) Support and protection of exposed facilities.
(6) Minimum clearances of powered equipment from facilities.
(7) Preservation of markings.
(8) Backfilling requirements.
(9) Reporting discovery of unknown underground facilities.
(10) Reporting damages or emergencies. See §192.616.
(11) Pre-marking the excavation area with white paint.
(b) In addition, the following should be addressed in communications with excavators.
(1) The importance of promptly reporting damage of the facilities to the pipeline operator,
securing the area, and standing by at a safe distance.
(2) Avoiding any attempt to repair the damage or restrict the flow of gas and leaving necessary
repairs to be made by the pipeline operator. This includes the following considerations.
(i) Allow the gas to vent to atmosphere.
(ii) Do not put out the flame if gas ignites, but let it burn. Burning gas will not explode.
(iii) Do not cover the damaged pipe with dirt as a means of stopping the leak.
(iv) Do not kink or crimp gas pipe.
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(v) Do not attempt to plug damaged pipe.
(3) Denting, gouging, and surface damage that appears minor can lead to future failure.
(4) The serious consequences that can result from coating damage.
(5) See guide material under §192.616 for information to be communicated regarding gas pipeline
emergencies.
(c) Railroad operators should be made aware of concerns specific to pipeline operators, including
how train derailments and response activities related to these accidents could affect the pipeline.
2.6 Receiving excavation notification.

The operator should establish a telephone number and mailing address for receiving notifications of
planned excavation activities in areas where its underground facilities are not covered by a one-call
system. Provisions should be made for recording all notifications (e.g., using a log, form, or memo), and
for the retention of such records, whether the notifications are received through a one-call system or
directly from the excavator. The record should include the following.
235
(a) Name of person giving notification.

(b) Name of entity which will be conducting excavation activities.
(c) Telephone number for contacting the entity.
(d) Location of the planned excavation activities.
(e) Date and time of commencement of excavation activities.
(f) Type and scope of excavation activities.
Participation in a one-call system does not preclude the operator from receiving such notification
directly from individuals, such as may result from observation of a pipeline marker. Operators should
inform callers to make notifications directly to the one-call system.
2.7 Responding to excavation notification.

(a) Preparation. The operator should develop procedures for responding to notifications of intent to
excavate. Consideration should be given to the following.
(1) How information about the location of existing and newly installed facilities may be obtained
from maps, records, or field investigation.
(2) How individuals responding to excavation notifications can have access to up-to-date pipeline
alignment and as-built drawings.
(3) Standards for marking facilities consistent with the field conditions, including items such as the
use of paint on paved areas and stakes, and signs or flags in unpaved areas. A reference for
marking facilities is the Common Ground Alliance’s “Best Practices” Guide, available at
www.commongroundalliance.com.
(4) Availability of personnel who are qualified (see Subpart N) to mark facilities as necessary.
(5) The potential for facility markings to become obscured prior to, or during, excavation activity
and appropriate action to be taken.
(6) Whether a response to the excavator should be made when the operator has no facilities
located in the area of excavation activity. The operator should also review state and local
regulations to determine if other response requirements apply.
(b) Response. Where facilities exist in the area of excavation activity, the operator should respond to
the notification prior to the planned start of the excavation activity. The operator should consider
documenting the response. The response should include the following.
(1) Marking the operator’s pipeline facilities, including laterals, in the area of the proposed
excavation activity. In areas where the pipeline facilities are curved or make sharp bends,
consider the visibility and frequency of markings. Individually mark pipeline facilities located in
the same trench or right-of-way
(2) Conducting an onsite meeting if there is potential for misunderstanding concerning the location
of facilities or the procedure for marking.
(3) Reviewing for accuracy any maps, drawings, or records supplied to an excavator to assist in
locating underground facilities. Unless field checked, it is suggested that they be marked with a
note such as "Not responsible for accuracy, verify by hand digging."
(4) Conducting a pre-excavation meeting with the excavator, when appropriate, to discuss aspects
of the planned excavation activities, marking schedules, and lines of communication. Provide
the excavator with information about the underground pipeline facilities in order to avoid
damage. The operator should discuss the potential for facility markings becoming obscured
and corrective measures.
(5) Ensuring adequate separation between a buried foreign structure to be installed and the
adjacent pipeline by coordination with the owner or operator of the foreign structure. See guide
material under §192.325.
(6) Advising excavators who plan to use trenchless methods (e.g., boring) of potential damage to
gas pipeline facilities.
(c) Records. Operators should document their responses to excavation notifications.
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236
2.8 Inspecting pipelines.

(a) Need and schedule. Each notification should be evaluated to determine the need for, and the extent
of, the inspection. Where required, the inspection may include periodic or full-time surveillance and
may include leakage surveys during and after construction. The operator should consider
maintaining field contact with the excavator during the excavation activities to avoid potential
problems and to promptly resolve any problems that may arise. The following factors should be
considered in determining the need for, and extent of, inspections.
(1) Type and duration of the excavation activity involved.
(2) Proximity to the operator's facilities.
(3) Type of excavating equipment involved.
(4) Importance of the operator's facilities.
(5) Type of area in which the excavation activity is being performed.
(6) Potential for a serious incident should damage occur.
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(7) Past experience of the excavator.
(8) Potential for damage occurring which may not be easily recognized by the excavator, such as
improper support during excavation and backfill or trenchless installations (e.g., boring).
(9) Potential for facility markings to become obscured.
(b) Onsite inspection. When onsite inspection is performed, the operator should use qualified personnel
as necessary (see OPS Advisory Bulletin ADB-06-01; 71 FR 2613, Jan. 17, 2006; reference Guide
Material Appendix G-192-1, Section 2) to ensure that the excavator is doing the following:
(1) Verifying the location of the facilities by hand digging test holes.
(2) Supporting and protecting exposed facilities.
(3) Maintaining minimum clearances of powered equipment from facilities.
(4) Preserving location markings.
(5) Practicing safe excavation and backfill procedures related to the protection of operator
facilities.
(c) Settlement. The operator should pay particular attention, during and after excavation activities, to
the possibility of joint leaks and breaks due to settlement when excavation activities occur,
especially in threaded-coupled steel and mechanical compression joints.
(d) Cast iron pipelines. See Guide Material Appendix G-192-18.
(e) Plastic and steel pipelines. The operator should inspect plastic pipelines for gouges and steel
pipelines for coating damage and gouges, when necessary, before the exposed pipeline is
backfilled.
(f) Blasting. Leakage surveys should be conducted on pipelines that could have been affected by
blasting. For additional guidelines related to blasting activities, see Guide Material Appendix G-192-
16.
(g) Trenchless installations. Leakage surveys should be considered on pipelines that could be affected
by trenchless installations. See Guide Material Appendix G-192-6 for damage prevention
considerations while performing directional drilling or using other trenchless technologies.
(h) Damage concerns. When the operator is aware that its pipeline has been hit or almost hit, the
excavator’s practices and procedures that are likely to affect the operator’s pipeline should be
evaluated before excavation activity continues.
§192.615
Emergency plans.
(a) Each operator shall establish written procedures to minimize the hazard resulting from a gas
pipeline emergency. At a minimum, the procedures must provide for the following:
237
(1) Receiving, identifying, and classifying notices of events which require immediate
response by the operator.
(2) Establishing and maintaining adequate means of communication with appropriate fire,
police, and other public officials.
(3) Prompt and effective response to a notice of each type of emergency, including the
following:
(i) Gas detected inside or near a building.
(ii) Fire located near or directly involving a pipeline facility.
(iii) Explosion occurring near or directly involving a pipeline facility.
(iv) Natural disaster.
(4) The availability of personnel, equipment, tools, and materials, as needed at the scene of
an emergency.
(5) Actions directed toward protecting people first and then property.
(6) Emergency shutdown and pressure reduction in any section of the operator's pipeline
system necessary to minimize hazards of life or property.
(7) Making safe any actual or potential hazard to life or property.
(8) Notifying appropriate fire, police, and other public officials of gas pipeline emergencies
and coordinating with them both planned responses and actual responses during an emergency.
(9) Safely restoring any service outage.
(10) Beginning action under §192.617, if applicable, as soon after the end of the emergency
as possible.
(b) Each operator shall:
(1) Furnish its supervisors who are responsible for emergency action a copy of that portion
of the latest edition of the emergency procedures established under paragraph (a) of this section as
necessary for compliance with those procedures.
(2) Train the appropriate operating personnel to assure that they are knowledgeable of the
emergency procedures and verify that the training is effective.
(3) Review employee activities to determine whether the procedures were effectively
followed in each emergency.
(c) Each operator shall establish and maintain liaison with appropriate fire, police, and other
public officials to:
(1) Learn the responsibility and resources of each government organization that may
respond to a gas pipeline emergency;
(2) Acquaint the officials with the operator's ability in responding to a gas pipeline
emergency;
(3) Identify the types of gas pipeline emergencies of which the operator notifies the
officials; and
(4) Plan how the operator and officials can engage in mutual assistance to minimize
hazards to life or property.
[Amdt. 192-24, 41 FR 13586, Mar. 31, 1976; Amdt. 192-71, 59 FR 6579, Feb. 11, 1994]
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GUIDE MATERIAL
1 WRITTEN EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (§192.615(a))
(a) Written procedures should state the purpose and objectives of the emergency plan and provide the
basis for instructions to appropriate personnel. The objective of the plan should be to ensure that
personnel who could be involved in an emergency are prepared to recognize and deal with the
situation in an expeditious and safe manner.
238
(b) Establishing written procedures may require that parts of the plan be developed and maintained in
coordination with local emergency response personnel (e.g., police, fire, and other public officials)
and with other entities in or near the pipeline rights-of-way (e.g., other utilities, highway authorities,
and railroads) that may need to respond to a pipeline emergency.
(c) Written procedures should also include instructions on interfacing with the Incident Command
System (ICS) typically used by emergency responders. See 1.2 below for interfacing with an ICS
and 1.10 below for general information about the ICS.
(d) To ensure the safety of the general public, written procedures should provide for the following as
applicable.
1.1 Receiving, identifying, and classifying emergencies.

(a) Provisions should be made to ensure prompt and adequate handling of all calls, reports, or
indications concerning emergencies (see §192.615(a)(3)), whether they are from customers, the
public, operator employees, SCADA systems, or other sources. The following should be included.
(1) Arrangements for receiving notification of an emergency at any hour of the day. When an
answering service is used, personnel should be trained and have updated emergency call-out
lists of operator personnel for emergency response.
(2) Directions to employees who receive calls considering the following.
(i) The information received should be assessed in order for the operator to react properly
to the call and to inform the caller of precautionary actions to be taken prior to operator
personnel arrival. Personnel receiving notices of gas leaks or odors should obtain the
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following basic information from the caller, and inform the caller that access will be
required.
(A) Name.
(B) Address of leak or odor.
(C) Telephone number.
(D) Reason for call.
(E) Location of the odor (inside or outside).
(ii) Additional questions that could be asked to assist in determining the priority for action,
and if additional instructions should be provided to the caller, include the following.
(A) Strength of odor?
(B) Length of time odor has been present?
(C) Was anyone working on indoor gas piping or appliances?
(D) Is there any construction in the area?
(E) Can you hear evidence of escaping gas?
(F) What type of building or facility is involved?
(iii) If the answers to these or other questions indicate a potentially hazardous situation,
consideration should be given to providing additional instructions to the caller, such as
the following.
(A) Do not create a source of ignition by operating switches, electrical appliances, or
portable telephones.
(B) Evacuate the area and wait for operator personnel to arrive.
(C) Call back from a safe location to provide additional information for response
personnel.
(iv) If leakage of gas or the hazard is determined to be significant, the operator should
consider contacting the local emergency response agency, such as the fire or police
department. The operator should call 911 where appropriate, informing them of the
emergency situation and providing pertinent information.
(3) Personnel receiving emergency calls should receive periodic refresher training on leak call
procedures, communication skills, and reporting procedures. Periodic performance reviews
should be conducted during actual leak calls.
239
(b) Instructions to operator personnel should ensure that the information received is evaluated to
determine the priority for action. Some situations call for personnel to be dispatched promptly for an
on-the-scene investigation. Personnel should respond in an urgent manner giving a potential
emergency top priority until the severity of the situation has been determined. Some situations
require that priority be given to other actions, such as notification of gas control or emergency
response personnel. See 3.3 below.
Emergency situations that require immediate response may include the following.
(1) Gas ignition or explosion.
(2) A hissing noise is present or there is any indication of a broken or open-ended pipe.
(3) Report of a pulled service or damaged facility.
(4) Gas odor throughout the premise or building.
(5) Other identified (i.e., operator designated) emergencies.
1.2 Establishing and maintaining adequate means of communication.

(a) Arrangements made for establishing and maintaining adequate public and operator communications
should be described. These arrangements should include means of communication with
appropriate fire, police, and other public officials, and should consider the need for the following.
(1) Continuously updated operator and public emergency call lists that will show how to contact
personnel that may be required to respond to an emergency at any hour.
(2) Multiple telephone trunk lines to the emergency operations center.
(3) Additional switchboard facilities and personnel.
(4) "Unlisted" telephone service to ensure accessibility to operator-only calls.
(5) Additional fixed and mobile radio equipment.
(6) Standby electrical generating equipment for communications power supply.
(7) Dissemination of accurate information to the news media and cooperation with the news media
on the scene.
(b) Instructions for working effectively with the ICS should be described as follows.
(1) When emergency responders have set up an Incident Command prior to the arrival of operator
personnel:
(i) The first person to arrive should introduce himself to the Incident Commander as the
representative from the gas pipeline operator, and
(ii) That person remains the point of contact until the incident has been made safe or until
he has been relieved of that duty by another gas pipeline operator representative.
(2) When emergency responders are not yet on the scene:
(i) The first person representing the operator to arrive will serve as Command, and
(ii) That person assesses the situation and takes, or directs, all necessary actions to protect
people, protect property, and secure the flow of gas.
(3) If emergency responders arrive later and set up an ICS:
(i) The Command for the gas pipeline operator should introduce himself as the point of
contact for the operator, brief the Incident Commander, and
(ii) That person remains the point of contact until the incident has been made safe or until
being relieved of that duty by another operator representative.
1.3 Prompt and effective response to each type of emergency.

Various types of emergencies will require different responses in order to evaluate and mitigate the
hazard. Consideration should be given to the following.
(a) Emergencies involving gas detected in or near buildings should be prioritized in order to have
sufficient personnel for response. For leak classification and action criteria, refer to Guide Material
Appendices G-192-11 for natural gas systems and G-192-11A for petroleum gas systems. See
§192.605(b)(11), which requires procedures for prompt response to reports of a gas odor in or near
buildings.
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240
(b) Emergencies involving damage to buried facilities during excavation activities should be assessed
for potential hidden and multiple leak locations.
(c) Emergencies involving fire located on or near pipeline facilities may require those facilities to be
isolated. If a major delivery point is involved, an alternative gas supply may be needed.
(d) Emergencies involving an explosion on or near pipeline facilities may result in damage from fire and
shock waves.
(e) Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tidal waves, or tornadoes, may affect the
safe operation of pipeline facilities in many different ways. Operator personnel should be dispatched
to affected areas as soon as possible to evaluate the situation and proceed with emergency
response, as necessary, to keep or make conditions safe. Operators of pipeline facilities subject to
natural disasters should consider preparing a natural disaster plan. The plan may include the
following.
(1) Information on responsibilities for operator personnel communication and work assignments.
(2) Information on alternative reporting locations for operator personnel in case the primary
location is damaged or inaccessible.
(3) Procedures to assess damage and mitigate hazardous conditions, which may include the
following.
(i) Establishing an operations and communications command center.
(ii) Establishing a field command post.
(iii) Determining manpower, material, and equipment requirements.
(iv) Deploying personnel so that they will be in position to take appropriate actions, such as
shutdown, isolation, or containment.
(v) Evaluating the accessibility of pipeline facilities that may be in jeopardy.
(vi) Performing frequent patrols to evaluate the effects on pipeline facilities.
(vii) Determining the extent of damage to pipeline facilities.
(4) Procedures to re-establish normal operations including service restoration and progress
tracking and reporting. See Guide Material Appendix G-192-7 for guide material related to
large-scale outages of distribution systems.
(5) Other considerations.
(i) Maintaining mutual assistance agreements with other operators.
(ii) Providing accommodations for operator personnel and other assisting personnel.
1.4 Assuring the availability of personnel, equipment, tools, and materials.

Arrangements made to assure the availability of personnel, equipment, tools, and materials that may be
needed should be described in accordance with the type of emergency. These arrangements should
include the assignment of responsibilities for coordinating, directing and performing emergency
functions, including the following.
(a) Responsibility for overall coordination, which may be at the local headquarters or at the operating
executive level, depending on the scope of the emergency.
(b) Responsibility for execution of emergency operations, based on the scope of the emergency.
(c) Determination of departmental functions or services during an emergency, including determination
of individual job assignments required to implement the plan.
(d) Determination of coordination required between departments, including provision for bypassing the
normal chain of command as necessitated by the emergency.
(e) Determination of coordination required to implement mutual aid agreements.
(f) Responsibility for providing accurate information and cooperation with the news media.
1.5 Controlling emergency situations.

Actions that may be initiated by the first employee arriving at the scene in order to protect people and
property should be described. These actions may include the following.
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(a) Determining the scope of the emergency.

(b) Evacuating and preventing access to premises that are or may be affected.
(c) Preventing accidental ignition.
241
(d) Reporting to the appropriate supervisor on the situation and requesting further instructions or
assistance, if needed.
1.6 Emergency shutdown and pressure reduction.

(a) Provisions for shutdown or pressure reduction in the pipeline system as may be necessary to
minimize hazards should be described. The plans should include the following.
(1) Circumstances under which available shutdown, pressure reduction, or system isolation
methods are applicable. Considerations should include access to, and operability of, valves
located in areas prone to high water or flooding conditions.
(2) Circumstances under which natural gas might be allowed to safely escape to the atmosphere
(i.e., vent) until shutdown or repair.
(i) Some possible reasons for using this alternative are as follows.
(A) Curtailment will affect critical customers (e.g., hospitals).
(B) Curtailment will affect large numbers of customers during adverse weather
conditions.
(C) Line break or leak is remotely located and does not cause a hazard to the public or
property.
(ii) Some factors to consider are as follows.
(A) Sources of ignition.
(B) Leak or damage location (rural vs. urban).
(C) Proximity to buildings and other structures.
(D) Ability to make and keep the area safe while gas vents.
(E) Ability to coordinate with other emergency responders and public officials.
(3) Lists or maps of valve locations, regulator locations, compressor schematics, and blowdown
locations.
(4) Maps or other records to identify sections of the system that will be affected by the operation of
each valve or other permanent shutdown device.
(5) Provision for positive identification of critical valves and other permanent facilities required for
shutdown. See 3.2 of the guide material under §192.605.
(6) Instructions for operating station blowdown and isolation systems for each compressor station.
(7) Provisions for notifying affected customers.
(8) Provisions for confirming that the shutdown or pressure reduction was effective.
(b) Distribution system plans should include consideration of the potential hazards associated with an
outage and the need to minimize the extent of an outage, and to expedite service restoration. In
addition to the use of any existing emergency valves within a distribution system, consideration
should also be given to other methods of stopping gas flow, such as:
(1) Injecting viscous materials or polyurethane foam through drip risers or any other available
connections to the main.
(2) Use of squeeze-off or bagging-off techniques.
1.7 Making safe any actual or potential hazard.

Provisions should be described for identifying, locating, and making safe any actual or potential hazard.
These may include the following.
(a) Controlling pedestrian and vehicular traffic in the area.
(b) Eliminating potential sources of ignition.
(c) Controlling the flow of leaking gas and its migration. See Guide Material Appendices G-192-11 for
natural gas systems and G-192-11A for petroleum gas systems.
(d) Ventilating affected premises.
(e) Venting the area of the leak by removing manhole covers, barholing, installing vent holes, or other
means.
(f) Determining the full extent of the hazardous area, including the discovery of gas migration and
secondary damage such as the following.
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242
(1) Deformation of a gas service line indicating that the service line might be separated
underground near a foundation wall or at an inside meter set assembly.
(2) Multiple underground leaks that may have occurred, allowing gas to migrate into adjacent
buildings.
(3) Potential pipe separation and gas release at unseen underground locations that may result in
gas entering adjacent buildings, or following or entering other underground structures
connected to buildings.
(g) Monitoring for a change in the extent of the hazardous area.
(h) Determining whether there are utilities whose proximity to the pipeline may affect the response.
(1) Visually identify the presence of electric and other utilities surrounding the pipeline facility.
(2) Evaluate the potential risk associated with the continued operation of the surrounding utilities.
(3) Use the ICS to contact the owner of the surrounding utilities, as necessary, to implement a
more effective and coordinated emergency response.
(i) Coordinating with fire, police, and other public officials the actions to be taken.
(j) Maintaining ongoing communication with fire, police, and other public officials as events unfold to
ensure that information pertinent to emergency response is shared in a timely manner.
1.8 Restoration of service.

Planning for the safe restoration of service to all facilities affected by the emergency, after proper
corrective measures have been taken, should include consideration of the following.
(a) Provisions for safe restoration of service should include the following.
(1) Turn-off and turn-on of service to customers, including strict control of turn-off and turn-on
orders to assure safety in operation.
(2) Purging and repressuring of pipeline facilities.
(3) Resurvey of the area involved in a leak incident to locate any additional leaks.
(b) Execution of the repair and restoration of service functions will necessitate prior planning, such as
the following.
(1) Sectionalizing to reduce extent of outages and to expedite turn-on following a major outage.
(2) Lists and maps for valve locations, regulator locations, and blowoff or purge locations.
(3) Provisions for positive identification of valves and regulator facilities. See 3.2 of the guide
(4) Equipment checklist for repair crews.
(5) Instructions for operating station blowdown and isolation systems for each compressor station.
(6) Emergency supply connections with other gas companies and procedures for making use of
such connections.
(7) List of contractors, other utilities, and municipalities that have agreed to provide equipment and
workmen to assist with repair and service restoration. Procedures for securing and utilizing this
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manpower and equipment should be described.

(8) Prearranged use of facilities, owned by others, for temporary operating headquarters for repair
and restoration activities. Arrangements should also be made for all necessary support
functions for such temporary operating headquarters.
(9) Cooperation with appropriate civil organizations in providing housing and feeding facilities for
persons requiring shelter during an outage in severe weather.
(10) Arrangements to maintain service to critical customers, such as hospitals, to the degree
possible during a general service curtailment or outage. In addition, a similar priority should be
assigned for turn-off activities.
(c) For large-scale outages, also see Guide Material Appendix G-192-7.
1.9 Providing for investigation of failures.

Instructions for initiating investigation of failures in accordance with §192.617 should include the
following, where applicable.
(a) Keeping a log of significant events and of actions taken.
(b) Preservation of failed facilities or equipment for analysis, as may be appropriate.
243
(c) Obtaining and submitting information required by jurisdictional regulatory agencies.
1.10 Incident Command System (ICS).

(a) In the context of applying the ICS, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has
defined the term incident as “an occurrence, either caused by humans or natural phenomena, that
requires response actions to prevent or minimize loss of life or damage to property and/or the
environment.” Certain gas emergencies could fall within the FEMA definition of an incident.
Examples of FEMA incidents include the following.
(1) Fire, both structural and wildland.
(2) Natural disasters, such as tornadoes, floods, ice storms, or earthquakes.
(3) Human and animal disease outbreaks.
(4) Search and rescue missions.
(5) Hazardous materials incidents.
(6) Criminal acts and crime scene investigations.
(7) Terrorist incidents, including the use of weapons of mass destruction.
(8) National Special Security Events, which are designated by the U.S. Department of Homeland
Security (e.g., Presidential inaugurations, national political conventions, Super Bowls).
(9) Other planned events, such as parades or demonstrations.
(b) The ICS is a management system for dealing with emergencies. It has been developed from
reviewing past emergencies and formalized into a structured system by FEMA and other emergency
response agencies. It is a consistently applied system for controlling on-site personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications in an emergency. It is a designated system used from the time a
FEMA incident occurs until the requirements for implementing the ICS no longer exist.
(c) When an operator and other emergency responders implement an ICS, respective plans may differ
but should be based on similar principles so the plans are compatible. The ICS may be used for
small or large incidents, remaining adequately flexible to adjust to the changing needs of an
incident.
(d) The ICS functions typically include the following.
(1) Safety – public and employees.
(2) Security – utilize public safety personnel.
(3) Commander responsibilities – establish command center, transfer of command.
(4) Operational – incident stabilization plan, repair plan.
(5) Logistics – material, equipment, other resources.
(6) Public relations – communications, notifications, information liaison.
(7) Personnel management.
(e) The ICS supports responders and decision makers by providing the data they need through
effective information and intelligence management. The data provided may include information on
the following.
(1) Maps and records for critical infrastructure and other facilities.
(2) Load studies.
(3) Affected customers, including residential, commercial, and industrial customers.
(f) Additional information on the ICS can be found at
www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/ICSResource/index.htm.
2 ACQUAINT APPROPRIATE OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE EMPLOYEES WITH THE

PROCEDURES (§192.615(b))
Each operator should have a program to assure that all operating and maintenance personnel who may
be required to respond to an emergency are acquainted with the requirements of the written emergency
procedures. The program should include the following.
244
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2.1 Provide employees access to emergency procedures manual.

The latest edition of the written emergency procedures and plans should be easily accessible so that
employees may become familiar with them. Consideration should be given to placing a copy near
telephones and base radio units that might be used to notify the operating personnel of an emergency.
2.2 Training of employees.

Appropriate operating and maintenance employees should be trained to ensure that they are
knowledgeable of the requirements of the written emergency procedures. Persons providing training of
the emergency procedures should be knowledgeable in emergency response and training techniques.
Consideration should be given to conducting classroom or field simulated emergency exercises
involving appropriate personnel, such as operating, maintenance, and dispatch personnel, including
those monitoring and controlling operations of remote facilities. Emergency exercises should include
worst-case scenarios. The effectiveness of the training may be verified by methods such as oral test,
written test, or evaluating performance during simulated emergencies. Such verification of the
effectiveness of training should be documented.
Those responsible for instruction of employees should place special emphasis on the following.
(a) Understanding the properties and behavior of the gas, as related to types of potential hazards,
including the recognition of, and the appropriate actions to take regarding, hazardous leaks.
(b) Coordinated execution of the operator's written emergency procedures, including coordination
among different functional groups (e.g., between gas control and emergency response personnel in
an emergency situation).
(c) Knowledge of how emergency control is exercised in various sections of the system, including
identification and operation of key valves.
(d) Ability to use operator's maps or other facility records.
(e) Responsibilities of each employee responding to an emergency and the relationship to the
emergency procedure. This should include responsibilities related to interacting effectively with
emergency responders in an Incident Command System.
(f) Evaluation of reports of gas odor and other potential emergencies.
(g) Response to different types of emergency situations, such as gas escaping inside or outside and
gas burning inside or outside. Appropriate actions should include avoiding the use of doorbells or
buzzers when responding to possible leaks, evacuation, elimination of ignition sources, gas shutoff,
ventilation, and other precautionary measures.
(h) Familiarization with tools and equipment appropriate to the particular function or situation.
(i) Fulfillment of the record-keeping requirements called for under the written emergency procedures.
This should include a log of the emergency and the validation and documentation of the corrective
action taken.
2.3 Review of employee activities.

Following each emergency, employee activities should be reviewed, by examining the log of events and
actions taken, to determine whether the procedures were effectively followed. Consideration should be
given especially to whether responses to the emergency were timely. In addition, consideration should
be given to the need for changes in the written procedures as may be indicated by the experience
gained during the emergency.
3 LIAISON WITH PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND OPERATORS OF FACILITIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE
PIPELINE (§192.615(c))
Those responsible for establishing liaison with appropriate public officials and operators of facilities in
the vicinity of the pipeline (e.g., telephone, electric, gas, cable, water, sewer, and railroads), with
respect to emergency procedures, should consider the following.
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245
3.1 Compiling current information on the resources of government organizations.

(a) Organization's name.
(b) Type of responsibility.
(c) Geographic area covered.
(d) Availability to assist in case of a pipeline emergency.
(e) Responsibility and resources for fire, bodily injury, control, and area evacuation problems in
connection with a gas pipeline emergency.
(f) Type, size, and capacity of equipment and vehicles.
(g) Procedures to facilitate prompt communications in emergencies.
(h) Level of training of responders.
3.2 Acquainting public officials with emergency procedures.

(a) Appropriate fire, police, and other public officials should be informed of the availability, capability and
location of the operator's personnel, equipment, and materials for response to gas pipeline
emergencies. They should be provided with a list of the appropriate employees who can be
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contacted at any hour. The importance of immediate contact should be stressed.

(b) Consideration should be given to involving local public emergency response personnel in operator-
simulated emergency exercises and post-exercise critiques. In areas where multiple pipeline
operators have facilities, consideration should be given to joint emergency training and liaison
activities with the local emergency response officials.
3.3 Identifying emergencies that require notification to and from public officials.
(a) The types of emergencies that might require notification of public officials by gas system operators
(1) A serious fire or a fire on adjacent property.
(2) Serious bodily injury.
(3) Where the number of people involved or the spectators are too numerous for the operator to
handle.
(4) Adjacent to public rights-of-way where the public could be endangered.
(5) Where an area patrol or area evacuation is needed.
(6) An incident in a highly populated area.
(b) The types of emergencies that might require notification to operators by public officials include the
following.
(1) Report of gas odor.
(2) Damage to gas facilities.
(3) Operation of a gas system valve by non-operator personnel.
(4) Report of a gas outage.
3.4 Plan with public officials and operators of facilities in the vicinity of the pipeline for mutual assistance.
(a) Operator personnel should establish and maintain liaison with appropriate fire, police, and other
public officials and operators of facilities in the vicinity of the pipeline to plan how to engage in
mutual assistance to minimize hazards to life and property. This planning should include how to
work together effectively in an Incident Command System. Consideration should be given to various
situations including the following.
(1) Situations where the operator has reason to believe a hazard may exist and where other
emergency personnel, such as fire and police, may be able to respond more quickly than
operator personnel. Fire and police department personnel should take action toward protecting
the public by means of evacuation and building ventilation, where needed, pending the arrival
of operator personnel.
(2) Situations that involve the evacuation of buildings and properties.
(i) Advise police and fire departments that operator personnel may need to conduct leak
investigations inside buildings and on properties within the area of the emergency.
246
(ii)
The operator, police department, and fire department should plan for access to
evacuated buildings and properties. The plan should include provisions to instruct
personnel in charge of evacuated buildings and properties to provide a means of access,
when required.
(3) Situations where the operation of electric or other utilities located in the vicinity of the pipeline
may provide sources of ignition for the gas released, may increase burning time or intensity of
fires that have already started, or may delay responders who are attempting to make the
situation safe.
(4) Means of ensuring that communication is ongoing during the emergency response so that
pertinent information is shared in a timely manner.
(b) The gas characteristics and properties, such as pressure, specific gravity, gas odor, and
flammability limits, should be provided to emergency response officials. The implications of these
characteristics and properties on emergency response decisions should be thoroughly discussed.
In discussions with emergency response officials, the operator should emphasize the following.
(1) The importance of this information to outside emergency response personnel arriving before
operator personnel.
(2) The use of this information in making decisions, such as areas to be evacuated, traffic rerouting,
and control of ignition sources.
(3) The importance of gas detectors in properly responding to an incident.
§192.616
Public awareness.
(a) Except for an operator of a master meter or petroleum gas system covered under paragraph
(j) of this section, each pipeline operator must develop and implement a written continuing public
education program that follows the guidance provided in the American Petroleum Institute's (API)
Recommended Practice (RP) 1162 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
(b) The operator’s program must follow the general program recommendations of API RP 1162
and assess the unique attributes and characteristics of the operator’s pipeline and facilities.
(c) The operator must follow the general program recommendations, including baseline and
supplemental requirements of API RP 1162, unless the operator provides justification in its program
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or procedural manual as to why compliance with all or certain provisions of the recommended
practice is not practicable and not necessary for safety.
(d) The operator’s program must specifically include provisions to educate the public,
appropriate government organizations, and persons engaged in excavation related activities on:
(1) Use of a one-call notification system prior to excavation and other damage prevention
activities;
(2) Possible hazards associated with unintended releases from a gas pipeline facility;
(3) Physical indications that such a release may have occurred;
(4) Steps that should be taken for public safety in the event of a gas pipeline release; and
(5) Procedures for reporting such an event.
(e) The program must include activities to advise affected municipalities, school districts,
businesses, and residents of pipeline facility locations.
(f) The program and the media used must be as comprehensive as necessary to reach all areas
in which the operator transports gas.
(g) The program must be conducted in English and in other languages commonly understood
by a significant number and concentration of the non-English speaking population in the operator’s
area.
(h) Operators in existence on June 20, 2005, must have completed their written programs no
later than June 20, 2006. The operator of a master meter or petroleum gas system covered under
247
paragraph (j) of this section must complete development of its written procedure by June 13, 2008.
Upon request, operators must submit their completed programs to PHMSA or, in the case of an
intrastate pipeline facility operator, the appropriate State agency.
(i) The operator’s program documentation and evaluation results must be available for periodic
review by appropriate regulatory agencies.
(j) Unless the operator transports gas as a primary activity, the operator of a master meter or
petroleum gas system is not required to develop a public awareness program as prescribed in
paragraphs (a) through (g) of this section. Instead the operator must develop and implement a
written procedure to provide its customers public awareness messages twice annually. If the master
meter or petroleum gas system is located on property the operator does not control, the operator
must provide similar messages twice annually to persons controlling the property. The public
awareness message must include:
(1) A description of the purpose and reliability of the pipeline;
(2) An overview of the hazards of the pipeline and prevention measures used;
(3) Information about damage prevention;
(4) How to recognize and respond to a leak; and
(5) How to get additional information.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-71, 59 FR 6579, Feb. 11, 1994; Amdt. 192-99, 70 FR 28833, May 19, 2005 with
Amdt. 192-99 Correction, 70 FR 35041, June 16, 2005; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006;
RIN 2137-AE17, 72 FR 70808, Dec. 13, 2007]
GUIDE MATERIAL
This guide material is under review following Amendments 192-99 and RIN 2137-AE17.
1 GENERAL
The educational program called for under this section should be tailored to the type of pipeline operation
and the environment traversed by the pipeline and should be conducted in each language that is
significant in the community or area. Operators should communicate their programs to the following.
(a) Consumers.
(b) The general public, including non-consumers.
(c) Appropriate government officials.
(d) Operators of facilities in the vicinity of the pipeline (e.g., telephone, electric, gas, cable, water,
sewer, and railroads).
(e) Excavators in their area.
See 2.3 and 2.4 of the guide material under §192.614 for other related information.
Operators of transmission systems should communicate their programs to residences and businesses
along their pipeline rights-of-way, with a request that landlords and employers provide the information to
their tenants and employees. The extent of program coverage may vary depending on the location of the
transmission pipeline with respect to occupants of residences and businesses. In determining the scope
of the operator’s communication, the likelihood that the occupant would be able to recognize a pipeline
emergency on the rights-of-way should be considered. Distance, terrain, other homes, or buildings
between the occupant and the pipeline are factors that influence the ability to recognize a pipeline
emergency. The programs and media used should be as comprehensive as necessary to reach all
areas through which the operator transports gas. The programs of operators in the same area should be
coordinated to properly direct reports of emergencies and to avoid inconsistencies.
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248
2 INFORMATION TO BE COMMUNICATED
2.1 General information.

(a) Facts about the gas distributed or transported.
(b) Importance of recognizing and immediately reporting a gas emergency.
(c) How to report an emergency to the gas facilities operator.
(d) What action to take in an emergency or when gas leaks are detected.
(e) Importance of reporting any odor of gas no matter how slight.
(f) Recognizing and reporting other types of hazards or potential hazards such as the following.
(1) Heavy snow accumulation on meter set assemblies.
(2) Snow or ice falling or being shoveled from roofs onto gas facilities.
(3) Ice buildup on regulators or regulator vents.
(4) Carbon monoxide hazards from snow and ice buildup around combustion air and exhaust vents
for gas appliances.
(g) How to identify a pipeline marker.
(h) Importance of reporting any gas pipeline damage or movement. See guide material under
§192.614.
2.2 Specific information.

Information on how to recognize an emergency or potentially dangerous situation. This might include
information on the possibility that escaping gas may be detected by sound and smell (if it is odorized)
and by visual indications. Possible indicators might include the following.
(a) An odor of gas in a building.
(b) A hissing sound.
(c) A fire in or near a gas appliance or piping.
(d) Unusual noise at an appliance.
(e) Unusual behavior of the flame at an appliance burner.
(f) Gas outside (odor, blowing, burning).
(g) Odor of gas where excavation work is in progress or has recently been completed.
2.3 Emergency information.

Information on what action to take in an emergency, or when gas leaks are detected, until the operator
can be notified and respond. This might include the following.
(a) Do not attempt to locate gas leaks.
(b) Do not remain in the building when there is a strong gas odor.
(c) Do not turn lights on or off or unplug electrical appliances when there is a strong gas odor.
(d) Do not use telephones in the area of a strong gas odor.
(e) Do not use elevators.
(f) Do not position or operate vehicles and powered equipment where leaking gas may be present.
(g) Do not smoke or use lighters, matches, or other open flames.
(h) Notify the local emergency response agency, such as the fire or police department, regarding the
emergency situation if gas leakage is determined to be significant (blowing or burning gas). The
operator should call 911, where appropriate.
2.4 Priority consideration.

Emphasis that personal safety and the protection of human life should always be given higher priority
than protection of property.
249
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3 LANGUAGE
In addition to English, the following may provide indications of other languages to consider when
conducting public education programs.
(a) Languages prescribed by state or local governments.
(b) Commercial non-English radio, television, and print media.
(c) U.S. Census data.
4 EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT
4.1 Frequency.
Public education programs should be evaluated periodically, and following accidents, to ensure
effectiveness of the program. An operator should conduct such evaluations, as often as necessary,
considering the gas system’s characteristics.
4.2 Scope and methods.

The evaluations should assess the program’s content and presentation techniques. These evaluations
may be performed in a variety of ways. Evaluation methods include the following.
(a) Surveys by a private assessment organization.
(b) Questionnaires distributed as an individual document or “bill stuffer.”
(c) Personal interviews.
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(d) Interview panels comprised of a broad sample of the general public (e.g., customers, local officials,
excavators, persons living near pipelines).
(e) Telephone interviews.
§192.617
Investigation of failures.
Each operator shall establish procedures for analyzing accidents and failures, including the
selection of samples of the failed facility or equipment for laboratory examination, where appropriate,
for the purpose of determining the causes of the failure and minimizing the possibility of a
recurrence.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
(a) Data on all failures and leaks should be compiled for use in continuing surveillance under
§192.613.
(b) Information for completing a 30-day incident report form contained in Part 191 may constitute an
adequate analysis of a failure or leak. See §§191.9 and 191.15.
(c) Further analysis, especially of repeated occurrences, should be made when it could be useful in
minimizing a recurrence of the failure.
(d) For information on failures of PE pipe, see 3 of the guide material under §192.613.
2 RESPONSE TO INCIDENT
If a detailed analysis is to be made, rapid response will be necessary for preserving the integrity of
specimens and gathering information.
250
3 INCIDENT DATA COLLECTION
When a detailed analysis is to be made, a person at the scene of the incident should be designated to
coordinate the investigation. That person's responsibilities should include the following.
(a) Acting as a coordinator for all field investigative personnel.
(b) Maintaining a log of the personnel, equipment, and witnesses.
(c) Recording in chronological order the events as they take place.
(d) Ensuring that photographs are taken of the incident and surrounding areas. These photographs
may be of great value in the investigation.
(e) Ensuring the notification of all appropriate governmental authorities.
(f) Ensuring the preservation of evidence.
4 INVESTIGATION TEAM
When a detailed analysis is to be made, an investigation team should be designated. The investigation
team should be knowledgeable by training or experience in the proper procedures for investigation of an
incident. The investigation should include the following.
(a) Determination of the probable cause of the incident.
(b) Evaluation of the initial response to the incident.
(c) The need for system improvements, if necessary.
(d) The need for improvements in response, management, and investigation of incidents.
5 SPECIMENS
(a) Procedures should be prepared for selecting, collecting, preserving, labeling, and handling of
specimens.
(b) Procedures for collecting plastic or metallurgical specimens should include precautions against
changing the granular structure in the areas of investigatory interest (e.g., avoid heat effects from
cutting and outside forces due to tools and equipment).
(c) Procedures may be necessary for proper sampling and handling of soil and ground water
specimens where corrosion may be involved.
(d) Procedures controlling the cutting, cleaning, lifting, identifying, and shipping of pipe specimens
should be considered for preservation of valuable evidence on the pipe surface, and on any tear
surface or fracture face, including making cuts far enough from the failure to avoid damaging critical
areas of the specimen.
(e) The number of specimens needed to be collected at the failure site may vary depending on the type
and number of tests anticipated. A series of independent or destructive tests may require multiple
specimens. If there is a need to confirm the pipe materials specifications, then additional pipe
specimens should be obtained near the failure, but in an area of the piping where the physical
properties and characteristics are unaffected by the failure itself. Other investigatory procedures
may be utilized to confirm pipe material specifications.
6 TESTING AND ANALYSIS
(a) Recognized standard destructive and non-destructive techniques are the preferred means to
examine test specimens. The testing methods used should be suited to the particular material being
tested, and be pertinent to the failure investigation.
(b) Analysis and data on failures should be compiled and reviewed.
(c) The need for continuing surveillance of pipeline facilities should be determined. See guide material
under §192.613.
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7 REFERENCES
(a) "First at the Scene" by J.M. Lennon, Director of Claims, Philadelphia Electric Company; AGA
Operating Section Proceedings - 1983.
(b) "How to Protect the Company at the Scene of an Incident" by Robert E. Kennedy, Director of
Claims, Claim & Security Department, The Brooklyn Union Gas Company; AGA Operating Section
Proceedings - 1983.
(c) NFPA 921, "Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations."
(d) NACE RP0173, "Collection and Identification of Corrosion Products" (Revised 1973; Discontinued).
§192.619
űMaximum allowable operating pressure:
űSteel or plastic pipelines.
(a) No person may operate a segment of steel or plastic pipeline at a pressure that exceeds a
maximum allowable operating pressure determined under paragraph (c) or (d) of this section, or the
lowest of the following:
(1) The design pressure of the weakest element in the segment, determined in accordance
with subparts C and D of this part. However, for steel pipe in pipelines being converted under
§192.14 or uprated under subpart K of this part, if any variable necessary to determine the design
pressure under the design formula (§192.105) is unknown, one of the following pressures is to be
used as design pressure:
(i) Eighty percent of the first test pressure that produces yield under section N5 of
Appendix N of ASME B31.8 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7), reduced by the appropriate factor
in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section; or
(ii) If the pipe is 12¾ inches (324 mm) or less in outside diameter and is not tested to
yield under this paragraph, 200 p.s.i. (1379 kPa).
(2) The pressure obtained by dividing the pressure to which the segment was tested after
construction as follows:
(i) For plastic pipe in all locations, the test pressure is divided by a factor of 1.5.
(ii) For steel pipe operated at 100 p.s.i. (689 kPa) gage or more, the test pressure is
divided by a factor determined in accordance with the following table:
1
Class Factor , segment--
location
Installed before Installed after Converted

(Nov. 12, 1970) (Nov. 11, 1970) under §192.14
1 1.1 1.1 1.25

2 1.25 1.25 1.25
3 1.4 1.5 1.5
4 1.4 1.5 1.5
1
For offshore segments installed, uprated or converted after July 31, 1977, that are not located
on an offshore platform, the factor is 1.25. For segments installed, uprated or converted after
July 31, 1977, that are located on an offshore platform or on a platform in inland navigable
waters, including a pipe riser, the factor is 1.5.
(3) The highest actual operating pressure to which the segment was subjected during the
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252
5 years preceding the applicable date in the second column. This pressure restriction applies
unless the segment was tested according to the requirements in paragraph (a)(2) of this section
after the applicable date in the third column or the segment was uprated according to the
requirements in subpart K of this part:
Pipeline segment Pressure date Test date

— Onshore gathering line that March 15, 2006, or date line 5 years preceding
first became subject to this part becomes subject to this part, applicable date in second
(other than §192.612) after April whichever is later. column.
13, 2006.
— Onshore transmission line
that was a gathering line not
subject to this part before
March 15, 2006.
Offshore gathering lines. July 1, 1976. July 1, 1971.
All other pipelines. July 1, 1970. July 1, 1965.
(4) The pressure determined by the operator to be the maximum safe pressure after
considering the history of the segment, particularly known corrosion and the actual operating
pressure.
(b) No person may operate a segment to which paragraph (a)(4) of this section is applicable,
unless over-pressure protective devices are installed on the segment in a manner that will prevent
the maximum allowable operating pressure from being exceeded, in accordance with §192.195.
(c) The requirements on pressure restrictions in this section do not apply in the following
instance. An operator may operate a segment of pipeline found to be in satisfactory condition,
considering its operating and maintenance history, at the highest actual operating pressure to
which the segment was subjected during the 5 years preceding the applicable date in the second
column of the table in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. An operator must still comply with §192.611.
(d) The operator of a pipeline segment of steel pipeline meeting the conditions prescribed in
§192.620(b) may elect to operate the segment at a maximum allowable operating pressure
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
determined under §192.620(a).
[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976 with Amdt. 192-
27A, 41 FR 47252, Oct. 28, 1976; Amdt. 192-30, 42 FR 60146, Nov. 25, 1977; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR
28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR
37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-102, 71 FR 13289, Mar. 15, 2006; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June
9, 2006; RIN 2137-AE25, 73 FR 62148, Oct. 17, 2008; Eff. date stayed by 73 FR 72737, Dec. 1, 2008]
GUIDE MATERIAL
This guide material is under review following Amendments 192-102 and RIN 2137-AE25.
253
ű§192.620
űAlternative maximum allowable operating pressure for certain steel pipelines.
(a) How does an operator calculate the alternative maximum allowable operating pressure? An
operator calculates the alternative maximum allowable operating pressure by using different factors
in the same formulas used for calculating maximum allowable operating pressure under §192.619(a)
as follows:
(1) In determining the alternative design pressure under §192.105, use a design factor
determined in accordance with §192.111(b), (c), or (d) or, if none of these paragraphs apply, in
accordance with the following table:
Class Location Alternative

Design Factor (F)
1 0.80
2 0.67
3 0.56
(i) For facilities installed prior to November 17, 2008, for which §192.111(b), (c), or (d)
apply, use the following design factors as alternatives for the factors specified in those paragraphs:
§192.111(b)—0.67 or less; 192.111(c) and (d)—0.56 or less.
(ii) [Reserved]
(2) The alternative maximum allowable operating pressure is the lower of the following:
(i) The design pressure of the weakest element in the pipeline segment, determined
under subparts C and D of this part.
(ii) The pressure obtained by dividing the pressure to which the pipeline segment was
tested after construction by a factor determined in the following table:
Class Location Alternative Test

Factor
1 1.25
1
2 1.50
3 1.50
1
For Class 2 alternative maximum allowable
operating pressure segments installed prior
to November 17, 2008, the alternative test
factor is 1.25.
(b) When may an operator use the alternative maximum allowable operating pressure calculated
under paragraph (a) of this section? An operator may use an alternative maximum allowable
operating pressure calculated under paragraph (a) of this section if the following conditions are met:
(1) The pipeline segment is in a Class 1, 2, or 3 location;
(2) The pipeline segment is constructed of steel pipe meeting the additional design
requirements in §192.112;
(3) A supervisory control and data acquisition system provides remote monitoring and
control of the pipeline segment. The control provided must include monitoring of pressures and
254
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

flows, monitoring compressor start-ups and shut-downs, and remote closure of valves;
(4) The pipeline segment meets the additional construction requirements described in
§192.328;
(5) The pipeline segment does not contain any mechanical couplings used in place of girth
welds;
(6) If a pipeline segment has been previously operated, the segment has not experienced
any failure during normal operations indicative of a systemic fault in material as determined by a root
cause analysis, including metallurgical examination of the failed pipe. The results of this root cause
analysis must be reported to each PHMSA pipeline safety regional office where the pipeline is in
service at least 60 days prior to operation at the alternative MAOP. An operator must also notify a
State pipeline safety authority when the pipeline is located in a State where PHMSA has an interstate
agent agreement, or an intrastate pipeline is regulated by that State; and
(7) At least 95 percent of girth welds on a segment that was constructed prior to November
17, 2008, must have been non-destructively examined in accordance with §192.243(b) and (c).
(c) What is an operator electing to use the alternative maximum allowable operating pressure
required to do? If an operator elects to use the alternative maximum allowable operating pressure
calculated under paragraph (a) of this section for a pipeline segment, the operator must do each of
the following:
(1) Notify each PHMSA pipeline safety regional office where the pipeline is in service of its
election with respect to a segment at least 180 days before operating at the alternative maximum
allowable operating pressure. An operator must also notify a State pipeline safety authority when the
pipeline is located in a State where PHMSA has an interstate agent agreement, or an intrastate
pipeline is regulated by that State.
(2) Certify, by signature of a senior executive officer of the company, as follows:
(i) The pipeline segment meets the conditions described in paragraph (b) of this
section; and
(ii) The operating and maintenance procedures include the additional operating and
maintenance requirements of paragraph (d) of this section; and
(iii) The review and any needed program upgrade of the damage prevention program
required by paragraph (d)(4)(v) of this section has been completed.
(3) Send a copy of the certification required by paragraph (c)(2) of this section to each
PHMSA pipeline safety regional office where the pipeline is in service 30 days prior to operating at
the alternative MAOP. An operator must also send a copy to a State pipeline safety authority when
the pipeline is located in a State where PHMSA has an interstate agent agreement, or an intrastate
pipeline is regulated by that State.
(4) For each pipeline segment, do one of the following:
(i) Perform a strength test as described in §192.505 at a test pressure calculated
under paragraph (a) of this section or
(ii) For a pipeline segment in existence prior to November 17, 2008, certify, under
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, that the strength test performed under §192.505 was conducted at a
test pressure calculated under paragraph (a) of this section, or conduct a new strength test in
accordance with paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section.
(5) Comply with the additional operation and maintenance requirements described in
paragraph (d) of this section.
(6) If the performance of a construction task associated with implementing alternative
MAOP can affect the integrity of the pipeline segment, treat that task as a ‘‘covered task’’,
notwithstanding the definition in §192.801(b) and implement the requirements of subpart N as
appropriate.
(7) Maintain, for the useful life of the pipeline, records demonstrating compliance with
paragraphs (b), (c)(6), and (d) of this section.
(8) A Class 1 and Class 2 pipeline location can be upgraded one class due to class changes
per §192.611(a)(3)(i). All class location changes from Class 1 to Class 2 and from Class 2 to Class 3
must have all anomalies evaluated and remediated per: The ‘‘original pipeline class grade’’
§192.620(d)(11) anomaly repair requirements; and all anomalies with a wall loss equal to or greater
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
255
than 40 percent must be excavated and remediated. Pipelines in Class 4 may not operate at an
alternative MAOP.
(d) What additional operation and maintenance requirements apply to operation at the
alternative maximum allowable operating pressure? In addition to compliance with other applicable
safety standards in this part, if an operator establishes a maximum allowable operating pressure for
a pipeline segment under paragraph (a) of this section, an operator must comply with the additional
operation and maintenance requirements as follows:
To address increased risk of Take the following additional step:

a maximum allowable
operating pres-sure based on
higher stress levels in the
following areas:
(1) Identifying and Develop a threat matrix consistent with §192.917 to do the
evaluating threats following:
(i) Identify and compare the increased risk of operating
the pipeline at the increased stress level under this
section with conventional operation; and
(ii) Describe and implement procedures used to mitigate
the risk.
(2) Notifying the public (i) Recalculate the potential impact circle as defined in
§192.903 to reflect use of the alternative maximum
operating pressure calculated under paragraph (a) of this
section and pipeline operating conditions; and
(ii) In implementing the public education program
required under §192.616, perform the following:
(A) Include persons occupying property within 220
yards of the centerline and within the potential impact
circle within the targeted audience; and
(B) Include information about the integrity
management activities performed under this section
within the message provided to the audience.
(3) Responding to an (i) Ensure that the identification of high consequence
emergency in an area defined areas reflects the larger potential impact circle
as a high consequence recalculated under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section.
area in §192.903 (ii) If personnel response time to mainline valves on
either side of the high consequence area exceeds one
hour (under normal driving conditions and speed limits)
from the time the event is identified in the control room,
provide remote valve control through a supervisory
control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, other leak
detection system, or an alternative method of control.
(iii) Remote valve control must include the ability to close
and monitor the valve position (open or closed), and
monitor pressure upstream and downstream.
256
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


a maximum allowable
following areas:
(3) Responding to an (iv) A line break valve control system using differential
emergency in an area defined pressure, rate of pressure drop or other widely-accepted
as a high consequence area method is an acceptable alternative to remote valve
in §192.903 (continued) control.
(4) Protecting the right-of- (i) Patrol the right-of-way at intervals not exceeding 45
way days, but at least 12 times each calendar year, to inspect
for excavation activities, ground movement, wash outs,
leakage, or other activities or conditions affecting the
safety operation of the pipeline.
(ii) Develop and implement a plan to monitor for and
mitigate occurrences of unstable soil and ground
movement.
(iii) If observed conditions indicate the possible loss of
cover, perform a depth of cover study and replace cover
as necessary to restore the depth of cover or apply
alternative means to provide protection equivalent to the
originally-required depth of cover.
(iv) Use line-of-sight line markers satisfying the
requirements of §192.707(d) except in agricultural areas,
large water crossings or swamp, steep terrain, or where
prohibited by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
orders, permits, or local law.
(v) Review the damage prevention program under
§192.614(a) in light of national consensus practices, to
ensure the program provides adequate protection of the
right-of-way. Identify the standards or practices
considered in the review, and meet or exceed those
standards or practices by incorporating appropriate
changes into the program.
(vi) Develop and implement a right-of-way management
plan to protect the pipeline segment from damage due to
excavation activities.
(5) Controlling internal (i) Develop and implement a program to monitor for and
corrosion mitigate the presence of, deleterious gas stream
constituents.
(ii) At points where gas with potentially deleterious
contaminants enters the pipeline, use filter separators or
separators and gas quality monitoring equipment.
(iii) Use gas quality monitoring equipment that includes a
moisture analyzer, chromatograph, and periodic hydrogen
sulfide sampling.
(iv) Use cleaning pigs and inhibitors, and sample
accumulated liquids when corrosive gas is present.
257
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


a maximum allowable
following areas:
(5) Controlling internal (v) Address deleterious gas stream constituents as
corrosion (continued) follows:
(A) Limit carbon dioxide to 3 percent by volume;
(B) Allow no free water and otherwise limit water to
seven pounds per million cubic feet of gas; and
(C) Limit hydrogen sulfide to 1.0 grain per hundred
cubic feet (16 ppm) of gas, where the hydrogen sulfide is
greater than 0.5 grain per hundred cubic feet (8 ppm) of
gas, implement a pigging and inhibitor injection program
to address deleterious gas stream constituents, including
follow-up sampling and quality testing of liquids at receipt
points.
(vi) Review the program at least quarterly based on the
gas stream experience and implement adjustments to
monitor for, and mitigate the presence of, deleterious gas
stream constituents.
(6) Controlling interference (i) Prior to operating an existing pipeline segment at an
that can impact external alternate maximum allowable operating pressure
corrosion calculated under this section, or within six months after
placing a new pipeline segment in service at an alternate
maximum allowable operating pressure calculated under
this section, address any interference currents on the
pipeline segment.
(ii) To address interference currents, perform the
following:
(A) Conduct an interference survey to detect the
presence and level of any electrical current that could
impact external corrosion where interference is
suspected;
(B) Analyze the results of the survey; and
(C) Take any remedial action needed within 6 months
after completing the survey to protect the pipeline
segment from deleterious current.
(7) Confirming external (i) Within six months after placing the cathodic
corrosion control through protection of a new pipeline segment in operation, or
indirect assessment within six months after certifying a segment under
§192.620(c)(1) of an existing pipeline segment under this
section, assess the adequacy of the cathodic protection
through an indirect method such as close-interval survey,
and the integrity of the coating using direct current
voltage gradient (DCVG) or alternating current voltage
gradient (ACVG).
258 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


a maximum allowable
following areas:
(7) Confirming external (ii) Remediate any construction damaged coating with a
corrosion control through voltage drop classified as moderate or severe (IR drop
indirect assessment greater than 35% for DCVG or 50 dBµv for ACVG) under
(continued) section 4 of NACE RP–0502–2002 (incorporated by
reference, see §192.7).
(iii) Within six months after completing the baseline
internal inspection required under paragraph (8) of this
section, integrate the results of the indirect assessment
required under paragraph (6)(i) of this section with the
results of the baseline internal inspection and take any
needed remedial actions.
(iv) For all pipeline segments in high consequence areas,
perform periodic assessments as follows:
(A) Conduct periodic close interval surveys with
current interrupted to confirm voltage drops in association
with periodic assessments under subpart O of this part.
(B) Locate pipe-to-soil test stations at half-mile
intervals within each high consequence area ensuring at
least one station is within each high consequence area, if
practicable.
(C) Integrate the results with those of the baseline
and periodic assessments for integrity done under
paragraphs (d)(8) and (d)(9) of this section.
(8) Controlling external (i) If an annual test station reading indicates cathodic
corrosion through cathodic protection below the level of protection required in
protection subpart I of this part, complete remedial action within six
months of the failed reading or notify each PHMSA
pipeline safety regional office where the pipeline is in
service demonstrating that the integrity of the pipeline is
not compromised if the repair takes longer than 6 months.
An operator must also notify a State pipeline safety
authority when the pipeline is located in a State where
PHMSA has an interstate agent agreement, or an intrastate
pipeline is regulated by that State; and
(ii) After remedial action to address a failed reading,
confirm restoration of adequate corrosion control by a
close interval survey on either side of the affected test
station to the next test station.
(iii) If the pipeline segment has been in operation, the
cathodic protection system on the pipeline segment must
have been operational within 12 months of the completion
of construction.
259
--`,,```,,,,``


a maximum allowable
following areas:
(9) Conducting a baseline (i) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(8)(iii) of this
assessment of integrity section, for a new pipeline segment operating at the new
alternative maximum allowable operating pressure,
perform a baseline internal inspection of the entire
pipeline segment as follows:
(A) Assess using a geometry tool after the initial
hydrostatic test and backfill and within six months after
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
placing the new pipeline segment in service; and
(B) Assess using a high resolution magnetic flux tool
within three years after placing the new pipeline segment
in service at the alternative maximum allowable operating
pressure.
(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(8)(iii) of this
section, for an existing pipeline segment, perform a
baseline internal assessment using a geometry tool and a
high resolution magnetic flux tool before, but within two
years prior to, raising pressure to the alternative maximum
allowable operating pressure as allowed under this
section.
(iii) If headers, mainline valve by-passes, compressor
station piping, meter station piping, or other short portion
of a pipeline segment operating at alternative maximum
allowable operating pressure cannot accommodate a
geometry tool and a high resolution magnetic flux tool,
use direct assessment (per §192.925, §192.927 and/or
§192.929) or pressure testing (per subpart J of this part) to
assess that portion.
(10) Conducting periodic (i) Determine a frequency for subsequent periodic
assessments of integrity integrity assessments as if all the alternative maximum
allowable operating pressure pipeline segments were
covered by subpart O of this part and
(ii) Conduct periodic internal inspections using a high
resolution magnetic flux tool on the frequency determined
under paragraph (d)(9)(i) of this section, or
(iii) Use direct assessment (per §192.925, §192.927 and/or
§192.929) or pressure testing (per subpart J of this part)
for periodic assessment of a portion of a segment to the
extent permitted for a baseline assessment under
paragraph (d)(8)(iii) of this section.
260

a maximum allowable
following areas:
(11) Making repairs (i) Perform the following when evaluating an anomaly:
(A) Use the most conservative calculation for
determining remaining strength or an alternative validated
calculation based on pipe diameter, wall thickness, grade,
operating pressure, operating stress level, and operating
temperature: and
(B) Take into account the tolerances of the tools used
for the inspection.
(ii) Repair a defect immediately if any of the following
apply:
(A) The defect is a dent discovered during the
baseline assessment for integrity under paragraph (d)(8)
of this section and the defect meets the criteria for
immediate repair in §192.309(b).
(B) The defect meets the criteria for immediate repair
in §192.933(d).
(C) The alternative maximum allowable operating
pressure was based on a design factor of 0.67 under
paragraph (a) of this section and the failure pressure is
less than 1.25 times the alternative maximum allowable
operating pressure.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(D) The alternative maximum allowable operating

less than or equal to 1.4 times the alternative maximum
(iii) If paragraph (d)(10)(ii) of this section does not require
immediate repair, repair a defect within one year if any of
the following apply:
(A) The defect meets the criteria for repair within one
year in §192.933(d).
(B) The alternative maximum allowable operating
operating pressure.
(C) The alternative maximum allowable operating
operating pressure.
261

a maximum allowable
following areas:
(11) Making repairs (D) The alternative maximum allowable operating
(continued) pressure was based on a design factor of 0.56 under
less than or equal to 1.80 times the alternative maximum
(iv) Evaluate any defect not required to be repaired under
paragraph (d)(10)(ii) or (iii) of this section to determine its
growth rate, set the maximum interval for repair or re-
inspection, and repair or re-inspect within that interval.
(e) Is there any change in overpressure protection associated with operating at the alternative
maximum allowable operating pressure? Notwithstanding the required capacity of pressure relieving
and limiting stations otherwise required by §192.201, if an operator establishes a maximum allowable
operating pressure for a pipeline segment in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, an
operator must:
(1) Provide overpressure protection that limits mainline pressure to a maximum of 104
percent of the maximum allowable operating pressure; and
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(2) Develop and follow a procedure for establishing and maintaining accurate set points for
the supervisory control and data acquisition system.
[Issued by RIN 2137-AE25, 73 FR 62148, Oct. 17, 2008; Eff. date stayed by 73 FR 72737, Dec. 1, 2008]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.621
Maximum allowable operating pressure: High-pressure distribution systems.
(a) No person may operate a segment of a high pressure distribution system at a pressure that
exceeds the lowest of the following pressures, as applicable:
(1) The design pressure of the weakest element in the segment, determined in accordance
with Subparts C and D of this part.
(2) 60 p.s.i. (414 kPa) gage, for a segment of a distribution system otherwise designed to
operate at over 60 p.s.i.g., unless the service lines in the segment are equipped with service
regulators or other pressure limiting devices in series that meet the requirements of §192.197(c).
(3) 25 p.s.i. (172 kPa) gage in segments of cast iron pipe in which there are unreinforced bell
and spigot joints.
(4) The pressure limits to which a joint could be subjected without the possibility of its
parting.
(5) The pressure determined by the operator to be the maximum safe pressure after
262
considering the history of the segment, particularly known corrosion and the actual operating
pressures.
(b) No person may operate a segment of pipeline to which paragraph (a) (5) of this section
applies, unless overpressure protective devices are installed on the segment in a manner that will
prevent the maximum allowable operating pressure from being exceeded, in accordance with
§192.195.
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
For high-pressure distribution systems containing steel or plastic pipelines, see §192.619.
§192.623
Maximum and minimum allowable operating pressure:
Low-pressure distribution systems.
(a) No person may operate a low-pressure distribution system at a pressure high enough to
make unsafe the operation of any connected and properly adjusted low-pressure gas burning
equipment.
(b) No person may operate a low pressure distribution system at a pressure lower than the
minimum pressure at which the safe and continuing operation of any connected and properly
adjusted low-pressure gas burning equipment can be assured.
[Amdt. 192-75, 61 FR 18512, Apr. 26, 1996 with Amdt. 192-75 Correction, 61 FR 38403, July 24, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Each existing low-pressure distribution system, connected to a gas source where the failure of pressure
control might result in a pressure which would exceed the maximum allowable operating pressure of the
system, should be equipped with suitable pressure relieving or pressure limiting devices which will
control the pressure to the maximum allowable operating pressure of the system.
(b) For low-pressure distribution systems containing steel or plastic pipelines, see §192.619.
§192.625
Odorization of gas.
(a) A combustible gas in a distribution line must contain a natural odorant or be odorized so
that at a concentration in air of one-fifth of the lower explosive limit, the gas is readily detectable by a
person with a normal sense of smell.
(b) After December 31, 1976, a combustible gas in a transmission line in a Class 3 or Class 4
location must comply with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section unless:
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
263
(1) At least 50 percent of the length of the line downstream from that location is in a Class 1
or Class 2 location;
(2) The line transports gas to any of the following facilities which received gas without an
odorant from that line before May 5, 1975;
(i) An underground storage field;
(ii) A gas processing plant;
(iii) A gas dehydration plant; or
(iv) An industrial plant using gas in a process where the presence of an odorant:
(A) Makes the end product unfit for the purpose for which it is intended;
(B) Reduces the activity of a catalyst; or
(C) Reduces the percentage completion of a chemical reaction;
(3) In the case of a lateral line which transports gas to a distribution center, at least 50
percent of the length of that line is in a Class 1 or Class 2 location; or
(4) The combustible gas is hydrogen intended for use as a feedstock in a manufacturing
process.
(c) In the concentrations in which it is used, the odorant in combustible gases must comply with
the following:
(1) The odorant may not be deleterious to persons, materials, or pipe.
(2) The products of combustion from the odorant may not be toxic when breathed nor may
they be corrosive or harmful to those materials to which the products of combustion will be
exposed.
(d) The odorant may not be soluble in water to an extent greater than 2.5 parts to 100 parts by
weight.
(e) Equipment for odorization must introduce the odorant without wide variations in the level of
odorant.
(f) To assure the proper concentration of odorant in accordance with this section, each
operator must conduct periodic sampling of combustible gases using an instrument capable of
determining the percentage of gas in air at which the odor becomes readily detectable. Operators of
master meter systems may comply with this requirement by --
(1) Receiving written verification from their gas source that the gas has the proper
concentration of odorant; and
(2) Conducting periodic "sniff" tests at the extremities of the system to confirm that the gas
contains odorant.
[Amdt. 192-2, 35 FR 17335, Nov. 11, 1970; Amdt. 192-6, 36 FR 25423, Dec. 31, 1971; Amdt. 192-7, 37 FR
17970, Sept. 2, 1972; Amdt. 192-14, 38 FR 14943, June 7, 1973; Amdt. 192-15, 38 FR 35471, Dec. 28,
1973; Amdt. 192-16, 39 FR 45253, Dec. 31, 1974; Amdt. 192-21, 40 FR 20279, May 9, 1975; Amdt. 192-
58, 53 FR 1633, Jan. 21, 1988; Amdt. 192-76, 61 FR 26121, May 24, 1996 with Amdt. 192-76 Correction,
61 FR 36825, July 15, 1996; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61
FR 30824, June 18, 1996; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1 LATERAL LINE DEFINITION (§192.625(b)(3))
Lateral line (transmission) is a pipeline that branches from the main line or trunk of the transmission
system, as determined by the operator, for the purpose of transporting gas to one or more distribution
centers or to one or more large volume customers.
264
2 PERIODIC SAMPLING (§192.625(f))
2.1 Sites.
Sampling sites should be selected to ensure that all gas within the piping system contains the
required odorant concentration. The number of sites selected depends upon the size and
configuration of the system, location of gate stations and locations suspected of low odorant level
within the system.
2.2 Frequency.
The testing should be performed at sufficiently frequent intervals to ensure that the gas is odorized to
the required level.
2.3 Tests.
(a) Odor concentration tests should be conducted by personnel having a normal sense of smell and
trained in the operation and use of odor concentration meters and procedures. A reference for
determining odor intensity of natural gas is ASTM D6273.
(b) Sniff tests are qualitative tests that should be performed by individuals with a normal sense of
smell. Such tests should be conducted by releasing small amounts of gas for a short duration in a
controlled manner to determine whether odorant is detectable.
(c) A normal sense of smell may be affected by smoking, eating spicy foods, chewing tobacco or
gum, or the presence of other strong odors. It may also be affected by health-related conditions,
such as a head cold, that may interfere with the sense of smell. Prolonged or repetitive exposure
to gas should be avoided because the sense of smell will fatigue with extended exposure to
odorant.
(d) A program should be considered to periodically check personnel who perform odorant sampling
to verify that they possess normal olfactory senses.
(e) A chemical analysis instrument (e.g., gas chromatograph) may be used to support or supplement
odorant level information. If a chemical analysis instrument is used, the operator should
periodically validate the measured odorant concentration with the proper concentration, which
must be determined separately in accordance with paragraph (a) above.
2.4 Records.
(a) The operator should retain records of the odor level and odorant concentration test results.
(b) Operators of master meter systems who do not perform odorant level testing should retain their
own records of sniff testing and records received from gas suppliers.
(c) Records of sniff testing should include the name of the person conducting the test, the date and
location of the test, and whether odorant was detected.
3 ODORANTS IN PLASTIC PIPELINES
Odorants should be introduced into plastic pipelines only in the vapor state, unless it has been
determined by investigation or test that the kind of plastic is adequately resistant to direct contact with
the liquid odorant.
4 REFERENCES
(a) AGA XQ0005, "Odorization Manual."

(b) ASTM D6273, "Standard Test Methods for Natural Gas Odor Intensity."
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
265
§192.627
Tapping pipelines under pressure.
Each tap made on a pipeline under pressure must be performed by a crew qualified to make
hot taps.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
Personnel performing hot taps should be:

(a) Familiar with the pressure limitations of the hot tapping equipment to be used; and
(b) Thoroughly trained in the mechanical procedures and safety precautions associated with the use
of such equipment.
2 IDENTIFICATION OF PIPE
The operator should accurately identify the line to be tapped. Special caution should be exercised
when other underground facilities are known or suspected to be in the area. Special caution should
also be exercised when personnel locating the line to be tapped are unfamiliar with the area. The
operator's personnel should be familiar with the piping materials used by other utilities in the area,
such as steel, plastic, and cast iron.
2.1 Before tapping.

(a) Maps and records. The operator should thoroughly review applicable maps and records and
contact the operators of other underground facilities (e.g., one-call system) to determine the
location of other lines that may be in the vicinity of the pipeline to be tapped.
(b) Exposed pipe. The following factors may be used to ensure that the exposed pipe is the one to
be tapped. When identification of the pipe is uncertain the operator should consider extending the
excavation.
(1) Outside diameter.
(2) Longitudinal weld characteristics.
(i) Electric resistance weld.
(ii) Electric flash weld.
(iii) Electric fusion/submerged arc weld.
(iv) Spiral weld.
(v) Seamless.
(vi) Other weld characteristics. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(3) Coating.
(i) Coal tar.
(ii) Asphalt.
(iii) Wax.
(iv) Thin-film.
(v) Tape.
(vi) Extruded mastic or similar material.
(vii) Other coating materials.
(viii) Bare.
(4) Material.
(i) Steel.
(ii) Cast iron.
266
(iii) Plastic.
(iv) Non-industry proprietary pipe.
(5) Joint connections.
(i) Welded.
(ii) Mechanically coupled.
(iii) Threaded.
(iv) Bell and spigot (lead, cement, or other) joint.
(v) Fused.
(vi) Solvent cement.
(vii) Other.
(6) Manufacturers markings.
(7) Color.
(8) Surface finish.
(9) Pipe-to-soil potential (off/on rectifier, test leads, and bonds).
(10) Wall thickness (ultrasonic).
(11) Pipe temperature.
(c) Unexposed pipe. The following may be used to further ensure identification of the pipe to be
tapped.
(1) Pipe locator tracing.
(2) Probing.
(3) Above-ground indications of other buried facilities, such as markers, valve settings, backfill,
and painted fence posts.
(4) Field alignment.
2.2 During tapping.

During the tapping procedure, the operator should address the following.
(a) On initial line perforation:
(1) Verify pressure.
(2) Verify line contents, such as odorized gas, oil, gasoline, or water.
(b) Inspect recovered coupon.
2.3 Special considerations for casings and insertions.

The operator should check for the presence of vents that would indicate the existence of a casing. If
observations (e.g., records, vents, variance in diameter) indicate the possibility of a casing or
insertion, the operator should consider radiography or checking for the existence of a depressured
annulus (with tapping machine or by other means).
3 SUITABILITY FOR TAPPING
The operator should consider the following to determine the suitability of the pipe and the proposed
location for tapping.
(a) Inspect pipe for external corrosion. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(b) Determine internal defects with ultrasonic meter or radiography.

(c) Verify proper tap/seam/joint relationships.
(d) Verify tapping equipment and materials are correct for intended pressure service.
4 LOW HYDROGEN WELDING
Consideration should be given to the use of a low hydrogen welding procedure when welding on a
steel pipeline in service where the flow of gas or the metal thickness does not allow for maintaining
adequate welding temperature.
267
§192.629
Purging of pipelines.
(a) When a pipeline is being purged of air by use of gas, the gas must be released into one
end of the line in a moderately rapid and continuous flow. If gas cannot be supplied in sufficient
quantity to prevent the formation of a hazardous mixture of gas and air, a slug of inert gas must be
released into the line before the gas.
(b) When a pipeline is being purged of gas by use of air, the air must be released into one end
of the line in a moderately rapid and continuous flow. If air cannot be supplied in sufficient
quantity to prevent the formation of a hazardous mixture of gas and air, a slug of inert gas must be
released into the line before the air.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 REFERENCE
AGA XK0101, “Purging Principles and Practice.”
2 NOTIFICATIONS
For notification of public officials and the public in the vicinity of purge or discharge, see 4 of the guide
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
268
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART M
SUBPART M
MAINTENANCE
§192.701
Scope.
This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for maintenance of pipeline facilities.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.703
General.
(a) No person may operate a segment of pipeline, unless it is maintained in accordance with
this subpart.
(b) Each segment of pipeline that becomes unsafe must be replaced, repaired, or removed from
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
service.
(c) Hazardous leaks must be repaired promptly.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
Any time a pipeline is found to be damaged or deteriorated to the extent that its serviceability is
impaired or leakage constituting a hazard is evident, immediate temporary measures should be
employed to protect the public and property. If it is not feasible to make a permanent repair at the time
of discovery, then as soon as feasible, permanent repairs should be made.
2 REPAIR OF PIPE
2.1 General.
Prior to repairing a pipeline, the operator should consider the operating conditions, design, and
maintenance history, as necessary, to ensure that repair actions do not further damage the pipe. Where
warranted, the operating pressure should be lowered, pipe exposure should be limited, access to the
area should be limited, personnel protection should be provided, and fire extinguishing equipment
should be available.
2.2 Repairs to distribution lines.

Methods of permanent repair to non-thermoplastic distribution lines include the following.
(a) Cutting out as a cylinder and replacing the piece of damaged pipe.
(b) Applying a full-encirclement welded split sleeve of appropriate design.
269
(c) Applying a properly designed bolt-on type of leak clamp or sleeve.

(d) For steel pipe, applying a fillet-welded steel plate patch of similar material of equal or greater
thickness, of appropriate grade, and with rounded corners.
2.3 Repairs to transmission lines.

For repairs to steel transmission lines, see §§192.711, 192.713, 192.715, 192.717, and 192.751.
Section 192.485 allows the alternative of lowering the MAOP on corroded transmission pipe where a
safe operating pressure can be calculated based on the remaining strength of the corroded pipe. See
2.4 Permanent repairs to thermoplastic piping.

Repair methods for thermoplastic piping include the following.
(a) Cutting out as a cylinder and replacing the piece of damaged pipe.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(b) Applying a properly designed bolt-on type saddle, leak clamp, or sleeve.
(c) Installing a repair sleeve meeting the requirements of ASTM D2513.
(d) See guide material under §192.311.
(e) For gas flow control during repair, see 5 of the guide material under §192.321.
2.5 Repair procedures.

The repair should be made in accordance with a qualified repair procedure.
2.6 Compression couplings in pipelines.

Repairs using compression couplings and repairs to pipelines that may contain compression couplings
should consider the following.
(a) Coupled pipe is subject to pullout near bends, near the end of the pipeline, at temporary end
closures, while performing stoppering or stopping procedures, when the pipeline is severed, and
while long sections of pipeline are exposed.
(b) Some factors that can contribute to pullout potential are the pipe diameter, material, and surface;
operating pressure; temperature changes; buoyancy; and soil moisture, compaction, and type.
(c) The procedure for safely repairing the pipeline should include consideration of the following
precautionary, preventive, and mitigating actions.
(1) Reviewing maps and records to determine if couplings exist.
(2) Reviewing manufacturer's recommendation for installing and maintaining compression
couplings.
(3) Analyzing each project for the potential of coupling pullout, including pullouts on adjacent line
sections.
(4) Performing an electrical continuity test to check for indications of unknown insulating
couplings.
(5) Reviewing contingency procedures to be used in the event of a pullout.
(6) Reducing pressure prior to excavation.
(7) Installing anchors sufficient to resist anticipated pullout forces in the pipeline.
(8) Reinforcing known couplings.
(9) Minimizing the length of exposed pipe during the repair work.
(10) Backfilling offset replacement piping before severing the pipeline.
(11) Providing a separate excavation for pressure control operations to prevent injury from pullout
of an unknown coupling.
(12) Designing and installing protective sleeves or bridging when making mechanical joints that
either connect plastic piping or plastic piping to steel piping. This is especially true for PE pipe
manufactured prior to 1982, since some is known to be susceptible to premature brittle-like
failures. Also, attention should be given to any recommendations by the pipe manufacturer.
For protective sleeves, see guide material under §192.367.
270
2.7 Inspection and testing.

(a) All repairs to distribution lines should be visually inspected and leak tested at operating pressure.
(b) All repairs to transmission lines should be tested in accordance with §192.719.
3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR REPLACEMENT OR RENEWAL
3.1 All pipelines.

A guide to assist an operator in developing a method of evaluating the serviceability and need for
replacement or renewal of existing pipelines is AGA XL8920, "Attention Prioritizing and Pipe
Replacement/Renewal Decisions."
3.2 Cast iron pipe.

4 REALIGNMENT OF PIPING
4.1 Steel.
(a) General.
Prior to realigning (moving in any direction) piping, the operator should establish a procedure for
determining the feasibility of safely realigning the piping and performing the work. A useful
reference for developing such a procedure is PRCI L51717, “Pipeline In-Service Relocation
Engineering Manual.”
(1) Feasibility analysis. The procedure for determining the feasibility of safely realigning the pipe
should include consideration of the following.
(i) Determining the amount of realignment required.
(ii) Reviewing the operating history of the involved section, such as records of leaks,
damage, and external and internal corrosion.
(iii) Reviewing the material properties of the pipe and associated valves and fittings, such as
specification, rating or grade, wall thickness, SMYS, toughness, and seam and joint
characteristics.
(iv) Performing a new stress analysis, reviewing relevant prior stress analyses and safe
practices established by prior projects.
(v) Determining the maximum safe operating pressure during the realignment.
(vi) When the feasibility analysis indicates a potentially unsafe condition may be caused by
moving the pipe under normal operating conditions, consideration should be given to
isolating the line segment, lowering the pressure in the segment, depressuring the
segment, or other appropriate action.
(2) Performance of the work. The procedure for performing the work should include consideration
of the following.
(i) Training and qualification of personnel for the realignment procedure.
(ii) Monitoring the pressure during the realignment to ensure that the maximum safe
operating pressure is not exceeded.
(iii) Providing for shutdown and purging of the piping if necessary.
(iv) Minimizing employee and public exposure at the work site.
(v) Potential adverse effects of weather conditions, ground and surface water, and bank
stability.
(vi) External inspection of the exposed pipe for variation from the feasibility study and for
visible defects, such as dents, gouges, grooves, arc burns, corrosion, and coating
damage.
(vii) Making appropriate repairs.
(viii) Full control by the operator of the actual realignment process.
(ix) The adequacy of pipe supports to prevent unintended movement.
271 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(x) Ditch padding and backfill materials to prevent damage to the pipe and coating.
(xi) Backfill and compaction procedures to prevent additional movement due to settlement
after realignment.
(b) Additional considerations for compression-coupled piping.
(1) Feasibility analysis. The procedure for determining the feasibility of safely realigning the piping
should also include consideration of the following.
(i) Reviewing the manufacturers' recommendations for installing and maintaining
compression couplings.
(ii) Analyzing each project for the potential of coupling pullout, including pullouts on line
sections connected to each side of the project piping.
(iii) Installing anchors to resist unbalanced forces on each side of the project piping.
(iv) Reinforcing all involved couplings prior to actually realigning the pipe.
(2) Performance of the work. The procedure for performing the work should also include
consideration of the following.
(i) Reducing pressure prior to excavating, reinforcing, and realigning.
(ii) Minimizing excavation during the locating and reinforcing activities.
(c) References.
(1) PRCI L51717, “Pipeline In-Service Relocation Engineering Manual,” (PR218-9308).
(2) API RP 1117, “Movement of In-Service Pipelines.”
4.2 Cast iron.

Realignment of cast iron pipe is not recommended. See Guide Material Appendix G-192-18.
4.3 Plastic.
Realignment of plastic pipe is not recommended except where replacement is not feasible. If
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
realignment is necessary, then the following should be considered.

(a) General.
See 4.1 (a) and (b) above.
(b) Additional considerations.
(1) Damaged sections should be replaced.
(2) Recommendations of pipe and fitting manufacturers should be reviewed in determining the
allowable pipe movement and joint deflection.
(3) To minimize or avoid stress concentration at joints during and after realignment, the operator
should:
(i) Consider the effect of thermal stresses.
(ii) Provide continuous pipe support (e.g., bridging, protective sleeves, ditch grading, and
proper backfill) to prevent movement from settlement after realignment. For protective
sleeves, see guide material under §192.367.
(iii) Review records to determine the type of plastic material used in manufacturing the pipe.
Thermosetting plastics (e.g., fiberglass reinforced epoxy composite pipe) and some
thermoplastics (e.g., ABS and PVC) allow only marginal flexing of joints without damage.
(iv) During PE piping relocation, minimum bend radius recommendations should be observed
to avoid overstressing joints at fittings in PE piping, which can lead to premature failures.
For bend radius recommendations, see guide material under §192.367.
(v) Review records to determine the types of fittings that may be involved. Some fittings
provide little, if any, pullout resistance.
(4) Branch lines and service lines connected to the section to be realigned should be reviewed and
replaced or extended as necessary. Extensions will usually be required to prevent imposed
tensile stresses in the pipe material due to the realignment.
(5) Buried valves should be properly supported and aligned for correct operational orientation.
272
5 GAS LEAKAGE CONTROL GUIDELINES
Guide Material Appendix G-192-11 (Natural Gas Systems) and Guide Material Appendix G-192-11A
(Petroleum Gas Systems) provide guidelines for the detection, classification, and control of gas
leakage. These appendices include information related to the prompt repair of hazardous leaks.
§192.705
Transmission lines: Patrolling.
(a) Each operator shall have a patrol program to observe surface conditions on and adjacent to
the transmission line right-of-way for indications of leaks, construction activity, and other factors
affecting safety and operation.
(b) The frequency of patrols is determined by the size of the line, the operating pressures, the
class location, terrain, weather, and other relevant factors, but intervals between patrols may not be
longer than prescribed in the following table:
Class location Maximum interval between patrols

of line
At highway and At all other places
railroad crossings
1, 2 7½ months; but at least 15 months; but at least

twice each calendar year. once each calendar year.
3 4½ months; but at least four 7½ months; but at least

times each calendar year. twice each calendar year.
4 4½ months; but at least 4½ months; but at least

four times each calendar four times each calendar
year. year.
(c) Methods of patrolling include walking, driving, flying or other appropriate means of
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
traversing the right-of-way.
[Amdt. 192-21, 40 FR 20279, May 9, 1975; Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt. 192-78, 61
FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
Transmission lines should be patrolled, as necessary, to observe factors affecting safe operation and to
enable correction of potentially hazardous conditions. In addition to visual evidence of leakage, patrol
considerations should include observation and reporting of potential hazards such as the following.
(a) Excavation, grading, demolition, or other construction activity which could result in the following.
(1) Damage to the pipe.
(2) Loss of support due to settlement or shifting of soil around the pipe.
(3) Undermining or damage to pipe supports.
273
(4) Loss of cover.

(5) Excessive fill.
(b) Evidence that excavation, grading, demolition, or other construction activity may take place or has
taken place, such as power equipment staged in the vicinity of transmission facilities or a freshly
backfilled excavation over or near transmission facilities.
(c) Physical deterioration of exposed piping, pipeline spans, and structural pipeline supports, such as
bridges, piling, headwalls, casings, and foundations.
(d) Land subsidence, earth slippage, soil erosion, extensive tree root growth, flooding, climatic
conditions, and other natural causes that can result in impressed secondary loads.
(e) Need for additional transmission pipeline identification and marking in private rights-of-way and in
rural areas.
(f) Damage to casing vents and leakage from encased pipe.
(g) Areas of continual earth-moving activities, such as quarries and industrial plants, which may require
special attention.
2 SCHEDULING
2.1 General.
Patrolling may be accomplished in conjunction with leakage surveys, scheduled inspections, and other
routine activities.
2.2 Potentially hazardous locations.

Locations or areas that are considered potentially hazardous may be patrolled more frequently based
on the probable severity, timing, and duration of the hazard.
3 METHOD
Where practical, the patrol map or similar document used by the person making the patrol should
identify areas near the transmission line that may require special attention, such as locations where
earthmoving activities are regularly performed.
Consider using a method for the patrol person to compare current conditions with conditions observed
during previous patrols.
4 REPORTS
Patrol reports should indicate hazardous conditions observed, corrective action taken or recommended,
and the nature and location of any deficiencies.
5 FOLLOW-UP
In those areas where excavation equipment is used on an on-going basis, such as quarries and some
industrial plants, consideration should be given to providing those excavators more frequent damage
prevention and public education notification. See guide material under §§192.614 and 192.616.
§192.706
Transmission lines: Leakage surveys.
Leakage surveys of a transmission line must be conducted at intervals not exceeding 15

months, but at least once each calendar year. However, in the case of a transmission line which
274 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

transports gas in conformity with §192.625 without an odor or odorant, leakage surveys using leak
detector equipment must be conducted --
(a) In Class 3 locations, at intervals not exceeding 7½ months, but at least twice each calendar
year; and
(b) In Class 4 locations, at intervals not exceeding 4½ months, but at least four times each
calendar year.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-21, 40 FR 20279, May 9, 1975; Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt.
192-71, 59 FR 6579, Feb. 11, 1994]
GUIDE MATERIAL
The minimum frequency for leakage surveys is established by §192.706. See 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 of the guide
material under §192.723 and the applicable sections of Guide Material Appendix G-192-11.
§192.707
Line markers for mains and transmission lines.
(a) Buried pipelines. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a line marker must be
placed and maintained as close as practical over each buried main and transmission line:
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(1) At each crossing of a public road and railroad; and
(2) Wherever necessary to identify the location of the transmission line or main to reduce
the possibility of damage or interference.
(b) Exceptions for buried pipelines. Line markers are not required for the following pipelines:
(1) Mains and transmission lines located offshore, or at crossings of or under waterways
and other bodies of water.
(2) Mains in Class 3 or Class 4 locations where a damage prevention program is in effect
under §192.614.
(3) Transmission lines in Class 3 or 4 locations until March 20, 1996.
(4) Transmission lines in Class 3 or 4 locations where placement of a line marker is
impractical.
(c) Pipelines aboveground. Line markers must be placed and maintained along each section of
a main and transmission line that is located aboveground in an area accessible to the public.
(d) Marker warning. The following must be written legibly on a background of sharply
contrasting color on each line marker.
(1) The word "Warning," "Caution," or "Danger" followed by the words "Gas (or name of
gas transported) Pipeline" all of which, except for markers in heavily developed urban areas, must
be in letters at least 1 inch (25 millimeters) high with 1/4 inch (6.4 millimeters) stroke.
(2) The name of the operator and the telephone number (including area code) where the
operator can be reached at all times.
[Amdt. 192-20, 40 FR 13502, Mar. 27, 1975 with Amdt. 192-20A, 41 FR 56807, Dec. 30, 1976; Amdt.
192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976 with Amdt. 192-27 Correction, 41 FR 39752, Sept. 16, 1976; Amdt.
192-40, 47 FR 13818, Apr. 1, 1982; Amdt. 192-44, 48 FR 25206, June 6, 1983; Amdt. 192-73, 60 FR
14646, Mar. 20, 1995; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
275
GUIDE MATERIAL
See 3 of Guide Material Appendix G-192-13.
§192.709
Transmission lines: Record keeping.
Each operator shall maintain the following records for transmission lines for the periods
specified:
(a) The date, location, and description of each repair made to pipe (including pipe-to-pipe
connections) must be retained for as long as the pipe remains in service.
(b) The date, location, and description of each repair made to parts of the pipeline system other
than pipe must be retained for at least 5 years. However, repairs generated by patrols, surveys,
inspections, or tests required by subparts L and M of this part must be retained in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section.
(c) A record of each patrol, survey, inspection, and test required by subparts L and M of this
part must be retained for a least 5 years or until the next patrol, survey, inspection, or test is
completed, whichever is longer.
[Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.711
Transmission lines: General requirements for repair procedures.
(a) Each operator shall take immediate temporary measures to protect the public whenever:
(1) A leak, imperfection, or damage that impairs its serviceability is found in a segment of
steel transmission line operating at or above 40 percent of the SMYS; and
(2) It is not feasible to make a permanent repair at the time of discovery.
As soon as feasible, the operator shall make permanent repairs.
(b) Except as provided in §192.717(b)(3), no operator may use a welded patch as a means of
repair.
[Amdt. 192-27B, 45 FR 3272, Jan. 17, 1980; Amdt. 192-88, 64 FR 69660, Dec. 14, 1999]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) Prior to permanent mechanical or welded repair of a steel pipeline operating at greater than 20%
SMYS, the operator should determine the thickness and integrity of the pipe wall by ultrasonic or other
means. Where deterioration or lamination is found, steps should be taken to ensure a safe repair.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 276
(b) See guide material under §§192.703, 192.713, and 192.751.
§192.713
Transmission lines: Permanent field repair of imperfections and damages.
(a) Each imperfection or damage that impairs the serviceability of pipe in a steel transmission
line operating at or above 40 percent of SMYS must be --
(1) Removed by cutting out and replacing a cylindrical piece of pipe; or
(2) Repaired by a method that reliable engineering tests and analyses show can
permanently restore the serviceability of the pipe.
(b) Operating pressure must be at a safe level during repair operations.
[Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-88, 64 FR 69660, Dec. 14, 1999]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
1.1 Welding.
(a) Appropriate procedures for welding on pipelines in service should be used. Some important factors
to be considered in these procedures are the use of a low-hydrogen welding process, the welding
sequence, the effect of wall thickness and heat input, and the quenching effect of the gas flow.
(b) Welding should be done only on sound metal far enough from the defect so that the localized
heating will not have an adverse effect on the defect. The soundness of the metal may be
determined by visual and other nondestructive inspection.
(c) A reference is API Std 1104, "Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities", Appendix B, "In-Service
Welding."
1.2 Additional precautions.

(a) Care should be taken in excavating around the pipe so that it is not damaged.
(b) Pounding on the pipe (e.g., to remove corrosion products or pipe coating, or to improve the fit of the
sleeve) should be avoided.
1.3 Reliable engineering tests and analyses.

2 REPLACEMENT (§192.713(a)(1))
The operator should consider the possibility that some degree of impairment may have occurred
beyond the area of immediate concern. The impairment may be due to a defect in the longitudinal weld,
external or internal corrosion, or damage by excavating equipment at another location when excavation
work covers a large area. The pipe on each side of the known impairment should be examined to
determine the extent of the replacement.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
277
3 REPAIR (§192.713(a)(2))
3.1 General.
(a) The use of an appropriately designed full-encirclement split sleeve is recognized as an acceptable
repair method. Other methods, including the use of composite reinforced sleeve material, may also
be available. However, operators are cautioned that not all repair methods are suitable for
permanent repair of leaking or through-wall defects. Review the manufacturer’s installation
requirements before deciding to use a composite sleeve to make permanent repair. The repair
method selected should:
(1) Have or achieve a strength at least equal to that required for the MAOP of the pipe being
repaired, and
(2) Be capable of withstanding the anticipated circumferential and longitudinal stresses, including
additional stress due to external loading.
(b) In determining the length of the repair, the operator should consider that:
(1) Some degree of impairment might have occurred beyond the area of immediate concern (see 2
above), and
(2) Full-encirclement sleeves should not be less than 4 inches in length.
(c) A wide variety of repair methods has been used successfully in the natural gas pipeline industry.
Sleeves may be used to reduce the stress in, or reinforce, a pipe defect that is not leaking, or to
repair a leaking defect. It is important that any repair method or sleeve be carefully designed and
tested to ensure its reliability for the conditions of installation.
3.2 Fillet welds.

Fillet welds on pressurized carrier piping are prone to cracking due to the extreme cooling action.
Examination of completed welds by radiographic or ultrasonic means may not detect such cracking due
to the geometry of the fillet weld. Therefore, the following is recommended.
(a) Use of low-hydrogen welding processing;
(b) Employment of multi-pass welding techniques with visual examination after each pass; and
(c) If visual examination indicates further nondestructive inspection is necessary, either magnetic
particle or liquid penetrant inspection may be used.
3.3 Design considerations for repair sleeves.

A reference for one set of sleeve designs is PRCI L22279, "Further Studies of Two Methods for
Repairing Defects in Line Pipe."
For evaluating other available designs or developing new designs, consider the following factors.
(a) All sleeves should be designed for strength at least equal to the maximum allowable operating
pressure of the repaired pipe.
(b) Sleeves should not be less than 4 inches in length. In determining the length of a sleeve, the
operator should consider that some degree of impairment may have occurred beyond the
immediate area. See 2 above.
(c) The use of a low hydrogen welding procedure for longitudinal and circumferential welds. The
integrity of these welds is affected by heat dissipation due to gas flow through the line and extra
metal mass adjacent to the weld.
Circumferential welds at the sleeve ends are required when repairing a leaking defect. However,
end welds may or may not be beneficial for a non-leaking defect. If end welds are used on a non-
leaking defect, consideration should be given to equalizing the pressure across the defect. One
way to do this is by tapping the carrier pipe in order to connect the annular space between the
carrier pipe and the sleeve to the pressure inside the carrier pipe.
(d) Sealing the ends of non-pressure containing sleeves, possibly by means other than welding, to
prevent corrosion in the annular space between the carrier pipe and the sleeve.
278
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(e) The capacity of end welds to withstand all anticipated circumferential and longitudinal stresses,
including external forces. Special attention should be given to stresses resulting from unusually
long sleeves or sleeves subject to bending stresses.
4 REPAIR PRESSURE (§192.713(b))
4.1 General.
In establishing a safe level of pressure in a pipeline that is to remain in service during repair operations,
the primary consideration is the severity of the defect to be repaired. This includes consideration of both
depth and geometry (i.e., the amount of stress concentration, such as in sharp-bottomed gouges).
Severe defects should not be repaired under pressure unless the operator has sufficient experience to
make a sound evaluation of the defect. In addition, the effect of any known secondary stresses should
be considered.
4.2 Special consideration.

While welding reinforcements directly to pipe which is under pressure has been done successfully at
higher stress levels, the following formula describes a recommended maximum pressure for this
procedure.
2S ( t 3 32 )( 0 .72)
P
D
Where:
P = internal pressure, psig
S = specified minimum yield strength, psi
t = nominal pipe wall thickness, inches
D = nominal pipe diameter, inches
§192.715
Transmission lines: Permanent field repair of welds.
Each weld that is unacceptable under §192.241(c) must be repaired as follows:

(a) If it is feasible to take the segment of transmission line out of service, the weld must be
repaired in accordance with the applicable requirements of §192.245.
(b) A weld may be repaired in accordance with §192.245 while the segment of transmission line
is in service if:
(1) The weld is not leaking;
(2) The pressure in the segment is reduced so that it does not produce a stress that is more
than 20 percent of the SMYS of the pipe; and
(3) Grinding of the defective area can be limited so that at least 1/8 inch (3.2 millimeters)
thickness in the pipe weld remains.
(c) A defective weld which cannot be repaired in accordance with paragraph (a) or (b) of this
section must be repaired by installing a full encirclement welded split sleeve of appropriate design.
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]

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GUIDE MATERIAL
See guide material under §192.713 regarding repair sleeves.
279
§192.717
Transmission lines: Permanent field repair of leaks.
Each permanent field repair of a leak on a transmission line must be made by --

(a) Removing the leak by cutting out and replacing a cylindrical piece of pipe; or
(b) Repairing the leak by one of the following methods:
(1) Install a full encirclement welded split sleeve of appropriate design, unless the
transmission line is joined by mechanical couplings and operates at less than 40 percent of SMYS.
(2) If the leak is due to a corrosion pit, install a properly designed bolt-on-leak clamp.
(3) If the leak is due to a corrosion pit and on pipe of not more than 40,000 p.s.i. (276 MPa)
gage SMYS, fillet weld over the pitted area a steel plate patch with rounded corners, of the same or
greater thickness than the pipe, and not more than one-half of the diameter of the pipe in size.
(4) If the leak is on a submerged offshore pipeline or submerged pipeline in inland
navigable waters, mechanically apply a full encirclement split sleeve of appropriate design.
(5) Apply a method that reliable engineering tests and analyses show can permanently
restore the serviceability of the pipe.
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[Amdt. 192-11, 37 FR 21816, Oct. 14, 1972; Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-85,
63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-88, 64 FR 69660, Dec. 14, 1999]
GUIDE MATERIAL
(a) For information regarding replacement and repair sleeves, see 2 and 3 of the guide material under
§192.713.
(b) For information regarding reliable engineering tests and analyses, see guide material under §192.485.
§192.719
Transmission lines: Testing of repairs.
(a) Testing of replacement pipe. If a segment of transmission line is repaired by cutting out the
damaged portion of the pipe as a cylinder, the replacement pipe must be tested to the pressure
required for a new line installed in the same location. This test may be made on the pipe before it is
installed.
(b) Testing of repairs made by welding. Each repair made by welding in accordance with
§§192.713, 192.715, and 192.717 must be examined in accordance with §192.241.
[Amdt. 192-54, 51 FR 41634, Nov. 18, 1986]
GUIDE MATERIAL
When tie-in girth welds are not strength tested, they should be nondestructively tested in accordance with
§192.241.
280
§192.721
Distribution systems: Patrolling.
(a) The frequency of patrolling mains must be determined by the severity of the conditions
which could cause failure or leakage, and the consequent hazards to public safety.
(b) Mains in place or on structures where anticipated physical movement or external loading
could cause failure or leakage must be patrolled --
(1) In business districts, at intervals not exceeding 4½ months, but at least four times each
calendar year; and
(2) Outside business districts, at intervals not exceeding 7½ months, but at least twice each
calendar year.
[Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt. 192-78, 61 FR 28770, June 6, 1996 with Amdt. 192-
78 Correction, 61 FR 30824, June 18, 1996]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
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Distribution mains should be patrolled, as necessary, to observe factors affecting safe operation and to
enable correction of potentially hazardous conditions. In addition to visual evidence of leakage, patrol
considerations should include observation and reporting of potential hazards such as the following.
(a) Excavation, grading, demolition or other construction activity which could result in the following.
(1) Damage to the pipe.
(2) Loss of support due to settlement or shifting of soil around the pipe.
(3) Undermining or damage to pipe supports.
(4) Loss of cover.
(5) Excessive fill.
(b) Evidence that excavation, grading, demolition, or other construction activity may take place or
has taken place, such as power equipment staged in the vicinity of distribution facilities or a
freshly backfilled excavation over or near distribution facilities.
(c) Physical deterioration of exposed piping, pipeline spans, and structural pipeline supports, such as
bridges, piling, headwalls, casings, and foundations.
(d) Land subsidence, earth slippage, soil erosion, extensive tree root growth, flooding, climatic
conditions, and other natural causes that can result in impressed secondary loads.
(e) Need for additional distribution pipeline identification and marking in private right-of-way and in rural
areas.
(f) Damage to casing vents and carrier pipe leakage at cased crossings.
2 SCHEDULING
2.1 General.
Patrolling may be accomplished in conjunction with leakage surveys, scheduled inspections, and other
routine activities.
2.2 Potentially hazardous locations.

Locations or areas that are considered potentially hazardous may be patrolled more frequently based
on the probable severity, timing, and duration of the hazard.
281
3 SPECIAL LOCATIONS
Places or structures where physical movement or external loading may cause leakage or failure should
be identified by the operator based on knowledge of the system characteristics and problem areas.
Where a main or its support structure is constructed and maintained to resist movement and external
loading, the operator may determine that special-location patrols are not required.
Areas where an operator should consider performing increased patrol activity include the following.
(a) Bridge crossings.
(b) Aerial crossings.
(c) Unstable river banks.
(d) Exposed water crossings.
(e) Areas susceptible to washout.
(f) Landslide areas.
(g) Areas susceptible to earth subsidence, such as mines and landfills.
(h) Tunnels.
(i) Railroad crossings.
(j) Attachments to buildings or other structures.
(k) Facilities or support structures that require maintenance, until repaired.
4 REPORTS
Patrol reports should indicate hazardous conditions observed, corrective action taken or recommended,
and the nature and location of any deficiencies.
§192.723
Distribution systems: Leakage surveys.
(a) Each operator of a distribution system shall conduct periodic leakage surveys in
accordance with this section.
(b) The type and scope of the leakage control program must be determined by the nature of the
operations and the local conditions, but it must meet the following minimum requirements:
(1) A leakage survey with leak detector equipment must be conducted in business districts,
including tests of the atmosphere in gas, electric, telephone, sewer, and water system manholes, at
cracks in pavement and sidewalks, and at other locations providing an opportunity for finding gas
leaks, at intervals not exceeding 15 months, but at least once each calendar year.
(2) A leakage survey with leak detector equipment must be conducted outside business
districts as frequently as necessary, but at least once every 5 calendar years at intervals not
exceeding 63 months. However, for cathodically unprotected distribution lines subject to §192.465(e)
on which electrical surveys for corrosion are impractical, a leakage survey must be conducted at
least once every 3 calendar years at intervals not exceeding 39 months.
[Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt. 192-70, 58 FR 54524, Oct. 22, 1993; Amdt. 192-71, 59
FR 6579, Feb. 11, 1994; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004 with Amdt. 192-94 Correction, 69
FR 54591, Sept. 9, 2004]
282
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GUIDE MATERIAL
1 FREQUENCY
1.1 Business districts.

In determining business districts, the following should be considered.
(a) Areas where the public regularly congregates or where the majority of the buildings on either side
of the street are regularly utilized for industrial, commercial, financial, educational, religious, health,
or recreational purposes.
(b) Areas where gas and other underground facilities are congested under continuous street and
sidewalk paving that extends to the building walls on one or both sides of the street.
(c) Any other area that, in the judgment of the operator, should be so designated.
1.2 Minimum requirements.

The minimum frequency for leakage surveys is established by §192.723(b).
1.3 Increased frequency.

Consideration should be given to increased frequency for leakage surveys based on the particular
circumstances and conditions. Surveys should be conducted most frequently in those areas with the
greatest potential for leakage and where leakage could be expected to create a hazard. Factors to be
considered in establishing the frequency of leakage surveys include the following.
(a) Piping system. Age of pipe, materials, type of facilities, operating pressure, leak history records,
and other studies.
(b) Corrosion. Known areas of significant corrosion, or areas where corrosive environments are known
to exist. Cased crossings of roads, highways, railroads, etc., due to susceptibility to unique
corrosive conditions.
(c) Piping location. Proximity to buildings or other structures and the type and use of the buildings.
Proximity to areas of concentrations of people.
(d) Environmental conditions and construction activity. Conditions that could increase the potential
for leakage or cause leaking gas to migrate to an area where it could create a hazard, such as
the following.
(1) Weather conditions.
(2) Areas of known frost heaving.
(3) Wall to wall pavement.
(4) Porous soil conditions.
(5) Areas of high construction activity.
(6) Trenchless excavation activities (e.g., boring).
(7) Blasting. See Guide Material Appendix G-192-16.
(8) Large earth moving equipment.
(9) Heavy traffic.
(10) Unstable soil or areas subject to earth movement.
(e) Other. Any other condition known to the operator that has significant potential to initiate a leak or
to permit leaking gas to migrate to an area where it could result in a hazard, such as the
following.
(1) Earthquake.
(2) Subsidence.
(3) Flooding.
(4) An increase in operating pressure.
(5) The extensive growth of tree roots around pipeline facilities that can exert substantial
longitudinal force on the pipe and nearby joints.
1.4 Special one-time surveys.

Special one-time surveys should be considered following exposure of the pipeline to unusual stresses
(e.g., earthquakes, blasting) or trenchless installation of foreign buried facilities that cross gas pipelines.
283
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1.5 Establishment and review of survey frequency.

Leakage survey frequencies should be based on operating experience, sound judgment, and a
knowledge of the system. Once established, frequencies should be reviewed periodically to affirm that
they are still appropriate. Leakage surveys may be accomplished in conjunction with patrolling,
scheduled inspections, and other routine activities.
2 GAS LEAKAGE CONTROL GUIDELINES
See Guide Material Appendices G-192-11 for natural gas systems and G-192-11A for petroleum gas
systems.
§192.725
Test requirements for reinstating service lines.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each disconnected service line must be
tested in the same manner as a new service line, before being reinstated.
(b) Each service line temporarily disconnected from the main must be tested from the point of
disconnection to the service line valve in the same manner as a new service line, before
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reconnecting. However, if provisions are made to maintain continuous service, such as by
installation of a bypass, any part of the original service line used to maintain continuous service
need not be tested.
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.727
Abandonment or deactivation of facilities.
(a) Each operator shall conduct abandonment or deactivation of pipelines in accordance with
the requirements of this section.
(b) Each pipeline abandoned in place must be disconnected from all sources and supplies of
gas; purged of gas; in the case of offshore pipelines, filled with water or inert materials; and sealed
at the ends. However, the pipeline need not be purged when the volume of gas is so small that there
is no potential hazard.
(c) Except for service lines, each inactive pipeline that is not being maintained under this part
must be disconnected from all sources and supplies of gas; purged of gas; in the case of offshore
pipelines, filled with water or inert materials; and sealed at the ends. However, the pipeline need not
be purged when the volume of gas is so small that there is no potential hazard.
(d) Whenever service to a customer is discontinued, one of the following must be complied
with:
(1) The valve that is closed to prevent the flow of gas to the customer must be provided
with a locking device or other means designed to prevent the opening of the valve by persons other
than those authorized by the operator.
284
(2) A mechanical device or fitting that will prevent the flow of gas must be installed in the
service line or in the meter assembly.
(3) The customer's piping must be physically disconnected from the gas supply and the
open pipe ends sealed.
(e) If air is used for purging, the operator shall insure that a combustible mixture is not present
after purging.
(f) Each abandoned vault must be filled with a suitable compacted material.
(g) For each abandoned offshore pipeline facility or each abandoned onshore pipeline facility
that crosses over, under or through a commercially navigable waterway, the last operator of that
facility must file a report upon abandonment of that facility.
(1) The preferred method to submit data on pipeline facilities abandoned after October 10,
2000 is to the National Pipeline Mapping System (NPMS) in accordance with the NPMS ``Standards
for Pipeline and Liquefied Natural Gas Operator Submissions.'' To obtain a copy of the NPMS
Standards, please refer to the NPMS homepage at http://www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov or contact the
NPMS National Repository at 703-317-3073. A digital data format is preferred, but hard copy
submissions are acceptable if they comply with the NPMS Standards. In addition to the NPMS-
required attributes, operators must submit the date of abandonment, diameter, method of
abandonment, and certification that, to the best of the operator's knowledge, all of the reasonably
available information requested was provided and, to the best of the operator's knowledge, the
abandonment was completed in accordance with applicable laws. Refer to the NPMS Standards for
details in preparing your data for submission. The NPMS Standards also include details of how to
submit data.
Alternatively, operators may submit reports by mail, fax or e-mail to the Office of Pipeline Safety,
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Information Resources Manager, PHP-10, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington DC 20590-0001;
fax (202) 366-4566; e-mail InformationResourcesManager@phmsa.dot.gov. The information in the
report must contain all reasonably available information related to the facility, including information
in the possession of a third party. The report must contain the location, size, date, method of
abandonment, and a certification that the facility has been abandoned in accordance with all
applicable laws.
(2) [Reserved].
[Amdt. 192-8, 37 FR 20694, Oct. 3, 1972; Amdt. 192-27, 41 FR 34598, Aug. 16, 1976; Amdt. 192-71, 59
FR 6579, Feb. 11, 1994; Amdt. 192-89, 65 FR 54440, Sept. 8, 2000 with Amdt. 192-89 Correction, 65 FR
57861, Sept. 26, 2000; RIN 2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005; Amdt. 192-103, 72 FR 4655, Feb.
1, 2007; RIN 2137-AE29, 73 FR 16562, Mar. 28, 2008; RIN 2137-AE29 (#2), 74 FR 2889, Jan. 16, 2009]
GUIDE MATERIAL
The following general procedures are recommended and should be applied where appropriate. For planned
shutdown in connection with abandonment or deactivation, see Guide Material Appendix G-192-12.
1 ABANDONMENT OF TRANSMISSION PIPELINES AND DISTRIBUTION MAINS
1.1 Check prior to abandonment.

Office records should be checked and necessary field checks should be made to ensure the pipelines
or mains scheduled for abandonment are disconnected from all sources and supplies of gas, such as
other pipelines, mains, crossover piping, meter stations, customer piping, control lines, and other
appurtenances.
285 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

1.2 Residual gas or hydrocarbons.

Abandonment should not be completed until it has been determined that the volume of natural gas or
liquid hydrocarbons contained within the abandoned section poses no potential hazard. Generally, it is
advisable to purge 8-inch and larger pipe and long segments of smaller diameter pipe.
1.3 Purging.
Pipelines or mains may be purged using air, inert gas, or water. If air is used as the purging agent,
precautions should be taken to ensure that no liquid hydrocarbons are present. See §192.629 and AGA
XK0101, “Purging Principles and Practice” for purging of natural gas and liquid hydrocarbons.
1.4 Sealing.
Acceptable methods of sealing pipeline or main openings include, as applicable, the following.
(a) Using normal end closures, such as welded or screwed caps, screwed plugs, blind flanges, and
mechanical joint caps and plugs.
(b) Welding steel plate to pipe ends.
(c) Filling ends with a suitable plug material.
(d) Pinching the ends closed.
1.5 Additional considerations in addition to purging and sealing.

In addition to purging and sealing, consideration should be given to the following.
(a) Filling the abandoned segment with water or an inert gas to prevent potential combustion hazard.
(b) Other action designed to prevent hazardous cave-ins resulting from pipe collapse caused by
corrosion or external loading.
1.6 Segmenting the abandoned sections.

All valves left in the abandoned segment should be closed. If the segment is long and there are few line
valves, consideration should be given to plugging the segment at intervals.
1.7 Removal of above-grade facilities and filling voids.

All above-grade valves, risers, and vault and valve box covers should be removed. Vault and valve box
voids should be filled with suitable compacted backfill material.
2 ABANDONMENT OF DISTRIBUTION SERVICE LINES IN CONJUNCTION WITH MAIN

ABANDONMENT
2.1 Curb valves and curb boxes.

All curb valves should be closed. The top section of curb boxes located in dirt areas should be removed
and the void filled with suitable compacted backfill material. If boxes are set in concrete or asphalt, they
should be filled with suitable compacted backfill material to an appropriate distance from the top of the
box and the fill completed with suitable paving material.
2.2 Meter risers and headers.

Meter risers and headers should be dismantled and removed from the premises.
2.3 Service lines below grade through a basement wall.

Where a service line enters below grade through a basement wall, the end of the service line should be
plugged and a cap should be installed as close to the face of the wall as practical. It is not necessary to
remove pipe from the wall unless required by particular circumstances.
2.4 Outside meter set assembly and above-grade entrances.

Service lines terminating at an outside meter set assembly or an above-grade entrance should be cut
and capped at an appropriate depth below grade.
286 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

3 ABANDONMENT OF SERVICE LINES FROM ACTIVE MAINS
3.1 Disconnecting.
Service lines abandoned from active mains should be disconnected as close to the main as practical.
3.2 Sealing.
The end of the abandoned portion of the service line nearest the main should be plated, capped,
plugged, pinched, or otherwise effectively sealed.
3.3 Other actions.

The remainder of the service line should be abandoned as recommended in 2 above.
4 INACTIVE PIPELINES
4.1 General.
Each operator should consider the following elements when determining whether to abandon or
continue maintaining an inactive pipeline.
(a) Location (e.g., business district, urban, suburban, rural).
(b) Type of piping material.
(c) Joining method (e.g., welding, fusion, compression couplings).
(d) Cathodic protection.
(e) Operating pressure.
(f) Likelihood of reactivation.
(g) Leakage and maintenance history.
(h) Proposed construction.
4.2 Continuing maintenance.

Provisions for continuing maintenance of inactive pipelines should be included in the procedural manual
for operations, maintenance, and emergencies required under §192.605. (See guide material under
§192.3 for definition of “inactive pipeline.”) Examples of such maintenance include the following.
(a) Regularly scheduled leakage surveys and patrolling.
(b) Corrosion control monitoring of cathodically protected systems.
(c) Maps and records for damage prevention.
(d) Evaluating aboveground piping for the following.
(i) Atmospheric corrosion.
(ii) Susceptibility to damage from vehicles and other forces.
(iii) Unauthorized activities.
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5 INACTIVE SERVICE LINES
In addition to 4.2 above, the operator should consider the following for continuing maintenance of
inactive service lines.
(a) Identifying and documenting the location of inactive service lines in a record management system.
(b) Developing criteria for abandonment.
287
§192.729
(Removed.)
§192.731
Compressor stations: Inspection and testing of relief devices.
(a) Except for rupture discs, each pressure relieving device in a compressor station must be
inspected and tested in accordance with §§192.739 and 192.743, and must be operated periodically
to determine that it opens at the correct set pressure.
(b) Any defective or inadequate equipment found must be promptly repaired or replaced.
(c) Each remote control shutdown device must be inspected and tested at intervals not
exceeding 15 months, but at least once each calendar year, to determine that it functions properly.
[Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.733
(Removed.)
§192.735
Compressor stations: Storage of combustible materials.
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(a) Flammable or combustible materials in quantities beyond those required for everyday use,
or other than those normally used in compressor buildings, must be stored a safe distance from the
compressor building.
(b) Aboveground oil or gasoline storage tanks must be protected in accordance with National
Fire Protection Association Standard No. 30.
GUIDE MATERIAL
288
§192.736
Compressor stations: Gas detection.
(a) Not later than September 16, 1996, each compressor building in a compressor station must
have a fixed gas detection and alarm system, unless the building is--
(1) Constructed so that at least 50 percent of its upright side area is permanently open; or
(2) Located in an unattended field compressor station of 1,000 horsepower (746 kW) or less.
(b) Except when shutdown of the system is necessary for maintenance under paragraph (c) of
this section, each gas detection and alarm system required by this section must--
(1) Continuously monitor the compressor building for a concentration of gas in air of not
more than 25 percent of the lower explosive limit; and
(2) If that concentration of gas is detected, warn persons about to enter the building and
persons inside the building of the danger.
(c) Each gas detection and alarm system required by this section must be maintained to
function properly. The maintenance must include performance tests.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-69, 58 FR 48460, Sept. 16, 1993; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
See §192.171 for design of gas detection and alarm systems.
2 MAINTENANCE AND TESTING OF GAS DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEMS
The operator should develop the following.

(a) Maintenance and testing procedures to ensure proper function of the gas detectors and alarm
system.
(b) Procedures for calibrating the gas detection equipment and verifying that the alarms are
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functioning properly.
§192.737
(Removed.)
§192.739
Pressure limiting and regulating stations: Inspection and testing.
(a) Each pressure limiting station, relief device (except rupture discs), and pressure regulating
station and its equipment must be subjected at intervals not exceeding 15 months, but at least once
each calendar year, to inspections and tests to determine that it is--
(1) In good mechanical condition;
289
(2) Adequate from the standpoint of capacity and reliability of operation for the service in
which it is employed;
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, set to control or relieve at the
correct pressures consistent with the pressure limits of §192.201(a); and
(4) Properly installed and protected from dirt, liquids, or other conditions that might prevent
proper operation.
(b) For steel pipelines whose MAOP is determined under §192.619(c), if the MAOP is 60 psi (414
kPa) gage or more, the control or relief pressure limit is as follows:
If the MAOP produces a hoop stress that is: Then the pressure limit is:
Greater than 72 percent of SMYS MAOP plus 4 percent.
Unknown as a percentage of SMYS A pressure that will prevent unsafe
operation of the pipeline considering its
operating and maintenance history and
MAOP.
[Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003; Amdt. 192-96,
69 FR 27861, May 17, 2004 with Amdt. 192-96 DFR Confirmation, 69 FR 54248, Sept. 8, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
When it is necessary to continue gas flow through a manually controlled bypass to inspect or test
station components, the manual valve should be operated by personnel who are qualified (see Subpart
N) to control the pressure in the downstream system at or below its MAOP. The pressures should be
continuously monitored and the valve adjusted to prevent an overpressure condition. The manual
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bypass valve should be clearly marked showing the direction it is to be turned to either open or close
the valve.
2 VISUAL INSPECTIONS
Visual inspections should be made to determine that a satisfactory condition exists which will allow
proper operation of the equipment. The following should be included in the inspection, where
necessary.
(a) Station piping supports, pits, and vaults for general condition and indications of ground settlement.
Prior to entering a vault that has restricted openings (e.g., manholes) or which is more than four
feet deep, and while working therein, tests should be made of the atmosphere in the vault. See
guide material under §192.749 for atmospheric test procedures.
(b) Station doors and gates, and pit and vault covers to ensure that they are functioning properly and
that access is adequate and free from obstructions.
(c) Ventilating equipment installed in station buildings or vaults for proper operation and for evidence of
accumulation of water, ice, snow, or other obstructions.
(d) Control, sensing, and supply lines for conditions that could result in a failure.
(e) All locking devices for proper operation.
(f) Posted station schematics for correctness.
290
3 STOP VALVES
An inspection or test of stop valves should be made to ensure that the valves will operate and are
correctly positioned. Caution should be used to avoid any undesirable effect on pressures during
operational checks. The following should be included in the inspection or test.
(a) Station inlet, outlet and bypass valves.
(b) Relief device isolating valves.
(c) Control, sensing, and supply line valves.
4 PRESSURE REGULATORS
4.1 General operating conditions.

Consideration should be given to taking the station out of service during inspection and testing
activities. Each pressure regulator used for pressure reduction or for pressure limiting should be
inspected or tested. The procedure should ensure that each regulator is in good working order, controls
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at its set pressure, operates or strokes smoothly, and shuts off within the expected and accepted limits.
If acceptable operation is not obtained during the operational check, the cause of the malfunction
should be determined and the appropriate components should be adjusted, repaired, or replaced as
required. After repair, the regulator should be checked for proper operation.
4.2 Special conditions.

(a) Regulator bodies that are subjected to erosive service conditions may require visual internal
inspection.
(b) More frequent inspections or additional inspections may be required as a result of construction and
hydrostatic testing upstream.
(c) More frequent inspections or additional inspections may be required as a result of abnormal
changes in operating conditions or unusual flows or velocities.
(d) Whenever abnormal pressures are imposed on pressure or flow devices, the event should be
investigated and a determination made as to the need for inspection and repairs.
(e) Inspection and testing should be performed during times of low station throughput or when the
station can be taken out of service, if practical.
5 RELIEF DEVICES
(a) The inspection or test should ensure the following.

(1) Correct set pressure of relief devices. See 5(b) below for testing for correct set pressure.
(2) Correct liquid level of liquid seals.
(3) That the stacks are free of obstructions.
(b) One of the methods listed below may be used to test for correct set pressure. Test connections
should include a gauge or deadweight tester so arranged that the pressure at which the device
becomes operative may be observed and recorded.
(1) The pressure may be increased in the segment until the device is activated. During the tests,
care should be exercised to ensure that the pressure in the segment protected by the relief
device does not exceed the limit in §192.201.
(2) The pressure from a secondary pressure source may be added to the pilot or control line until
the device is activated.
(3) The device may be transported to a shop for testing and returned to service. When the device
is to be shop-tested or otherwise rendered inoperative, adequate overpressure protection of the
affected segments should be maintained during the period of time the relief device is
inoperative.
(c) See §192.743 for reviewing and calculating, or testing, the required capacity of relief devices.
291
6 FINAL INSPECTION
The final inspection procedure should include the following.

(a) A check by personnel who are qualified (see Subpart N) for proper position of all valves. Special
attention should be given to regulator station bypass valves, relief device isolating valves, and
valves in control, sensing, and supply lines.
(b) Restoration of all locking and security devices to proper position.
§192.741
Pressure limiting and regulating stations: Telemetering or recording gages.
(a) Each distribution system supplied by more than one district pressure regulating station
must be equipped with telemetering or recording pressure gages to indicate the gas pressure in the
district.
(b) On distribution systems supplied by a single district pressure regulating station, the
operator shall determine the necessity of installing telemetering or recording gages in the district,
taking into consideration the number of customers supplied, the operating pressures, the capacity
of the installation, and other operating conditions.
(c) If there are indications of abnormally high- or low-pressure, the regulator and the auxiliary
equipment must be inspected and the necessary measures employed to correct any unsatisfactory
operating conditions.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 MAINTENANCE OF TELEMETERING INSTRUMENTS, RECORDING GAUGES, AND RECORDS
1.1 Operation, testing, and maintenance of instruments.

All instruments used for telemetering or recording pressures should be operated in accordance with the
manufacturers’ recommended instructions, and should be inspected and tested in accordance with said
instructions at intervals not exceeding 1 year.
1.2 Review of recording charts.

Each operator should review the recorded pressure readings either at the time of inspection or shortly
after the removal of the gauge chart from the gauge. Each operator should review the recorded
pressure readings for the following.
(a) Any indication of abnormal operating condition (i.e., high- or low-pressure).
(b) Proper operation by the recording instrument.
(c) Proper operation of pressure regulating devices.
1.3 Identification of pressure charts.

The operator should indicate on each pressure recording chart the following information.
(a) Name of the operator.
(b) Location of recording gauge-station name or number or both.
(c) Date and time of recorded pressure readings.
(d) Any tests performed on the gauge during the recorded period.
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292
1.4 Retention of pressure records.

All records showing the recorded pressure readings should be retained in accordance with
requirements of the governmental agency that has jurisdiction over the operator, unless the operator
requires their retention for a longer time period.
2 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS SUPPLIED BY MORE THAN ONE PRESSURE REGULATOR STATION

(§192.741(a))
2.1 Telemetering or recording pressure gauge.

Each operator should install and maintain telemetering or recording pressure gauges at some points in
the system. The location of the gauges is dependent upon the design of the system, and therefore,
should be at points that would best indicate an abnormal operating condition.
2.2 Temporary recording gauges at low-pressure points.

Each operator should give consideration to installing temporary recording gauges at various locations in
the distribution system at suspected or anticipated low-pressure points. The data compiled or derived
from these gauges will assist the operator in determining the adequacy of the system design. These
gauges should remain until the suspected condition is:
(a) Shown to be satisfactory; or
(b) Corrected.
2.3 Additional telemetering or recording pressure gauges.

If the system is such that installed gauges cannot adequately indicate the pressure in the distribution
system, the operator should give consideration to installing additional telemetering or recording
pressure gauges at selected points to assist in maintaining the maximum and minimum allowable
operating pressures as required by §§192.619, 192.621, and 192.623.
3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS SUPPLIED BY ONE PRESSURE REGULATOR STATION (§192.741(b))
3.1 Telemetering as early warning agent.

Telemetering of pressure or flow may be used as an early warning agent to disclose system failures or
malfunctions. The following parameters should be considered to determine if a telemetering system is
feasible and practical.
(a) Response time of operating personnel to the source of the telemetered signal.
(b) The magnitude of pressure drop or flow increase which would indicate a system failure.
(c) Design limits of the telemetering system to properly respond to the criteria established in (b) above.
(d) Recognition of possible failures to which the telemetry would not respond.
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(e) Seasonal changes in normal pressure or flow requirements, which may require resetting the alarm
limits.
(f) The complexity of the telemetry system to be installed. The system could vary from a simple
high-low pressure switch alarm to a more sophisticated system transmitting signals to a computer.
(g) Location of the telemetered alarm at a center manned 24 hours a day having the capability to alert
appropriate operating personnel.
On the basis of the foregoing factors, determine whether (1) the telemeter is feasible, and if so, (2)
determine whether it is practical in relation to cost, probability of pipeline failure, proximity to the
operating headquarters, risk analysis, and system safety.
3.2 Monitoring of single feed distribution system operations.

Even though the number of source points required to monitor a single feed distribution system may be
fewer than the number required for a distribution system fed by more than one pressure regulator
station, the guide material in 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 above should be considered.
293
4 ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS (§192.741(c))
If an abnormal operating condition is indicated, the operator should:

(a) Investigate and determine if pressure regulating and auxiliary control equipment is in satisfactory
operating condition. Any unsatisfactory condition found by inspection or test should be immediately
corrected.
(b) Investigate and determine if the pressure recording device is in proper operating condition. Any
unsatisfactory condition found by inspection or test should be corrected as soon as practical.
(c) Investigate the distribution system in the vicinity of a high-pressure or low-pressure condition.
§192.743
Pressure limiting and regulating stations: Capacity of relief devices.
(a) Pressure relief devices at pressure limiting stations and pressure regulating stations must
have sufficient capacity to protect the facilities to which they are connected. Except as provided in
§192.739(b), the capacity must be consistent with the pressure limits of §192.201(a). This capacity
must be determined at intervals not exceeding 15 months, but at least once each calendar year, by
testing the devices in place or by review and calculations.
(b) If review and calculations are used to determine if a device has sufficient capacity, the
calculated capacity must be compared with the rated or experimentally determined relieving
capacity of the device for the conditions under which it operates. After the initial calculations,
subsequent calculations need not be made if the annual review documents that parameters have not
changed to cause the rated or experimentally determined relieving capacity to be insufficient.
(c) If a relief device is of insufficient capacity, a new or additional device must be installed to
provide the capacity required by paragraph (a) of this section.
[Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt. 192-55, 51 FR 41633, Nov. 18, 1986; Amdt. 192-93,
68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003; Amdt. 192-96, 69 FR 27861, May 17, 2004 with Amdt. 192-96 DFR
Confirmation, 69 FR 54248, Sept. 8, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 CAPACITY DETERMINATION BY IN-PLACE TESTING
1.1 Determination of actual flow.

The capacity of the relief valve system can be determined by direct measurement under full flow
conditions or by determining a coefficient through limited flow tests that can be used in calculating the
full capacity. References for performing the appropriate tests include the following.
(a) UG-131 of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
(b) API RP 525, “Testing Procedure for Pressure-Relieving Devices Discharging Against Variable Back
Pressure" (Revised 1960; Discontinued).
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1.2 Demonstrating adequate capacity.

(a) A test may be conducted by simulating conditions of maximum pressure and supply volume
conditions for the pressure control source of the protected segment and minimum flow conditions
on the discharge side of the source. Under these conditions the pressure control source should be
wide open. Adequate capacity is determined if the relief device prevents the downstream pressure
from exceeding that permitted by §192.201.
294
(b) When conducting such a test, care must be taken to maintain service and to prevent
overpressuring any components in the system.
2 CAPACITY DETERMINATION BY CALCULATION
2.1 Determination of required relief capacity.

(a) The maximum possible flow through the source supplying the system being protected should be
determined.
(1) When the source is controlled by the operator, recognized engineering formulas may be used
to make the calculations based on data published by, or otherwise obtained from, the
manufacturer of the equipment used as a pressure source or pressure control component.
(i) A lesser capacity than calculated above is acceptable if calculations of flow in the piping
on the inlet or outlet of the equipment show a lesser throughput to be the maximum.
(ii) Data used in these calculations should be selected so that the capacity calculated will
represent the maximum throughput in actual operations, including emergencies.
Minimum demand may be considered.
(2) When the operator does not have control of the source, information should be obtained to
adequately determine the maximum flow and pressure capacity of that source. This information
may then be used as the basis for relief capacity requirements.
(b) When more than one pressure regulating or compressor station feeds a pipeline, relief capacity
based on complete failure of the largest capacity regulator or compressor should be adequate. The
operator should consider subsequent failures that may be caused by an initial failure.
2.2 Determination of relief device capacity.

See 2 of the guide material under §192.201.
3 REDETERMINATION
A redetermination of the required relief capacity should be made whenever there are changes in the
system that could increase the supply of gas from the source, the capacity of the control device, or the
ability of the relief device to handle the required flow.
§192.745
Valve maintenance: Transmission lines.
(a) Each transmission line valve that might be required during any emergency must be
inspected and partially operated at intervals not exceeding 15 months, but at least once each
calendar year.
(b) Each operator must take prompt remedial action to correct any valve found inoperable,
unless the operator designates an alternative valve.
[Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
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295
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
(a) Each operator should review the valve manufacturer's recommendations and develop an
appropriate maintenance program.
(b) Valves should be operated to the extent necessary to establish operability during an emergency.
When operating the valve, precautions should be taken to avoid a service outage or overpressuring
the system.
(c) When maintenance is completed, the operator should verify that the valves are in the proper
position.
(d) When inspecting or maintaining valves, the location reference data contained in the operator's
records should be compared with field conditions. Changes, such as referenced landmarks, street
alignment, and topography, should be noted and incorporated in the records.
2 INOPERABLE VALVES
The following actions should be considered if a valve is found inoperable.

(a) Repair the valve to make it operable.
(b) Designate another valve or valves to substitute for the inoperable valve that will provide a similar
level of effectiveness for isolating the line section. Consideration should be given to the following.
(1) Spacing requirements as prescribed in §192.179.
(2) Updating records for emergency shutdown and future maintenance requirements.
(3) Informing employees of the change to the isolation or emergency shutdown plan.
(c) Replace the valve.
§192.747
Valve maintenance: Distribution systems.
(a) Each valve, the use of which may be necessary for the safe operation of a distribution
system, must be checked and serviced at intervals not exceeding 15 months, but at least once each
calendar year.
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(b) Each operator must take prompt remedial action to correct any valve found inoperable,
unless the operator designates an alternative valve.
[Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt. 192-93, 68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
Valves should be checked for adequate lubrication and proper alignment to permit the use of a key,
wrench, handle, or other operating device. Where applicable, the valve box or vault should be cleared
of any debris that would interfere with or delay the operation of the valve.
2 PRECAUTIONS
If a valve is to be partially operated, precautions should be taken to avoid a service outage or

overpressurizing the system. Such precautions might include the following.
296
(a) Documenting the valve type (e.g., plug, gate, ball) and the direction and number of turns to operate
the valve.
(b) Verifying the orientation of the valve in relation to the valve stops.
(c) Monitoring downstream pressure for any variation from normal operating pressure.
3 INOPERABLE VALVES
The following actions should be considered if a valve is found inoperable.

(a) Repair the valve to make it operable.
(b) Designate another valve or valves to substitute for the inoperable valve that will provide a similar
level of effectiveness for isolating the desired area. Consideration should be given to the following.
(1) Updating records for emergency shutdown and future maintenance requirements.
(2) Informing employees of the change to the isolation or emergency shutdown plan.
(c) Replace the valve.
4 IDENTIFICATION AND RECORD VERIFICATION
(a) See §192.181 for additional information on identifying valves necessary for the safe operation of a
distribution system.
(b) See guide material under §192.745 regarding verification of records with current field data.
§192.749
Vault maintenance.
(a) Each vault housing pressure regulating and pressure limiting equipment, and having a
volumetric internal content of 200 cubic feet (5.66 cubic meters) or more, must be inspected at
intervals not exceeding 15 months, but at least once each calendar year, to determine that it is in
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good physical condition and adequately ventilated.

(b) If gas is found in the vault, the equipment in the vault must be inspected for leaks, and any
leaks found must be repaired.
(c) The ventilating equipment must also be inspected to determine that it is functioning
properly.
(d) Each vault cover must be inspected to assure that it does not present a hazard to public
safety.
[Amdt. 192-43, 47 FR 46850, Oct. 21, 1982; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 APPLICABILITY
The following procedures apply primarily to vaults that have restricted openings (e.g., manholes) or are
more than four feet deep. However, an operator should review the following procedures and select
those that, for its particular situation, are applicable to vaults that have full opening covers and are less
than four feet deep.
297
2 HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES
Hazardous atmospheres may exist in such vaults due to leakage from components within the vault
itself, or from seepage (natural gas, nitrogen, other gases, gasolines, or other vapors, fumes, or mists)
from outside the vault.
3 DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY PROCEDURES
Procedures for appropriate safety measures should be developed and should include the following.
3.1 Procedures prior to entry.

(a) Engine exhausts should be kept away from the vault opening.
(b) All possible sources of ignition should be kept away from the work area, except as may be required
in the performance of the work. See §192.751.
(c) Sufficient safety equipment (e.g., dry chemical fire extinguishers, breathing apparatus, safety
harnesses) should be available in the work area.
(d) Flashlights, lighting fixtures, and extension cords should be of a type approved for hazardous
atmospheres.
(e) Before the cover is removed, the vault atmosphere should be tested for combustible gas. Use the
holes or pry holes, or lift the edge of the cover slightly to admit the testing probe. In double cover
manholes, it will be necessary to remove the outer cover and partially lift the inner cover to make
the test.
(f) Immediately after removal of the cover, tests for combustible gas and for oxygen deficiency should
be made at various levels that can be reached from the surface.
(g) Results of the tests made in accordance with 3.1(e) and (f) above should determine the procedures
to be followed.
(1) Combustibles at 60% of the Lower Explosive Limit (3.0% natural gas-in-air) or less. The vault
may be entered without breathing apparatus after establishing, by test, that a safe oxygen level
exists, or if continuous forced ventilation is maintained. Forced draft ventilation is decidedly
superior to suction draft ventilation.
(2) Combustibles in excess of 60% of the Lower Explosive Limit. The vault should not be entered
unless ventilation maintains combustible level below 60% of the Lower Explosive Limit and a
safe oxygen level exists. However, in the event the vault cannot be adequately ventilated and
the facility cannot be taken out of service to effect necessary repairs, the vault may be entered
with the use of an approved breathing apparatus and safety harness.
3.2 Procedures for vault entry and while working in the vault.
(a) Ladders should be used when entering or leaving vaults.
(b) Upon entering a vault, workers should inspect or test the interior for abnormal or hazardous
conditions.
(c) In all cases where workers enter vaults, at least one person should remain on the surface and,
under ordinary circumstances, not leave the work location. In the event workers require a breathing
apparatus and safety harness in accordance with 3.1(g)(2) above, at least two persons should
remain on the surface (one being in a position to observe activity in the vault at all times).
(d) In all cases where workers enter vaults, the atmosphere should be retested for combustible gases
and oxygen deficiency at intervals not to exceed one hour, or instrumentation providing continuous
monitoring should be used.
(e) Only approved flashlights or lighting equipment should be used. Electrical connections and
disconnections should be made outside the vault. See guide material under §192.751.
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298
§192.751
Prevention of accidental ignition.
Each operator shall take steps to minimize the danger of accidental ignition of gas in any
structure or area where the presence of gas constitutes a hazard of fire or explosion, including the
following:
(a) When a hazardous amount of gas is being vented into open air, each potential source of
ignition must be removed from the area and a fire extinguisher must be provided.
(b) Gas or electric welding or cutting may not be performed on pipe or on pipe components that
contain a combustible mixture of gas and air in the area of work.
(c) Post warning signs, where appropriate.
GUIDE MATERIAL
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1 GENERAL
1.1 Smoking and open flames.

Smoking and open flames should be prohibited in the following locations.
(a) In structures or areas containing gas facilities where possible leakage or presence of gas
constitutes a hazard of fire or explosion.
(b) In the open when accidental ignition of gas-air mixture might cause personal injury or property
damage.
1.2 Accidental electric arcing.

To prevent accidental ignition by electric arcing, the following should be considered.
(a) Flashlights, portable floodlights, extension cords, and any other electrically powered tool or
equipment should be of a type approved for use in hazardous atmospheres. Care should be taken
to ensure that electrical connections and disconnections are not made, and are prevented from
occurring, in hazardous atmospheres.
(b) Internal combustion engines that power trucks, cars, compressors, pumps, generators, and other
equipment should not be operated in suspected or known hazardous atmospheres.
(c) Bonding to provide electrical continuity should be considered around all cuts separating metallic
pipes that may have natural gas present. This bond should be installed prior to cutting and
maintained until all reconnections are completed or a gas free environment exists. Bond cables
should be installed in a manner to ensure that they do not become detached during construction
and that they provide minimal electrical resistance between pipe sections.
1.3 Static electricity on plastic pipe.

A static electric charge can build up on both the inside and outside of plastic pipe due to the dielectric
properties of plastic. Discharging of the static electricity going to ground can cause an arc that will
cause ignition if a flammable gas-air mixture is present. In plastic pipe operations, it is essential to avoid
the accumulation of a flammable gas-air mixture and the arcing of a static electrical discharge. When
conditions exist such that a flammable gas-air mixture may be encountered and static charges may be
present, such as when repairing a leak, squeezing-off an open pipe, purging, making a connection, etc.,
arc preventing safety precautions are necessary. The following should be considered.
(a) Leaking or escaping gas should be eliminated by closing valves or excavating and squeezing-off in
a separate excavation at a safe distance from the escaping gas.
299
(b) If escaping gas cannot be effectively controlled or eliminated and it is necessary to work in an area
of escaping gas, safety provisions should be considered such as dissipating or preventing the
accumulation of a static electrical charge, venting the gas from the trench, and grounding those
tools used in the area. Additionally, flame-resistant clothing treated to prevent static buildup and
respiratory equipment should be used. Acceptable methods of dissipating or preventing the
accumulation of static electricity include wetting the exposed area with an electrically conductive
liquid (e.g., soapy water with glycol added when ambient temperatures are below freezing) and
using a anti-static polyethylene (PE) film or wet non-synthetic cloth wound around or laid in contact
with the entire section of exposed pipe and grounded with a brass pin driven into the ground.
Commercially available electrostatic discharge systems may be considered as a means of
eliminating static electricity from both the inside and outside of PE pipe.
(c) A plastic pipe vent or blowdown stack should not be used due to the possibility that venting gas
with a high scale or dust content could generate an internal static electrical charge that could ignite
the escaping gas. Metal vent stacks should be grounded before placement in the escaping gas
stream. Venting should be done downwind at a safe distance from personnel and flammable
material.
(d) To reduce potential sources of ignition, all tools, including squeeze-off tools, used in gaseous
atmospheres should be grounded or the non-sparking type.
1.4 Other sources of ignition.

Care should be taken in selecting the proper hand tools for use in hazardous atmospheres and in
handling tools to reduce the potential for a spark.
1.5 Fire extinguishers.

If escaping gas in the area of the work is possible, a fire extinguisher should be available upwind and
adjacent to the area.
1.6 Verification of the presence of gas.

Prior to welding, cutting, or performing other work on isolated sections of gas piping, a check should be
made with a gas detector for the presence of a combustible gas mixture inside the pipe. Work should
begin only when safe conditions are indicated. If the work takes place over an extended period of time,
the line should be periodically monitored to ensure that a combustible gas mixture does not accumulate.
2 WELDING, CUTTING AND OTHER HOT WORK
2.1 General.
Prior to welding, cutting, or other hot work in or around a structure or area containing gas facilities, a
thorough check should be made with a gas detector for the presence of a combustible gas mixture.
Prior to entering pipe, tanks, or similar confined spaces, appropriate instruments should be used to
ensure a safe, breathable atmosphere. Work should begin only when safe conditions are indicated. The
atmosphere should be tested periodically for oxygen deficiency and combustible gas mixtures.
2.2 Pipelines filled with gas.

When a pipeline or main is to be kept full of gas during welding or cutting operations, the following are
recommended.
(a) A slight flow of gas should be kept moving toward the cutting or welding operation.
(b) The gas pressure at the site of the work should be controlled by suitable means.
(c) All slots or open ends should be closed with tape, tightly fitted canvas, or other suitable material
immediately after a cut is made.
(d) Two openings should not be uncovered at the same time.
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2.3 Pipelines containing air.

(a) Before the work is started, and at intervals as the work progresses, the atmosphere in the vicinity of
the zone to be heated should be tested with a combustible gas indicator or by other suitable
means.
(b) Unless a suitable means (e.g., an air blower) is used to prevent a combustible mixture in the work
area, welding, cutting or other operations that could be a source of ignition should not be performed
on a pipeline, main, or auxiliary apparatus that contains air and is connected to a source of gas.
(c) When the means noted in 2.3(b) above are not used, one or more of the following precautions are
suggested, depending upon the job site circumstances.
(1) The pipe or other equipment upon which the welding or cutting is to be done should be purged
with an inert gas.
(2) The pipe or other equipment upon which the welding or cutting is to be done should be
continuously purged with air in such a manner that a combustible mixture does not form in the
facility at the work area.
3 ISOLATING PIPELINE SEGMENTS ON PLANNED WORK TO MINIMIZE THE POTENTIAL OF

IGNITION
3.1 General.
Planned work on gas facilities should incorporate procedures to shut off or minimize the escape of gas.
No portion of a pipeline, large-diameter service line, or main should be cut out under pressure, unless
the flow of gas is shut off or minimized by the use of line valves, line plugging equipment, bags,
stoppers, or pipe squeezers. Where 100 percent shutoff is not feasible, the following precautions are
recommended.
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(a) Plan the job to minimize the escape of gas and sequence steps to limit the time and amount of gas
to which personnel are exposed.
(b) Ensure that the size and position of the cut allows the gas to vent properly even with an employee
in the excavation.
(c) Protect personnel working in a gaseous atmosphere under an overhang, in a tunnel, or in a
manhole.
3.2 Isolating pipeline segments.

(a) Preliminary action. The operator should conduct a prework meeting(s) to review the following with
the personnel involved.
(1) The method of isolation.
(2) The purpose of each activity.
(3) Drawings, procedures, and schematics, as applicable.
(4) Responsibilities of each individual, including the designation of an individual to be in charge of
the operation.
(b) Isolation precautions.
(1) The operator should ensure that the isolation equipment is appropriate and sized correctly for
the job.
(2) Isolation equipment left unattended should have a positive means of preventing unauthorized
operation.
(3) Positive means should be provided at the work site to alert and protect personnel from
unintentional pressuring. Consideration should be given to the use or installation of items such
as:
(i) Relief valves.
(ii) Rupture discs.
(iii) Pressure gauges.
(iv) Pressure recorders.
(v) Vents.
(vi) Pressure alerting devices.
301
(vii) Other pressure detecting devices.

(4) Isolation equipment should be inspected and maintained prior to use.
(5) Temporary closures capable of withstanding full line pressure should have a means to
determine pressure buildup, such as gauges and vents.
(6) Consideration should be given to the following to prevent the uncontrolled release of liquid
hydrocarbons when cutting into offshore pipelines or other pipelines that might contain
significant quantities of these liquids.
(i) The elevation difference between the blowdown valve and cut location.
(ii) The impact of water displacement on liquid hydrocarbons in those instances where water
may enter into the pipeline segment.
(c) Monitoring isolated segments.
(1) Monitoring procedures should be established based on the pressure, volumes, closures, and
other pertinent factors.
(2) Personnel assigned to operate isolation equipment should have a means to determine
pressure build-ups, such as gauges and vents.
(3) Personnel monitoring at remote locations should have communication with the work site and
the individual in charge of the operation.
4 NOTIFICATIONS PRIOR TO PURGE OR BLOWDOWN
4.1 Public officials.

The appropriate public officials should be notified prior to a purge or blowdown in those situations where
the normal traffic flow through the area might be disturbed, or where it is anticipated that there will be
calls from the public regarding the purge or blowdown.
4.2 Public in vicinity of gas discharge.

The public in the vicinity of the gas discharge should be notified prior to a purge or blowdown, if it is
anticipated that the public might be affected by the process. The primary considerations for determining
the need for notification are noise, odor, and the possibility of accidental ignition.
5 REFERENCE
A reference is AGA XR0104, ”Plastic Pipe Manual for Gas Service," Chapter VI – Maintenance,
Operation and Emergency Control Procedures.
§192.753
Caulked bell and spigot joints.
(a) Each cast iron caulked bell and spigot joint that is subject to pressures of more than 25 psi
(172 kPa) gage must be sealed with:
(1) A mechanical leak clamp; or
(2) A material or device which:
(i) Does not reduce the flexibility of the joint;
(ii) Permanently bonds, either chemically or mechanically, or both, with the bell and
spigot metal surfaces or adjacent pipe metal surfaces; and
(iii) Seals and bonds in a manner that meets the strength, environmental, and chemical
compatibility requirements of §§192.53(a) and (b) and 192.143.
(b) Each cast iron caulked bell and spigot joint that is subject to pressures 25 psi (172 kPa)
gage or less and is exposed for any reason must be sealed by a means other than caulking.
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302
[Amdt. 192-25, 41 FR 23679, June 11, 1976; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-93,
68 FR 53895, Sept. 15, 2003]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.755
Protecting cast-iron pipelines.
When an operator has knowledge that the support for a segment of a buried cast-iron pipeline is
disturbed:
(a) That segment of the pipeline must be protected, as necessary, against damage during the
disturbance by:
(1) Vibrations from heavy construction equipment, trains, trucks, buses, or blasting;
(2) Impact forces by vehicles;
(3) Earth movement;
(4) Apparent future excavations near the pipeline; or
(5) Other foreseeable outside forces which may subject that segment of the pipeline to
bending stress.
(b) As soon as feasible, appropriate steps must be taken to provide permanent protection for
the disturbed segment from damage that might result from external loads, including compliance
with applicable requirements of §§192.317(a), 192.319, and 192.361(b) -- (d).
[Issued by Amdt. 192-23, 41 FR 13588, Mar. 31, 1976]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.761
(Removed.)
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303
Reserved
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304
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART N
SUBPART N
QUALIFICATION OF PIPELINE PERSONNEL
Cautionary Note: Guide material in Subpart N is written specifically for the Regulations as adopted
in Amendments 192-86, 192-90, and 192-100. Operators are advised that provisions in the Pipeline
Safety Act of 2002 and Office of Pipeline Safety protocols for inspection need to be considered in
their compliance with operator qualification.
§192.801
Scope.
(a) This subpart prescribes the minimum requirements for operator qualification of individuals
performing covered tasks on a pipeline facility.
(b) For the purpose of this subpart, a covered task is an activity, identified by the operator, that:
(1) Is performed on a pipeline facility;
(2) Is an operations or maintenance task;
(3) Is performed as a requirement of this part; and
(4) Affects the operation or integrity of the pipeline.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-86, 64 FR 46853, Aug. 27, 1999]
GUIDE MATERIAL
See Cautionary Note at the beginning of Subpart N.
1 GENERAL
Guide material under this subpart provides direction for compliance with Subpart N, which covers
operator qualification (OQ) of individuals who perform covered tasks on a pipeline facility.
2 CONTRACTORS
(a) In implementing its OQ program, an operator should consider that any contractor individual who
performs covered tasks on the operator's behalf needs to be qualified unless the individual will be
directed and observed by an individual that is qualified.
(b) An operator should consider including provisions in its own written program to address the use of
contractor or mutual aid employees performing covered tasks.
(c) It may be necessary for an operator to work with the contractor or mutual aid employee to ensure
that qualifications are established and maintained consistent with the operator's program.
3 EMERGENCY RESPONSE
An operator should plan to use individuals who are qualified under its OQ program for emergency
response for tasks that meet the four-part test in §192.801(b).
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305
§192.803
Definitions.
Abnormal operating condition means a condition identified by the operator that may indicate a
malfunction of a component or deviation from normal operations that may:
(a) Indicate a condition exceeding design limits; or
(b) Result in a hazard(s) to persons, property, or the environment.
Evaluation means a process, established and documented by the operator, to determine an
individual's ability to perform a covered task by any of the following:
(a) Written examination;
(b) Oral examination;
(c) Work performance history review;
(d) Observation during:
(1) Performance on the job,
(2) On the job training, or
(3) Simulations;
(e) Other forms of assessment.
Qualified means that an individual has been evaluated and can:
(a) Perform assigned covered tasks; and
(b) Recognize and react to abnormal operating conditions.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-86, 64 FR 46853, Aug. 27, 1999; Amdt. 192-90, 66 FR 43523, Aug. 20, 2001]
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GUIDE MATERIAL
1 ABNORMAL OPERATING CONDITION
Operators should identify conditions that would be reasonably recognizable by an individual performing
a covered task.
1.1 Incorporation of conditions in task competency requirements.

Conditions that are included in the basic competency requirements for a particular task need not
be considered abnormal operating conditions for that task. This is illustrated by the following examples.
(a) If an operator identifies leak surveys as a covered task, the discovery of a leak need not be
considered an abnormal operating condition for the individual performing this task. Finding leaks is
an objective of the given task and the individual performing the task is expected to understand how
to identify and respond to leaks.
(b) If monitoring cathodic protection systems using electrical surveys is a covered task, finding a low
pipe-to-soil reading need not be considered an abnormal operating condition. To find such readings
is an objective of the task, and the individual performing the task is expected to understand how to
identify and respond to such conditions.
1.2 Examples of abnormal operating conditions.

Examples of abnormal operating conditions may include the following.
(a) Escaping gas.
(b) Fire or explosion.
(c) Excessive or inadequate pressure.
(d) Inadequate odorization.
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(e) Damage to facilities.

(f) Component failure.
(g) Stray current.
(h) Unintended movement or unusual loading on the pipeline.
Qualification for a particular covered task may involve recognizing and reacting to one or more
abnormal operating conditions. Some abnormal operating conditions may be common to more than one
covered task.
2 COVERED TASKS
See 2.1 of the guide material under §192.805.
3 EVALUATION
Although any of the methods identified in the regulation are acceptable, the operator should consider
whether a particular method is suitable for evaluating an individual for a given covered task. For
example, if an individual has difficulty in taking written tests, another form of evaluation may be
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appropriate. If an operator identifies welding as a covered task, evaluation without a performance
element would not be appropriate, since §§192.227 and 192.229 require that a welder actually make an
acceptable weld in accordance with a qualified welding procedure (as required to initially qualify or
maintain qualification). The evaluation method selected should enable the operator to determine
whether the individual is capable of performing the routine aspects of the covered task as well as
recognizing and reacting to abnormal operating conditions associated with the covered task.
3.1 Evaluator.
A person with responsibility for evaluating an individual’s qualifications to perform covered tasks should
have the required knowledge, through training or experience, to determine that an individual has the
ability to:
(a) Perform covered tasks, and
(b) Recognize and react to abnormal operating conditions that might arise or be observed while
performing those tasks.
The level of knowledge and experience may vary depending on the method of evaluation. If the
evaluation method requires the evaluator to use judgment to determine if the evaluation was passed
(e.g., evaluation through observation on the job), then the evaluator should have sufficient knowledge
and experience to discern whether the task was performed properly. If the evaluator is merely
proctoring a written or computer-based exam, then the evaluator need not be knowledgeable about the
subject matter. An operator may use third-party evaluators for qualifying individuals who perform
covered tasks, provided that the evaluator meets the above criteria.
3.2 Evaluation method.

The evaluation method chosen for any specific covered task should include one or more of the following
(Note: After October 28, 2002 and December 16, 2004, §192.809(d) and (e), respectively, do not
permit work performance history review or observation of performance on-the-job to be the sole
evaluation method).
(a) Written examination.
(b) Oral examination.
(c) Work performance history review.
(d) Observation during:
(1) Performance on the job.
(2) On-the-job or classroom training.
(3) Simulation.
(e) Other forms of assessment identified by the operator.
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For any particular evaluation method selected, the operator should assess whether one or more of the
other evaluation methods should be used to augment the qualifying evaluation for a given covered task.
The evaluations should verify that the individual possesses the knowledge, skills, and abilities to
perform the task and recognize and react to abnormal operating conditions. For example, an operator
may choose written examination as the primary evaluation method, but also include a task performance
observation where the written examination does not provide enough information to perform a complete
evaluation.
(a) Written or oral examinations.
A test used as an evaluation method should be as objective as possible. Questions used in these
evaluation methods should be stated in such a way as to not lead the individual to a correct
answer.
(b) Work performance history review.
In using work performance history review for transitional or initial qualification prior to October 28,
2002, the operator should consider whether the documentation related to performance history is
adequate for performing an appropriate evaluation and or demonstrating compliance.
Considerations should be as follows.
(1) When used as the sole evaluation method for transitional qualification, work performance
documentation may not contain sufficient detail to fulfill the part of the qualification requirement
related to recognition and reaction to abnormal operating conditions. In some cases, the operator
may be able to use documentation of an individual’s involvement in:
(i) Leak, facility damage, or abnormal operation discoveries,
(ii) Emergency response or training, and
(iii) Abnormal operation training.
(2) Generally, affidavits of past performance should not be used as the sole documentation in this
evaluation method.
(3) If it is anticipated by the operator that work performance history review will be used as part of
future initial or subsequent evaluations, the operator should consider what types of records
would be useful for the evaluation. The operator should consider collecting such information as
soon as practical in advance of the subsequent evaluation date. Such records may include the
following.
(i) Documented inspection, testing, and maintenance records.
(ii) Written performance evaluations regarding covered and related tasks.
(iii) Any documentation that may have been generated as a result of direct observation of
individuals.
(4) Work performance history review may include the following.
(i) A search of existing records for documentation of an individual’s past satisfactory
performance of a covered task.
(ii) Verification that the individual’s work performance history contains no indications of
substandard work or involvement in an incident caused by an error in performing a
covered task.
(iii) Verification that the individual has successfully performed the covered task on a regular
basis prior to October 26, 1999.
(c) Observation on the job, during training, or in a simulation.
(1) Observation of an individual, performing a task either on the job or in a simulated setting, is
used primarily to verify that the individual possesses the skills and abilities to perform the
routine aspects of a task.
(2) Abnormal operating conditions can be evaluated through observation in simulated settings, but
will not necessarily occur during observation on the job. When observation on the job is used
as an evaluation method for a task, the ability to recognize and react to abnormal operating
conditions could be evaluated separately or through one or more oral questions asked of the
individual by the evaluator during on-the-job observation.
(3) Checklists of key steps in the task, copies of the procedures, or other references can be helpful
in ensuring that the evaluation is performed consistently.
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308
(d) Performance monitoring.

The operator may also consider planned or impromptu observation of performance of covered and
related tasks by individuals and developing documentation that could be useful in a work
performance history review.
3.3 Evaluation categories.

The three types of qualifications are as follows.
(a) Transitional qualification means qualification in a covered task completed by October 28, 2002, of
an individual who had been performing that task on a regular basis prior to October 26, 1999.
(b) Initial qualification means the first qualification of an individual in a covered task that is not
transitional qualification.
(c) Subsequent qualification means evaluation of an individual’s qualification to perform a covered
task, after "transitional" or "initial" qualification, at the interval established by the operator. The
subsequent qualification process may use different evaluation criteria than used for transitional or
initial qualification. The interval for the first subsequent qualification does not need to start until
October 28, 2002. Therefore, if an operator chooses October 28, 2002, as the start date for the
subsequent qualification interval applicable to previously qualified individuals, the first subsequent
qualification interval for those individuals may exceed the intervals established under the operator's
written program. However, for qualifications on or after October 28, 2002, the established
subsequent evaluation intervals would apply.
Subsequent evaluations may be used as follows.

(1) Verify that all necessary changes since the last qualification have been communicated to
affected personnel.
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(2) Identify qualification concerns.
(3) Evaluate the employee’s performance over the preceding interval.
4 CONTRACTORS
The operator should review the qualification criteria used by contractors to ensure consistency with its
own criteria.
§192.805
Qualification program.
Each operator shall have and follow a written qualification program. The program shall include
provisions to:
(a) Identify covered tasks;
(b) Ensure through evaluation that individuals performing covered tasks are qualified;
(c) Allow individuals that are not qualified pursuant to this subpart to perform a covered task if
directed and observed by an individual that is qualified;
(d) Evaluate an individual if the operator has reason to believe that the individual's performance
of a covered task contributed to an incident as defined in Part 191;
(e) Evaluate an individual if the operator has reason to believe that the individual is no longer
qualified to perform a covered task;
(f) Communicate changes that affect covered tasks to individuals performing those covered
tasks;
(g) Identify those covered tasks and the intervals at which evaluation of the individual's
qualifications is needed; and
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(h) After December 16, 2004, provide training, as appropriate, to ensure that individuals
performing covered tasks have the necessary knowledge and skills to perform the tasks in a manner
that ensures the safe operation of pipeline facilities; and
(i) After December 16, 2004, notify the Administrator or a state agency participating under 49
U.S.C. Chapter 601 if the operator significantly modifies the program after the Administrator or state
agency has verified that it complies with this section.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-86, 64 FR 46853, Aug. 27,1999; Amdt. 192-100, 70 FR 10332, Mar. 3, 2005 with
Amdt. 192-100 DFR Confirmation, 70 FR 34693, June 15, 2005]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
An operator may use vendor written programs to meet this requirement. However, the operator should
be aware that by adopting a vendor program (including those produced by industry associations and
consortiums), it is still responsible for ensuring that the elements of the program meet the requirements
of the subpart as applied to its systems, and supplementing the vendor program where it does not.
Since the regulations are applicable to pipeline operators, it is not necessary for contractors to have
written programs. In complying with the requirements of this regulation, some operators may choose to
request that each contractor develop its own written program. If an operator chooses to request written
programs from contractors or accept third-party evaluations, the operator should ensure that the
contractor’s program requirements are consistent with its own. This may require that copies of the
evaluation tools of the contractor or the third-party evaluator be reviewed.
2 ELEMENTS OF THE WRITTEN PROGRAM
2.1 Identification of covered tasks (§192.805(a)).

The operator is responsible for identifying which O&M tasks performed on its facilities are covered tasks
based on the four–part test in §192.801(b). Covered tasks may vary among operators.
(a) Four-part test.
When applying the four-part test for a covered task and evaluating whether a task is covered, the
operator may consider the following definitions.
(1) Performed on a pipeline facility means that the task is performed on part of a facility that is
connected to the pipeline system. A task that is performed on a component that is removed
from the system is not considered to be a task performed on a pipeline facility. To meet this
criterion, the performance of the task should directly affect the pipeline facility.
(2) An operations or maintenance task means a task that is performed on an existing portion of a
pipeline facility. Most covered O&M tasks performed in order to comply with these rules are
found in Subparts L and M of Part 192. However, some tasks may be found in other subparts
(e.g., Subparts E, I, J, and K). Additionally, not all tasks required to comply with Subparts L and
M are considered O&M tasks (e.g., tasks involving emergency response, and some tasks
related to installation of replacement pipe or components).
(i) An operating task is one that causes a system or a part of a system to function. Opening
and closing a valve is an example of an operating task.
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310
(ii) A maintenance task is one that is performed on an existing system, or part of an existing
system, with the intent of preserving its viability. Repairing pipe by grinding or applying a
sleeve is an example of a maintenance task, because it is done to an existing portion of
the pipeline facility to preserve the portion’s viability. Tasks performed on a section of
pipe that will ultimately replace an existing section of pipe, however, are not maintenance
tasks because the replacement pipe is not an existing part of the pipeline facility at the
time the tasks are performed. The portion of the facility removed is not serviceable to the
operator in this location. However, the disconnection of the pipe to be replaced and the
connection of the replacement pipe to the pipeline system may be considered a
maintenance task because it involves modification to an existing part of the pipeline
facility.
(3) Performed as a requirement of Part 192 means that Part 192 specifies that the task must be
performed. An operator may choose not to consider tasks that are addressed in its O&M
manual that are not specifically required in the regulations when identifying covered tasks. An
operator may also choose not to consider implied tasks (e.g., those that are addressed solely
as a result of a requirement for written procedures) and subtasks to those required by Part 192
when identifying covered tasks for its Operator Qualification program.
(4) Affects the operations or integrity of the pipeline suggests that the improper performance of the
task may adversely affect the safe operation or safety of the pipeline.
(i) In evaluating the effect on the operation, the one aspect the operator should consider is
whether an incorrect performance of a task would cause the design limits of the pipeline
to be exceeded. For example, an incorrectly set overpressure protection device could
allow the pressure in the pipeline to exceed the limits permitted in the regulations.
(ii) In assessing whether a task could affect the integrity of a pipeline, the operator should
consider whether improper performance could make the pipeline unsuitable for operation
at its MAOP. The effect need not be instantaneous to meet this criterion. For example,
the effect of an incorrectly performed pipe-to-soil reading may not manifest itself until well
after the reading is completed. Corrosion may occur unchecked to the extent where the
integrity is eventually affected.
(b) Additional considerations.
The operator’s written program should identify the method that the operator uses in determining
whether a task is covered or not. Consideration should also be given to identifying how tasks are
added or removed from the program.
(1) Physical contact is not necessary. The performance of the task does not require that the
pipeline be contacted to be considered a “covered task” (i.e., the individual performing the task
need not touch the pipeline in order for the task to be considered covered).
(i) An operator may identify certain tasks performed by gas control personnel as “covered
tasks” if incorrect performance of these tasks could result in unsafe operation of pipeline,
and these tasks meet the other three criteria.
(ii) Similarly, leak surveys may be another example where the pipeline is not physically
contacted with instrumentation or tools.
(iii) According to OPS Advisory Bulletin ADB-06-01, the operator may need to consider
pipeline excavation activity as a covered task. See OPS ADB-06-01 (71 FR 2613, Jan.
17, 2006; reference Guide Material Appendix G-192-1, Section 2).
(2) Location of task performance. Some covered tasks may be considered as being dependent on
location for performance of the task. For example, if regulator maintenance is considered a
covered task by the operator and it is performed in-place in the field, this would be a covered
task. If the regulator is removed from service and taken to an off-site location to be rebuilt, none
of the tasks performed at the off-site location would be covered. However, the removal and
reinstallation of the regulator would be a covered task.
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311
(3) Tasks may be identified from any subpart. The review of Part 192 for “covered tasks” should
encompass all subparts. For example, welding and corrosion control are not found in the
operations and maintenance subparts of Part 192, but both of these activities may be covered
tasks if the four-part test outlined in the regulation is met.
(4) Covered tasks performed by contractors. Since some contractors may perform covered tasks
for more than one operator, contractors may identify covered tasks in a manner different from
the operator. The operator should ensure that the covered tasks performed by the contractor
encompass the elements of the operator's covered tasks that are being contracted.
2.2 Evaluation of qualifications (§192.805(b)).

See 3 of the guide the material under §192.803.
2.3 Non-qualified individuals (§192.805(c)).

(a) Covered task performance.
Non-qualified individuals may perform covered tasks under certain circumstances including the
non-qualified individual’s participation in on-the-job training or when working as part of a crew. A
non-qualified individual may only perform a covered task under the following conditions.
(1) A qualified individual is assigned to direct and observe the non-qualified individual during the
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performance of the covered task.

(2) A qualified individual is able to take immediate corrective actions if necessary.
For a person to direct and observe a non-qualified individual, the person should, at all times during
the performance of the covered task, be able to correct an improper performance of the task by any
individuals being observed.
(b) Directed and observed performance - span of control.
When an operator decides to have a qualified individual direct and observe non-qualified
individuals performing covered tasks, the operator should limit the number of individuals being
observed by each qualified person. This is based on the ability of the observer to effectively
respond to errors that may occur during the performance of the task by the non-qualified
individuals. The number may vary based on factors such as the following.
(1) Complexity of the task.
(2) Consequence of improper performance of the task.
(3) Ability of the person performing the observation.
(4) Knowledge and abilities of the individuals being observed.
(c) When covered task performance may not be appropriate.
Not all covered tasks may lend themselves to performance by individuals that are not qualified,
even if observed by a qualified individual.
(1) High risk of hazard. If the potential errors that may occur in the performance of the task could
lead to a hazard because there would not be enough time for the observer to respond, then the
operator should not consider permitting non-qualified individuals to perform that covered task.
For example, any covered task that may involve cutting or welding on an in-service pipeline
may not be appropriate for a non-qualified person to perform under direction and observation of
a qualified individual. A mistake that could lead to a hazard would likely not be avoidable, even
with the intervention of an observer who is qualified in the task.
(2) Other regulatory constraints. If the regulation requires specific qualification for a task (e.g.,
welding, joining of plastic pipe, or performing a hot tap), then an operator that has identified any
of these as a covered task should not allow the task to be performed by a non-qualified
individual.
312
2.4 Performance contributing to an incident (§192.805(d)).

(a) Determine if re-evaluation of covered task qualification is needed.
If there is reason to believe that an individual’s performance of a covered task contributed to an
incident, a review of that individual’s qualification to perform that covered task should be conducted.
The review should determine whether an individual needs to be re-evaluated for the covered task.
Some errors in performance may not be a result of insufficient qualification but may be attributable
to human factors, such as emotional distress or distraction. In these cases, the operator may
decide that re-evaluation is not needed.
(b) Determining if other actions are needed.
If the operator concludes that re-evaluation is needed, the operator should also determine if there is
a deficiency in the evaluation standards used for the most recent qualification. If so, the operator
may need to re-evaluate the qualification of other individuals who have been qualified in the
covered task involved in the incident and make appropriate adjustments to their evaluation
process. The operator should also consider whether additional training may be appropriate prior to
the reevaluation.
(c) If task performance by specific individual is not documented.
Since it is not required that performance of each covered task be documented, there may be
situations where the operator cannot identify the individual that may have performed the covered
task that contributed to an incident. In these cases, the operator should consider reviewing the
qualifications of all individuals that may have performed the task, which could have contributed to
the incident. This may involve a review of work scheduling documentation, time reports, operator
records of individuals performing the particular task in the area over a period of time, and similar
records.
2.5 Reasonable cause to verify qualification (§192.805(e)).

If there is reason to believe that an individual is no longer qualified to perform a covered task, a review
of the individual’s qualification should be conducted.
(a) Indicators.
Concerns regarding an individual’s ability to perform a covered task may be prompted by a number
of circumstances, which include the following.
(1) Change in an individual’s physical abilities related to performance of the covered task.
(2) Documented statement from the individual or other persons relative to the individual’s
performance of the covered task.
(3) Prolonged absence from performing the covered task.
(4) Documented unsatisfactory performance of the covered task.
(5) Results of any monitoring that the operator may conduct on covered task performance.
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(b) Course of action.

A method to determine whether an individual needs to be re-evaluated may be described in the
written OQ program. Upon determination of reasonable cause, the operator should determine the
individual’s ability to perform the covered task.
(1) Re-evaluation. If, as a result of the review, the operator concludes that the individual is no
longer qualified, that individual may be re-evaluated in accordance with the OQ program if the
individual is still expected to perform the task.
(2) Training and re-evaluation. The operator should consider whether training would be appropriate
prior to re-evaluation.
(3) Stop using individual for the covered task. If the individual is no longer able to perform the
covered task, the operator should stop using this individual to perform the covered task.
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2.6 Communication of changes (§192.805(f)).

In addition to communicating changes that affect covered tasks to the individuals who perform those
covered tasks (including contractors), the operator should also consider communicating such changes
to other individuals that may be affected by the change (e.g., evaluators, supervisors, program
administrators). The change may be significant enough to require modifications to the qualification
process, additional evaluation requirements, or a need to re-evaluate qualifications of any individual
currently qualified for the affected tasks.
(a) Types of change.
These changes may include the following.
(1) Modifications to company policies or procedures.
(2) Changes in state or federal regulations.
(3) Use of new equipment or technology.
(4) New information from equipment or product manufacturers.
(5) Changes needed as a result of monitoring performance or program effectiveness.
(b) Level of communication.
The need to communicate changes will vary depending upon the impact of the change on the
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covered task. For a change that is not substantive (e.g., does not materially affect the knowledge,
skills, or abilities required for a covered task), an operator may decide that communication is not
necessary.
(c) Timing of communication.
When the change needs to be implemented may also vary. The use of new equipment could be
phased in if continued use of the existing equipment is adequate. This would permit the operator
time to provide necessary communications and any required training or additional evaluations
without disruption of O&M activities. However, communications related to changes in regulations
that result in an existing non-covered operating or maintenance task becoming a covered task may
be more urgent since effective dates of new or revised regulations may not provide such flexibility
to achieve compliance to the operator qualification requirements. In cases where the operator is
aware of an impending rule change (e.g., through monitoring of regulatory projects of the regulating
agency), the operator may consider some level of communication prior to the issuance of the final
rule (e.g., when a notice of proposed rulemaking is issued).
(d) Type of communication.
The type of communication may also vary based on the impact or complexity of the change. For
example, changes that have limited impact or are minor procedural changes may require a simple
communication regarding the change (e.g., written or oral communication or briefing). However,
changes that are more substantive may require training or an orientation session, and in some
cases, may involve additional evaluations. Methods for communication may include the following.
(1) Written or oral instruction.
(2) Individual or group meetings.
(3) Tailgate or pre-job briefings.
(4) Training sessions.
(5) Technical mailings.
(e) Documentation of communication.
Operators should document the communications made related to these changes, including the
identification of the individuals notified.
2.7 Evaluation intervals (§192.805(g)).

(a) The intervals that an operator establishes for the periodic evaluation of qualification (subsequent
qualification) may be based on a fixed time interval or on frequency of performance, or other
appropriate units. In establishing the appropriate interval, the operator may consider one or more of
the following.
(1) Frequency of task performance.
(2) Complexity of the task.
(3) Regulatory requirements.
(4) Level of risk.
314
(5) Accepted industry-related intervals (e.g., NACE, ASNT, and API).

(6) Other appropriate factors.
(b) An operator may choose to adopt intervals established by vendors that have expertise in
qualification issues. The operator should ensure that the vendor’s assumptions are applicable to
the operator’s situation.
2.8 Training (§192.805(h)).

(a) The operator should determine the knowledge and skills that are needed to perform covered tasks
in a competent manner and focus its training, if needed, accordingly for the individuals who perform
a covered task. The operator should consider including the following in its training program.
(1) Knowledge of elements of the procedural manual for operations, maintenance, and
emergencies that apply to the covered task (see 2 of the guide material under §192.605).
(2) Knowledge of pertinent policies, procedures, job methods, materials, maps, and records that
apply to the covered task.
(3) Knowledge of appropriate abnormal operating conditions.
(4) Skills to use the appropriate tools, instruments, and equipment.
(5) Skills to perform appropriate actions if abnormal operating conditions are encountered.
(b) Training may be delivered through methods such as classroom or computer-based instruction,
simulation exercises, and on-the-job training. Training aids and publications available from gas
industry associations and other sources should be considered in the development of training
programs. Such programs may include a review of pertinent accident reports that illustrate and
emphasize both good and bad practices.
(c) Considerations for identifying the need and eventual selection of training program components
associated with the identified training need can be found in ASME B31Q, Section 7, “Training.”
2.9 Notification of significant modification (§192.805(i)).

The operator should define significant modifications for the purpose of federal or state agency
notification, and should consider including any modification that may be viewed as lessening the
requirements of the operator’s written program. Examples of such modifications could include the
following.
(a) Increase of evaluation interval.
(b) Deletion of previously identified covered tasks in the program.
(c) Change in evaluation methods.
§192.807
Recordkeeping.
Each operator shall maintain records that demonstrate compliance with this subpart.
(a) Qualification records shall include:
(1) Identification of qualified individual(s);
(2) Identification of the covered tasks the individual is qualified to perform;
(3) Date(s) of current qualification; and
(4) Qualification method(s).
(b) Records supporting an individual's current qualification shall be maintained while the
individual is performing the covered task. Records of prior qualification and records of individuals
no longer performing covered tasks shall be retained for a period of five years.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-86, 64 FR 46853, Aug. 27, 1999]
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GUIDE MATERIAL
1 RECORDKEEPING
(a) All records of an individual’s qualification to perform a covered task may be maintained at a central
location, or at multiple locations.
(b) Records may be maintained either electronically, as paper copies, or in any other appropriate
format.
(c) If third party data management vendors are used, the records should be readily accessible by the
operator.
(d) The operator does not need to maintain qualification records of contractors provided the
contractors are maintaining such records in a manner that meets the requirements of this rule, and
the records are available to the operator.
(e) The operator should be able to produce documentation of qualification for any individual that is
performing a covered task on their behalf.
(f) Records may be kept in any format that would indicate each of the four elements identified in this
rule have been addressed.
2 QUALIFICATION CHECK PRIOR TO PERFORMANCE
Prior to performance of a covered task, the operator should ensure that the individuals performing the
task or those assigned to direct and observe non-qualified individuals performing the task are
documented as being qualified, as required by its written OQ program.
§192.809
General.
(a) Operators must have a written qualification program by April 27, 2001. The program must be
available for review by the Administrator or by a state agency participating under 49 U.S.C. Chapter
601 if the program is under the authority of that state agency.
(b) Operators must complete the qualification of individuals performing covered tasks by
October 28, 2002.
(c) Work performance history review may be used as a sole evaluation method for individuals
who were performing a covered task prior to October 26, 1999.
(d) After October 28, 2002, work performance history may not be used as a sole evaluation
method.
(e) After December 16, 2004, observation of on-the-job performance may not be used as the
sole method of evaluation.
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[Issued by Amdt. 192-86, 64 FR 46853, Aug. 27, 1999; Amdt. 192-90, 66 FR 43523, Aug. 20, 2001;
Amdt. 192-100, 70 FR 10332, Mar. 3, 2005 with Amdt. 192-100 DFR Confirmation, 70 FR 34693, June
15, 2005]
316
GUIDE MATERIAL

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317
Reserved
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318
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART O
SUBPART O
GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT
§192.901
What do the regulations in this subpart cover?
This subpart prescribes minimum requirements for an integrity management program on any
gas transmission pipeline covered under this part. For gas transmission pipelines constructed of
plastic, only the requirements in §§192.917, 192.921, 192.935 and 192.937 apply.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-95, 68 FR 69778, Dec. 15, 2003 with Amdt. 192-95 Correction, 69 FR 2307, Jan.
15, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
The requirements of Subpart O apply to all transmission pipelines including compressor stations,
metering stations, regulator stations, valve sets, and other fabricated assemblies. The requirements of
Subpart O do not apply to distribution lines or to gathering lines.
2 APPLICABILITY OF THIS SUBPART
Table 192.901i identifies the applicability of each section of Subpart O to plastic line pipe, steel line pipe
and pipeline components. In the table, “Components” refers to gas-carrying components other than line
pipe that are typically above ground, such as compressor stations, meter stations, and regulator stations.
APPLICABILITY OF SUBPART O
Legend: R = Required; C = Consider; NA = Not Applicable

Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline System
Covered Segment (see §192.903) Non-Covered Segment
Regulation Plastic Steel Line Plastic Steel
Section Line Pipe Pipe Components Line Pipe Line Pipe Components
192.901 R R R R R R
192.903 R R R R R R
192.905 R R R R R R
192.907 R R R C C C
192.909 R R R NA NA NA
192.911 C R R NA NA NA
TABLE 192.901i
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APPLICABILITY OF SUBPART O (Continued)
Legend: R = Required; C = Consider; NA = Not Applicable

Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline System
Covered Segment (see §192.903) Non-Covered Segment
Regulation Plastic Steel Plastic Steel
Section Line Pipe Line Pipe Components Line Pipe Line Pipe Components
192.913
NA R R NA C C
(if used)
192.915 C R R C R R
192.917 R R R R R R
192.923 NA * * NA * *
192.925 NA * * NA * *
192.927 NA * * NA * *
192.929 NA * * NA * *
192.931 NA * * NA * *
192.933 NA R R NA C C
192.935 R R R NA R R
192.937 R R R R R R
192.941
NA R R NA C C
(if used)
192.943
NA R R NA NA NA
(if used)
192.945 C R R C C C
192.947 C R R C C C
192.951 NA R R NA NA NA
* See guide material under these sections for detailed discussions.
TABLE 192.901i
§192.903
What definitions apply to this subpart?
The following definitions apply to this subpart.

Assessment is the use of testing techniques as allowed in this subpart to ascertain the
condition of a covered pipeline segment.
Confirmatory direct assessment is an integrity assessment method using more focused
application of the principles and techniques of direct assessment to identify internal and external
corrosion in a covered transmission pipeline segment.
Covered segment or covered pipeline segment means a segment of gas transmission pipeline
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320
located in a high consequence area. The terms gas and transmission line are defined in §192.3.
Direct assessment is an integrity assessment method that utilizes a process to evaluate certain
threats (i.e., external corrosion, internal corrosion and stress corrosion cracking) to a covered
pipeline segment’s integrity. The process includes the gathering and integration of risk factor data,
indirect examination or analysis to identify areas of suspected corrosion, direct examination of the
pipeline in these areas, and post assessment evaluation.
High consequence area means an area established by one of the methods described in
paragraphs (1) or (2) as follows:
(1) An area defined as —
(i) A Class 3 location under §192.5; or
(ii) A Class 4 location under §192.5; or
(iii) Any area in a Class 1 or Class 2 location where the potential impact radius is
greater than 660 feet (200 meters), and the area within a potential impact circle contains 20 or more
buildings intended for human occupancy; or
(iv) Any area in a Class 1 or Class 2 location where the potential impact circle contains
an identified site.
(2) The area within a potential impact circle containing —
(i) 20 or more buildings intended for human occupancy, unless the exception in
paragraph (4) applies; or
(ii) An identified site.
(3) Where a potential impact circle is calculated under either method (1) or (2) to establish a
high consequence area, the length of the high consequence area extends axially along the length of
the pipeline from the outermost edge of the first potential impact circle that contains either an
identified site or 20 or more buildings intended for human occupancy to the outermost edge of the
last contiguous potential impact circle that contains either an identified site or 20 or more buildings
intended for human occupancy. (See Figure E.I.A. in Appendix E.)
(4) If in identifying a high consequence area under paragraph (1)(iii) of this definition or
paragraph (2)(i) of this definition, the radius of the potential impact circle is greater than 660 feet (200
meters), the operator may identify a high consequence area based on a prorated number of buildings
intended for human occupancy with a distance 660 feet (200 meters) from the centerline of the
pipeline until December 17, 2006. If an operator chooses this approach, the operator must prorate the
number of buildings intended for human occupancy based on the ratio of an area with a radius of
660 feet (200 meters) to the area of the potential impact circle (i.e., the prorated number of buildings
intended for human occupancy is equal to [20 x (660 feet [or 200 meters]/ potential impact radius in
2
feet [or meters]) ]).
Identified site means each of the following areas:
(a) An outside area or open structure that is occupied by twenty (20) or more persons on at
least 50 days in any twelve (12)-month period. (The days need not be consecutive). Examples include
but are not limited to, beaches, playgrounds, recreational facilities, camping grounds, outdoor
theaters, stadiums, recreational areas near a body of water, or areas outside a rural building such as
a religious facility); or
(b) A building that is occupied by twenty (20) or more persons on at least five (5) days a
week for ten (10) weeks in any twelve (12)-month period. (The days and weeks need not be
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consecutive). Examples include, but are not limited to, religious facilities, office buildings,
community centers, general stores, 4-H facilities, or roller skating rinks); or
(c) A facility occupied by persons who are confined, are of impaired mobility, or would be
difficult to evacuate. Examples include but are not limited to hospitals, prisons, schools, day-care
facilities, retirement facilities or assisted-living facilities.
Potential impact circle is a circle of radius equal to the potential impact radius (PIR).
321
Potential impact radius (PIR) means the radius of a circle within which the potential failure of a
pipeline could have significant impact on people or property. PIR is determined by the formula r =
2
0.69 * (square root of (p*d )), where ‘r’ is the radius of a circular area in feet surrounding the point of
failure, ‘p’ is the maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) in the pipeline segment in pounds
per square inch and ‘d’ is the nominal diameter of the pipeline in inches.
Note: 0.69 is the factor for natural gas. This number will vary for other gases depending upon
their heat of combustion. An operator transporting gas other than natural gas must use section 3.2
of ASME/ANSI B31.8S-2001 (Supplement to ASME B31.8; incorporated by reference, see §192.7) to
calculate the impact radius formula.
Remediation is a repair or mitigation activity an operator takes on a covered segment to limit or
reduce the probability of an undesired event occurring or the expected consequences from the
event.
15, 2004, Amdt. 192-95 Correction & Petition for Reconsideration, 69 FR 18228, Apr. 6, 2004 and
Amdt. 192-95 Correction, 69 FR 29903, May 26, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006;
Amdt. 192-103, 72 FR 4655, Feb. 1, 2007]
GUIDE MATERIAL
Glossary of Commonly Used Terms and Abbreviations Used in Subpart O
BAP means baseline assessment plan.

CDA means confirmatory direct assessment.
DA means direct assessment.
ECDA means external corrosion direct assessment.
FAQs mean frequently asked questions.
Framework is an early version of an operator’s Integrity Management Program (IMP), which does not have all
the detailed processes in place.
HCA means high consequence area.
ICDA means internal corrosion direct assessment.
IMP means Integrity Management Program.
Low-frequency ERW (electric-resistance-welded) pipe is pipe that was manufactured using a 250-Hertz (Hz)
alternating electrical current to provide heat for fusion of the weld seam. Most pipe made using this
process was manufactured prior to 1970.
Low-stress transmission line is a steel transmission line that operates below 30% SMYS.
PIC means potential impact circle.
PIR means potential impact radius.
Plan is a particular component of the overall Integrity Management Program (IMP), and refers to a specific
action plan and documented criteria for implementing a particular program element or rule requirement.
Process is a step-by-step logical set of integrated activities that proceed from the initial understanding of what
needs to be done, to the successful performance and documentation of results.
Program is a document or a set of documents that systematically defines, controls, and implements integrity
management.
SCCDA means stress corrosion cracking direct assessment.
Note: For other terms and abbreviations, see Glossary of Commonly Used Terms and Glossary of
Commonly Used Abbreviations (Table 192.3i) of the guide material under §192.3.
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322
§192.905
How does an operator identify a high consequence area?
(a) General. To determine which segments of an operator’s transmission pipeline system are
covered by this subpart, an operator must identify the high consequence areas. An operator must
use method (1) or (2) from the definition in §192.903 to identify a high consequence area. An operator
may apply one method to its entire pipeline system, or an operator may apply one method to
individual portions of the pipeline system. An operator must describe in its integrity management
program which method it is applying to each portion of the operator’s pipeline system. The
description must include the potential impact radius when utilized to establish a high consequence
area. (See Appendix E.I. for guidance on identifying high consequence areas.)
(b) (1) Identified sites. An operator must identify an identified site, for purposes of this subpart,
from information the operator has obtained from routine operation and maintenance activities and
from public officials with safety or emergency response or planning responsibilities who indicate to
the operator that they know of locations that meet the identified site criteria. These public officials
could include officials on a local emergency planning commission or relevant Native American tribal
officials.
(2) If a public official with safety or emergency response or planning responsibilities
informs an operator that it does not have the information to identify an identified site, the operator
must use one of the following sources, as appropriate, to identify these sites.
(i) Visible marking (e.g., a sign); or
(ii) The site is licensed or registered by a Federal, State, or local government agency;
or
(iii) The site is on a list (including a list on an internet web site) or map maintained by
or available from a Federal, State, or local government agency and available to the general public.
(c) Newly-identified areas. When an operator has information that the area around a pipeline
segment not previously identified as a high consequence area could satisfy any of the definitions in
§192.903, the operator must complete the evaluation using method (1) or (2). If the segment is
determined to meet the definition as a high consequence area, it must be incorporated into the
operator’s baseline assessment plan as a high consequence area within one year from the date the
area is identified.
15, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
An operator has three options for determining high consequence areas (HCAs) as illustrated in Figure
192.905A. An operator may use any combination of methods. The operator needs written procedures
describing any method used to calculate and document an HCA. An operator may expand HCA
boundaries to include additional pipeline footage. For instance, short lengths of pipelines between HCAs
may be included in an HCA. See §192.903 for information regarding potential impact circle (PIC) and
potential impact radius (PIR).
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323
Flow Chart Illustrating the HCA Determination Process
Decide which
method to use
Classify entire Method 2

Method 1 pipeline as Potential
Class Location being in an Impact Circle
HCA (PIC)
Is pipe
in a Class 3 or 4 Yes
location?
No
Is
PIR > 660 feet Does
and does PIC contain Yes Yes PIC contain 20 or
more than 20 more buildings?
buildings?
No No
Does Does
PIC contain an Yes Yes PIC contain an
identified site? identified site?
No No
Segment is not Segment is Segment is not

in an HCA in an HCA in an HCA
FIGURE 192.905A
2 CHOOSING THE METHOD
Reasons an operator may choose a particular method or other option for determining an HCA are as
follows.
2.1 Method 1 - Class location.

(a) Takes advantage of previously defined class location boundaries.
(b) Reduces the need to calculate potential impact circles.
(c) Minimizes complexity.
(d) All class 3 and 4 locations will be an HCA, and performance of the additional preventative and
mitigative measures in §192.935(d)(3) is not required.
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324
2.2 Method 2 - Potential impact circle.

(a) Allows the operator to focus resources on locations with higher potential impact.
(b) Operator has good data on the building locations.
(c) May reduce the mileage of covered segments.
(d) Provides a more precise model of potential impact area because it is based on analytical methods.
2.3 Classify entire pipeline as being in an HCA.

(a) Eliminates the need to calculate potential impact circles.
(b) Eliminates the need to determine identified sites.
(c) Operator has limited footage of transmission lines.
3 DETERMINATION OF IDENTIFIED SITES
Figure 192.905B illustrates the two processes that must both be used to determine identified sites, i.e.,
looking for sites while performing O&M activities and contacting public officials. If an operator has
determined that an entire pipeline is in an HCA, the operator is not required to look for identified sites.
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325
Flow Chart for Determination of Identified Sites
Determination of Identified Site
Look for visible markings Contact public officials with safety, emergency
while performing O&M activities response, or planning responsibilities
Did
No public officials
(or incomplete provide information
information) on identified
sites?
Use one, or more, of the following

sources to look for identified sites:
1) Visible markings
2) Licensed or registered facilities
3) Government lists
Yes
Are
any identified sites Yes
discovered?
Is site within a
Potential Impact
Circle (PIC)?
No
No
Yes
Perform all the following:

Is site 1) Incorporate new HCA into integrity
Document
a new HCA management program (IMP)
analysis and No Yes
not previously 2) Incorporate into baseline assessment plan
decisions
identified? within 1 year
3) Perform assessment within 10 years
FIGURE 192.905B
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326
3.1 Public officials.

(a) The operator is responsible for contacting public officials with safety, emergency response, or
planning responsibilities to obtain information on identified site locations. Appropriate public officials
to contact might include the following.
(1) Police departments.
(2) Fire departments.
(3) Local and state emergency coordinators.
(4) Local planning and zoning boards.
(5) Native American tribal officials.
(6) Federal agencies that control land use (e.g., Bureau of Land Management, National Forest
Service, military installation).
(b) If the operator does not know which public officials have responsibilities for safety, emergency
response, or planning, consider contacting local, county, or state government offices.
(c) Operators should consider including the definition of an “Identified Site” in educational material
supplied to public officials and emergency response officials. The National Association of State Fire
Marshals (NASFM) provides guidelines for public safety officials on how to respond to requests from
pipeline operators about HCA identification on their “Partnership for Excellence in Pipeline Safety”
website (see www.safepipelines.org).
3.2 If public officials do not provide information on identified sites.

Where information on identified sites is not provided by public officials, or the information is incomplete,
the operator must use at least one of the following sources.
(a) Signs or other visible markings. Signs may also be identified during O&M activities.
(b) License or registration data. Many government agencies maintain web sites with this information.
(c) Maps or lists maintained by a government agency that are available to the public.
3.3 O&M activities.

O&M activities, such as patrols and leakage surveys, provide an opportunity for the operator to discover
identified sites. The operator may consider training personnel and revising existing procedures and
documentation to incorporate this additional task.
3.4 Other sources to locate identified sites.

Some additional sources of information, which may be used to locate identified sites, include the
following.
(a) Commercially available databases.
(b) Web sites.
(c) Mapping services.
(d) Aerial photography.
(e) Telephone directories.
(f) Travel guides.
(g) Chambers of Commerce.
(h) Professional associations.
4 NEW OR CHANGED HCAs
4.1 Reasons why HCAs might be created, changed, or eliminated.

(a) Construction of new homes, buildings, or outdoor places of assembly.
(b) Abandonment or demolition of homes, buildings, or outdoor places of assembly.
(c) Increased occupancy of a building or place of assembly.
(d) Changes in use of structures (e.g., a home converted into a registered daycare facility).
(e) New pipeline installations.
(f) Change of product being transported.
(g) Removing pipeline from service.
(h) Relocating pipeline.
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327
(i) Replacing pipe with a different diameter.

(j) MAOP changes. Pressure increases will expand the potential impact radius and pressure
decreases will reduce the potential impact radius. MAOP changes may include the following.
(1) Uprating.
(2) Class location changes that limit MAOP.
(3) Replacing MAOP-limiting pipe or component.
(k) For some pipelines downstream of a distribution center, the operator may be able to reclassify a
pipeline from a transmission line to a distribution line. Some actions, which may be involved in the
reclassification, include the following.
(1) Substantiating pipeline characteristics (e.g., SMYS or wall thickness) by observation or testing.
(2) Lowering the MAOP to a pressure that results in operating at less than 20 percent SMYS.
4.2 New HCAs.

Newly identified HCAs must be incorporated into the IMP. Upon identification of a new HCA, the
segment of pipeline within the HCA must be:
(a) Included in the BAP within 1 year; and
(b) Assessed within 10 years.
4.3 Documentation.
The operator must document changes that affect an existing HCA.
5 REFERENCES
Emergency Response www.the911site.com

Federal Prisons www.bop.gov/
4-H Facilities www.dmoz.org/Society/People/Generations_and_
Age_Groups/Youth/Organizations/4-H/Camps/
Hospitals http://allhospitals.org
National Parks www.recreation.gov/
Partnership for Excellence in Pipeline www.safepipelines.org
Safety (NASFM/PHMSA)
OPS Advisory Bulletin ADB-03-03 www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/advanced.html
(68 FR 42458, July 17, 2003; see Guide
Material Appendix G-192-1, Section 2)
328
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§192.907
What must an operator do to implement this subpart?
(a) General. No later than December 17, 2004, an operator of a covered pipeline segment must
develop and follow a written integrity management program that contains all the elements described
in §192.911 and that addresses the risks on each covered transmission pipeline segment. The initial
integrity management program must consist, at a minimum, of a framework that describes the
process for implementing each program element, how relevant decisions will be made and by whom,
a time line for completing the work to implement the program element, and how information gained
from experience will be continuously incorporated into the program. The framework will evolve into a
more detailed and comprehensive program. An operator must make continual improvements to the
program.
(b) Implementation Standards. In carrying out this subpart, an operator must follow the
requirements of this subpart and of ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated by reference, see §192.7) and
its appendices, where specified. An operator may follow an equivalent standard or practice only
when the operator demonstrates the alternative standard or practice provides an equivalent level of
safety to the public and property. In the event of a conflict between this subpart and ASME/ANSI
B31.8S, the requirements in this subpart control.
15, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 WRITTEN PROGRAM
1.1 General.
A written program provides a road map for assessment, integration and analysis of data, and courses
of action available in managing pipeline integrity. The program can incorporate or reference existing
policies and procedures that may address the elements listed in §192.911. The operator should
consider conducting a gap analysis between current policies and procedures and the requirements of
Subpart O to determine if additional plans, processes, or procedures may be required.
1.2 Development.
The operator should consider the following when developing its Integrity Management Program
(IMP).
(a) Existing O&M procedures.
(b) Existing management systems (e.g., quality assurance and management of change).
(c) Existing environmental and safety programs.
(d) “FAQs” from the PHMSA-OPS website at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/gasimp/faqlist.gim.
(e) “Inspection Protocols” from the PHMSA-OPS website at
http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/gasimp/prolist.gim.
(f) Process “Flowcharts” from the PHMSA-OPS website at http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/gasimp/.
1.3 References.
(a) “Pipeline Risk Management Manual,” W. Kent Muhlbauer, Gulf Professional Publishing,
ISBN: 0-7506-7579-9.
(b) GPTC-Z380-TR-1, “Review of Integrity Management for Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines,” an
ANSI Technical Report by GPTC (AGA Catalog Number X69806).
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329
2 OPERATORS WITH NO HCAs
Operators that have determined that there are no HCAs should document how that determination was
made. The operator must develop a written process for identifying new HCAs. See guide material
under §192.905. If HCAs are subsequently discovered, the operator is required to develop an IMP.
3 INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
3.1 General.
Subpart O requires use of the following documents, which are incorporated by reference in §192.7.
(a) ASME B31.8S, “Supplement to B31.8 on Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines.”
(b) NACE RP0502, “Pipeline External Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology.”
An operator must meet the requirements of Subpart O and the referenced sections of these
documents. In the event of a conflict between ASME B31.8S and NACE RP0502, the more stringent
requirement should be followed.
3.2 ASME B31.8S.

(a) This standard contains non-mandatory “should” statements. The operator should evaluate each
of these and take appropriate action. The operator may choose alternative practices; however,
the operator should document the justification for doing so. Considerations might include the
following.
(1) Acceptable levels of safety and integrity.
(2) Appropriateness to conditions.
(3) Technological improvements.
(b) Appendices A and B2 of this standard are titled as “non-mandatory”; however, the requirements
of these appendices are mandatory because Subpart O specifically incorporates them.
(c) “Must” and “shall” statements in this standard are mandatory.
(d) References in Subpart O to ASME B31.8S are listed below in Table 192.907i.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SUMMARY OF INCORPORATED REFERENCES TO ASME B31.8S

ASME B31.8S Subpart O References
General §§192.907(b); 192.911; 192.913(a), (b)(1), & (c); 192.935(b)(1)(iv)
Section 2 §192.917(a)
Section 3.2 §192.903 - definition of potential impact radius
Section 4 §192.917(b) & (d)
Section 5 §§192.917(c) & (d); 192.921(a)(2); 192.935(a); 192.937(c)(2);
192.939(a)(1)(ii) & (a)(3)
Section 6.2 §§192.921(a)(1); 192.937(c)(1)
Section 6.4 §§192.923(b)(1) & (b)(2); 192.925(b), (b)(1), (b)(2), (b)(3), & (b)(4);
192.927(b)
Section 7 §192.933(c) & (d)(1)
Section 9 §192.911(i)
Section 9.4 §192.945(a)
Section 10 §192.911(m)
330
SUMMARY OF INCORPORATED REFERENCES TO ASME B31.8S

ASME B31.8S ASME B31.8S
Section 11 §192.911(k)
Section 12 §192.911(l)
Appendix A §§192.917(b); 192.945(a)
Appendix A2 §192.927(c)(1)(i)
Appendix A3 §§192.923(b)(3); 192.929(b)(1) & (b)(2)
Appendix A3.3 §192.929(b)(1)
Appendix A3.4 §192.929(b)(2)
Appendices §192.917(e)(4)
A4.3 & A4.4
Appendix A7 §192.917(e)(1)
Appendix B2 §§192.923(b)(2); 192.927(b)
TABLE 192.907i
§192.909
How can an operator change its integrity management program?
(a) General. An operator must document any change to its program and the reasons for the
change before implementing the change.
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(b) Notification. An operator must notify OPS, in accordance with §192.949, of any change to the
program that may substantially affect the program’s implementation or may significantly modify the
program or schedule for carrying out the program elements. An operator must also notify a State or
local pipeline safety authority when either a covered segment is located in a State where OPS has an
interstate agent agreement, or an intrastate covered segment is regulated by that State. An operator
must provide the notification within 30 days after adopting this type of change into its program.
15, 2004 and Amdt. 192-95 Correction & Petition for Reconsideration, 69 FR 18228, Apr. 6, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 CHANGES TO BE DOCUMENTED
It is anticipated that there will be a number of changes over time to an operator’s Integrity Management
Program (IMP). Documentation of changes and the reasons for them should include decisions,
analyses, and processes used to change elements of the IMP. The operator should maintain previous
versions of the IMP for the life of the pipeline. See guide material under §192.947. This documentation
can be in electronic format. Factors that might cause a change to the IMP include the following.
(a) Information obtained from the integrity assessments.
(b) Operating experience.
331
(c) The operator’s understanding about the specific integrity threats and the relative importance of
those threats may change.
(d) The operator’s understanding about a specific integrity assessment tool changes, and the operator
chooses to use another type.
(e) Risks are different than previously understood and an operator needs to reprioritize assessments.
(f) Identification of a new HCA, which adjusts the baseline assessment plan.
(g) Development of additional program elements.
2 NOTIFICATION
When applicable, notification of program changes is required to PHMSA-OPS (and typically providing an
informational copy to the state). Where PHMSA-OPS has an interstate agent agreement, or an
intrastate covered segment is regulated by that state, the operator must also notify the state pipeline
safety authority. A reference for state contacts is available at http://www.napsr.org.
2.1 Changes requiring notification.

Examples of situations that may lead to changes substantially affecting program implementation, or
significantly modifying the program or schedule, are as follows.
(a) An incident on a lower-risk pipeline that would cause a reprioritization of the assessment schedule.
(b) Changes that affect the overall manner in which an operator is conducting its IMP.
(c) A merger of two companies that causes reprioritization of the assessment schedule under the
merged IMP.
(d) Circumstances that would keep an operator from achieving the 2007 or 2012 assessment deadlines
(e.g., weather or permit delays).
Notification should include the changes to the program and reasons for such changes. See guide
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2.2 Changes not requiring notification.

Minor changes that do not significantly affect program implementation or plans for carrying out program
elements do not require a notification. Examples include the following.
(a) Editorial revisions.
(b) Schedule changes due to weather or permit delays that have no impact on meeting deadlines.
(c) Priority changes due to updated risk assessment information.
§192.911
What are the elements of an integrity management program?
An operator’s initial integrity management program begins with a framework (see §192.907) and
evolves into a more detailed and comprehensive integrity management program, as information is
gained and incorporated into the program. An operator must make continual improvements to its
program. The initial program framework and subsequent program must, at minimum, contain the
following elements. (When indicated, refer to ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7) for more detailed information on the listed element.)
(a) An identification of all high consequence areas, in accordance with §192.905.
(b) A baseline assessment plan meeting the requirements of §192.919 and §192.921.
(c) An identification of threats to each covered pipeline segment, which must include data
integration and a risk assessment. An operator must use the threat identification and risk
assessment to prioritize covered segments for assessment (§192.917) and to evaluate the merits of
additional preventive and mitigative measures (§192.935) for each covered segment.
332
(d) A direct assessment plan, if applicable, meeting the requirements of §192.923, and
depending on the threat assessed, of §§192.925, 192.927, or 192.929.
(e) Provisions meeting the requirements of §192.933 for remediating conditions found during an
integrity assessment.
(f) A process for continual evaluation and assessment meeting the requirements of §192.937.
(g) If applicable, a plan for confirmatory direct assessment meeting the requirements of
§192.931.
(h) Provisions meeting the requirements of §192.935 for adding preventive and mitigative
measures to protect the high consequence area.
(i) A performance plan as outlined in ASME/ANSI B31.8S, section 9 that includes performance
measures meeting the requirements of §192.945.
(j) Record keeping provisions meeting the requirements of §192.947.
(k) A management of change process as outlined in ASME/ANSI B31.8S, section 11.
(l) A quality assurance process as outlined in ASME/ANSI B31.8S, section 12.
(m) A communication plan that includes the elements of ASME/ANSI B31.8S, section 10, and that
includes procedures for addressing safety concerns raised by —
(1) OPS; and
(2) A State or local pipeline safety authority when a covered segment is located in a State
where OPS has an interstate agent agreement.
(n) Procedures for providing (when requested), by electronic or other means, a copy of the
operator’s risk analysis or integrity management program to —
(1) OPS; and
(2) A State or local pipeline safety authority when a covered segment is located in a State
where OPS has an interstate agent agreement.
(o) Procedures for ensuring that each integrity assessment is being conducted in a manner that
minimizes environmental and safety risks.
(p) A process for identification and assessment of newly-identified high consequence areas.
(See §§192.905 and 192.921.)
15, 2004 and Amdt. 192-95 Correction & Petition for Reconsideration, 69 FR 18228, Apr. 6, 2004;
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
The Integrity Management Program (IMP) consists of program elements encompassing the plans,
processes, and procedures required for integrity management. The IMP will vary from one operator to
the next, but must at least address the 16 program elements specified in this section. The regulations
require that the operator include other program elements as necessary to effectively manage pipeline
integrity within the operator’s management system. In addition, the program is required to document how
the processes and associated procedures will be managed and implemented.
2 DOCUMENTATION
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In addition to the written integrity management plan, operators are required to document the decisions
and processes used in developing and implementing an integrity management process. See guide
material under §192.947 for additional guidance on required documentation.
333
3 FRAMEWORK
In the early stages, the IMP may not be fully developed. If the program is not fully developed, the
framework describes the process for developing a complete program. The framework should identify
who is responsible for individual process development and provide a timeline for the completion of the
program elements. It is required that program elements be fully developed before implementation.
4 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 General.
One of the 16 program elements in the regulations requires procedures to ensure that assessments are
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conducted in a manner that minimizes safety and environmental risks. Operators may reference or
incorporate existing safety and environmental procedures into the IMP.

For safety and environmental considerations during pressure testing, see guide material under
§192.515.
4.3 In-line inspection.

As applicable, operators should consider including the following safety and environmental practices into
their in-line inspection procedures.
(a) Pig launching and receiving.
(1) Installing tags on valves and listing the sequence of valve operation.
(2) Installing a locking device on quick opening closures, which provides a warning or prevents
opening if the trap is pressurized.
(3) Determining personal protective equipment that will be needed by those involved with the
pigging operations.
(b) Handling and disposal of solids and liquids.
(1) Using appropriate containment methods for expected fluid and debris.
(2) Recognizing pyrophoric materials and indicating handling methods for such materials.
Pyrophoric materials are materials that may spontaneously ignite when exposed to oxygen. An
example of a pyrophoric material is black powder composed of iron sulphides.
(3) Sampling and disposing as required for compliance with environmental regulations.
4.4 Direct assessment surveys.

If direct assessment is being used as an assessment method, operators should consider addressing the
following in their procedures.
(a) Precautions for working near high-voltage AC power lines.
(b) Requirements for grounding.
(c) Precautions for dealing with severe weather, such as thunderstorms.
(d) Precautions for dealing with traffic.
4.5 Excavation and examination of buried pipe.

All forms of assessment may require excavation and examination of pipe. The IMP should include or
reference procedures for the following.
(a) Taking precautions to protect personnel in excavated trenches (see guide material under
§192.605).
(b) Determining safe pipeline pressure prior to excavation.
(c) Excavation and trenching (see 29 CFR Part 1926 Subpart P).
(d) Confined space entry (see 29 CFR Part 1910.146).
(e) Dealing with contaminated soils.
(f) Removing and disposing of materials containing asbestos.
334
§192.913
When may an operator deviate its program from
certain requirements of this subpart?
Effective Date: 07/10/06]
(a) General. ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated by reference, see §192.7) provides the essential
features of a performance-based or a prescriptive integrity management program. An operator that
uses a performance-based approach that satisfies the requirements for exceptional performance in
paragraph (b) of this section may deviate from certain requirements in this subpart, as provided in
paragraph (c) of this section.
(b) Exceptional performance. An operator must be able to demonstrate the exceptional
performance of its integrity management program through the following actions.
(1) To deviate from any of the requirements set forth in paragraph (c) of this section, an
operator must have a performance-based integrity management program that meets or exceed the
performance-based requirements of ASME/ANSI B31.8S and includes, at a minimum, the following
elements —
(i) A comprehensive process for risk analysis;
(ii) All risk factor data used to support the program;
(iii) A comprehensive data integration process;
(iv) A procedure for applying lessons learned from assessment of covered pipeline
segments to pipeline segments not covered by this subpart;
(v) A procedure for evaluating every incident, including its cause, within the operator’s
sector of the pipeline industry for implications both to the operator’s pipeline system and to the
operator’s integrity management program;
(vi) A performance matrix that demonstrates the program has been effective in
ensuring the integrity of the covered segments by controlling the identified threats to the covered
segments;
(vii) Semi-annual performance measures beyond those required in §192.945 that are
part of the operator’s performance plan. (See §192.911(i).) An operator must submit these measures,
by electronic or other means, on a semi-annual frequency to OPS in accordance with §192.951; and
(viii) An analysis that supports the desired integrity reassessment interval and the
remediation methods to be used for all covered segments.
(2) In addition to the requirements for the performance-based plan, an operator must —
(i) Have completed at least two integrity assessments on each covered pipeline
segment the operator is including under the performance-based approach, and be able to
demonstrate that each assessment effectively addressed the identified threats on the covered
segment.
(ii) Remediate all anomalies identified in the more recent assessment according to the
requirements in §192.933, and incorporate the results and lessons learned from the more recent
assessment into the operator’s data integration and risk assessment.
(c) Deviation. Once an operator has demonstrated that it has satisfied the requirements of
paragraph (b) of this section, the operator may deviate from the prescriptive requirements of
ASME/ANSI B31.8S and of this subpart only in the following instances.
(1) The time frame for reassessment as provided in §192.939 except that reassessment by
some method allowed under this subpart (e.g., confirmatory direct assessment) must be carried out
at intervals no longer than seven years;
(2) The time frame for remediation as provided in §192.933 if the operator demonstrates the
time frame will not jeopardize the safety of the covered segment.
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
335 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.915
What knowledge and training must personnel have to carry out
an integrity management program?
(a) Supervisory personnel. The integrity management program must provide that each
supervisor whose responsibilities relate to the integrity management program possesses and
maintains a thorough knowledge of the integrity management program and of the elements for which
the supervisor is responsible. The program must provide that any person who qualifies as a
supervisor for the integrity management program has appropriate training or experience in the area
for which the person is responsible.
(b) Persons who carry out assessments and evaluate assessment results. The integrity
management program must provide criteria for the qualification of any person —
(1) Who conducts an integrity assessment allowed under this subpart; or
(2) Who reviews and analyzes the results from an integrity assessment and evaluation; or
(3) Who makes decisions on actions to be taken based on these assessments.
(c) Persons responsible for preventive and mitigative measures. The integrity management
program must provide criteria for the qualification of any person —
(1) Who implements preventive and mitigative measures to carry out this subpart, including
the marking and locating of buried structures; or
(2) Who directly supervises excavation work carried out in conjunction with an integrity
assessment.
15, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS
1.1 General.
The integrity management program (IMP) should define the training, qualification, or experience
required for supervisory personnel whose responsibilities relate to the IMP. Supervisory personnel
can acquire thorough knowledge of the IMP by achieving the following.
(a) General understanding of, and familiarity with, the overall program; and
(b) Specific knowledge in their respective areas of responsibility.
1.2 Gaining general understanding.

Examples of means used to gain general understanding of the IMP include the following.
(a) Conducting periodic review of the written program.
(b) Training or orientation sessions.
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(c) Conducting peer reviews.

(d) Using a list of subject matter experts that can be contacted for additional details.
336
1.3 Demonstrating specific knowledge.

Examples of means used to demonstrate specific knowledge of an individual’s area of responsibility
(a) Internal and external training records.
(b) Experience résumés.
(c) Licenses or certifications.
(d) Continuing educational credits.
(e) Qualification records.
(f) Authored papers or articles that have been published.
(g) Documented experience in developing standards and procedures.
(h) Copies of presentations given to public, industry, or an operator’s internal groups.
(i) Regulatory testimony.
2 OTHER QUALIFICATIONS
2.1 Personnel who require qualification.

The IMP must define the qualification criteria (e.g., knowledge, skills, abilities) for personnel who do
the following.
(a) Perform assessments.
(b) Evaluate assessment results.
(c) Make technical decisions based upon assessment results (e.g., dig locations, repair methods,
prioritization of fieldwork).
(d) Implement preventive and mitigative measures.
(e) Supervise excavation work associated with assessments.
2.2 Demonstrating qualifications.

Examples of means used to demonstrate qualification of employees and contractors include the
following.
(a) Training records.
(b) Documented experience.
(c) Qualification records.
(d) Certifications from industry organizations.
(e) Education records.
3 DOCUMENTATION
The operator might consider developing a matrix of integrity management related tasks, which outline
the qualification requirements, and what operator or contractor position may perform each task.
(a) Documentation of the knowledge and training of integrity management personnel should
demonstrate the following.
(1) Competence in performing the assigned IMP element.
(2) Awareness of the IMP requirements.
(3) The process used to qualify the person for the IMP element.
(b) Operators using contractors in the IMP should document that the contractor employees are
aware of and qualified for the applicable sections of the operator’s IMP.
4 REFERENCE
Qualification guidance is provided by ASNT ILI-PQ, “In-line Inspection Personnel Qualification and
Certification.”
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337
§192.917
How does an operator identify potential threats to pipeline integrity and
use the threat identification in its integrity program?
(a) Threat identification. An operator must identify and evaluate all potential threats to each
covered pipeline segment. Potential threats that an operator must consider include, but are not
limited to, the threats listed in ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated by reference, see §192.7), section 2,
which are grouped under the following four categories:
(1) Time dependent threats such as internal corrosion, external corrosion, and stress
corrosion cracking;
(2) Static or resident threats, such as fabrication or construction defects;
(3) Time independent threats such as third party damage and outside force damage; and
(4) Human error.
(b) Data gathering and integration. To identify and evaluate the potential threats to a covered
pipeline segment, an operator must gather and integrate existing data and information on the entire
pipeline that could be relevant to the covered segment. In performing this data gathering and
integration, an operator must follow the requirements in ASME/ANSI B31.8S, section 4. At a
minimum, an operator must gather and evaluate the set of data specified in Appendix A to
ASME/ANSI B31.8S, and consider both on the covered segment and similar non-covered segments,
past incident history, corrosion control records, continuing surveillance records, patrolling records,
maintenance history, internal inspection records and all other conditions specific to each pipeline.
(c) Risk assessment. An operator must conduct a risk assessment that follows ASME/ANSI
B31.8S, section 5, and considers the identified threats for each covered segment. An operator must
use the risk assessment to prioritize the covered segments for the baseline and continual
reassessments (§§192.919, 192.921, 192.937), and to determine what additional preventive and
mitigative measures are needed (§192.935) for the covered segment.
(d) Plastic Transmission Pipeline. An operator of a plastic transmission pipeline must assess
the threats to each covered segment using the information in sections 4 and 5 of ASME B31.8S, and
consider any threats unique to the integrity of plastic pipe.
(e) Actions to address particular threats. If an operator identifies any of the following threats,
the operator must take the following actions to address the threat.
(1) Third party damage. An operator must utilize the data integration required in paragraph
(b) of this section and ASME/ANSI B31.8S, Appendix A7 to determine the susceptibility of each
covered segment to the threat of third party damage. If an operator identifies the threat of third party
damage, the operator must implement comprehensive additional preventive measures in accordance
with §192.935 and monitor the effectiveness of the preventive measures. If, in conducting a baseline
assessment under §192.921, or a reassessment under §192.937, an operator uses an internal
inspection tool or external corrosion direct assessment, the operator must integrate data from these
assessments with data related to any encroachment or foreign line crossing on the covered
segment, to define where potential indications of third party damage may exist in the covered
segment. An operator must also have procedures in its integrity management program addressing
actions it will take to respond to findings from this data integration.
(2) Cyclic fatigue. How does an operator identify potential threats to pipeline integrity and
use the threat identification in its integrity program? An operator must evaluate whether cyclic
fatigue or other loading condition (including ground movement, suspension bridge condition) could
lead to a failure of a deformation, including a dent or gouge, or other defect in the covered segment.
An evaluation must assume the presence of threats in the covered segment that could be
exacerbated by cyclic fatigue. An operator must use the results from the evaluation together with the
criteria used to evaluate the significance of this threat to the covered segment to prioritize the
integrity baseline assessment or reassessment.
(3) Manufacturing and construction defects. If an operator identifies the threat of
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338
manufacturing and construction defects (including seam defects) in the covered segment, an
operator must analyze the covered segment to determine the risk of failure from these defects. The
analysis must consider the results of prior assessments on the covered segment. An operator may
consider manufacturing and construction related defects to be stable defects if the operating
pressure on the covered segment has not increased over the maximum operating pressure
experienced during the five years preceding identification of the high consequence area. If any of the
following changes occur in the covered segment, an operator must prioritize the covered segment as
a high risk segment for the baseline assessment or a subsequent reassessment.
(i) Operating pressure increases above the maximum operating pressure experienced
during the preceding five years;
(ii) MAOP increases; or
(iii) The stresses leading to cyclic fatigue increase.
(4) ERW pipe. If a covered pipeline segment contains low frequency electric resistance
welded pipe (ERW), lap welded pipe or other pipe that satisfies the conditions specified in
ASME/ANSI B31.8S, Appendices A4.3 and A4.4, and any covered or noncovered segment in the
pipeline system with such pipe has experienced seam failure, or operating pressure on the covered
segment has increased over the maximum operating pressure experienced during the preceding five
years, an operator must select an assessment technology or technologies with a proven application
capable of assessing seam integrity and seam corrosion anomalies. The operator must prioritize the
covered segment as a high risk segment for the baseline assessment or a subsequent
reassessment.
(5) Corrosion. If an operator identifies corrosion on a covered pipeline segment that could
adversely affect the integrity of the line (conditions specified in §192.935), the operator must evaluate
and remediate, as necessary, all pipeline segments (both covered and non-covered) with similar
material coating and environmental characteristics. An operator must establish a schedule for
evaluating and remediating, as necessary, the similar segments that is consistent with the operator’s
established operating and maintenance procedures under Part 192 for testing and repair.
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Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.919
What must be in the baseline assessment plan?
An operator must include each of the following elements in its written baseline assessment plan:
(a) Identification of the potential threats to each covered pipeline segment and the information
supporting the threat identification. (See §192.917.);
(b) The methods selected to assess the integrity of the line pipe, including an explanation of
why the assessment method was selected to address the identified threats to each covered segment.
The integrity assessment method an operator uses must be based on the threats identified to the
covered segment. (See §192.917.) More than one method may be required to address all the threats
to the covered pipeline segment;
(c) A schedule for completing the integrity assessment of all covered segments, including, risk
factors considered in establishing the assessment schedule;
339
(d) If applicable, a direct assessment plan that meets the requirements of §§192.923, and
depending on the threat to be addressed, of §192.925, §192.927, or §192.929; and
(e) A procedure to ensure that the baseline assessment is being conducted in a manner that
minimizes environmental and safety risks.
15, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
(a) An operator with multiple operating companies may have a separate baseline assessment plan
(BAP) for each operating company or separate legal entity, or a single plan covering all operating
companies. If operations include both interstate and intrastate pipelines, the operator may consider
delineating whether each covered pipeline segment is part of an interstate or intrastate pipeline.
When a risk assessment is unable to result in comparable risk rankings, such as between steel and
plastic pipelines, a separate baseline assessment plan may be considered. See guide material
under §192.917.
(1) Each BAP is required to meet §192.919.
(2) All covered segments are required to be addressed in a BAP.
(b) When developing a BAP, the operator should consider the following.
(1) HCA information.
(i) HCA designation (e.g., numeric).
(ii) Covered segment identification (including interstate or intrastate pipeline).
(iii) Location.
(iv) HCA type (method to determine HCA, identified site, house count, location).
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(v) Covered segment information (e.g., length, diameter, MAOP, percent of SMYS, maximum
actual operating pressure, piggable).
(vi) Potential impact circle (see §192.905).
(vii) Risk score (may be numeric or qualitative) and the date it was determined.
(2) Assessment information.
(i) Current year assessment information.
(A) Covered segment identification.
(B) Risk rank.
(C) Applicable threats.
(D) Assessment type.
(E) Assessment method.
(F) Schedule.
(G) Cost estimate (excluding remediation).
(H) Potential scheduling constraints.
(ii) Future year assessment information.
(A) Covered segment identification.
(B) Risk rank.
(C) Applicable threats.
(D) Assessment type.
(E) Assessment method.
(F) Schedule year.
(3) Baseline assessment target.
(i) Covered segment identification.
(ii) HCA designation and location.
340
(iii) A risk score and ranking of all HCAs or covered segments.

(iv) Covered footage.
(v) Target footage assessed per year.
(vi) Cumulative footage.
(vii) Confirmation that 50% completed by December 17, 2007.
(4) Current year assessment schedule.
(i) HCA designation.
(ii) Covered segment identification.
(iii) Tasks.
(iv) Milestones.
(v) Completion date.
(c) BAP modifications.
The BAP is required to be modified when the operator gains more knowledge through the initial
(baseline) assessments, risk assessments, assessment methods, or other improvements to its
program. For example, a risk assessment can lead to changes in inspection priorities that will lead
to a BAP modification. The operator is required to document all BAP modifications and the reason
for the changes. Modifications made to the BAP are required to be accomplished in accordance with
the operator’s management of change process. See §192.911(k). This documentation must be
available for regulatory review.
2 IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL THREATS
(a) For threat identification, see §192.917(a).

(b) Undiscovered third-party damage.
(1) The operator is required to develop procedures in its integrity management program addressing
how it will respond when the data integration activities provide an indication that undiscovered
third-party damage may have occurred on a covered segment.
(2) The threat of undiscovered third-party damage is the result of a localized, time-independent
event. Procedures are required to cover response where the data integration suggests evidence
of an undiscovered third-party defect. The procedures should require direct examination of the
pipeline to identify or characterize damage. NDE should be used if necessary.
(3) Data gathered from the evaluation of undiscovered third-party defects should be considered
when evaluating data for the entire covered segment and the need for additional surveys and
actions taken to ensure the integrity of the covered segment.
3 SELECTING ASSESSMENT METHOD
(a) The method(s) selected must be appropriate to address all the identified threats applicable to the
covered segment being assessed.
(b) It may be necessary to consider a combination of tools or techniques of integrity assessment to
directly address the primary threats. Table 192.919i may be used as a guide to identify appropriate
assessment methods for the various primary threats. Additional information can be found in ASME
B31.8S–2004, Section 6.
(c) To determine the most appropriate assessment method(s) for identifying anomalies associated with
specific threats for the covered segment, consideration should be given to documenting the basis
for method selection. Assessment methods and some reasons for choosing them are as follows.
(1) In-line inspection.
(i) Expected anomalies and inspection objectives.
(ii) Construction, design, or operating characteristics of covered segment.
(iii) Gas supply deliverability.
(iv) Capabilities and performance, such as detection sensitivity, anomaly classification, sizing
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accuracy, and location accuracy.
341
(v) Location and accessibility for direct examination.

(vi) History of tool.
(vii) Ability to inspect full length and full circumference of the section.
(viii) Ability to indicate the presence of multiple cause anomalies.
(2) Pressure test.
(iii) Gas supply deliverability.
(iv) Accessibility to the supply and disposal of test medium.
(v) Location of pipeline segment with regard to environmentally sensitive areas.
(vi) Ability to conduct pressure test in according with the requirements of 49 CFR Part 192,
Subpart J.
(vii) A hydrostatic test meeting Subpart J requirements is sufficient to demonstrate that
manufacturing and construction defects will remain stable at the operating pressures
related to that test. Operators do not need to consider the operating pressure in the five
years preceding HCA identification for segments that have passed a hydrostatic test in
accordance with Subpart J.
(3) Direct assessment.
(iii) Ground overlay (e.g. asphalt, concrete) above covered segment.
(iv) If direct assessment methods are used, develop direct assessment plans describing how
they will be used.
(v) Ensure indirect examinations can be made over the entire length of an ECDA region with
both complimentary tools.
(4) Other technology.
(i) When an operator plans to use other technology in accordance with §192.921(a)(4), the
operator needs to notify and provide documentation demonstrating the appropriateness of
the technology to PHMSA-OPS at least 180 days before conducting an assessment using
such a method.
(ii) Ensure that State or local pipeline safety authorities are notified 180 days before
conducting the assessment on an intrastate covered segment.
(d) Inspection using any of the methods identified in Table192.919i may not be appropriate for certain
threats, such as Third-Party Damage, Equipment Defect, Weather Event, or Incorrect Operations.
For these threats, other actions such as prevention and mitigation may provide better integrity
management results. See §192.935.
(e) In selecting an assessment method for the threat of third-party damage, the operator should
consider the following.
(1) If the threat of a future third-party damage event is expected to be present in covered segments.
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In such cases, prevention of future events is better addressed under the requirements for
preventive and mitigative actions.
(2) If as part of a baseline assessment or reassessment, the operator has gathered data from an
ECDA or internal-inspection tool survey correlating to third-party damage.
(i) Further action must be taken to look for third-party damage events that did not result in
immediate failure, but may have resulted in undiscovered damage that could fail in the
future.
(ii) The rule requires that the data gathered as a result of the ECDA or internal-inspection tool
surveys be integrated with data relevant to third-party activity, such as encroachments or
foreign line crossings.
(iii) Areas in which anomalies from an internal inspection or ECDA survey align with possible
indicators of third-party activity provide potential indications of undiscovered third-party
damage in the covered segment.
342
INSPECTION CONSIDERATIONS
(Based on ASME B31.8S-2004, Section 6)
Abbreviations:
EC – External Corrosion IC – Internal Corrosion SCC – Stress Corrosion Cracking
MFG – Manufacturer Defect WLD – Welding Defect EQP – Equipment Defect
TPD – Third-Party Damage WEA – Weather Event ICO – Incorrect Operations
Primary Threats
Inspection Methods
EC IC SCC MFG WLD EQP TPD WEA ICO
In-Line Inspection Tools
Magnetic Flux Leakage, Std Res. X X
Magnetic Flux Leakage, High Res. X X X
Transverse Flux X X X
1
Deformation or Geometry X X
Pressure Test X X X X X X
Direct Assessment
3
ECDA X X
ICDA X
SCCDA X
4
Confirmatory Direct Assessment X X
Other Methods
Radiographic X X X X X X
Ultrasonic X X X X X
2 2
Visual X X X X X X
Notes:
1. Detects wrinkle bends.
2. Should be combined with another assessment technique.
3. ECDA is an equivalent method to ILI.
4. Confirmatory Direct Assessment can be used for assessments conducted on no longer than seven-year
intervals when re-assessments conducted using ILI, Pressure Test, or DA specified methods are
scheduled to occur at intervals longer than 7 years, and when the threats of concern are external or
internal corrosion.
TABLE 192.919i
4 INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE
(a) The precision of the dates in the schedule may vary depending on how far in the future the
assessments are scheduled.
(b) Consider updating the baseline assessment plan schedule annually. Include all covered segments
not already assessed, new segments added within the past year, and completed baseline
assessments.
5 SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
When assessments are to be conducted by outside service providers, copies of their Health, Safety and
Environmental procedure should be obtained, reviewed, and retained.
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343
§192.921
How is the baseline assessment to be conducted?
(a) Assessment methods. An operator must assess the integrity of the line pipe in each covered
segment by applying one or more of the following methods depending on the threats to which the
covered segment is susceptible. An operator must select the method or methods best suited to
address the threats identified to the covered segment (See §192.917).
(1) Internal inspection tool or tools capable of detecting corrosion, and any other threats to
which the covered segment is susceptible. An operator must follow ASME/ANSI B31.8S
(incorporated by reference, see §192.7), section 6.2 in selecting the appropriate internal inspection
tools for the covered segment.
(2) Pressure test conducted in accordance with subpart J of this part. An operator must use
the test pressures specified in Table 3 of section 5 of ASME/ANSI B31.8S, to justify an extended
reassessment interval in accordance with §192.939.
(3) Direct assessment to address threats of external corrosion, internal corrosion, and
stress corrosion cracking. An operator must conduct the direct assessment in accordance with the
requirements listed in §192.923 and with, as applicable, the requirements specified in §§192.925,
192.927 or 192.929;
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(4) Other technology that an operator demonstrates can provide an equivalent

understanding of the condition of the line pipe. An operator choosing this option must notify the
Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) 180 days before conducting the assessment, in accordance with
§192.949. An operator must also notify a State or local pipeline safety authority when either a
covered segment is located in a State where OPS has an interstate agent agreement, or an intrastate
covered segment is regulated by that State.
(b) Prioritizing segments. An operator must prioritize the covered pipeline segments for the
baseline assessment according to a risk analysis that considers the potential threats to each
covered segment. The risk analysis must comply with the requirements in §192.917.
(c) Assessment for particular threats. In choosing an assessment method for the baseline
assessment of each covered segment, an operator must take the actions required in §192.917(e) to
address particular threats that it has identified.
(d) Time period. An operator must prioritize all the covered segments for assessment in
accordance with §192.917(c) and paragraph (b) of this section. An operator must assess at least 50%
of the covered segments beginning with the highest risk segments, by December 17, 2007. An
operator must complete the baseline assessment of all covered segments by December 17, 2012.
(e) Prior assessment. An operator may use a prior integrity assessment conducted before
December 17, 2002 as a baseline assessment for the covered segment, if the integrity assessment
meets the baseline requirements in this subpart and subsequent remedial actions to address the
conditions listed in §192.933 have been carried out. In addition, if an operator uses this prior
assessment as its baseline assessment, the operator must reassess the line pipe in the covered
segment according to the requirements of §192.937 and §192.939.
(f) Newly-identified areas. When an operator identifies a new high consequence area (see
§192.905), an operator must complete the baseline assessment of the line pipe in the newly-
identified high consequence area within ten (10) years from the date the area is identified.
(g) Newly-installed pipe. An operator must complete the baseline assessment of a newly-
installed segment of pipe covered by this subpart within ten (10) years from the date the pipe is
installed. An operator may conduct a pressure test in accordance with paragraph (a)(2) of this
section, to satisfy the requirement for a baseline assessment.
(h) Plastic transmission pipeline. If the threat analysis required in §192.917(d) on a plastic
transmission pipeline indicates that a covered segment is susceptible to failure from causes other
than third-party damage, an operator must conduct a baseline assessment of the segment in
accordance with the requirements of this section and of §192.917. The operator must justify the use
344
of an alternative assessment method that will address the identified threats to the covered segment.
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.923
How is direct assessment used and for what threats?
(a) General. An operator may use direct assessment either as a primary assessment method or
as a supplement to the other assessment methods allowed under this subpart. An operator may only
use direct assessment as the primary assessment method to address the identified threats of
external corrosion (ECDA), internal corrosion (ICDA), and stress corrosion cracking (SCCDA).
(b) Primary Method. An operator using direct assessment as a primary assessment method
must have a plan that complies with the requirements in —
(1) ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated by reference, see §192.7), section 6.4; NACE RP0502-
2002 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7); and §192.925 if addressing external corrosion (ECDA).
(2) ASME/ANSI B31.8S, section 6.4 and Appendix B2, and §192.927 if addressing internal
corrosion (ICDA).
(3) ASME/ANSI B31.8S Appendix A3, and §192.929 if addressing stress corrosion cracking
(SCCDA).
(c) Supplemental method. An operator using direct assessment as a supplemental assessment
method for any applicable threat must have a plan that follows the requirements for confirmatory
direct assessment in §192.931.
15, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
(a) Direct Assessment (DA) is a structured process for assessing buried, onshore steel pipelines. This
process is comprised of multiple, interdependent steps, which include the following.
(1) Gathering and integration of data.
(2) Indirect examination.
(3) Direct examination.
(4) Post-assessment evaluation.
(b) See guide material under §§192.925, 192.927, and 192.929.
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345
2 DIRECT ASSESSMENT PLAN
(a) Only operators that use DA need to prepare a written DA plan.

(b) An operator’s DA plan should include a written statement, procedure, or other document addressing
each specific step of the DA methodology. The plan can be multiple binders with relevant plan
sections kept at appropriate locations. Other documents (or applicable sections) may be referenced.
The referenced documents should be readily available to the users.
(c) DA plans will vary in length and complexity depending upon an operator’s size, locale, policies, and
amount of pipeline to be assessed. An operator may choose to have a single DA plan for all, or a
separate DA plan for each, of the three corrosion threats: external, internal, and stress corrosion
cracking.
§192.925
What are the requirements for using
External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA)?
(a) Definition. ECDA is a four-step process that combines preassessment, indirect inspection,
direct examination, and post assessment to evaluate the threat of external corrosion to the integrity
of a pipeline.
(b) General requirements. An operator that uses direct assessment to assess the threat of
external corrosion must follow the requirements in this section, in ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated
by reference, see §192.7), section 6.4, and in NACE RP0502–2002 (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7). An operator must develop and implement a direct assessment plan that has procedures
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addressing preassessment, indirect examination, direct examination, and post-assessment. If the

ECDA detects pipeline coating damage, the operator must also integrate the data from the ECDA
with other information from the data integration (§192.917(b)) to evaluate the covered segment for
the threat of third party damage, and to address the threat as required by §192.917(e)(1).
(1) Preassessment. In addition to the requirements in ASME/ANSI B31.8S section 6.4 and
NACE RP0502–2002, section 3, the plan’s procedures for preassessment must include —
(i) Provisions for applying more restrictive criteria when conducting ECDA for the first
time on a covered segment; and
(ii) The basis on which an operator selects at least two different, but complementary
indirect assessment tools to assess each ECDA Region. If an operator utilizes an indirect inspection
method that is not discussed in Appendix A of NACE RP0502–2002, the operator must demonstrate
the applicability, validation basis, equipment used, application procedure, and utilization of data for
the inspection method.
(2) Indirect examination. In addition to the requirements in ASME/ANSI B31.8S section 6.4
and NACE RP0502–2002, section 4, the plan’s procedures for indirect examination of the ECDA
regions must include —
time on a covered segment;
(ii) Criteria for identifying and documenting those indications that must be considered
for excavation and direct examination. Minimum identification criteria include the known sensitivities
of assessment tools, the procedures for using each tool, and the approach to be used for decreasing
the physical spacing of indirect assessment tool readings when the presence of a defect is
suspected;
(iii) Criteria for defining the urgency of excavation and direct examination of each
indication identified during the indirect examination. These criteria must specify how an operator will
define the urgency of excavating the indication as immediate, scheduled or monitored; and
(iv) Criteria for scheduling excavation of indications for each urgency level.
346
(3) Direct examination. In addition to the requirements in ASME/ANSI B31.8S section 6.4 and
NACE RP0502–2002, section 5, the plan’s procedures for direct examination of indications from the
indirect examination must include —
time on a covered segment;
(ii) Criteria for deciding what action should be taken if either:
(A) Corrosion defects are discovered that exceed allowable limits (Section
5.5.2.2 of NACE RP0502–2002), or
(B) Root cause analysis reveals conditions for which ECDA is not suitable (Section
5.6.2 of NACE RP0502–2002);
(iii) Criteria and notification procedures for any changes in the ECDA Plan, including
changes that affect the severity classification, the priority of direct examination, and the time frame
for direct examination of indications; and
(iv) Criteria that describe how and on what basis an operator will reclassify and
reprioritize any of the provisions that are specified in section 5.9 of NACE RP0502–2002.
(4) Post assessment and continuing evaluation. In addition to the requirements in
ASME/ANSI B31.8S section 6.4 and NACE RP0502–2002, section 6, the plan’s procedures for post
assessment of the effectiveness of the ECDA process must include —
(i) Measures for evaluating the long-term effectiveness of ECDA in addressing
external corrosion in covered segments; and
(ii) Criteria for evaluating whether conditions discovered by direct examination of
indications in each ECDA region indicate a need for reassessment of the covered segment at an
interval less than that specified in §192.939. (See Appendix D of NACE RP0502–2002.)
Amdt. 192-95 Correction, 69 FR 29903, May 26, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
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GUIDE MATERIAL
Note: All references to NACE RP0502 throughout this section of guide material are specifically to Edition
2002 as incorporated and referenced in the Federal Regulations.
1 PURPOSE
External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) is a methodology to assess the integrity of pipe and pipe
coating that is subject to the threat of external corrosion. ECDA can discover existing external corrosion
on steel and other ferrous pipe. A key advantage of ECDA, when compared to in-line inspection and
pressure testing, is its ability to detect coating damage before corrosion occurs.
2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
(a) A written ECDA plan is required to be based on the following.

(1) Section 192.925.
(2) ASME B31.8S, Section 6.4.
(3) NACE RP0502.
(b) The ECDA plan should include its purpose, objectives, and instructions to personnel.
(c) Written procedures are required to address the following four process steps (see §192.925(b)).
(1) Pre-assessment.
(2) Indirect examination (inspection).
(3) Direct examination.
(4) Post assessment and continuing evaluation.
347
(d) Paragraph 192.947(d) requires documents to support decisions, analyses, and processes
developed and used to implement and evaluate the operator’s integrity management program
including ECDA.
(e) The ECDA plan may reference appropriate sections of other documents (e.g., survey procedures)
instead of including them in the ECDA plan. These documents should be available to personnel
performing associated tasks.
Note: It is required that operators using ECDA develop and implement a direct assessment plan
following ASME B31.8S and NACE RP0502 (see §192.925(b)). Some operators, however, may elect to
organize the activities required within each of the 4 steps differently. For example, NACE RP0502
includes determining the minimum number of excavations (digs) in the direct examination step, whereas
an operator may elect to include this item in its indirect inspection step. This re-organization of ECDA
activities is generally acceptable, provided that all activities are addressed in the operator’s direct
assessment plan.
3 PRE-ASSESSMENT STEP
The objectives of the pre-assessment step are to collect and analyze data to determine ECDA feasibility,
define ECDA regions, and select indirect inspection tools.
3.1 Data collection.

(a) An operator is required to define minimum data requirements based on the history and condition of
the pipeline to determine the feasibility of ECDA (NACE RP0502, Paragraph 3.2.1.1). The operator
is also required to define data elements for five pipeline data categories: pipe-related, construction-
related, soils/environment, corrosion control, and operational data (NACE RP0502, Paragraph
3.2.2). NACE RP0502 provides examples of data elements for each category.
Table 192.925i provides examples of data elements that may be considered critical for justifying the
feasibility of ECDA. The operator should document why a data element listed in NACE RP0502,
Table 1 was or was not selected as critical. See §192.947(d).
Category Examples of Critical Data Elements

Pipe-related y Pipe material (e.g., steel)
y Pipe bare or coated
y
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Construction-related Location of known casings
y Excessive depth that restricts indirect inspection tool use
y Water crossings
y Line crossings that affect CP
y Location of high-voltage lines
Soils/Environment y Soil characteristics (e.g., clay, rock)
y Paved versus non-paved surfaces
y Frozen ground
Corrosion Control y CP type (anodes versus rectifiers)
y Coating condition, such as disbonded coating
Operational Data y Repair history (repair types, locations, and causes)
TABLE 192.925i
348
(b) Data may be obtained from various sources, including the following.
(1) Operating and maintenance records.
(2) Alignment sheets.
(3) Aerial photography.
(4) Risk assessment process.
(5) Subject matter expert input.
(6) GIS.
(7) Field verification.
3.2 ECDA feasibility.

(a) Analysis of data is required to determine if ECDA is feasible (NACE RP0502, Paragraph 3.3.1). This
analysis should include determining the following.
(1) Does sufficient data exist about the covered segment to support the pre-assessment step?
(2) Is pipeline right-of-way accessible by personnel performing indirect inspections?
(3) Can indirect inspection tools be used over the pipeline?
(4) Do conditions exist that would make ECDA data difficult to interpret? These might include the
following.
(i) Electric shielding of cathodic protection current.
(ii) Significant rock in the backfill or surrounding the pipe.
(iii) Other buried structure impacting electrical measurements.
(5) What other information does the operator deem appropriate for analysis (e.g., AC
interference)?
(b) If data cannot be collected to support the pre-assessment step, ECDA cannot be used as the
primary integrity assessment method.
(c) During the analysis of the data, if it is determined that other potential threats exist on the line, the
operator should evaluate the significance of the other threat(s) and determine whether other
assessment methods are appropriate.
3.3 Selection of indirect inspection tools.

(a) The selection of indirect inspection tools is based on their ability to reliably detect potential corrosion
activity or coating holidays. The operator is required to document the basis for tool selection (see
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§192.925(b)(1)(ii)).
(b) Paragraph 192.925(b)(1)(ii) requires a minimum of two complementary indirect inspection tools for
each ECDA region within a covered pipeline segment. “Complementary” (as explained by NACE
RP0502, Paragraph 3.4) is the strengths of one tool compensating for the limitations of another tool.
For example, a strength of a close-interval survey is that it measures cathodic protection levels, but
it is limited in its ability to identify coating holidays; whereas, a strength of a direct current voltage
gradient (DCVG) survey is identifying coating holidays accurately, but it does not measure cathodic
protection levels.
Examples of indirect inspection tools that are complementary include the following.
(1) Close-interval and DCVG surveys.
(2) Close-interval and AC current attenuation (electromagnetic) surveys.
(3) Close-interval and alternating current voltage gradient (ACVG) surveys.
(c) Indirect inspection tools not listed in Appendix A of NACE RP0502 (e.g., ultrasonics) are allowed,
but the operator is required to justify and document the following for any other inspection method
that is used (see §192.925(b)(1)(ii)).
(1) Applicability.
(2) Validation basis.
(3) Utilization of data.
(4) Equipment used.
(5) Field procedure.
349
3.4 Identification of ECDA regions.

(a) ECDA regions must be determined for each covered segment (NACE RP0502, Paragraph 3.5.1).
The primary objective for identifying different regions is to ensure that the proper indirect inspection
methods are selected. A second objective is to identify the characteristics of the ECDA region that
might influence the interpretation of the inspection data.
(b) An ECDA region does not need to be contiguous and can exist on multiple pipelines or pipeline
segments. For example, an ECDA region can be separated along the pipeline if similar
characteristics exist on either side of a river crossing. See NACE RP0502, Paragraph 3.5.
(c) An ECDA region is a section or sections of a pipeline that have the following.
(1) Similar physical characteristics, such as:
(i) Soil conditions.
(ii) Corrosion protection mechanisms.
(iii) River or large stream crossings.
(iv) Paved roads.
(v) Casings.
(vi) Designated wetlands.
(vii) Stray current areas.
(viii) Coating type and conditions.
(2) Similar operating histories, such as:
(i) Leakage.
(ii) Failures having the same root cause.
(iii) MAOP.
(3) Similar corrosion control histories, such as:
(i) CP system type (impressed versus galvanic).
(ii) CP criteria.
(iii) CP levels.
(iv) Corrosion control failures.
(v) Years without CP.
(4) Expected future corrosion conditions.
(5) Same indirect inspection tools to be applied.
Note: See NACE RP0502, Section 2 and Paragraph 3.5.1.1.1.
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(d) Region definitions or boundaries may change as more information is gathered through the ECDA
process. Changes to regions and the reasons for changes must be documented (see §192.947(d)).
3.5 First-time application.

When conducting ECDA for the first time on a covered segment, an operator is required to apply more
stringent pre-assessment criteria (see §192.925(b)(1)(i)), such as one or more of the following.
(a) Select more than two indirect inspection tools.
(b) Perform test-hole inspections to verify data or gather additional data. Examples include the
following.
(1) Soil resistivity.
(2) Coating type and condition.
(3) Soil conditions.
(c) Increase the number of ECDA regions.
4 INDIRECT INSPECTION STEP
4.1 General.
(a) The objective of this step is to use aboveground inspection techniques to identify and define the
severity of the following.
(1) Coating faults.
(2) Other anomalies (e.g., stray current interference, electrical shorts).
(3) Areas where corrosion activity (e.g., insufficient CP current) may have occurred or may be
occurring.
350
(b) In this step, two or more complementary indirect inspection tools are used over the entire covered
pipeline segment to provide improved detection reliability under the wide variety of conditions that
may be encountered.
(c) This step is comprised of the following activities.
(1) Conduct indirect inspections.
(2) Align inspection data.
(3) Determine indications.
(4) Classify the severity of each indication.
(5) Compare results for consistency.
4.2 Conduct indirect inspections.

(a) ECDA region boundaries. Prior to conducting the indirect inspections, the boundaries (i.e., start and
stop) of each ECDA region are required to be identified unless the operator justifies and documents
an alternative approach (NACE RP0502, Paragraph 4.2.1). Operators should consider noting the
boundaries on an alignment sheet, pipeline map, or other document that indicates the covered
segment to be inspected.
(b) Indirect inspection procedures. Operators may develop their own or review and accept other
established procedures. When developing the required written procedures, the following factors
should be considered.
(1) Electrical and other safety precautions.
(2) Equipment and instrumentation operating and calibration instructions.
(3) IR drop considerations.
(4) Locating and marking pipe.
(5) Survey spacing interval.
(i) Routine survey.
(ii) Suspected anomaly.
(6) Data documentation.
(7) Data quality review and analysis.
(c) Indirect inspection overlaps. To ensure that an inspection is conducted over the entire length of
each ECDA region, operators should consider overlapping the inspections into adjacent regions.
(d) Aboveground references.
(1) Aboveground location measurements are required to be referenced to precise geographical
locations (e.g., global positioning system (GPS)) or permanent geographical features (e.g., edge
of a road, isolation valve, valve basin cover, or test station) unless the operator justifies and
documents an alternative approach (NACE RP0502, Paragraph 4.2.5).
(2) A sufficient number of easily located aboveground reference points should be identified to
reduce spatial errors. These reference points should be documented to allow survey
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measurements to be aligned and used to identify excavation sites.
(e) Changes to facilities. No major changes to a covered segment (e.g., installation or abandonment of
a pipeline) should be made between the use of the first and second inspection tools.
(f) Subsequent surveys. After completion of the first indirect inspection, the subsequent survey(s)
should be done as soon as practicable to avoid changes in pipeline conditions. For example,
seasonal changes affecting soil moisture content could make it difficult to correlate measurements
between the surveys.
4.3 Align inspection data.

After the indirect inspection measurements are obtained, data from each tool is required to be aligned
for comparison (NACE RP0502, Paragraph 4.3.1). An example of aligning inspection data may include
the following.
(a) First, align the data from the two or more tools for the region by comparing start and stop locations,
as well as the aboveground reference locations. In effect, this is overlaying the two or more data
sets on top of a virtual centerline for comparison.
351
(b) Next, integrate the pre-assessment data for the ECDA region with the aligned tool data for
comparison. Pre-assessment knowledge that could assist in data interpretation should be included.
Examples of such knowledge include the following.
(1) Foreign line crossings.
(2) Pipe repairs.
(3) CP facilities.
(4) Third-party damages.
(5) Stray current locations.
4.4 Determine indications.

The aligned data are analyzed for indications. An “indication” is defined (NACE RP0502, Section 2) as a
deviation from the norm as measured by an indirect inspection tool. Since indirect inspection results will
vary due to environmental factors (e.g., weather, water content in soil, signal interference), no single set
of criteria will apply in all cases to define the extent of deviation that is of concern. Pre-assessment
knowledge will help define threshold values from which to determine if indications exist.
(a) At a minimum, criteria for identifying indications must be based on the following (see
§192.925(b)(2)(ii)).
(1) Known sensitivities (i.e., limitations) of assessment tools.
(2) Procedures for using each tool (e.g., differences in procedures for an impressed current versus
a sacrificial anode system may result in using different criteria).
(3) The operator’s procedure for decreasing the spacing of readings when the presence of an
anomaly is suspected.
(b) In addition to the requirements of §192.925(b)(2)(ii), an operator may also consider the following.
(1) Single survey data that does not meet cathodic protection criteria.
(2) Dual survey data.
4.5 Classify the severity of each indication.

"Classification" of an indication is defined (by NACE RP0502, Paragraph 4.3.2.1) as the process of
estimating the likelihood of corrosion activity at each indication under typical year-round conditions.
Table 3 of NACE RP0502 provides guidance on establishing criteria for classifying indications. This table
uses general terms such as “small dips” or “large signal loss.” The operator should assign values to
these general terms. For example, a “small CIS dip” could be defined as a “0.100 V dip within a 100 feet
sample area.” The values assigned to these terms may change based on variations of the pipeline
characteristics or environment. The following overall severity classifications should be used.
(a) Severe: highest likelihood of corrosion activity.
(b) Moderate: possible corrosion activity.
(c) Minor: lowest likelihood of corrosion activity.
4.6 Compare results for geographic consistency.

Classified indications from two or more complementary inspection tools must be compared to determine
whether indications are associated with the same physical location along the pipe (NACE RP0502,
Paragraph 4.3.3). If two or more indirect inspection tools indicate significantly different sets of locations
where corrosion activity may exist, and if the differences cannot be explained by the inherent capabilities
of the tools or specific and localized pipeline features or conditions, additional indirect inspections or
preliminary direct examinations should be considered. Unacceptable spatial differences (as defined by
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the operator) may be a result of inaccurate GPS, inaccurate location of aboveground reference points, or
errors in data alignment. The operator should first verify that spatial readings are accurate. If spatial
differences remain and cannot be resolved by the pre-assessment data or inherent capabilities of the
tools, the following options should be considered.
(a) Repeat the indirect inspection using the same tool over the location at the same or at a closer
interval spacing.
(b) Perform additional indirect inspections using a different tool over the location.
(c) Perform a direct examination on the indications.
(d) Classify the indications as severe.
352
4.7 First-time application.

When conducting ECDA for the first time on a covered segment, an operator is required to apply “more
restrictive criteria” (see §192.925(b)(2)(i)). Examples of more restrictive criteria to apply include one or
more of the following.
(a) Take soil resistivity measurements.
(b) Spot check readings by taking duplicate readings at different times at one or more locations along
the indirect inspection path and compare for drift.
(c) Repeat the indirect inspection in its entirety at a different time, and compare for consistency.
(d) Repeat a portion of the survey in the opposite direction.
(e) Decrease the distance between temporary markings (e.g., flags, paint).
(f) Provide additional training of personnel.
(g) Provide additional oversight during inspections.
(h) Apply more stringent severity classifications.
(i) Decrease the distance between indirect inspection measurements.
5 DIRECT EXAMINATION STEP – Guide material under development.
6 POST ASSESSMENT AND CONTINUING EVALUATION STEP – Guide material under development.
§192.927
What are the requirements for using
Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA)?
(a) Definition. Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA) is a process an operator uses to
identify areas along the pipeline where fluid or other electrolyte introduced during normal operation
or by an upset condition may reside, and then focuses direct examination on the locations in
covered segments where internal corrosion is most likely to exist. The process identifies the
potential for internal corrosion caused by microorganisms, or fluid with CO2, O2, hydrogen sulfide or
other contaminants present in the gas.
(b) General requirements. An operator using direct assessment as an assessment method to
address internal corrosion in a covered pipeline segment must follow the requirements in this
section and in ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated by reference, see §192.7), section 6.4 and appendix
B2. The ICDA process described in this section applies only for a segment of pipe transporting
nominally dry natural gas, and not for a segment with electrolyte nominally present in the gas
stream. If an operator uses ICDA to assess a covered segment operating with electrolyte present in
the gas stream, the operator must develop a plan that demonstrates how it will conduct ICDA in the
segment to effectively address internal corrosion, and must provide notification in accordance with
§192.921(a)(4) or §192.937(c)(4).
(c) The ICDA plan. An operator must develop and follow an ICDA plan that provides for
preassessment, identification of ICDA regions and excavation locations, detailed examination of pipe
at excavation locations, and post-assessment evaluation and monitoring.
(1) Preassessment. In the preassessment stage, an operator must gather and integrate data
and information needed to evaluate the feasibility of ICDA for the covered segment, and to support
use of a model to identify the locations along the pipe segment where electrolyte may accumulate, to
identify ICDA regions, and to identify areas within the covered segment where liquids may potentially
be entrained. This data and information includes, but is not limited to —
(i) All data elements listed in Appendix A2 of ASME/ANSI B31.8S;
(ii) Information needed to support use of a model that an operator must use to identify
areas along the pipeline where internal corrosion is most likely to occur. (See paragraph (a) of this
section.) This information, includes, but is not limited to, location of all gas input and withdrawal
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353
points on the line; location of all low points on covered segments such as sags, drips, inclines,
valves, manifolds, dead-legs, and traps; the elevation profile of the pipeline in sufficient detail that
angles of inclination can be calculated for all pipe segments; and the diameter of the pipeline, and
the range of expected gas velocities in the pipeline;
(iii) Operating experience data that would indicate historic upsets in gas conditions,
locations where these upsets have occurred, and potential damage resulting from these upset
conditions; and
(iv) Information on covered segments where cleaning pigs may not have been used or
where cleaning pigs may deposit electrolytes.
(2) ICDA region identification. An operator’s plan must identify where all ICDA Regions are
located in the transmission system, in which covered segments are located. An ICDA Region extends
from the location where liquid may first enter the pipeline and encompasses the entire area along the
pipeline where internal corrosion may occur and where further evaluation is needed. An ICDA Region
may encompass one or more covered segments. In the identification process, an operator must use
the model in GRI 02-0057, “Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment of Gas Transmission Pipelines -
Methodology,” (incorporated by reference, see §192.7). An operator may use another model if the
operator demonstrates it is equivalent to the one shown in GRI 02-0057. A model must consider
changes in pipe diameter, locations where gas enters a line (potential to introduce liquid) and
locations down stream of gas drawoffs (where gas velocity is reduced) to define the critical pipe
angle of inclination above which water film cannot be transported by the gas.
(3) Identification of locations for excavation and direct examination. An operator’s plan must
identify the locations where internal corrosion is most likely in each ICDA region. In the location
identification process, an operator must identify a minimum of two locations for excavation within
each ICDA Region within a covered segment and must perform a direct examination for internal
corrosion at each location, using ultrasonic thickness measurements, radiography, or other
generally accepted measurement technique. One location must be the low point (e.g., sags, drips,
valves, manifolds, dead-legs, traps) within the covered segment nearest to the beginning of the ICDA
Region. The second location must be further downstream, within a covered segment, near the end of
the ICDA Region. If corrosion exists at either location, the operator must —
(i) Evaluate the severity of the defect (remaining strength) and remediate the defect in
accordance with §192.933;
(ii) As part of the operator’s current integrity assessment either perform additional
excavations in each covered segment within the ICDA region, or use an alternative assessment
method allowed by this subpart to assess the line pipe in each covered segment within the ICDA
region for internal corrosion; and
(iii) Evaluate the potential for internal corrosion in all pipeline segments (both covered
and non-covered) in the operator’s pipeline system with similar characteristics to the ICDA region
containing the covered segment in which the corrosion was found, and as appropriate, remediate the
conditions the operator finds in accordance with §192.933.
(4) Post-assessment evaluation and monitoring. An operator’s plan must provide for
evaluating the effectiveness of the ICDA process and continued monitoring of covered segments
where internal corrosion has been identified. The evaluation and monitoring process includes —
(i) Evaluating the effectiveness of ICDA as an assessment method for addressing
internal corrosion and determining whether a covered segment should be reassessed at more
frequent intervals than those specified in §192.939. An operator must carry out this evaluation within
a year of conducting an ICDA; and
(ii) Continually monitoring each covered segment where internal corrosion has been
identified using techniques such as coupons, UT sensors or electronic probes, periodically drawing
off liquids at low points and chemically analyzing the liquids for the presence of corrosion products.
An operator must base the frequency of the monitoring and liquid analysis on results from all
integrity assessments that have been conducted in accordance with the requirements of this
subpart, and risk factors specific to the covered segment. If an operator finds any evidence of
corrosion products in the covered segment, the operator must take prompt action in accordance
with one of the two following required actions and remediate the conditions the operator finds in
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 354
accordance with §192.933.

(A) Conduct excavations of covered segments at locations downstream from
where the electrolyte might have entered the pipe; or
(B) Assess the covered segment using another integrity assessment method
allowed by this subpart.
(5) Other requirements. The ICDA plan must also include —
(i) Criteria an operator will apply in making key decisions (e.g., ICDA feasibility,
definition of ICDA Regions, conditions requiring excavation) in implementing each stage of the ICDA
process;
(ii) Provisions for applying more restrictive criteria when conducting ICDA for the first
time on a covered segment and that become less stringent as the operator gains experience; and
(iii) Provisions that analysis be carried out on the entire pipeline in which covered
segments are present, except that application of the remediation criteria of §192.933 may be limited
to covered segments.
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.929
What are the requirements for using Direct Assessment for
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCCDA)?
(a) Definition. Stress Corrosion Cracking Direct Assessment (SCCDA) is a process to assess a
covered pipe segment for the presence of SCC primarily by systematically gathering and analyzing
excavation data for pipe having similar operational characteristics and residing in a similar physical
environment.
(b) General requirements. An operator using direct assessment as an integrity assessment
method to address stress corrosion cracking in a covered pipeline segment must have a plan that
provides, at minimum, for —
(1) Data gathering and integration. An operator’s plan must provide for a systematic
process to collect and evaluate data for all covered segments to identify whether the conditions for
SCC are present and to prioritize the covered segments for assessment. This process must include
gathering and evaluating data related to SCC at all sites an operator excavates during the conduct of
its pipeline operations where the criteria in ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7), Appendix A3.3 indicate the potential for SCC. This data includes at minimum, the data
specified in ASME/ANSI B31.8S, Appendix A3.
(2) Assessment method. The plan must provide that if conditions for SCC are identified in a
covered segment, an operator must assess the covered segment using an integrity assessment
method specified in ASME/ANSI B31.8S, Appendix A3, and remediate the threat in accordance with
ASME/ANSI B31.8S, Appendix A3, section A3.4.
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355
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.931
How may Confirmatory Direct Assessment (CDA) be used?
An operator using the confirmatory direct assessment (CDA) method as allowed in §192.937
must have a plan that meets the requirements of this section and of §§192.925 (ECDA) and §192.927
(ICDA).
(a) Threats. An operator may only use CDA on a covered segment to identify damage resulting
from external corrosion or internal corrosion.
(b) External corrosion plan. An operator’s CDA plan for identifying external corrosion must
comply with §192.925 with the following exceptions.
(1) The procedures for indirect examination may allow use of only one indirect examination
tool suitable for the application.
(2) The procedures for direct examination and remediation must provide that —
(i) All immediate action indications must be excavated for each ECDA region; and
(ii) At least one high risk indication that meets the criteria of scheduled action must be
excavated in each ECDA region.
(c) Internal corrosion plan. An operator’s CDA plan for identifying internal corrosion must
comply with §192.927 except that the plan’s procedures for identifying locations for excavation may
require excavation of only one high risk location in each ICDA region.
(d) Defects requiring near-term remediation. If an assessment carried out under paragraph (b)
or (c) of this section reveals any defect requiring remediation prior to the next scheduled
assessment, the operator must schedule the next assessment in accordance with NACE RP0502-
2002 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7), section 6.2 and 6.3. If the defect requires immediate
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
remediation, then the operator must reduce pressure consistent with §192.933 until the operator has
completed reassessment using one of the assessment techniques allowed in §192.937.
15, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
356
§192.933
What actions must an operator take to address integrity issues?
(a) General requirements. An operator must take prompt action to address all anomalous
conditions the operator discovers through the integrity assessment. In addressing all conditions, an
operator must evaluate all anomalous conditions and remediate those that could reduce a pipeline's
integrity. An operator must be able to demonstrate that the remediation of the condition will ensure
the condition is unlikely to pose a threat to the integrity of the pipeline until the next reassessment of
the covered segment.
(1) Temporary pressure reduction. If an operator is unable to respond within the time limits
for certain conditions specified in this section, the operator must temporarily reduce the operating
pressure of the pipeline or take other action that ensures the safety of the covered segment. An
operator must determine any temporary reduction in operating pressure required by this section
using ASME/ANSI B31G (incorporated by reference, see §192.7) or AGA Pipeline Research
Committee Project PR-3-805 (''RSTRENG,'' incorporated by reference, see §192.7) or reduce the
operating pressure to a level not exceeding 80 percent of the level at the time the condition was
discovered. (See appendix A to this part for information on availability of incorporation by reference
information.) An operator must notify PHMSA in accordance with §192.949 if it cannot meet the
schedule for evaluation and remediation required under paragraph (c) of this section and cannot
provide safety through temporary reduction in operating pressure or other action. An operator must
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also notify a State pipeline safety authority when either a covered segment is located in a State
where PHMSA has an interstate agent agreement, or an intrastate covered segment is regulated by
that State.
(2) Long-term pressure reduction. When a pressure reduction exceeds 365 days, the
operator must notify PHMSA under §192.949 and explain the reasons for the remediation delay. This
notice must include a technical justification that the continued pressure reduction will not jeopardize
the integrity of the pipeline. The operator also must notify a State pipeline safety authority when
either a covered segment is located in a State where PHMSA has an interstate agent agreement, or
an intrastate covered segment is regulated by that State.
(b) Discovery of condition. Discovery of a condition occurs when an operator has adequate
information about a condition to determine that the condition presents a potential threat to the
integrity of the pipeline. A condition that presents a potential threat includes, but is not limited to,
those conditions that require remediation or monitoring listed under paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(3)
of this section. An operator must promptly, but no later than 180 days after conducting an integrity
assessment, obtain sufficient information about a condition to make that determination, unless the
operator demonstrates that the 180-day period is impracticable.
(c) Schedule for evaluation and remediation. An operator must complete remediation of a
condition according to a schedule prioritizing the conditions for evaluation and remediation. Unless
a special requirement for remediating certain conditions applies, as provided in paragraph (d) of this
section, an operator must follow the schedule in ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7), section 7, Figure 4. If an operator cannot meet the schedule for any condition, the operator
must explain the reasons why it cannot meet the schedule and how the changed schedule will not
jeopardize public safety.
(d) Special requirements for scheduling remediation.
(1) Immediate repair conditions. An operator’s evaluation and remediation schedule must
follow ASME/ANSI B31.8S, section 7 in providing for immediate repair conditions. To maintain safety,
an operator must temporarily reduce operating pressure in accordance with paragraph (a) of this
section or shut down the pipeline until the operator completes the repair of these conditions. An
operator must treat the following conditions as immediate repair conditions:
(i) A calculation of the remaining strength of the pipe shows a predicted failure
pressure less than or equal to 1.1 times the maximum allowable operating pressure at the location of
357
the anomaly. Suitable remaining strength calculation methods include, ASME/ANSI B31G;
RSTRENG; or an alternative equivalent method of remaining strength calculation. These documents
are incorporated by reference and available at the addresses listed in Appendix A to Part 192.
(ii) A dent that has any indication of metal loss, cracking or a stress riser.
(iii) An indication or anomaly that in the judgment of the person designated by the
operator to evaluate the assessment results requires immediate action.
(2) One-year conditions. Except for conditions listed in paragraph (d)(1) and (d)(3) of this
section, an operator must remediate any of the following within one year of discovery of the
condition:
(i) A smooth dent located between the 8 o’clock and 4 o’clock positions (upper 2/3 of
the pipe) with a depth greater than 6% of the pipeline diameter (greater than 0.50 inches in depth for
a pipeline diameter less than Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) 12).
(ii) A dent with a depth greater than 2% of the pipeline's diameter (0.250 inches in
depth for a pipeline diameter less than NPS 12) that affects pipe curvature at a girth weld or at a
longitudinal seam weld.
(3) Monitored conditions. An operator does not have to schedule the following conditions
for remediation, but must record and monitor the conditions during subsequent risk assessments
and integrity assessments for any change that may require remediation:
(i) A dent with a depth greater than 6% of the pipeline diameter (greater than 0.50
inches in depth for a pipeline diameter less than NPS 12) located between the 4 o’clock position and
the 8 o’clock position (bottom 1/3 of the pipe).
(ii) A dent located between the 8 o’clock and 4 o’clock positions (upper 2/3 of the pipe)
with a depth greater than 6% of the pipeline diameter (greater than 0.50 inches in depth for a pipeline
diameter less than Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) 12), and engineering analyses of the dent demonstrate
critical strain levels are not exceeded.
(iii) A dent with a depth greater than 2% of the pipeline’s diameter (0.250 inches in
depth for a pipeline diameter less than NPS 12) that affects pipe curvature at a girth weld or a
longitudinal seam weld, and engineering analyses of the dent and girth or seam weld demonstrate
critical strain levels are not exceeded. These analyses must consider weld properties.
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006; Amdt. 192-104, 72 FR 39012, July 17, 2007]
GUIDE MATERIAL
§192.935
What additional preventive and mitigative measures must an operator take?
(a) General requirements. An operator must take additional measures beyond those already
required by Part 192 to prevent a pipeline failure and to mitigate the consequences of a pipeline
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failure in a high consequence area. An operator must base the additional measures on the threats
the operator has identified to each pipeline segment. (See §192.917.) An operator must conduct, in
accordance with one of the risk assessment approaches in ASME/ANSI B31.8S (incorporated by
reference, see §192.7), section 5, a risk analysis of its pipeline to identify additional measures to
protect the high consequence area and enhance public safety. Such additional measures include,
but are not limited to, installing Automatic Shut-off Valves or Remote Control Valves, installing
358
computerized monitoring and leak detection systems, replacing pipe segments with pipe of heavier
wall thickness, providing additional training to personnel on response procedures, conducting drills
with local emergency responders and implementing additional inspection and maintenance
programs.
(b) Third party damage and outside force damage.
(1) Third party damage. An operator must enhance its damage prevention program, as
required under §192.614 of this part, with respect to a covered segment to prevent and minimize the
consequences of a release due to third party damage. Enhanced measures to an existing damage
prevention program include, at a minimum —
(i) Using qualified personnel (see §192.915) for work an operator is conducting that
could adversely affect the integrity of a covered segment, such as marking, locating, and direct
supervision of known excavation work.
(ii) Collecting in a central database information that is location specific on excavation
damage that occurs in covered and non covered segments in the transmission system and the root
cause analysis to support identification of targeted additional preventative and mitigative measures
in the high consequence areas. This information must include recognized damage that is not
required to be reported as an incident under part 191.
(iii) Participating in one-call systems in locations where covered segments are present.
(iv) Monitoring of excavations conducted on covered pipeline segments by pipeline
personnel. If an operator finds physical evidence of encroachment involving excavation that the
operator did not monitor near a covered segment, an operator must either excavate the area near the
encroachment or conduct an above ground survey using methods defined in NACE RP0502–2002
(incorporated by reference, see §192.7). An operator must excavate, and remediate, in accordance
with ANSI/ASME B31.8S and §192.933 any indication of coating holidays or discontinuity warranting
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direct examination.
(2) Outside force damage. If an operator determines that outside force (e.g., earth
movement, floods, unstable suspension bridge) is a threat to the integrity of a covered segment, the
operator must take measures to minimize the consequences to the covered segment from outside
force damage. These measures include, but are not limited to, increasing the frequency of aerial, foot
or other methods of patrols, adding external protection, reducing external stress, and relocating the
line.
(c) Automatic shut-off valves (ASV) or Remote control valves (RCV). If an operator determines,
based on a risk analysis, that an ASV or RCV would be an efficient means of adding protection to a
high consequence area in the event of a gas release, an operator must install the ASV or RCV. In
making that determination, an operator must, at least, consider the following factors — swiftness of
leak detection and pipe shutdown capabilities, the type of gas being transported, operating pressure,
the rate of potential release, pipeline profile, the potential for ignition, and location of nearest
response personnel.
(d) Pipelines operating below 30% SMYS. An operator of a transmission pipeline operating
below 30% SMYS located in a high consequence area must follow the requirements in paragraphs
(d)(1) and (d)(2) of this section. An operator of a transmission pipeline operating below 30% SMYS
located in a Class 3 or Class 4 area but not in a high consequence area must follow the requirements
in paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(2) and (d)(3) of this section.
(1) Apply the requirements in paragraphs (b)(1)(i) and (b)(1)(iii) of this section to the
pipeline; and
(2) Either monitor excavations near the pipeline, or conduct patrols as required by §192.705
of the pipeline at bi-monthly intervals. If an operator finds any indication of unreported construction
activity, the operator must conduct a follow up investigation to determine if mechanical damage has
occurred.
(3) Perform semi-annual leak surveys (quarterly for unprotected pipelines or cathodically
protected pipe where electrical surveys are impractical).
359
(e) Plastic transmission pipeline. An operator of a plastic transmission pipeline must apply the
requirements in paragraphs (b)(1)(i), (b)(1)(iii) and (b)(1)(iv) of this section to the covered segments
of the pipeline.
Amdt. 192-95 Correction, 69 FR 29903, May 26, 2004; Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 ADDITIONAL PREVENTIVE AND MITIGATIVE (P&M) MEASURES (§192.935(a) and (c))
To comply with §192.935, an operator must conduct a risk analysis of all pipelines within HCAs, and
determine for each applicable threat on each covered segment whether any of the following (which
exceed the requirements of other subparts of Part 192) will prevent pipeline failure or mitigate the
consequences of such a failure.
(a) Installation of an automatic shutoff valve (ASV) or a remote control valve (RCV).
(1) To comply with §192.935(c), an operator must consider the following factors in determining if an
ASV or RCV would be an efficient means of adding protection in an HCA.
(i) Swiftness of leak detection. Example: There may be no advantage to installing an ASV or
RCV on segments where adequate SCADA or other monitoring methods allow for quick
operator response to leakage.
(ii) Shutdown capabilities in the area. Example: An ASV or RCV might not make shutdown
any faster or easier in locations where adequate valving and easy access already exists.
(iii) Type of gas. Example: An ASV or RCV might mitigate the environmental impact of
leakage on a pipeline carrying heavier-than-air gases.
(iv) Operating pressure. Example: Higher-pressure lines hold a larger volume of gas. An ASV
or RCV on such a line may reduce the volume of release and potential for ignition.
(v) Potential release rate. Example: Installing an ASV or RCV may affect the duration of the
potential release rate.
(vi) Pipeline profile. Example: Heavier-than-air gases can pool in low elevation spots. An ASV
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or RCV in such locations may allow faster shut off and, therefore, less accumulation of
gas.
(vii) Potential for ignition. Example: Areas that have known sources of ignition (e.g., foundries)
might benefit from an ASV or RCV.
(viii) Location of nearest response personnel. Example: Locations where operator response is
timely may not benefit from the installation of an ASV or RCV.
(2) An operator may also consider the following.
(i) Seasonal weather restrictions that can impede access.
(ii) Depth of pipe as it relates to access for squeeze-off.
(iii) River crossings or other geographical features that affect access for maintenance or
response.
(iv) Proximity of the HCA to existing valves.
(v) Population density.
(vi) Wide pressure fluctuations due to normal operating conditions (e.g., power plant
locations).
(vii) Maintenance, reliability, and cost-benefit issues.
(b) Installation of computerized monitoring and leak detection systems.
An operator may consider the following, which could provide earlier leak or pipeline rupture
detection.
(1) Increasing the locations monitored by SCADA.
(2) Automating data gathering from other monitoring devices such as pressure transmitters.
360
(c) Replacing pipe with that of heavier-wall thickness, which is more resistant to damage from external
forces.
(d) Providing additional training on response procedures.
An operator may consider the following.
(1) Increasing the frequency of emergency response training.
(2) Conducting tabletop or field drills.
(3) Hiring a third party with expertise in emergency response to conduct training.
(4) Attending emergency response training offered by industry associations.
(e) Conducting drills with local emergency responders.
The operator may consider the following.
(1) Including the drill as part of liaison meetings with emergency responders.
(2) Working with local multi-agency, emergency coordination groups.
(3) Incorporating the drill into local fire or police academy curriculum.
(f) Implementing additional inspection and maintenance programs.
The operator may consider the following.
(1) Increasing leak survey frequencies.
(2) Increasing patrol frequencies.
(3) Using procedures with more stringent criteria than required by the Regulations.
(4) Increasing facility inspection frequencies.
2 THIRD PARTY DAMAGE (§192.935(b)(1))
To comply with §192.935(b)(1) for the specific threat of third party damage, an operator must do the
following.
(a) Qualify personnel to conduct the following activities related to work the operator is conducting in a
covered segment.
(1) Locating the pipeline.
(2) Marking the pipeline.
(3) Directly supervising known excavation work. A qualification for this activity might include the
following.
(i) Recognition of line-locate markings.
(ii) Knowledge of one-call requirements.
(iii) Knowledge of operator’s applicable procedures, including emergency response.
(iv) Understanding the risks of various excavation methods.
(4) Other activities that could adversely affect the integrity of the pipeline.
(b) Use a central database to collect the following.
(1) Excavation damage information for covered and non-covered segments. This might include the
following.
(i) Number of leaks or ruptures.
(ii) Number of known damages not resulting in leaks or ruptures.
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(iii) Excavation method.

(iv) Name of excavator causing damage.
(2) Root cause analysis data to identify targeted P&M measures for HCAs. This might include the
number of damages where:
(i) No line locate was requested.
(ii) Line was incorrectly marked.
(iii) Line was not marked.
(iv) Construction procedures were not followed correctly (e.g., exposing lines during boring).
(3) Damage data that is not DOT reportable (reference Part 191 requirements). This might include
known items such as the following.
(i) Dents.
(ii) Gouges.
(iii) Coating damage.
(iv) Damage to pipeline supports or river anchors.
361
(c) Participate in a one-call program wherever there are covered segments.

(d) Monitor excavations on covered segments. An operator may want to consider the following.
(1) Mapping HCAs so field personnel can easily recognize when they are in an area that requires
monitoring.
(2) Creating a business process that alerts the appropriate departments of pending excavations.
(3) Working with the local One-Call Center to notify excavators and operators when monitoring is
required.
(4) Training line locators to notify appropriate personnel when they know work will take place in an
HCA.
(5) Documenting excavation monitoring using one or more of the following.
(i) Time card accounting.
(ii) Special forms.
(iii) Time-stamped electronic data.
(iv) Maps.
(e) When there is physical evidence of an excavation near a covered segment that the operator did not
monitor, either excavate the area or conduct an aboveground survey as defined in NACE RP-0502-
2002 (e.g., DCVG). Examples of how to identify an encroachment might include the following.
(1) New pavement patches.
(2) Heavy equipment on site.
(3) Disturbed earth.
(4) New structures requiring excavation (e.g., fence posts, telephone poles, buildings, slabs).
(5) Exposed pipe.
(6) New landscaping.
(7) One-call documentation.
3 OUTSIDE FORCE DAMAGE (§192.935(b)(2))
To comply with §192.935(b)(2) for the specific threat of outside force damage (e.g., earth movement,
floods, unstable suspension bridge), an operator must take additional measures to minimize the
consequences of outside force.
(a) The measures include the following.
(1) Increasing the frequency of patrols. This may allow faster recognition of damage.
(2) Adding external protection. This might include the following.
(i) Installing fencing or other barriers to impede earth movement.
(ii) External slabs or additional cover.
(3) Reducing external stress. This might include the following.
(i) Installing expansion joints.
(ii) Removing overburden.
(4) Relocating the pipeline to an area with less exposure to outside forces. This might include
lowering or raising the pipeline.
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(b) An operator may also consider installing the following.

(1) River anchors where appropriate.
(2) Elevated relief or vent stacks on regulator stations.
(3) Additional bridge hangers or pipe supports.
4 PIPELINES OPERATING BELOW 30% SMYS (§192.935(d))
Pipelines operating below 30% SMYS have additional requirements as follows.

(a) For all Class locations in an HCA, the following apply.
(1) Qualify personnel to conduct the following activities related to work the operator is conducting in
a covered segment.
(i) Locating the pipeline.
(ii) Marking the pipeline.
362
(iii) Directly supervising known excavation work. A qualification for this activity might include
the following.
(A) Recognition of line-locate markings.
(B) Knowledge of one-call requirements.
(C) Knowledge of operator’s applicable procedures, including emergency response.
(D) Understanding the risks of various excavation methods.
(iv) Other activities that could adversely affect the integrity of the pipeline.
(2) Participate in a one-call program wherever there are covered segments.
(3) Either monitor excavations near the pipeline, or conduct patrols on a bi-monthly frequency. Any
indication of unreported construction activity requires an investigation to determine if any
damage has occurred.
(b) For Class 3 or Class 4 areas outside of an HCA.
(1) Qualify personnel to conduct the following activities related to work the operator is conducting in
covered segment.
(i) Locating the pipeline.
(ii) Marking the pipeline.
(iii) Directly supervising known excavation work. A qualification for this activity might include
the following.
(A) Recognition of line-locate markings.
(B) Knowledge of one-call requirements.
(C) Knowledge of operator’s applicable procedures, including emergency response.
(D) Understanding the risks of various excavation methods.
(iv) Other activities that could adversely affect the integrity of the pipeline.
(2) Participate in a one-call program wherever there are covered segments.
(3) Either monitor excavations near the pipeline, or conduct patrols on a bi-monthly frequency. Any
indication of unreported construction activity requires an investigation to determine if any
damage has occurred.
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(4) Perform semi-annual leak surveys. For unprotected or cathodically protected pipe where
electrical surveys are impractical, perform quarterly leak surveys.
(c) See Table 192.935i.
5 PLASTIC TRANSMISSION LINES (§192.935(e))
Plastic transmission lines have additional requirements as follows.

(a) Qualify personnel to conduct the following activities related to work the operator is conducting in a
covered segment.
(1) Locating the pipeline.
(2) Marking the pipeline.
(3) Directly supervising known excavation work. A qualification for this activity might include the
following.
(i) Recognition of line-locate markings.
(ii) Knowledge of one-call requirements.
(iii) Knowledge of operator’s applicable procedures, including emergency response.
(iv) Understanding the risks of various excavation methods.
(4) Other activities that could adversely affect the integrity of the pipeline.
(b) Participate in a one-call program wherever there are covered segments.
(c) Monitor excavations on covered segments. An operator may want to consider the following.
(1) Mapping HCAs so field personnel can easily recognize when they are in an area that requires
monitoring.
(2) Creating a business process that alerts the appropriate departments of pending excavations.
(3) Working with the local One-Call Center to notify excavators and operators when monitoring is
required.
(4) Training line locators to notify appropriate personnel when they know work will take place in an
HCA.
363
(5) Documenting excavation monitoring by using one or more of the following.

(i) Time card accounting.
(ii) Special forms.
(iii) Time-stamped electronic data.
(iv) Maps.
(d) When there is physical evidence of an encroachment on a covered segment that the operator did
not monitor, excavate the area to determine if any damage has occurred. Examples of how to
identify an encroachment include the following.
(1) New pavement patches.
(2) Heavy equipment on site.
(3) Disturbed earth.
(4) New structures requiring excavation (e.g., fence posts, telephone poles, buildings, slabs).
(5) Exposed pipe.
(6) New landscaping.
(7) One-call documentation.
(e) See Table 192.935i.
ADDITIONAL P&M MEASURES FOR

TRANSMISSION PIPELINES OPERATING BELOW 30% SMYS AND
PLASTIC TRANSMISSION LINES
Use Additional
General Participate Monitor Excavations
Location Qualified Leak
Requirements in one-call or Additional Patrol
Personnel Survey
Class 1 & 2 X X X X
in HCA
Class 1 & 2
outside HCA
Class 3 & 4 X X X X
in HCA
Class 3 & 4 X X X X
outside HCA
Plastic X X X X (monitor only)*

Transmission
*The option of patrolling is not available for plastic transmission lines.
TABLE 192.935i
§192.937
What is a continual process of evaluation and assessment to
maintain a pipeline’s integrity?
(a) General. After completing the baseline integrity assessment of a covered segment, an
operator must continue to assess the line pipe of that segment at the intervals specified in §192.939
and periodically evaluate the integrity of each covered pipeline segment as provided in paragraph (b)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 364
of this section. An operator must reassess a covered segment on which a prior assessment is
credited as a baseline under §192.921(e) by no later than December 17, 2009. An operator must
reassess a covered segment on which a baseline assessment is conducted during the baseline
period specified in §192.921(d) by no later than seven years after the baseline assessment of that
covered segment unless the evaluation under paragraph (b) of this section indicates earlier
reassessment.
(b) Evaluation. An operator must conduct a periodic evaluation as frequently as needed to
assure the integrity of each covered segment. The periodic evaluation must be based on a data
integration and risk assessment of the entire pipeline as specified in §192.917. For plastic
transmission pipelines, the periodic evaluation is based on the threat analysis specified in
192.917(d). For all other transmission pipelines, the evaluation must consider the past and present
integrity assessment results, data integration and risk assessment information (§192.917), and
decisions about remediation (§192.933) and additional preventive and mitigative actions (§192.935).
An operator must use the results from this evaluation to identify the threats specific to each covered
segment and the risk represented by these threats.
(c) Assessment methods. In conducting the integrity reassessment, an operator must assess
the integrity of the line pipe in the covered segment by any of the following methods as appropriate
for the threats to which the covered segment is susceptible (see §192.917), or by confirmatory direct
assessment under the conditions specified in §192.931.
(1) Internal inspection tool or tools capable of detecting corrosion, and any other threats to
which the covered segment is susceptible. An operator must follow ASME/ANSI B31.8S
(incorporated by reference, see §192.7), section 6.2 in selecting the appropriate internal inspection
tools for the covered segment.
(2) Pressure test conducted in accordance with subpart J of this part. An operator must use
the test pressures specified in Table 3 of section 5 of ASME/ANSI B31.8S, to justify an extended
reassessment interval in accordance with §192.939.
(3) Direct assessment to address threats of external corrosion, internal corrosion, or stress
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
corrosion cracking. An operator must conduct the direct assessment in accordance with the
requirements listed in §192.923 and with as applicable, the requirements specified in §§192.925,
192.927 or 192.929;
(4) Other technology that an operator demonstrates can provide an equivalent
understanding of the condition of the line pipe. An operator choosing this option must notify the
Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) 180 days before conducting the assessment, in accordance with
§192.949. An operator must also notify a State or local pipeline safety authority when either a
covered segment is located in a State where OPS has an interstate agent agreement, or an intrastate
covered segment is regulated by that State.
(5) Confirmatory direct assessment when used on a covered segment that is scheduled for
reassessment at a period longer than seven years. An operator using this reassessment method
must comply with §192.931.
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
365
§192.939
What are the required reassessment intervals?
An operator must comply with the following requirements in establishing the reassessment
interval for the operator’s covered pipeline segments.
(a) Pipelines operating at or above 30% SMYS. An operator must establish a reassessment
interval for each covered segment operating at or above 30% SMYS in accordance with the
requirements of this section. The maximum reassessment interval by an allowable reassessment
method is seven years. If an operator establishes a reassessment interval that is greater than seven
years, the operator must, within the seven-year period, conduct a confirmatory direct assessment on
the covered segment, and then conduct the follow-up reassessment at the interval the operator has
established. A reassessment carried out using confirmatory direct assessment must be done in
accordance with §192.931. The table that follows this section sets forth the maximum allowed
reassessment intervals.
(1) Pressure test or internal inspection or other equivalent technology. An operator that
uses pressure testing or internal inspection as an assessment method must establish the
reassessment interval for a covered pipeline segment by —
(i) Basing the interval on the identified threats for the covered segment (see §192.917)
and on the analysis of the results from the last integrity assessment and from the data integration
and risk assessment required by §192.917; or
(ii) Using the intervals specified for different stress levels of pipeline (operating at or
above 30% SMYS) listed in ASME/ANSI B31.8S, section 5, Table 3.
(2) External Corrosion Direct Assessment. An operator that uses ECDA that meets the
requirements of this subpart must determine the reassessment interval according to the
requirements in paragraphs 6.2 and 6.3 of NACE RP0502-2002 (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7).
(3) Internal Corrosion or SCC Direct Assessment. An operator that uses ICDA or SCCDA in
accordance with the requirements of this subpart must determine the reassessment interval
according to the following method. However, the reassessment interval cannot exceed those
specified for direct assessment in ASME/ANSI B31.8S, section 5, Table 3.
(i) Determine the largest defect most likely to remain in the covered segment and the
corrosion rate appropriate for the pipe, soil and protection conditions;
(ii) Use the largest remaining defect as the size of the largest defect discovered in the
SCC or ICDA segment; and
(iii) Estimate the reassessment interval as half the time required for the largest defect
to grow to a critical size.
(b) Pipelines Operating Below 30% SMYS. An operator must establish a reassessment interval
for each covered segment operating below 30% SMYS in accordance with the requirements of this
section. The maximum reassessment interval by an allowable reassessment method is seven years.
An operator must establish reassessment by at least one of the following —
(1) Reassessment by pressure test, internal inspection or other equivalent technology
following the requirements in paragraph (a)(1) of this section except that the stress level referenced
in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section would be adjusted to reflect the lower operating stress level. If
an established interval is more than seven years, the operator must conduct by the seventh year of
the interval either a confirmatory direct assessment in accordance with §192.931, or a low stress
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
reassessment in accordance with §192.941.

(2) Reassessment by ECDA following the requirements in paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(3) Reassessment by ICDA or SCCDA following the requirements in paragraph (a)(3) of this
section.
(4) Reassessment by confirmatory direct assessment at 7-year intervals in accordance with
§192.931, with reassessment by one of the methods listed in paragraphs (b)(1 ) through (b)(3) of this
366
section by year 20 of the interval.

(5) Reassessment by the low stress assessment method at 7-year intervals in accordance
with §192.941 with reassessment by one of the methods listed in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(3) of
this section by year 20 of the interval.
(6) The following table sets forth the maximum reassessment intervals. Also refer to
Appendix E.II for guidance on Assessment Methods and Assessment Schedule for Transmission
Pipelines Operating Below 30% SMYS. In case of conflict between the rule and the guidance in the
Appendix, the requirements of the rule control. An operator must comply with the following
requirements in establishing a reassessment interval for a covered segment:
Maximum Reassessment Interval

Assessment Pipeline operating at or Pipeline operating at or Pipeline operating
Method above 50% SMYS above 30% SMYS, up below 30% SMYS
to 50% SMYS
Internal Inspection 10 years(*) 15 years(*) 20 years(**)
Tool, Pressure
Test or Direct
Assessment
Confirmatory 7 years 7 years 7 years
Direct Assessment
Low Stress Not Applicable Not Applicable 7 years + ongoing
Reassessment actions specified in
§192.941
(*) A Confirmatory direct assessment as described in §192.931 must be conducted by year 7 in
a 10-year interval and years 7 and 14 of a 15-year interval.
(**) A low stress reassessment or Confirmatory direct assessment must be conducted by years
7 and 14 of the interval.
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006; Editorial Note: Regulation adjusted per e-CFR as advised
by PHMSA-OPS]
GUIDE MATERIAL
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1 GENERAL
The factors that determine the reassessment interval include the following.
(a) Operating stress levels.
(b) Type of prior assessment.
(c) Analysis of defects from prior assessment.
(d) Prescriptive or performance based programs.
(e) Requirement for a 7-year reassessment interval.
367
2 MAXIMUM REASSESSMENT INTERVALS
Tables 192.939i through 192.939iv list the maximum permitted reassessment intervals based on type of
prior assessment and operating stress level. If the maximum permitted time interval for an assessment
method exceeds 7 years, a confirmatory direct assessment (see §192.931 regarding CDA) or other
assessment must be conducted at intervals not exceeding 7 years. Based on the threats and conditions
found, reassessment may be required at intervals less than the maximum.
MAXIMUM REASSESSMENT INTERVALS FOR IN-LINE INSPECTION

Maximum Interval
Based on prior
Maximum Interval
assessments, data
Based on
Ratio of Predicted Failure integration, and risk
ASME/ANSI
Stress Level Pressure (FP) of Remaining assessment using
B31.8S-2004,
Defects to the MAOP reasonably anticipated
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Section 5, Table 3.
or scientifically proven
[§192.939 (a)(1)(ii)]
rate of defect growth.
[§192.939 (a)(1)(i)]
FP exceeds 1.25 times MAOP 7 years 5 years
> 50% SMYS
< 50% and FP exceeds 1.4 times MAOP 15 years 5 years
> 30% FP exceeds 1.7 times MAOP 15 years 10 years
SMYS
< 30% SMYS FP exceeds 1.7 times MAOP 20 years 5 years
(Low-stress
reassessmen
t may be FP exceeds 2.8 times MAOP 20 years 15 years
used; see
§192.941)
TABLE 192.939i
MAXIMUM REASSESSMENT INTERVALS FOR PRESSURE TESTING

Stress Level Ratio of test pressure (TP) to the MAOP Maximum Interval
Testing in accordance with Subpart J 7 years
> 50% SMYS
TP exceeds 1.39 times MAOP 10 years
< 50% and Testing in accordance with Subpart J 7 years
> 30%
SMYS
< 30% SMYS Testing in accordance with Subpart J 7 years
(Low stress
reassessment TP exceeds 2.2 times MAOP 10 years
may be used; TP exceeds 2.8 times MAOP 15 years
see §192.941) TP exceeds 3.3 times MAOP 20 years
TABLE 192.939ii
368
MAXIMUM REASSESSMENT INTERVALS

FOR EXTERNAL CORROSION DIRECT ASSESSMENT
Stress Level Results of Examinations Maximum Interval
No corrosion defects found 10 years
> 50% SMYS Minimum of calculated remaining half-life
Corrosion defects found
or 10 years
< 50% and No corrosion defects found 15 years
> 30% Minimum of calculated remaining half-life
Corrosion defects found
SMYS or 15 years
< 30% SMYS
No corrosion defects found 20 years
(Low stress
reassessment
Minimum of calculated remaining half-life
may be used; Corrosion defects found
or 20 years
see §192.941)
TABLE 192.939iii
MAXIMUM REASSESSMENT INTERVALS

FOR INTERNAL CORROSION DIRECT ASSESSMENT AND
STRESS CORROSION CRACKING DIRECT ASSESSMENT
Stress Level Results of Examinations Maximum Interval
All indications examined 10 years
> 50% SMYS Minimum of calculated remaining half-life
All indications not examined
or 5 years
< 50% and All indications examined 15 years
> 30% Minimum of calculated remaining half-life
All indications not examined
SMYS or 10 years
< 30% SMYS All indications examined 20 years
(Low stress
reassessment Minimum of calculated remaining half-life
may be used; All indications not examined
or 10 years
see §192.941)
TABLE 192.939iv
3 NEED FOR MORE FREQUENT ASSESSMENT
The reassessment intervals listed in Tables 192.939i through 192.939iv represent the maximum interval
between assessments. Reassessment at a shorter interval should be considered for any of the
following.
(a) The operator plans on increasing the MAOP of the pipeline.
(b) The stresses leading to cyclic fatigue are increased, and the pipe is subject to manufacturing threats
(e.g., low frequency ERW seams), construction threats (e.g., wrinkle bends), or other similar threats.
(c) A failure has occurred on the pipeline segment.
(d) Failure on another pipeline segment with similar characteristics that could indicate a similar threat to
the covered segment.
(e) Known defects that need to be addressed prior to the maximum reassessment interval.
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369
4 PERFORMANCE-BASED PROGRAMS
The maximum reassessment intervals listed in Tables 192.939i through 192.939iv may be exceeded by
an operator that can demonstrate exceptional performance as listed in §192.913(b). One requirement
for using a performance-based program is that the operator must have completed at least 2
assessments for each covered segment to be included in the performance-based program. When using
longer assessment intervals under a performance-based program, an operator must be able to provide
analysis supporting the longer interval, and must perform confirmatory direct assessment at intervals not
exceeding 7 years.
5 WAIVER FOR DEVIATION FROM ASSESSMENT INTERVALS
Operators can apply for waivers if the reassessment interval cannot be met due to lack of availability of
assessment tools or the need to maintain product supply. See §192.943 for the waiver process.
§192.941
What is a low stress reassessment?
(a) General. An operator of a transmission line that operates below 30% SMYS may use the
following method to reassess a covered segment in accordance with §192.939. This method of
reassessment addresses the threats of external and internal corrosion. The operator must have
conducted a baseline assessment of the covered segment in accordance with the requirements of
§§192.919 and 192.921.
(b) External corrosion. An operator must take one of the following actions to address external
corrosion on the low stress covered segment.
(1) Cathodically protected pipe. To address the threat of external corrosion on cathodically
protected pipe in a covered segment, an operator must perform an electrical survey (i.e. indirect
examination tool/method) at least every 7 years on the covered segment. An operator must use the
results of each survey as part of an overall evaluation of the cathodic protection and corrosion threat
for the covered segment. This evaluation must consider, at minimum, the leak repair and inspection
records, corrosion monitoring records, exposed pipe inspection records, and the pipeline
environment.
(2) Unprotected pipe or cathodically protected pipe where electrical surveys are impractical.
If an electrical survey is impractical on the covered segment an operator must —
(i) Conduct leakage surveys as required by §192.706 at 4-month intervals; and
(ii) Every 18 months, identify and remediate areas of active corrosion by evaluating
leak repair and inspection records, corrosion monitoring records, exposed pipe inspection records,
and the pipeline environment.
(c) Internal Corrosion. To address the threat of internal corrosion on a covered segment, an
operator must —
(1) Conduct a gas analysis for corrosive agents at least once each calendar year;
(2) Conduct periodic testing of fluids removed from the segment. At least once each
calendar year test the fluids removed from each storage field that may affect a covered segment; and
(3) At least every seven (7) years, integrate data from the analysis and testing required by
paragraphs (c)(1)- (c)(2) with applicable internal corrosion leak records, incident reports, safety-
related condition reports, repair records, patrol records, exposed pipe reports, and test records, and
define and implement appropriate remediation actions.
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370
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
Low stress reassessment is an integrity assessment method that may be used by an operator to
address the threats of external corrosion and internal corrosion. This method can only be used for
transmission lines operating below 30% SMYS. Prior to applying this method, the operator is required to
complete a baseline integrity assessment in accordance with §§192.919 and 192.921. The low stress
reassessment is required at intervals not exceeding 7 years, and a full reassessment (in-line inspection,
pressure test, or direct assessment) is required no more than 20 years after the previous full
assessment.
2 EXTERNAL CORROSION
2.1 Cathodically protected pipe where electrical surveys are practical.

(a) If low stress reassessment is used on cathodically protected pipe, an electrical survey (i.e., indirect
examination tool or method) is required. Examples of electrical surveys are listed below. Appendix A
of NACE RP0502-2002, “External Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology” provides additional
information on each type of survey listed.
(1) Close-interval survey (CIS).
(2) Current voltage gradient surveys (ACVG and DCVG).
(3) Pearson survey.
(4) Alternating current attenuation survey (electromagnetic).
(5) Cell-to-cell survey.
(b) An operator should have procedures to conduct an electrical survey. The following factors should be
considered when developing written procedures.
(1) Electrical safety precautions.
(2) Equipment and instrumentation.
(3) IR drop considerations, where applicable.
(4) Locating and marking pipe.
(5) Distance between survey points.
(6) Data documentation.
(7) Data analysis.
(8) Remediation criteria.
(9) Post assessment analysis.
2.2 Unprotected pipe or cathodically protected pipe where electrical surveys are impractical.
(a) Leakage surveys. See guide material under §192.706 and the applicable sections of Guide Material
Appendix G-192-11.
(b) Areas of active corrosion. See guide material under §192.465.
(c) For conditions where electrical-type surveys may be impractical, see guide material under
§192.465.
2.3 Overall evaluation.

An overall evaluation of the external corrosion threat is required. This evaluation should consider the
following.
(a) Leak repair records. See guide material in Guide Material Appendix G-192-11 for examples of types
of records that may be considered.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 371
(b) Inspection records. Examples of these types of records may include prior assessments, patrolling,
leak surveys, and continuing surveillance activities. See guide material under §§192.613, 192.705,
and in Guide Material Appendix G-192-17.
(c) Corrosion monitoring records. See guide material under §192.491.
(d) Exposed pipe records. See guide material under §192.459.
(e) Pipeline environment. The operator should consider the following factors in regards to the pipeline
environment.
(1) Soil resistivity (high or low).
(2) Soil moisture (wet or dry).
(3) Soil types (e.g., rocky, sandy, clay, loam).
(4) Land use that may result in soil contaminants that promote corrosive activity, (e.g., spill areas,
industrial sites, agricultural sites, land fills).
(5) Unusual soil conditions (e.g., swamps, peat bogs, cinders, foreign fill).
(6) Other known conditions that could affect the probability of corrosion, (e.g., soil pH, bacteria).
3 INTERNAL CORROSION
(a) See guide material under §192.475 for information on gas and liquid analysis, and appropriate
remediation (mitigative) actions. Gas and liquid samples should be taken at locations representative
of operating conditions for the covered segment.
(b) The operator is required to integrate data from the gas and liquid analysis and testing with other
internal corrosion information listed below.
(1) Internal corrosion leak records. See guide material in Guide Material Appendix G-192-11 for
examples of the types of records that may be considered.
(2) Incident reports. See guide material under §191.15.
(3) Safety-related condition reports. See guide material under §§ 191.23 and 191.25.
(4) Repair records. See Guide Material Appendix G-192-17.
(5) Exposed pipe records. See guide material under §192.475.
(6) Analysis and testing records. These records may include coupon analysis results or other
records that might indicate the potential for internal corrosion.
§192.943
When can an operator deviate from these reassessment intervals?
(a) Waiver from reassessment interval in limited situations. In the following limited instances,
OPS may allow a waiver from a reassessment interval required by §192.939 if OPS finds a waiver
would not be inconsistent with pipeline safety.
(1) Lack of internal inspection tools. An operator who uses internal inspection as an
assessment method may be able to justify a longer reassessment period for a covered segment if
internal inspection tools are not available to assess the line pipe. To justify this, the operator must
demonstrate that it cannot obtain the internal inspection tools within the required reassessment
period and that the actions the operator is taking in the interim ensure the integrity of the covered
segment.
(2) Maintain product supply. An operator may be able to justify a longer reassessment
period for a covered segment if the operator demonstrates that it cannot maintain local product
supply if it conducts the reassessment within the required interval.
(b) How to apply. If one of the conditions specified in paragraph (a)(1) or (a)(2) of this section
applies, an operator may seek a waiver of the required reassessment interval. An operator must
apply for a waiver in accordance with 49 U.S.C. 60118(c), at least 180 days before the end of the
required reassessment interval, unless local product supply issues make the period impractical. If
372
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,

local product supply issues make the period impractical, an operator must apply for the waiver as
soon as the need for the waiver becomes known.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
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PHMSA-OPS allows waivers in limited instances. A waiver is not required in the following situations.
(a) When reassessment intervals established are more frequent than those required by §192.939.
(b) Where an Integrity Management Program meets the criteria for exceptional performance in
§192.913.
2 CONDITIONS FOR A WAIVER
A waiver can be requested under the following conditions.

(a) Unavailability of internal inspection tools.
Operators may consider a general contract provision with their internal inspection tool service
provider that requires written notification of tool availability. However, to support the request for
waiver, an operator should consider obtaining documentation on the lack of availability from multiple
vendors. This documentation might include the following.
(1) Request for Proposal (RFP).
(2) Letters from vendors.
(3) Timeline of activities.
(b) Inability to maintain supply.
An operator should consider submitting documentation substantiating the basis and possible
duration that local gas supply cannot be maintained. Documentation might include the following.
(1) Operational flow control notifications from an upstream pipeline operator.
(2) Supply nominations.
(3) SCADA system data (i.e., flow rates and pressures).
(4) Weather conditions.
(5) Potential customer outages.
(6) Upstream service interruptions.
(7) Natural disasters.
3 WAIVER APPLICATIONS
(a) Applications for a waiver can be made as follows.

(1) From an interstate pipeline operator to PHMSA-OPS in accordance with 49 USC 60118(c) -
Waivers approved by Secretary.
(2) From an intrastate pipeline operator to its state authority in accordance with 49 USC 60118(d) -
Waivers approved by State Authorities. If the state does not have a current pipeline program
certification, the operator applies to PHMSA-OPS in accordance with 49 USC 60118(c).
(b) The application should include the following.
(1) Information about the pipeline segment and HCA involved.
(2) Supporting documentation.
(3) The date when an assessment will take place.
373
§192.945
What methods must an operator use to measure program effectiveness?
(a) General. An operator must include in its integrity management program methods to
measure, on a semi-annual basis, whether the program is effective in assessing and evaluating the
integrity of each covered pipeline segment and in protecting the high consequence areas. These
measures must include the four overall performance measures specified in ASME/ANSI B31.8S
(incorporated by reference, see §192.7), section 9.4, and the specific measures for each identified
threat specified in ASME/ANSI B31.8S, Appendix A. An operator must submit the four overall
performance measures, by electronic or other means, on a semi-annual frequency to OPS in
accordance with §192.951. An operator must submit its first report on overall performance measures
by August 31, 2004. Thereafter, the performance measures must be complete through June 30 and
December 31 of each year and must be submitted within 2 months after those dates.
(b) External corrosion direct assessment. In addition to the general requirements for
performance measures in paragraph (a) of this section, an operator using direct assessment to
assess the external corrosion threat must define and monitor measures to determine the
effectiveness of the ECDA process. These measures must meet the requirements of §192.925.
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 REPORTING MEASURES
The required reporting measures are provided in the “Instructions for Semi-Annual Reporting of
Performance Measures,” available at the PHMSA-OPS website
http://opsweb.rspa.dot.gov/gasimp/docs/Gas%20IMP%20Reporting%20Instructions.pdf.
2 ADDITIONAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Operators are required to maintain the threat-specific performance measures identified in ASME
B31.8S, Table 9. Operators are not required to report these measures to PHMSA-OPS, but must make
the records available for inspection.
3 EXTERNAL CORROSION DIRECT ASSESSMENT
Operators using ECDA are required to define performance measures. Guidance can be found in Section
6.4 of NACE RP0502.
374
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§192.947
What records must an operator keep?
An operator must maintain, for the useful life of the pipeline, records that demonstrate
compliance with the requirements of this subpart. At minimum, an operator must maintain the
following records for review during an inspection.
(a) A written integrity management program in accordance with §192.907;
(b) Documents supporting the threat identification and risk assessment in accordance with
§192.917;
(c) A written baseline assessment plan in accordance with§192.919;
(d) Documents to support any decision, analysis and process developed and used to implement
and evaluate each element of the baseline assessment plan and integrity management program.
Documents include those developed and used in support of any identification, calculation,
amendment, modification, justification, deviation and determination made, and any action taken to
implement and evaluate any of the program elements;
(e) Documents that demonstrate personnel have the required training, including a description
of the training program, in accordance with §192.915;
(f) Schedule required by §192.933 that prioritizes the conditions found during an assessment
for evaluation and remediation, including technical justifications for the schedule.
(g) Documents to carry out the requirements in §§192.923 through 192.929 for a direct
assessment plan;
(h) Documents to carry out the requirements in §192.931 for confirmatory direct assessment;
(i) Verification that an operator has provided any documentation or notification required by this
subpart to be provided to OPS, and when applicable, a State authority with which OPS has an
interstate agent agreement, and a State or local pipeline safety authority that regulates a covered
pipeline segment within that State.
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 PROGRAM AND PROCESS RECORDS
1.1 General.
Operators should maintain, for the useful life of the pipeline, documents to support decisions, analyses,
and processes related to development, implementation, and evaluation of the integrity management
program.
1.2 Revisions to the Integrity Management Program (IMP).

Copies of revisions to the integrity management program should be kept for documentation. If changes
are made to the program as a result of revisions to standards or regulations, copies of the historical and
current versions of the standards should be kept. Note that significant changes to the operator’s
program require notification to PHMSA-OPS or state pipeline safety authorities. See guide material
under §192.949.
1.3 Threat identification and risk assessment.

Documentation for threat identification and risk assessment might include the following.
(a) Description of the process used for risk analysis.
(b) History of risk analysis results.
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375
(c) Minutes from subject matter expert meetings.

(d) List of threats.
1.4 Baseline assessment plans.

Operators should retain and record the technical basis for changes to their baseline assessment plans.
Operators should retain adequate documentation to illustrate how their plans have changed and the
technical justification for those changes. Documentation might include historical and current records as
follows.
(a) Schedules.
(b) Threat lists and assessment methods.
(c) Direct assessment plans.
(d) Environmental and safety procedures.
2 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATION OF PERSONNEL
Documentation for employee training and qualification might include the following.
(a) Training curriculum.
(b) Training outlines.
(c) Training schedules.
(d) Sample tests.
(e) Employee training records.
3 ONGOING ACTIVITY
3.1 Evaluation and remediation.

Documentation for the evaluation and remediation schedule might include the following.
(a) List of conditions found.
(b) Repairs, monitoring, replacements, or pressure reductions performed.
(c) Priority of conditions.
(d) Scheduled evaluation or remediation date.
(e) Written justification for assigning priority.
3.2 Direct and confirmatory assessment.

Documentation for direct and confirmatory assessments might include the following.
(a) Procedures for assessment methods.
(b) Criteria for evaluating assessment results.
(c) Tool selection criteria.
(d) Forms or other documentation of field data.
4 REGULATORY CORRESPONDENCE
Documentation of correspondence with PHMSA-OPS and state pipeline safety authorities relating to
integrity management issues should be retained.
376
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§192.949
How does an operator notify PHMSA?
An operator must provide any notification required by this subpart by —

(a) Sending the notification to the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.
Department of Transportation, Information Resources Manager, PHP-10, 1200 New Jersey Avenue
SE, Washington, DC 20590-0001;
(b) Sending the notification by fax to (202) 366-4566; or
(c) Entering the information directly on the Integrity Management Database (IMDB) Web site at
http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/gasimp/.
15, 2004; RIN 2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005; Amdt. 192-103, 72 FR 4655, Feb. 1, 2007; RIN
2137-AE29, 73 FR 16562, Mar. 28, 2008; RIN 2137-AE29 (#2), 74 FR 2889, Jan. 16, 2009]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 NOTIFICATION INFORMATION
See the following sections for information regarding specific notification requirements.
(a) Section 192.909, when the operator makes substantial changes to the Integrity Management
Program. Notifications include the following information.
(1) Operator name and ID.
(2) Description and reason for the program or schedule change.
(b) Sections 192.921 and 192.937, when the operator makes use of technologies for assessment
other than internal inspection tools, pressure tests, or direct assessment. Notifications include the
following information.
(2) Description and rationale for new technology.
(3) Where the technology will be used.
(4) Procedures for applying the technology.
(5) Procedures for qualifying persons performing the assessment and analyzing the results.
(c) Section 192.927, when ICDA is used to assess a covered segment with an electrolyte present in
the gas stream. Notifications include the following information.
(2) Description of system.
(3) Justification for using ICDA.
(4) How public safety will be maintained.
(d) Section 192.933, when the operator cannot meet the schedule and cannot provide safety through
temporary pressure reduction. Notifications include the following information.
(2) Reason why the schedule cannot be met or temporary pressure reduction cannot be
implemented.
(3) How public safety will be maintained.
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2 NOTIFICATION METHODS
2.1 Notification to PHMSA-OPS.

An operator should use only one notification option to PHMSA-OPS; that is, by mail, telefacsimile, or
online submission. The website for online submission is http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/gasimp.
377
2.2 Notification to state authorities.

Where PHMSA-OPS has an interstate agent agreement, or an intrastate covered segment is
regulated by that state, an operator must also notify the state pipeline safety authority. A reference for
state contacts is available at www.napsr.org.
3 REFERENCE
OPS Advisory Bulletin ADB-05-04 (70 FR 43939, July 29, 2005; see Guide Material Appendix G-192-
1, Section 2).
§192.951
Where does an operator file a report?
An operator must send any performance report required by this subpart to the Information
Resources Manager —
(a) By mail to the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Information Resources Manager, PHP-10, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington,
DC 20590-0001;
(b) Via fax to (202) 366-4566; or
(c) Through the online reporting system provided by PHMSA for electronic reporting available
at the PHMSA Home Page at http://phmsa.dot.gov.
15, 2004; RIN 2137-AD77, 70 FR 11135, Mar. 8, 2005; Amdt. 192-103, 72 FR 4655, Feb. 1, 2007; RIN
2137-AE29, 73 FR 16562, Mar. 28, 2008; RIN 2137-AE29 (#2), 74 FR 2889, Jan. 16, 2009]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 REQUIRED REPORTS
See the following sections for information regarding specific reporting requirements.
(a) Section 192.945, regarding performance measures.
(b) Section 192.913, regarding additional performance measures for exceptional performance
programs.
(c) Sections 192.913 and 192.945 do not require reporting to state pipeline safety authorities. However,
intrastate operators should consider submitting a copy of the reports to their state authorities.
2 REPORTING METHOD
(a) An operator should use only one reporting option to PHMSA-OPS; that is, by mail, via facsimile, or
by going online electronically. Use the website listed in §192.949 to obtain the current mailing
address or facsimile telephone number for notifications.
(b) OPS Advisory Bulletin ADB-07-01 requires that the annual and semiannual IMP performance
reports be signed by a senior executive officer and include the title of the officer. See OPS ADB-07-
01 (72 FR 20175, April 23, 2007; reference Guide Material Appendix G-192-1, Section 2).
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378
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND §192.XXX
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition SUBPART P
SUBPART P
GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT (IM)
Note: Regulations pending; reference Notice of Proposed Rulemaking per 73 FR 36015, June 25, 2008.
GUIDE MATERIAL

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379
Reserved
380 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND APPENDIX A
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition PART 192
Appendix A to Part 192

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381
Reserved
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382
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND APPENDIX B
Appendix B to Part 192

Qualification of Pipe.
I. Listed Pipe Specifications

API 5L—Steel pipe, ‘‘API Specification for Line Pipe’’ (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
ASTM A53/A53M—Steel pipe, ‘‘Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-
Coated, Welded and Seamless’’ (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
ASTM A106—Steel pipe, ‘‘Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High
Temperature Service’’ (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
ASTM A333/A333M—Steel pipe, ‘‘Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low
Temperature Service’’ (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
ASTM A381—Steel pipe, ‘‘Standard Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use with High-
Pressure Transmission Systems’’ (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
ASTM A671—Steel pipe, ‘‘Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded [Steel] Pipe for
Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures’’ (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
ASTM A672—Steel pipe, ‘‘Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High
Pressure Service at Moderate Temperatures’’ (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
ASTM A691—Steel pipe, ‘‘Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-
Welded for High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures’’ (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7).
ASTM D2513—Thermoplastic pipe and tubing, ‘‘Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Gas
Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings’’ (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
ASTM D2517—Thermosetting plastic pipe and tubing, ‘‘Standard Specification for Reinforced Epoxy
Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and Fittings’’ (incorporated by reference, see §192.7).
II. Steel Pipe of Unknown or Unlisted Specification

A. Bending Properties. For pipe 2 inches (51 millimeters) or less in diameter, a length of pipe
must be cold bent through at least 90 degrees around a cylindrical mandrel that has a diameter 12
times the diameter of the pipe, without developing cracks at any portion and without opening the
longitudinal weld.
For pipe more than 2 inches (51 millimeters) in diameter, the pipe must meet the requirements of the
flattening tests set forth in ASTM A53, except that the number of tests must be at least equal to the
minimum required in paragraph II-D of this appendix to determine yield strength.
B. Weldability. A girth weld must be made in the pipe by a welder who is qualified under
subpart E of this part. The weld must be made under the most severe conditions under which
welding will be allowed in the field and by means of the same procedure that will be used in the field.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
On pipe more than 4 inches (102 millimeters) in diameter, at least one test weld must be made for
each 100 lengths of pipe. On pipe 4 inches (102 millimeters) or less in diameter, at least one test weld
must be made for each 400 lengths of pipe. The weld must be tested in accordance with API
Standard 1104 (incorporated by reference, see §192.7). If the requirements of API Standard 1104
cannot be met, weldability may be established by making chemical tests for carbon and manganese,
and proceeding in accordance with section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
(incorporated by reference, see §192.7). The same number of chemical tests must be made as are
required for testing a girth weld.
C. Inspection. The pipe must be clean enough to permit adequate inspection. It must be
visually inspected to ensure that it is reasonably round and straight and there are no defects which
might impair the strength or tightness of the pipe.
383
D. Tensile Properties. If the tensile properties of the pipe are not known, the minimum yield
strength may be taken as 24,000 p.s.i. (165 MPa) or less, or the tensile properties may be established
by performing tensile tests as set forth in API Specification 5L (incorporated by reference, see
§192.7). All test specimens shall be selected at random and the following number of tests must be
performed:
Number of Tensile Tests - All Sizes

10 lengths or less 1 set of tests for each length.
11 to 100 lengths 1 set of tests for each 5 lengths,
but not less than 10 tests.
Over 100 lengths 1 set of tests for each 10 lengths,
but not less than 20 tests.
If the yield-tensile ratio, based on the properties determined by those tests, exceeds 0.85, the pipe
may be used only as provided in §192.55(c).
III. Steel pipe manufactured before November 12, 1970, to earlier editions of listed specifications.
Steel pipe manufactured before November 12, 1970, in accordance with a specification of which
a later edition is listed in section I of this Appendix, is qualified for use under this part if the following
requirements are met:
A. Inspection. The pipe must be clean enough to permit adequate inspection. It must be
visually inspected to ensure that it is reasonably round and straight and that there are no defects
which might impair the strength or tightness of the pipe.
B. Similarity of specification requirements. The edition of the listed specification under which
the pipe was manufactured must have substantially the same requirements with respect to the
following properties as a later edition of that specification listed in section I of this Appendix:
(1) Physical (mechanical) properties of pipe, including yield and tensile strength, elongation,
and yield to tensile ratio, and testing requirements to verify those properties.
(2) Chemical properties of pipe and testing requirements to verify those properties.
C. Inspection or test of welded pipe. On pipe with welded seams, one of the following
requirements must be met:
(1) The edition of the listed specification to which the pipe was manufactured must have
substantially the same requirements with respect to nondestructive inspection of welded seams and
the standards for acceptance or rejection and repair as a later edition of the specification listed in
section I of this Appendix.
(2) The pipe must be tested in accordance with subpart J of this part to at least 1.25 times
the maximum allowable operating pressure if it is to be installed in a Class 1 location and to at least
1.5 times the maximum allowable operating pressure if it is to be installed in a Class 2, 3, or 4
location. Notwithstanding any shorter time period permitted under subpart J of this part, the test
pressure must be maintained for at least 8 hours.
384
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[Amdt. 192-3, 35 FR 17659, Nov. 17, 1970; Amdt. 192-12, 38 FR 4760, Feb. 22, 1973; Amdt. 192-19, 40
FR 10471, Mar. 6, 1975; Amdt. 192-22, 41 FR 13589, Mar. 31, 1976; Amdt. 192-32, 43 FR 18553, May 1,
1978; Amdt. 192-37, 46 FR 10157, Feb. 2, 1981; Amdt. 192-41, 47 FR 41381, Sept. 20, 1982; Amdt. 192-
51, 51 FR 15333, Apr. 23, 1986; Amdt. 192-61, 53 FR 36793, Sept. 22, 1988; Amdt. 192-62, 54 FR 5625,
Feb. 6, 1989; Amdt. 192-65, 54 FR 32344, Aug. 7, 1989; Amdt. 192-68, 58 FR 14519, Mar. 18, 1993;
Amdt. 192-76 Correction, 61 FR 36825, July 15, 1996; Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998;
Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004 with Amdt. 192-94 Correction, 69 FR 54591, Sept. 9, 2004;
Amdt. 192-103, 71 FR 33402, June 9, 2006]
GUIDE MATERIAL
For the specified minimum yield strength of various grades of steel pipe covered by Part 192 and
specifications listed in Section I of Appendix B to Part 192, see Guide Material Appendix G-192-2.
385 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Reserved
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
386
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND APPENDIX C
Appendix C to Part 192

Qualification of Welders for Low Stress Level Pipe.
I. Basic test. The test is made on pipe 12 inches (305 millimeters) or less in diameter. The test
weld must be made with the pipe in a horizontal fixed position so that the test weld includes at least
one section of overhead position welding. The beveling, root opening, and other details must
conform to the specifications of the procedure under which the welder is being qualified. Upon
completion, the test weld is cut into four coupons and subjected to a root bend test. If, as a result of
this test, two or more of the four coupons develop a crack in the weld material, or between the weld
material and base metal, that is more than 1/8-inch (3.2 millimeters) long in any direction, the weld is
unacceptable. Cracks that occur on the corner of the specimen during testing are not considered. A
welder who successfully passes a butt-weld qualification test under this section shall be qualified to
weld on all pipe diameters less than or equal to 12 inches.
II. Additional tests for welders of service line connections to mains. A service line connection
fitting is welded to a pipe section with the same diameter as a typical main. The weld is made in the
same position as it is made in the field. The weld is unacceptable if it shows a serious undercutting
or if it has rolled edges. The weld is tested by attempting to break the fitting off the run pipe. The
weld is unacceptable if it breaks and shows incomplete fusion, overlap, or poor penetration at the
junction of the fitting and run pipe.
III. Periodic tests for welders of small service lines. Two samples of the welder's work, each
about 8 inches (203 millimeters) long with the weld located approximately in the center, are cut from
steel service line and tested as follows:
(1) One sample is centered in a guided bend testing machine and bent to the contour of the
die for a distance of 2 inches (51 millimeters) on each side of the weld. If the sample shows any
breaks or cracks after removal from the bending machine, it is unacceptable.
(2) The ends of the second sample are flattened and the entire joint subjected to a tensile
strength test. If failure occurs adjacent to or in the weld metal, the weld is unacceptable. If a tensile
strength testing machine is not available, this sample must also pass the bending test prescribed in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph.
[Amdt. 192-85, 63 FR 37500, July 13, 1998; Amdt. 192-94, 69 FR 32886, June 14, 2004]
GUIDE MATERIAL
1 GENERAL
(a) When qualifying welders under Appendix C, the following should be considered to ensure that the
welders are qualified to weld on pipe to be operated at a hoop stress of less than 20 percent SMYS.
Test weld sample preparation should be observed by qualified personnel.
(b) A welder should successfully complete the SERVICE-LINE CONNECTION TEST to be qualified to
weld service-line connections to mains. A welder should successfully complete the TESTS FOR
WELDERS OF SMALL SERVICE LINES to be qualified to weld pipe having a nominal pipe size of
less than 2 inches.
387
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2 BASIC TEST
(a) The test welds must be made on pipe having nominal pipe size 12 inches or less. It is suggested the
specific pipe sizes for tests be typical of those anticipated to be most frequently encountered by the
welder.
(b) Four test specimen coupons should be prepared as shown in Figure CA (1) and taken from the
locations shown in Figure CA (2). Two test welds are needed for pipe having a nominal pipe size
less than 2 inches with the specimen coupons taken at alternate quadrants of each weld as shown
in Figure CA (3).
(c) A guided bend test jig proportioned as shown in Figure CB is suggested for the root bend test. The
root of the weld should be placed down on the die with the weld at mid-span. The plunger should be
forced down until the curvature of the test coupon is approximately "U" shaped.
3 SERVICE-LINE CONNECTIONS TO MAINS
(a) This test is made by welding a service-line connection fitting to a segment of pipe having a nominal
pipe size typical of that frequently encountered, or a 4 inch diameter pipe segment. Nipples may be
used for welder tests in place of a service-line connection fitting.
(b) Where large-diameter service-line connection fittings or large main branching tees are anticipated to
be encountered by the welder, it may be appropriate to give the welder an additional test for such
configurations. The test weld branch nipple should be destructively tested following API Std 1104,
Section 5.8, Testing of Welded Joints -- Fillet Welds, and Section 6.5.6, Sampling of Test -- Fillet
Welds.
4 PERIODIC TESTS FOR WELDERS OF SMALL SERVICE LINES
(a) This weld test should be accomplished using pipe of 3/4 inch to 1 inch nominal pipe size or other
size typically encountered by the welder when qualifying to weld pipelines of less than 2 inch
nominal pipe size.
(b) The beveling, root opening, and weld details should conform to the specifications of the procedure
under which the welder is to be qualified.
(c) One test specimen coupon is needed from each of two weld samples prepared as shown in Figure
CA (1). The test jig should conform to Figure CB.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
388
Root Be nd Te st S pe ci m e n
1/ 8" max . rad
Specimen may be all c orners at
mac hine or weld areas
flame cut
Approx. 1"
Approx. 8"
W eld
W all
thickness
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W eld reinforc ement s hall be removed from bot h fac es flus h wit h t he s urfac e
of t he s pec imen. Specimen shall not be flattened prior to testing.
FIGURE CA (1)
Test Top of pipe

Test
s pec imens s pec imens
Ji g for Gui de d Be nd
Loc at ion
of
Test Specimens
2" t o 12"
FIGURE CA (2) A
t C
B
Top of pipe
Test
s pec imen
Test
s pec imen Radius of plunger A = 1 3/ 4"
Loc at ion Radius of die B = 2 15/ 16"
of W idt h of die C = 2"
Test Specimens
Under 2" Thickness of specimen t = 0.500" max.
(2 S amples Req'd)
FIGURE CB
FIGURE CA (3)
389
Reserved
390
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GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND APPENDIX D
Appendix D to Part 192

Criteria for Cathodic Protection and Determination of Measurements.
I. Criteria for cathodic protection.
A. Steel, cast iron, and ductile iron structures.

(1) A negative (cathodic) voltage of at least 0.85 volt, with reference to a saturated
copper-copper sulfate half cell. Determination of this voltage must be made with the protective
current applied, and in accordance with sections II and IV of this appendix.
(2) A negative (cathodic) voltage shift of at least 300 millivolts. Determination of this voltage
shift must be made with the protective current applied, and in accordance with sections II and IV of
this appendix. This criterion of voltage shift applies to structures not in contact with metals of
different anodic potentials.
(3) A minimum negative (cathodic) polarization voltage shift of 100 millivolts. This
polarization voltage shift must be determined in accordance with sections III and IV of this appendix.
(4) A voltage at least as negative (cathodic) as that originally established at the beginning of
the Tafel segment of the E-log-I curve. This voltage must be measured in accordance with section IV
of this appendix.
(5) A net protective current from the electrolyte into the structure surface as measured by an
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earth current technique applied at predetermined current discharge (anodic) points of the structure.
B. Aluminum structures.
(1) Except as provided in subparagraphs (3) and (4) of this paragraph, a minimum negative
(cathodic) voltage shift of 150 millivolts, produced by the application of protective current. The
voltage shift must be determined in accordance with sections II and IV of this appendix.
(2) Except as provided in subparagraphs (3) and (4) of this paragraph, a minimum negative
(cathodic) polarization voltage shift of 100 millivolts. This polarization voltage shift must be
determined in accordance with sections III and IV of this appendix.
(3) Notwithstanding the alternative minimum criteria in subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this
paragraph, aluminum, if cathodically protected at voltages in excess of 1.20 volts as measured with
reference to a copper-copper sulfate half cell, in accordance with section IV of this appendix, and
compensated for the voltage (IR) drops other than those across the structure-electrolyte boundary
may suffer corrosion resulting from the build-up of alkali on the metal surface. A voltage in excess of
1.20 volts may not be used unless previous test results indicate no appreciable corrosion will occur
in the particular environment.
(4) Since aluminum may suffer from corrosion under high pH conditions, and since
application of cathodic protection tends to increase the pH at the metal surface, careful investigation
or testing must be made before applying cathodic protection to stop pitting attack on aluminum
structures in environments with a natural pH in excess of 8.
C. Copper structures.
A minimum negative (cathodic) polarization voltage shift of 100 millivolts. This polarization
voltage shift must be determined in accordance with sections III and IV of this appendix.
391
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND APPENDIX D
D. Metals of different anodic potentials.

A negative (cathodic) voltage, measured in accordance with section IV of this appendix,
equal to that required for the most anodic metal in the system must be maintained. If amphoteric
structures are involved that could be damaged by high alkalinity covered by paragraphs (3) and (4) of
paragraph B of this section, they must be electrically isolated with insulating flanges, or the
equivalent.
II. Interpretation of voltage measurement.
Voltage (IR) drops other than those across the structure-electrolyte boundary must be
considered for valid interpretation of the voltage measurement in paragraphs A (1) and (2) and
paragraph B (1) of section I of this appendix.
III. Determination of polarization voltage shift.
The polarization voltage shift must be determined by interrupting the protective current and
measuring the polarization decay. When the current is initially interrupted, an immediate voltage shift
occurs. The voltage reading after the immediate shift must be used as the base reading from which
to measure polarization decay in paragraphs A (3), B (2), and C of section I of this appendix.
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IV. Reference half cells.
A. Except as provided in paragraphs B and C of this section, negative (cathodic) voltage must
be measured between the structure surface and a saturated copper-copper sulfate half cell
contacting the electrolyte.
B. Other standard reference half cells may be substituted for the saturated copper-copper
sulfate half cell. Two commonly used reference half cells are listed below along with their voltage
equivalent to -0.85 volt as referred to a saturated copper-copper sulfate half cell:
(1) Saturated KCI calomel half cell: -0.78 volt.
(2) Silver-silver chloride half cell used in sea water: -0.80 volt.
C. In addition to the standard reference half cells, an alternate metallic material or structure
may be used in place of the saturated copper-copper sulfate half cell if its potential stability is
assured and if its voltage equivalent referred to a saturated copper-copper sulfate half cell is
established.
GUIDE MATERIAL
A reference is NACE RP0169, Section 6. Note that Part 192 Appendix D, "Criteria for Cathodic Protection
and Determination of Measurements" does not agree with the current edition of NACE RP0169.
392
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND APPENDIX E
Appendix E to Part 192

Guidance on Determining High Consequence Areas and on
Carrying out Requirements in the Integrity Management Rule
I. Guidance on Determining a High Consequence Area

To determine which segments of an operator’s transmission pipeline system are covered for
purposes of the integrity management program requirements, an operator must identify the high
consequence areas. An operator must use method (1) or (2) from the definition in §192.903 to identify
a high consequence area. An operator may apply one method to its entire pipeline system, or an
operator may apply one method to individual portions of the pipeline system. (Refer to figure E.I.A
for a diagram of a high consequence area).
Determining High Consequence Area
Figure E.I.A
II. Guidance on Assessment Methods and Additional Preventive and Mitigative Measures for
(a) Table E.II.1 gives guidance to help an operator implement requirements on additional
preventive and mitigative measures for addressing time dependent and independent threats for a
transmission pipeline operating below 30% SMYS not in an HCA (i.e., outside of potential impact
circle) but located within a Class 3 or Class 4 Location.
(b) Table E.II.2 gives guidance to help an operator implement requirements on assessment
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methods for addressing time dependent and independent threats for a transmission pipeline in an
HCA.
(c) Table E.II.3 gives guidance on preventative & mitigative measures addressing time
dependent and independent threats for transmission pipelines that operate below 30% SMYS, in
HCAs.
393
Table E.II.1: Preventive and Mitigative Measures for Transmission Pipelines Operating
Below 30% SMYS not in an HCA but in a Class 3 or 4 Location
(Column 1)
Existing 192 Requirements
Threat (Column 4)
(Column 2) (Column 3) Additional (to 192 requirements)

Primary Secondary
Preventive and Mitigative Measures
External 455-(Gen. Post 1971) 603-(Gen Oper'n) For Cathodically Protected Transmission
Corrosion 457-(Gen. Pre-1971) 613-(Surveillance) Pipeline:
459-(Examination)
461-(Ext. coating) x Perform semi-annual leak surveys.
463-(CP)
465-(Monitoring)
467-(Elect isolation)
469-(Test stations) For Unprotected Transmission Pipelines
471-(Test leads) or for Cathodically Protected Pipe where
473-(Interference) Electrical Surveys are Impractical:
479-(Atmospheric)
481-(Atmospheric) x Perform quarterly leak surveys.
485-(Remedial)
705-(Patrol)
706-(Leak survey)
711-(Repair - gen.)
717-(Repair - perm.)
Internal 475-(Gen IC) 53(a)-(Materials) x Perform semi-annual leak surveys.
Corrosion 477-(IC monitoring) 603-(Gen Oper'n)
485-(Remedial) 613-(Surveillance)
705-(Patrol)
706-(Leak survey)
711 (Repair - gen.)
rd
3 Party 103-(Gen. Design) 615-(Emerg. Plan) x Participation in state one-call
Damage 111-(Design factor) system,
317-(Hazard prot)
327-(Cover) x Use of qualified operator employees
614-(Dam. Prevent) and contractors to perform marking
616-(Public education) and locating of buried structures and
705-(Patrol) in direct supervision of excavation
707-(Line markers) work, AND
711 (Repair - gen.)
717-(Repair - perm.) x Either monitoring of excavations
near operator's transmission
pipelines, or bi-monthly patrol of
transmission pipelines in class 3 and
4 locations. Any indications of
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unreported construction activity

would require a follow up
investigation to determine if
mechanical damage occurred.
394
Table E.II.2 Assessment Requirements for Transmission Pipelines in HCAs (Re-assessment intervals are maximum allowed)

Re-Assessment Requirements (see Note 3)
At or above 30% SMYS
At or above 50% SMYS Below 30% SMYS
up to 50% SMYS
Baseline Max Max Max

Assessment Re-Assessment Assessment Method Re-Assessment Assessment Method Re-Assessment Assessment Method
Method (see Note 3) Interval Interval Interval
7 CDA 7 CDA
Pressure Test or ILI or
10
DA Preventative & Mitigative
Ongoing
Pressure Test or ILI (P&M) Measures
15(see Note 1) or (see Table E.II.3), (see Note 2)
Pressure Testing DA (see Note 1)
Repeat inspection
cycle 20
Repeat inspection Pressure Test or ILI or DA
every 10 years
cycle
every 15 years Repeat inspection cycle every
20 years
7 CDA 7 CDA
ILI or DA or Pressure
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Not for Resale

10 Preventative & Mitigative
Test Ongoing
(P&M) Measures
ILI or DA or Pressure
15(see Note 1) (see Table E.II.3), (see Note 2)
In-Line Inspection Test (see Note 1)
Repeat inspection
20
cycle Repeat inspection ILI or DA or Pressure Test
every 10 years cycle
20 years
395
Table E.II.2 Assessment Requirements for Transmission Pipelines in HCAs (Re-assessment intervals are maximum allowed)

(Continued)

Re-Assessment Requirements (see Note 3)
At or above 30% SMYS
At or above 50% SMYS Below 30% SMYS
up to 50% SMYS
Baseline Max Max Max

Assessment Re-Assessment Assessment Method Re-Assessment Assessment Method Re-Assessment Assessment Method
Method (see Note 3) Interval Interval Interval
7 CDA 7 CDA
DA or ILI or Pressure
10 Ongoing Preventative & Mitigative
Test
(P&M) Measures
DA or ILI or Pressure (see Table E.II.3), (see Note 2)
15(see Note 1)
Test (see Note 1)
Direct Assessment
Repeat inspection
20
cycle Repeat inspection DA or ILI or Pressure Test
every 10 years cycle
20 years
Note 1: Operator may choose to utilize CDA at year 14, then utilize ILI, Pressure Test, or DA at year 15 as allowed under ASME B31.8S
Note 2: Operator may choose to utilize CDA at year 7 and 14 in lieu of P&M
Note 3: Operator may utilize “other technology that an operator demonstrates can provide an equivalent understanding of the condition of line pipe”
Not for Resale

396
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Table E.II.3: Preventative & Mitigative Measures Addressing Time Dependent and Independent Threats for

Transmission Pipelines that Operate Below 30% SMYS , in HCAs

Threat
Primary Secondary Additional (to 192 requirements) Preventive & Mitigative Measures
455-(Gen. Post 1971) 603-(Gen Oper) For Cathodically Protected Trmn. Pipelines

457-(Gen. Pre-1971) 613-(Surveil)
459-(Examination) x Perform an electrical survey (i.e., indirect examination tool/method) at
461-(Ext. coating) least every 7 years. Results are to be utilized as part of an overall
463-(CP) evaluation of the CP system and corrosion threat for the covered
465-(Monitoring) segment. Evaluation shall include consideration of leak repair and
467-(Elect isolation) inspection records, corrosion monitoring records, exposed pipe
469-Test stations) inspection records, and the pipeline environment.
471-(Test leads)
External 473-(Interference)
Corrosion 479-(Atmospheric) For Unprotected Trmn. Pipelines or for Cathodically Protected Pipe where
481-(Atmospheric) Electrical Surveys are Impracticable
485-(Remedial)
705-(Patrol) x Conduct quarterly leak surveys, AND
706-(Leak survey)
711-(Repair - gen.) x Every 1½ years, determine areas of active corrosion by evaluation of
Not for Resale

717-(Repair - perm.) leak repair and inspection records, corrosion monitoring records,
exposed pipe inspection records, and the pipeline environment.
475-(Gen IC) 53(a)-(Materials) x Obtain and review gas analysis data each calendar year for corrosive
477-(IC monitoring) 603-(Gen Oper) agents from transmission pipelines in HCAs,
485-(Remedial) 613-(Surveil)
705-(Patrol) x Periodic testing of fluid removed from pipelines. Specifically, once each
706-(Leak survey) calendar year from each storage field that may affect transmission
Internal
711 (Repair - gen.) pipelines in HCAs, AND
Corrosion
x At least every 7 years, integrate data obtained with applicable internal
corrosion leak records, incident reports, safety related condition
reports, repair records, patrol records, exposed pipe reports, and test
records.
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Table E.II.3: Preventative & Mitigative Measures Addressing Time Dependent and Independent Threats for

Transmission Pipelines that Operate Below 30% SMYS , in HCAs

(Continued)

Threat
Primary Secondary Additional (to 192 requirements) Preventive & Mitigative Measures

103-(Gen. Design) 615-(Emerg x Participation in state one-call system,
111-(Design factor) Plan)
317-(Hazard prot) x Use of qualified operator employees and contractors to perform marking
327-(Cover) and locating of buried structures and in direct supervision of excavation
rd 614-(Dam. Prevent) work, AND
3 Party
616-(Public educat)
Damage
705-(Patrol) x Either monitoring of excavations near operator's transmission pipelines,
707-(Line markers) or bi-monthly patrol of transmission pipelines in HCAs or class 3 and 4
711 (Repair - gen.) locations. Any indications of unreported construction activity would
717-(Repair - perm.) require a follow up investigation to determine if mechanical damage
occurred.
[Issued by Amdt. 192-95, 68 FR 69778, Dec. 15, 2003 with Amdt. 192-95 Correction, 69 FR 2307, Jan 15, 2004, Amdt. 192-95 Correction &
Petition for Reconsideration, 69 FR 18228, Apr. 6, 2004 and Amdt. 192-95 Correction, 69 FR 29903, May 26, 2004]
Not for Resale

398
GUIDE MATERIAL
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399
Reserved
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400
GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND Guide Material Appendix G-191-1
GUIDE MATERIAL APPENDIX G-191-1

(See guide material under §191.5)
TELEPHONIC NOTICE WORKSHEET
Date of Incident: Time of Incident:
Location of Incident:
Facilities Involved:
Injuries:
Description of Incident:
Customers/Suppliers Affected:
Emergency Action Taken:
Other Significant Facts:
Date and Time of Report to National Response Center
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(1-800-424-8802; 267-2675 in Washington, D.C.):
Report Number Assigned by NRC:
Name & Phone Number of Person Making Report to NRC:
Operator's 24 hour phone:
Reproduction of this form is permitted.
401
Reserved
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402

(See guide material under §§191.9 and 192.605)
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM INCIDENT REPORT
This appendix contains a copy of the incident report form and its instructions as posted on the PHMSA-
OPS website. The information is current with the publication of this addendum. Report forms can be
downloaded from the PHMSA-OPS website at www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/forms.
The report form and its instructions carry their PHMSA page numbers and are not included in the pagination
of the Guide. Reproduction of the form and its instructions is permitted.
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403
Reserved
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404
NOTICE: This report is required by 49 CFR Part 191. Failure to report can result in a civil penalty not to exceed $100,000 for each violation Form Approved
for each day the violation continues up to a maximum of $1,000,000 for any related series of violations as provided in 49 USC 60122. OMB No. 2137-
0522
INCIDENT REPORT - GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Report Date

U.S. Department of Transportation No.
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety (DOT Use Only)
Administration
INSTRUCTIONS
Important: Please read the separate instructions for completing this form before you begin. They clarify the information requested
and provide specific examples. If you do not have a copy of the instructions, you can obtain one from the Office Of
Pipeline Safety Web Page at http://ops.dot.gov.
PART A – GENERAL REPORT INFORMATION Check: Original Report Supplemental Report Final Report
1. Operator Name and Address
a. Operator's 5-digit Identification Number / / / / / /
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b. If Operator does not own the pipeline, enter Owner’s 5-digit Identification Number / / / / / /
c. Name of Operator _____________________________ _______________________________________________________
d. Operator street address ________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Operator address _______________________
City, County or Parish, State and Zip Code
5. Consequences (check and complete all that apply)
2. Time and date of the incident
a. Fatality Total number of people: / / / /
/ / / / / / / / / / / / / /
hr. month day year Employees: / / / / General Public: / / / /
3. Incident Location Non-employee Contractors: / / / /
a. b. Injury requiring inpatient hospitalization
Street or nearest street or road
b. Total number of people: / / / /
City and County or Parish
Employees: / / / / General Public: / / / /
c.
Non-employee Contractors: / / / /
State and Zip Code
d. Latitude: / / / / / / Longitude: / / / / / / c. Property damage/loss (estimated) Total $
(if not available, see instructions for how to provide specific location) Gas loss $ Operator damage $
e. Class location description Public/private property damage $
{ Class 1 { Class 2 { Class 3 { Class 4
d. Gas ignited { Explosion { No Explosion
f. Incident on Federal Land { Yes { No
4. Type of leak or rupture e. Gas did not ignite { Explosion { No Explosion
{ Leak: {Pinhole {Connection Failure (complete sec. F5) f. Evacuation (general public only) / / / / / people
{ Puncture, diameter or cross section (inches)____ Evacuation Reason:

{ Unknown
{ Rupture (if applicable): { Emergency worker or public official ordered, precautionary
{ Circumferential – Separation { Threat to the public
{ Longitudinal { Company policy
- Tear/Crack, length (inches) _______ 6. Elapsed time until area was made safe:
- Propagation Length, total, both sides (feet) / / / hr. / / / min.

{ N/A 7. Telephone Report
{ Other: _____________________ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
NRC Report Number month day year
8. a. Estimated pressure at point and time of incident:
PSIG
b. Max. allowable operating pressure (MAOP): PSIG
c. MAOP established by:
{ Test Pressure __________ psig
{ 49 CFR § 192. 619 (a)(3)
PART B – PREPARER AND AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE
(type or print) Preparer's Name and Title Area Code and Telephone Number
Area Code and Facsimile Number

Preparer's E-mail Address
Authorized Signature (type or print) Name and Title Date Area Code and Telephone Number
Form PHMSA F 7100.1 (03-04)
Provided by IHS under license with AGA Reproduction of this form is permitted Page 1 of 3
PART C - ORIGIN OF THE INCIDENT
1. Incident occurred on 3. Material involved (pipe, fitting, or other component)
{ Main { Meter Set { Steel
{ Service Line { Other: __________________________ { Cast/Wrought Iron
{ Pressure Limiting and Regulating Facility { Polyethelene Plastic (complete all items that apply in a-c)
2. Failure occurred on { Other Plastic (complete all items that apply in a-c)
{ Body of pipe { Pipe Seam Plastic failure was: a.ductile b.brittle c.joint failure
{ Joint { Component { Other material: _________
{ Other: 4. Year the pipe or component which failed was installed: / / / / /
PART D – MATERIAL SPECIFICATION (if applicable) PART E – ENVIRONMENT

1. Nominal pipe size (NPS) / / / / / in. 1. Area of incident { In open ditch
2. Wall thickness / / / / / in. { Under pavement { Above ground
3. Specification SMYS / / / / / / / { Under ground { Under water
{ Inside/under building { Other:
4. Seam type
2. Depth of cover: inches
5. Valve type
6. Pipe or valve manufactured by in year / / / / /
Important: There are 25 numbered causes in this section. Check the box to the left of the primary
PART F – APPARENT CAUSE cause of the incident. Check one circle in each of the supplemental items to the right of or below
the cause you indicate. See the instructions for this form for guidance.
F1 – CORROSION If either F1 (1) External Corrosion, or F1 (2) Internal Corrosion is checked, complete all subparts a – e.
a. Pipe Coating b. Visual Examination c. Cause of Corrosion
{ Bare { Localized Pitting { Galvanic { Stray Current
1. External Corrosion { Coated { General Corrosion { Improper Cathodic Protection
{ Unknown { Other: ____________________ { Microbiological
{ Other: ____________________
d. Was corroded part of pipeline considered to be under cathodic protection prior to discovering incident?
{ No { Yes { Unknown Year Protection Started: / / / / /
2. Internal Corrosion e. Was pipe previously damaged in the area of corrosion?
{ No { Yes { Unknown How long prior to incident: / / / / years / / / months
F2 – NATURAL FORCES
3. Earth Movement { Earthquake { Subsidence { Landslide { Other:
4. Lightning
5. Heavy Rains/Floods { Washouts { Flotation { Mudslide { Scouring { Other:
6. Temperature { Thermal stress { Frost heave { Frozen components { Other:
7. High Winds
F3 - EXCAVATION
8. Operator Excavation Damage (including their contractors) / Not Third Party
9.
Third Party Excavation Damage (complete a-d)
a. Excavator group
{ General Public { Government { Excavator other than Operator/subcontractor
b. Type: { Road Work { Pipeline { Water { Electric { Sewer { Phone/Cable/Fiber { Landowner { Railroad
{ Building Construction { Other:
c. Did operator get prior notification of excavation activity?
{ No { Yes: Date received: / / / mo. / / / day / / / yr.
Notification received from: { One Call System { Excavator { General Contractor { Landowner
d. Was pipeline marked?
{ No { Yes (If Yes, check applicable items i – iv)
i. Temporary markings: { Flags { Stakes { Paint
ii. Permanent markings: { Yes { No
iii. Marks were (check one) { Accurate { Not Accurate
iv. Were marks made within required time? { Yes { No
F4 – OTHER OUTSIDE FORCE DAMAGE
10. Fire/Explosion as primary cause of failure Fire/Explosion cause: { Man made { Natural Describe in Part G
11. Car, truck or other vehicle not relating to excavation activity damaging pipe
12. Rupture of Previously Damaged Pipe
13.
Vandalism
Form PHMSA F 7100.1 (03-04 ) Page 2 of 3
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F5 – MATERIAL OR WELDS
Material
14. Body of Pipe { Dent { Gouge { Wrinkle Bend { Arc Burn { Other:
15. Component { Valve { Fitting { Vessel { Extruded Outlet { Other:
16. Joint { Gasket { O-Ring { Threads { Fusion { Other:
Weld
17. Butt { Pipe { Fabrication { Other:
18. Fillet { Branch { Hot Tap { Fitting { Repair Sleeve { Other:
19. Pipe Seam { LF ERW { DSAW { Seamless { Flash Weld
{ HF ERW { SAW { Spiral { Other:
Complete a-f if you indicate any cause in part F5.

a. Type of failure:
Construction Defect { Poor Workmanship { Procedure not followed { Poor Construction Procedures
Material Defect
b. Was failure due to pipe damage sustained in transportation to the construction or fabrication site? { Yes { No
c. Was part which leaked pressure tested before incident occurred? { Yes, complete d-f, if known { No
d. Date of test: / / / mo. / / / day / / / yr.
e. Time held at test pressure: / / / hr.
f. Estimated test pressure at point of incident: PSIG
F6 – EQUIPMENT OR OPERATIONS
20. Malfunction of Control/Relief Equipment { Valve { Instrumentation { Pressure Regulator { Other:
21. Threads Stripped, Broken Pipe Coupling { Nipples { Valve Threads { Mechanical Couplings { Other:
22. Leaking Seals
23. Incorrect Operation

a. Type: { Inadequate Procedures { Inadequate Safety Practices { Failure to Follow Procedures { Other:
b. Number of employees involved in incident who failed post-incident drug test: / / / / Alcohol test: / / / /
c. Was person involved in incident qualified per OQ rule? { Yes { No d. Hours on duty for person involved: / / /
F7 – OTHER
24. Miscellaneous, describe:
25. Unknown
{ Investigation Complete { Still Under Investigation (submit a supplemental report when investigation is complete)
PART G – NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EVENT (Attach additional sheets as necessary)
Form PHMSA F 7100.1 (03-04 ) Page 3 of 3
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Blank Sheet

Page 1 of 10
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING FORM PHMSA F 7100.1 (03-04)

INCIDENT REPORT - GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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All references are to Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Each operator of a gas
distribution system, including petroleum gas systems (' 192.11), shall file Form PHMSA F 7100.1
for any incident described in '191.3 as soon as practicable but not more than 30 days following the
occurrence of the incident. See '192.3 for definitions of operator, distribution line, gathering line,
and transmission line.
Master meter and LNG facilities need not file a report per '191.9(c).
Release of gas, for the purpose of maintenance or other routine activities, need not be reported if
the only reportable criterion is loss of gas of $50,000 or more as described in '191.3 under
"Incident" (1)(ii).
Submit reports to:
Office of Pipeline Safety

Information Resources Manager
DPS-13
400 7th St. S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20590
If you have any questions concerning this report or these instructions, or copies of Form PHMSA F
7100.1, please call Jefferson Tancil at (202) 366-8075. All forms and instructions are available over
the Internet at the OPS home page, http://ops.dot.gov in the OPS FORMS section of the ONLINE
LIBRARY.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. An entry should be made in each space.

2. Please try to obtain the information necessary to accurately and completely answer each
question.
3. If the data is unavailable, enter Aunknown.@
4. If possible, provide an estimate in lieu of answering a question with "unknown."
5. For unknown or estimated data entries, the operator should file a supplemental report when
additional information becomes available.
6. If the block is not applicable, please enter N/A.

Page 2 of 10
In blocks requiring numbers, all blocks should be filled in using zeroes when appropriate. When
decimal points are required, the decimal point should be placed in a separate block.
Examples:
Nominal Pipe Size /0/0/2/4/ inches
/1/./2/5/ inches
Wall Thickness /./5/0/0/ inches

/1/./4/5/ inches
If OTHER is checked, include an explanation or description on the line next to the item checked.
SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
PART A - GENERAL REPORT INFORMATION
Initial, Supplemental, Final Report Section - Check the appropriate box:
Original Report Supplemental Report Final Report.
If this is the initial report filed for this incident, check the box for "Original Report." If all of the
information requested is known and provided at the time the initial report is filed, including final
property damages and failure cause information, check the box for Final Report as well as the box
for Original Report, indicating that no further information will be forthcoming.
If this is an update or revision to an Original Report but all information requested is still not known,
check "Supplemental Report."
If all requested relevant information has been provided, and there will be no further updates to
reported property damages or incident cause information, check the box for "Final Report."
If you are filing a supplemental or final report, please check the Supplemental Report or Final
Report box and complete Part A, Items 1, 2 and 3, and Part B. Please do not enter previously
submitted information.
A 1. The Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration (PHMSA) assigns the operator's
five digit identification number. If you do not know the identification number, please contact the
Jefferson Tancil at (202) 366-8075. If you wish to file the report immediately, you may leave the
field blank. The operator address entry in 1.d. is the office filing the incident report. If the operator
does not own the pipeline, enter the owner=s five digit identification number in 1.b., if known.
A 2. The time of the incident should be shown by 24-hour clock notation.
Examples:
1. (0000) = midnight = /0/0/0/0/
2. (0800) = 8:00 a.m. = /0/8/0/0/
3. (1200) = Noon = /1/2/0/0/
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4. (1715) = 5:15 p.m. = /1/7/1/5/

5. (2200) = 10:00 p.m.= /2/2/0/0/

Page 3 of 10
A 3. Incident location information should be as complete as possible, including the nearest City,
Town, Township, County or Parish, Borough, Section, and Range. In addition to the general
location information, provide latitude and longitude in block 3d. Latitude and longitude should be
stated in decimal degrees (no projection). A minimum of five decimal places is required. Western
Hemisphere longitude should be a negative value. Acceptable values are -180.00000 to 0.00000.
Northern Hemisphere latitude should be a positive value. Acceptable values are 0.00000 to
90.00000.
If latitude and longitude of the incident are unknown, the U.S. Census Bureau provides a tool,
located at: http://tiger.census.gov/cgi-bin/mapbrowse-tbl , for determining them. Many similar tools
are available that will provide adequate latitude/longitude information. The filer can use the online
tool to identify the geographic location of the incident. The tool displays the latitude and longitude
below the map. These coordinates are in a decimal degree format (e.g. Lat: 38.89664 Long:
-77.04327 are for the Washington Monument) but do not have to be converted to
degree/minute/second. If a filer has questions about the use of this tool, or does not have Internet
access, please contact Sam Hall at 202-493-0591. PHMSA/OPS will provide the filer with a base
map that can be used in identifying the incident location.
The class location should be the class location at the incident site as defined in '192.5.
Federal Lands: As defined in 30 U.S.C. §185, federal lands means “all lands owned by the United
States except lands in the National Park System, lands held in trust for an Indian or Indian tribe,
and lands on the Outer Continental Shelf.”
A 4. Leak - an unintentional release of gas from a pipeline requiring repair of the pipeline. The
source of the leak may be holes, cracks (including propagating and non-propagating, longitudinal
and circumferential cracks), separation or pull-out, and loose connections.
Note: Do not report leaks that are either inconsequential or incidental to the operation of a pipeline
and which can be repaired under routine daily maintenance. Examples of such leaks include gas
escaping through valve stem packing, compressor rod packing, loosened connections or relief
valves. Such leaks do not meet the reporting criteria for natural gas distribution incidents.
Only report information about the one leak the operator determined to be the proximate cause of the
incident.
Pinhole - a leak that is hard to see with the naked eye characterized as being a small hole made as by
a pin. We do not request a diameter or length measurement for a pinhole leak.
Puncture – a leak which can readily be measured as to diameter or representational cross section
in inches, such as average length or width.
Rupture - a complete failure of a portion of the pipeline.
Propagation - the extension of the original opening in the pipeline in an area of nominal wall
thickness resulting from the internal forces on the pipeline.
Tear - an extension of the original opening in the pipeline resulting from an externally applied force,
such as a bulldozer, backhoe, or grader.
A 5b. In-patient hospitalization means hospital admission and at least one overnight stay.
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Page 4 of 10
A 5c. Estimate costs/losses for the items provided in this section. Include property damage or loss
due to property damage to the operator's facilities; to others= property; gas lost; facility repair and
replacement; leak locating; right-of-way cleanup; environmental cleanup and damage, and cost of
relighting. Do not report costs incurred for facility repair, replacement, or change that is not related
to the incident and performed solely for convenience. An example of doing work for the operator=s
convenience is working on facilities unearthed because of the incident. Do not report litigation and
other legal expenses related to the incident.
A 5d. Check this box if gas ignited and indicate whether or not there was an explosion by checking
the appropriate circular radio button.
A 5e. Check this box if gas did not ignite, and indicate whether or not there was an explosion by
checking the appropriate circular radio button.
An explosion is a sudden violent burst as an effect of sudden release of pressure.
Estimate the number of persons (not including employees or contractors) evacuated in item 5e, and
check off the reason for evacuation. Provide an estimate to closest order of magnitude (i.e., closest
1, 10, closest hundred if less than 1,000, closest thousand if less than 10,000, etc.)
A 6. "Elapsed time until the area was made safe" means the amount of time starting from the
incident occurrence until the time that the incident is brought under control and does not
significantly threaten public safety. This does not necessarily mean that the flow of product has
been stopped. If the time of occurrence is unknown, the time when the operator was first notified or
made aware of the incident should be used to calculate elapsed time.
PART B - PREPARER AND AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE
Preparer is the name of the person who prepared the responses to the form and who is to be
contacted for more information (preferably the person most knowledgeable about the information in
the report).
Authorized Signature may be the preparer, an officer, or other person whom the operator has
designated to review and sign reports. Please enter the preparer's e-mail address if the preparer
has one.
PART C - ORIGIN OF INCIDENT
C 1. METER SET ASSEMBLY is that portion of the service line extending from the service line riser
valve (stop cock) to the connection to the customer's piping, including the meter, regulator, and
relief vent line. In the absence of a service line riser valve, the meter set assembly starts at the first
above ground fitting.
C 2. If the failure occurred on an item not provided in this section, check the "OTHER" box and
specify the item in the space provided. A sample list of possible "OTHERs" is included in the
appendix under Part C, Item 2, Other.
C 3. If OTHER is checked, state the type of material. For example, copper, aluminum, etc.
C 4. "Year the pipe or component which failed was installed" means the year installed at the
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Page 5 of 10
incident location.
PART D - MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
Complete section D (D1 through D6) if a pipe or valve failed.
D 1. Nominal Pipe Size is the diameter in inches used to describe the pipe size; for example, 2-
inch, 4-inch, 8-inch, 12-inch.
D 2. Enter pipe wall thickness in inches. Use decimals as necessary.
D 3. Specification is the specification to which the pipe or component was manufactured, such as
API 5L or ASTM A106. When more than one item has failed, and the origin of the failure is not
clear, complete Part C Item 2 to explain the additional item(s).
D 4. See the appendix section of these instructions under Part D, Item 4, Seams for a list of
common seam types.
D 5. Enter valve type (flange-welded, bell-plug, etc.) See the appendix section of these instructions
under Part D, Item 5, Valves for a list of common valve types.
D 6. Provide the pipe or valve manufacturer if failure was on pipe or valve. Enter year pipe or valve
was manufactured. See the appendix section of these instructions under Part D, Item 6, Pipe
Manufacturers for a list of common pipe manufacturers.
PART E - ENVIRONMENT
"Under pavement" includes under streets, sidewalks, paved roads, driveways and parking lots.
Provide depth of cover in inches where incident involved buried pipe or component.
PART F - APPARENT CAUSE
There are 25 numbered causes in Part F. The 25 causes are divided into seven categories in
sections F1 through F7. Check the box indicating the general cause of the incident and check the
circle indicating the specific cause.
PART F1 - CORROSION
Corrosion includes a leak or failure caused by galvanic, bacterial, chemical, stray current, or other
corrosive action. Examples: A corrosion leak is not limited to a hole in the pipe. If the bonnet or
packing gland on a valve or flange on piping becomes loose and leaks due to corrosion and failure
of bolts, it is classified as "Corrosion." If the bonnet, packing, or other gasket has deteriorated
before the end of its expected life and caused a leak or failure and a new gasket is required, it is
classified as a Material Defect. Leaks resulting from material deteriorating after the expected life of
the materials are classified as "Other." Leaks due to deterioration from corrosion, however, are
classified as "Corrosion."
Complete F1 parts a - e if applicable.
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Page 6 of 10
Subpart a - Pipe Coating

Galvanized pipe with no dielectric coating is considered bare.
Subpart d - Cathodic Protection

"Under cathodic protection" means cathodic protection in accordance with Part 192, Appendix D.
Recognizing that older pipelines may have had cathodic protection added over a number of years,
provide an estimate if exact year cathodic protection started is unknown.
PART F2 - NATURAL FORCES
F2 3 - 7: This includes all outside forces attributable to causes not involving humans. "Earth
Movement" refers to failures caused by land shifts such as earthquakes, landslides, or subsidence.
"Heavy rains and floods" refer to all water related failure causes such as washouts, flotation,
mudslides, or water scouring. While mudslides involve earth movement, report them here since
typically they are an effect of heavy rains or floods.
"Temperature" refers to those causes that are related to temperature effects, or where temperature
was the initial cause; for example, thermal stress, frost heave, or frozen component failures.
F3 - EXCAVATION
F3 8 Operator Excavation Damage/Not Third Party - Check this item if the failure was caused by
the operator or the operator=s contractor or agent or other party working for the operator as a result
of excavation.
F3 9 Third Party Excavation Damage - check this item if failure cause was from excavation
damages resulting from action by outside party/third party caused by personnel or other party other
than the operator or his agent.
F3 9c - "Prior notification" means that the operator had been notified that excavation or construction
work was to be done near the pipeline before the incident occurred. If the operator was notified, but
the operator believes the notice was inadequate, improper, or incomplete, check NO and explain in
Part G, Narrative Description Of Factors Contributing to the Event.
Examples: A contractor working for the operator gouges the operator's pipeline and buries it
without repair. If the pipeline leaks at a later date, the leak should be classified as damage resulting
from item F3.8 - Operator Excavation Damage (including their contractors)/Not Third Party if the
operator can determine the leak resulted from the contractor=s actions. If the contractor had been
working for someone other than the operator, the leak should be classified as F3.9 - Third Party
Excavation Damage.
A contractor working for the operator excavates near the operator's pipeline, which is later damaged
by earth movement in the zone the excavation affects. The damage should be classified as F3.8 -
Operator Excavation Damage (including their contractors)/Not Third Party. If the contractor had
been working for other than the operator in this situation, F3.9 - Third Party Excavation Damage. In
both situations, the damage should not be attributed to damage by moving earth.
Pipeline leaks resulting from vehicular traffic loading should be classified as "Car, truck or other
vehicle not relating to excavation activity damaging pipe."
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Page 7 of 10
Pipeline leaks resulting from pullout of a mechanical fitting due to the repeated action of freezing
should be classified as "Temperature, Frost heave."
A pipeline or coating that an outside party or third party damages that later leaks due to corrosion or
outside force should be reported under F3.9 - Third Party Excavation Damage.
A pipeline or coating that the operator or a contractor working for the operator damages that causes
later leaks due to corrosion or outside force should be reported under F3.8 - Operator Excavation
Damage (including their contractors)/Not Third Party.
PART F4 - OTHER OUTSIDE FORCE DAMAGE
ITEMS 10- 13 cover other failures caused by damages to pipelines by external forces other than
excavation or natural forces.
Fire/explosion as primary cause of failure implies that fire/explosion occurred prior to failure and not
as a result of failure. If a fire/explosion occurred as a result of the failure not as primary cause of
the failure, do not check item 10, but check Part A 5d or 5e.
If the primary failure cause was damage by a vehicle other than a vehicle involved in excavation,
check item 11. If a vehicle involved in excavation caused the damage, check the appropriate item
under the Excavation Damage section (items 8 and 9).
PART F5 - MATERIAL OR WELDS
"Fitting" means a device, usually metal, for joining lengths of pipe into various piping systems. It
includes couplings, ells, tees, crosses, reducers, unions, caps and plugs.
F5 14 - 16, Material. This section includes leaks or failures from a defect within the material of the
pipe, component or joint due to faulty manufacturing procedures. Leaks or failures from material
deterioration and not resulting from an original defect or corrosion are reported under "Other."
Complete subparts a - f if any cause was checked in Part F5.
F5 17 - 19, Welds.
Acronyms used in this section:
LF ERW : low frequency electro-resistance weld
HF ERW : high frequency electro-resistance weld
DSAW : double-submerged arc weld
SAW : submerged arc weld
"Weld-related material defects" includes leaks or failures from a defect within the material of the
pipe, component or longitudinal weld or seam due to faulty welding or weld-related manufacturing
procedures. Leaks or failures from material deterioration in service that do not result from an
original defect or corrosion are reported under "Other".
Sub-Elements a - f.
"Construction defect" force applied during field construction results in a dent, gouge, excessive
stress, or some other defect to originally sound material that leads to eventual failure of the pipe.
Includes leaks due to wrinkle bends, faulty field welds, and damage sustained in transportation to
the construction or fabrication site.
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Page 8 of 10
PART F6 - EQUIPMENT OR OPERATIONS
This section includes malfunctions of control and relief equipment (typically the result of failed and
leaking valves), failures of threaded components and broken pipe couplings, and seal failures such
as compressor pump packing failures. Incidents resulting from incorrect operations or inadequate
procedures are also included in this category. Report gasket or o-ring failures under Part F5, item
16, Joints, by checking the appropriate circle for gasket or o-ring.
F6 20 - Malfunction of Control/Relief Equipment
Examples of this type of failure cause include overpressurizations resulting from malfunction of
control or alarm device, relief valve malfunction, and valves failing to open or close on command; or
which opened or closed when not commanded to do so.
F6 21 - Threads stripped, broken pipe coupling
Examples of this type of failure include failures on compressors, meters, or regulator stations where
the failure resulted from a crack in a component or threads of a component such as nipples,
flanges, valve connections, line pipe collars, etc.
F6 22 – Leaking Seals
F6 23 - Incorrect Operation
Incorrect operation failures typically result from faulty or inadequate procedures. These types of
failures most often occur during maintenance activities. Some examples of this type of failure are
unintentional product ignition during a welding or maintenance activity; other reportable incidents
causing a fire; or failures where human error, employee fatigue, and/or lack of experience may
have played a role.
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Part F7 - OTHER
This section is provided for failure causes that do not fit in any category in Sections F1 through F6.
If the failure cause is unknown at time of filing this report, check item 25. If the failure cause is
known but doesn=t fit in any category in sections F1 through F6, check item 24 and describe the
cause. Continue in Part G, narrative description, if more space is needed.
PART G - NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION

OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EVENT
Concisely describe the incident, including the facts, circumstances, and conditions that may have
contributed directly or indirectly to causing the incident. You may explain any estimated data in the
narrative. If you checked the OTHER block in Part F7 item 24 or 25, the narrative should describe
the incident in detail, including the timeline, sequence of events, and all known or suspected
causes. Use this section to clarify or explain unusual conditions.

Page 9 of 10
APPENDIX
Part C, Item 2, Other

--------------------------------------------------
NIPPLE FITTING
FLANGE FITTING
COMPRESSOR/TURBINE
GASKET
DRIP/RISER
GIRTH WELD
LONGITUDINAL WELD
FILLET WELD
Part C, Item 3, Other Material

--------------------------------------------------
PACKING
ALUMINUM
ASBESTOS
FIBER GLASS
GALVANIZED RUBBER
REINFORCED RUBBER
UNKNOWN
Part D, Item 4, Seam Types

--------------------------
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELD
SUBMERGED ARC WELD
DOUBLE SUBMERGED ARC WELD
BUTT WELD
FURNACE LAP WELD
SEAMLESS WELD
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FLASH WELD
Part D, Item 5, Valve Types

---------------------------
BALL
CHECK
BLEEDING
PRESSURE REDUCING
RECIPROCATING
GATE
PLUG
UNKNOWN

Page 10 of 10
Part D, Item 6, Pipe Manufacturers

----------------------------------------
ACME NEWPORT
AMER. MANNEX CO
ANDERSON GREENWOOD
AO SMITH
ARMCO STEEL
BETHLEHEM STEEL
CONSOLIDATED WESTERN
GROVE
INGERSOL_RAND
JONES & LAUGHLIN
KAISER STEEL CO.
LONE STAR STEEL
NATIONAL TUBE
REPUBLIC STEEL
ROCKWELL
U S STEEL
YOUNGSTOWN
YOUNGSTOWN SHEET&TUBE
Unknown
Part F1, Subpart c, Cause of Corrosion - AOther@

--------------------------------------------------
ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION
CHEMICAL CORROSION
SOUR GAS
INTERGRANULAR CORROSION
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DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ANNUAL REPORT
This appendix contains a copy of the annual report form and its instructions as posted on the PHMSA-
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Reserved
406
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NOTICE: This report is required by 49 CFR Part 191. Failure to report may result in a civil penalty not to exceed $100,000 for each violation Form Approved
for each day the violation continues up to a maximum of $1,000,000 as provided in 49 USC 60122. OMB No. 2137-0522
ANNUAL REPORT FOR CALENDAR YEAR 20___ INITIAL REPORT

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT
U.S. Department of Transportation
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Safety Administration
PART A - OPERATOR INFORMATION DOT USE ONLY

1. NAME OF OPERATOR 3. OPERATOR'S 5 DIGIT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
/ / / / / /
2. LOCATION OF OFFICE WHERE ADDITIONAL 4. HEADQUARTERS NAME & ADDRESS, IF DIFFERENT
INFORMATION MAY BE OBTAINED
Number and Street Number and Street
City and County City and County
State and Zip Code State and Zip Code
5. STATE IN WHICH SYSTEM OPERATES:/ / / (provide a separate report for each state in which system operates)
PART B - SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Report miles of main and number of services in system at end of year.
1. GENERAL
STEEL CAST/
UNPROTECTED CATHODICALLY WROUGHT DUCTIL OTHER OTHER TOTAL
PROTECTED PLASTIC IRON E COPPER
IRON
BARE COATED BARE COATED
MILES OF MAIN
NO. OF
SERVICES
2. MILES OF MAINS IN SYSTEM AT END OF YEAR

MATERIAL UNKNOWN 2" OR LESS OVER 2" OVER 4" OVER 8" OVER 12" TOTAL
THRU 4" THRU 8" THRU 12”
STEEL
DUCTILE IRON
COPPER
CAST/WROUGHT
IRON
PLASTIC
1. PVC
2. PE
3. ABS
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OTHER
OTHER
SYSTEM TOTALS
3. NUMBER OF SERVICES IN SYSTEM AT END OF YEAR AVERAGE SERVICE LENGTH FEET
MATERIAL UNKNOWN 1" OR LESS OVER 1" OVER 2" OVER 4" OVER 8" TOTAL
THRU 2" THRU 4" THRU 8”
STEEL
DUCTILE IRON
COPPER
CAST/WROUGHT
IRON
PLASTIC
1. PVC
2. PE
3. ABS
OTHER
OTHER
SYSTEM TOTALS
Form PHMSA F 7100.1-1 (12-05)

4. MILES OF MAIN AND NUMBER OF SERVICES BY DECADE OF INSTALLATION
UN- PRE- 1940- 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980– 1990– 2000–
TOTAL
KNOWN 1940 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009
MILES OF MAIN
NUMBER OF SERVICES
PART C - TOTAL LEAKS ELIMINATED/REPAIRED DURING YEAR PART D - TOTAL NUMBER OF LEAKS ON FEDERAL LAND
REPAIRED OR SCHEDULED FOR REPAIR
CAUSE OF LEAK
Mains Services
CORROSION
NATURAL FORCES
EXCAVATION
OTHER OUTSIDE FORCE PART E - PERCENT OF UNACCOUNTED FOR GAS

DAMAGE
MATERIAL OR WELDS Unaccounted for gas as a percent of total input for the12 months
ending June 30 of the reporting year.
EQUIPMENT
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[(Purchased gas + produced gas)

OPERATIONS minus (customer use + company use + appropriate adjustments)]
divided by (purchased gas + produced gas) equals percent unaccounted
for.
OTHER
NUMBER OF KNOWN SYSTEM LEAKS AT Input for year ending 6/30 %.

END OF YEAR SCHEDULED FOR REPAIR
PART F - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
PART G - PREPARER AND AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE
(type or print) Preparer’s Name and Title Area Code and Telephone Number
Preparer’s email address Area Code and Facsimile Number
Name and Title of Person Signing Area Code and Telephone Number
Authorized Signature
Form PHMSA F7100.1-1 (12-05)

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING FORM PHMSA F 7100.1-1 (Rev.12/05)
ANNUAL REPORT FOR CALENDAR YEAR 2008
GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
All references are to Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Reporting requirements are contained
in Part 191, “Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline; Annual Reports, Incident Reports
and Safety Related Condition Reports.” Except as provided in §191.11(b), each operator of a natural
gas distribution line (see definitions below) must submit an annual report Form PHMSA F 7100.1-1 for
the preceding calendar year not later than March 15th. Be sure to report TOTAL miles of main
pipeline and services in the system at the end of the reporting year, including additions to the system
during the year. The annual reporting period is on a calendar year basis ending on December 31st of
each year.
Reports for intrastate pipelines subject to the jurisdiction of a State agency pursuant to certification
under 49 U.S.C. § 60105 may be submitted in duplicate to the State agency if the regulations of that
agency require the submission of these reports and provide for further transmittal of one copy not later
than March 15th to the Information Resources Manager, Office of Pipeline Safety, Pipeline and
Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Department of Transportation, 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE
East Building, 2nd Floor (PHP-10), Room Number E22-321, Washington, DC 20590.
Use one of the following methods to submit your report. We prefer online reporting over
hardcopy submissions. If you prefer, then you can mail or fax your completed reports to
DOT/PHMSA.
Methods:
1. Online:
a. Navigate to the OPS Home Page http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline, click the
ONLINE DATA ENTRY link listed in the fourth column of hyperlinks on the
Pipeline Safety Community main page
b. Click on the Annual Gas Distribution Systems Report name
c. Enter Operator ID and PIN (the name that appears is the operator name assigned to
the operator ID and PIN and is automatically populated by our database and cannot
be changed by the operator at the time of filing).
d. Click add to begin
e. Click submit when finished. NOTE: For supplemental reports use steps 1a and 1b
then click on the report ID to make corrections. Click save when finished.
f. A confirmation page will appear for you to print and save for your records
If you submit your report online, PLEASE DO NOT MAIL OR FAX the completed
report to DOT as this may cause data entry errors.
2. Mail to:
DOT/PHMSA Office of Pipeline Safety
Information Resources Manager,
1200 New Jersey Ave., SE
East Building, 2nd Floor, (PHP-10)
Room Number E22-321
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3. Fax to: Information Resources Manager at (202) 366-4566.
GasDistAnnualInstructions 122008 Final 7100 1-1 1

If you need copies of the Form PHMSA F 7100.1-1 and/or instructions they can be found on the
Pipeline Safety Community main page, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline, by clicking the Library
hyperlink and then the Forms hyperlink under the “Mini-Menu”. If you have questions about this
report or these instructions, please call (202) 366-8075. Please type or print all entries when
submitting forms by mail or fax.
The following definitions are from § 192.3:
1. “Distribution line” means a pipeline other than a gathering or transmission line.
2. “Gathering line” means a pipeline that transports gas from a current production facility
to a transmission line or main.
3. “Transmission line” means a pipeline, other than a gathering line, that:

a. Transports gas from a gathering line or storage facility to a distribution center,
storage facility, or large volume customer that is not downstream from a distribution
center;
b. Operates at a hoop stress of 20 percent or more of SMYS; or
c. Transports gas within a storage field. A large volume customer may receive similar
volumes of gas as a distribution center, and includes factories, power plants, and
institutional users of gas.
4. “Operator” means a person who engages in the transportation of gas.
Make an entry in each block for which data are available. Estimate data if necessary. Avoid
entering mileage in the UNKNOWN columns, if possible. Some companies may have very old
pipe for which installation records do not exist. Estimate the total of such mileage in the
UNKNOWN section of item 4: “Miles of Main and Number of Services by Decade of Installation.”
Please round all mileage to the nearest 3 decimal positions. DO NOT USE FRACTIONS.
Examples of rounding are as follows: 3/8 should round to 0.375; 3/4 should round to 0.75 and ½
should round to 0.5.
The total miles of main and services reported in Part B sections 1 through 4 MUST all sum to the
same totals in the appropriate rows. Please do not to report miles of main in feet. If necessary,
please convert feet into a decimal notation (e.g. 1,320 feet = .25 miles).

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Enter the Calendar Year for which the report is being filed. Check Initial Report if this is the
original filing for this calendar year. Check Supplemental Report if this is a follow-up to a
previously filed report to amend or correct information. On Supplemental Reports, please complete
Part A and only amended, revised, or added information for Parts B, C, D, E and F.
PART A – OPERATOR INFORMATION
The operator's five digit identification number appears on the PHMSA mailing label (without
leading zeroes when less than 10000). If the person completing the report does not have the
operator identification number, they should contact the Information Resources Manager or PHMSA
at (202) 366-8075 for the five-digit operator identification number.
Provide the address where you would like PHMSA to mail forms and the phone number where
PHMSA can contact you regarding this report. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration assigns the operator’s five-digit identification number. Contact PHMSA at (202) 366-
8075 if you need assistance with determining your operator’s five-digit identification number.
Enter the State for which information is being reported. Submit a separate report for each
State in which the company operates a gas distribution pipeline system.
PART B – SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
“Coated” means pipe coated with any effective hot or cold applied dielectric coating or wrapper.
“PVC” means polyvinyl chloride plastic.
“PE” means polyethylene plastic.
“ABS” means acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic.
“Cathodically protected” applies to both “bare” and “coated.”
“Other” means a pipe of any material not specifically designated on the form. If you check “other
pipe,” describe it in Part F.
“Number of services” is the number of service lines, not the number of customers served.
Provide miles of main and numbers of services by decade installed in Part B, section 4.
If you do not know the decade of installation of the pipe because there are no records containing
such information, enter an estimate in the UNKNOWN column. The sum total of mileage and
numbers of services reported for Part B, section 4 should match total mileage and numbers of
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services reported in sections 1, 2, and 3 in Part B.

PART C – TOTAL LEAKS ELIMINATED/REPAIRED DURING YEAR
A leak is defined as an unintentional escape of gas from the pipeline. A non-hazardous release that
can be eliminated by lubrication, adjustment, or tightening, is not a leak.
Include all leaks eliminated by repair, replacement or other reason during the reporting year. Also
include leaks reported on form PHMSA 7100.1, “Incident Report Gas Distribution Systems.” A
reportable incident is one described in §191.3. Do not include test failures.
Leaks are classified as:
CORROSION: leak resulting from a hole in the pipe or other component that galvanic, bacterial,
chemical, stray current, or other corrosive action causes.
NATURAL FORCES: leak resulting from earth movements, earthquakes, landslides, subsidence,
lightning, heavy rains/floods, washouts, flotation, mudslide, scouring, temperature, frost heave,
frozen components, high winds, or similar natural causes.
EXCAVATION: leak resulting from damage caused by earth moving or other equipment, tools, or
vehicles. Include leaks from damage by operator's personnel or contractor or people not associated
with the operator.
OTHER OUTSIDE FORCE DAMAGE: Include leaks caused by fire or explosion and deliberate
or willful acts, such as vandalism.
MATERIAL AND WELDS: leak resulting from failure of original sound material from force
applied during construction that caused a dent, gouge, excessive stress, or other defect that
eventually resulted in a leak. This includes leaks due to faulty wrinkle bends, faulty field welds,
and damage sustained in transportation to the construction or fabrication site. Also include leak
resulting from a defect in the pipe material, component, or the longitudinal weld or seam due to
faulty manufacturing procedures. Leaks from material deterioration, other than corrosion, after
exceeding the reasonable service life, are reported under Other.
EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS: leak resulting from malfunction of control/relief equipment

including valves, regulators, or other instrumentation; stripped threads or broken pipe couplings on
nipples, valves, or mechanical couplings; or seal failures on gaskets, O-rings, seal/pump packing,
or similar leaks. Also include leaks resulting from inadequate procedures or safety practices, or
failure to follow correct procedures, or other operator error.
OTHER: leak resulting from any other cause, such as exceeding the service life, not attributable to
the above causes.
PART D – TOTAL NUMBER OF LEAKS ON FEDERAL LAND REPAIRED/ELIMINATED

OR SCHEDULED FOR REPAIR

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Federal Lands: As defined in 30 U.S.C. §185, federal lands means “all lands owned by the United
States except lands in the National Park System, lands held in trust for an Indian or Indian tribe, and
lands on the Outer Continental Shelf.” Indicate only those leaks repaired, eliminated, or scheduled for
repair during the reporting year, including those incidents reported on Form PHMSA F 7100.1.
PART E – PERCENT OF UNACCOUNTABLE FOR GAS
“Unaccounted for gas” is gas lost; that is, gas that the operator cannot account for as usage or through
appropriate adjustment. Adjustments are appropriately made for such factors as variations in
temperature, pressure, meter-reading cycles, or heat content; calculable losses from construction,
purging, line breaks, etc., where specific data are available to allow reasonable calculation or estimate;
or other similar factors.
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State the amount of unaccounted for gas as a percent of total input for the 12 months ending June 30 of
the reporting year.
[(Purchased gas + produced gas) minus (customer use + company use + appropriate
adjustments)] divided by (purchased gas + produced gas) equals percent unaccounted for.
Do not report “gained” gas. If a net gain of gas is indicated by the calculations, report “0%” here.
(Decimal or fractional percentages may be entered.)
PART F – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Include any additional information which will assist in clarifying or classifying the reported data.
PART G - PREPARER AND AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE
PREPARER is the name of the person most knowledgeable about the report or the person to be
contacted for more information. Please include the direct phone number and email address.
AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE may be the preparer, an officer, or other person whom the operator
has designated to review and sign reports. Please include the direct phone number and email address.
If submitting via the Online Data Entry System your Operator ID and PIN take the place of the
Authorized Signature.

Blank Sheet
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TRANSMISSION AND GATHERING SYSTEMS INCIDENT REPORT
This appendix contains a copy of the incident report form and its instructions as posted on the PHMSA-
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
407
Reserved
408
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

NOTICE: This report is required by 49 CFR Part 191. Failure to report can result in a civil penalty not to exceed $25,000 for each violation Form Approved
for each day that such violation persists except that the maximum civil penalty shall not exceed $500,000 as provided in 49 USC 1678. OMB No. 2137-0522
INCIDENT REPORT - GAS TRANSMISSION AND Report Date

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety GATHERING SYSTEMS No.
Administration
(DOT Use Only)
INSTRUCTIONS
Important: Please read the separate instructions for completing this form before you begin. They clarify the
information requested and provide specific examples. If you do not have a copy of the instructions, you
can obtain one from the Office Of Pipeline Safety Web Page at http://ops.dot.gov.
PART A – GENERAL REPORT INFORMATION Check one: Original Report Supplemental Report Final Report
Operator Name and Address
a. Operator's 5-digit Identification Number (when known) / / / / / /
b. If Operator does not own the pipeline, enter Owner’s 5-digit Identification Number (when known) / / / / / /
c. Name of Operator ______________________________ _______________________________________________________
d. Operator street address ________________________________________________________________________________________
e. Operator address _______________________
City, County or Parrish, State and Zip Code
5. Consequences (check and complete all that apply)

2. Time and date of the incident
a. Fatality Total number of people: / / / /
/ / / / / / / / / / / / / /
hr. month day year Employees: / / / / General Public: / / / /
3. Location of incident Non-employee Contractors: / / / /
a. b. Injury requiring inpatient
Nearest street or road hospitalization Total number of people: / / / /
b.
Employees: / / / / General Public: / / / /
City and County or Parrish
Non-employee Contractors: / / / /
c.
State and Zip Code c. Property damage/loss (estimated) Total $
d. Mile Post/Valve Station Gas loss $ Operator damage $
e. Survey Station No. Public/private property damage $
f. Latitude: Longitude:
(if not available, see instructions for how to provide specific location)
d. Release Occurred in a ‘High Consequence Area’
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g. Class location description e. Gas ignited – No explosion f. Explosion
Onshore: { Class 1 { Class 2 { Class 3 { Class 4 g. Evacuation (general public only) / / / / / people
Offshore: { Class 1 (complete rest of this item) Reason for Evacuation:
Area ___________________ Block # ___________ { Emergency worker or public official ordered, precautionary
{ Threat to the public { Company policy
State / / / or Outer Continental Shelf
6. Elapsed time until area was made safe:
h. Incident on Federal Land other than Outer Continental Shelf
{ Yes { No / / / hr. / / / min.
i. Is pipeline Interstate { Yes { No 7. Telephone Report
4. Type of leak or rupture / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
NRC Report Number month day year
{ Leak: {Pinhole {Connection Failure (complete sec. F5)
8. a. Estimated pressure at point and time of incident:
{ Puncture, diameter (inches)
PSIG
{ Rupture: { Circumferential – Separation b. Max. allowable operating pressure (MAOP): PSIG
{ Longitudinal c. MAOP established by 49 CFR section:
– Tear/Crack, length (inches) 192.619 (a)(1) 192. 619 (a)(2) 192. 619 (a)(3)
- Propagation Length, total, both sides (feet) 192.619 (a)(4) 192. 619 (c)
{ N/A d. Did an overpressurization occur relating to the incident? {Yes { No
{ Other:
PART B – PREPARER AND AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE
Area Code and Telephone Number

(type or print) Preparer's Name and Title
Area Code and Facsimile Number

Preparer's E-mail Address
Date Area Code and Telephone Number

Authorized Signature (type or print) Name and Title
Form PHMSA F 7100.2 ( 01-2002 ) Reproduction of this form is permitted Page 1 of 3

PART C - ORIGIN OF THE INCIDENT
1. Incident occurred on 3. Material involved (pipe, fitting, or other component)
{ Transmission System { Steel
{ Gathering System { Plastic (If plastic, complete all items that apply in a-c)
{ Transmission Line of Distribution System Plastic failure was: a.ductile b.brittle c.joint failure
2. Failure occurred on { Material other than plastic or steel: _________
{ Body of pipe { Pipe Seam 4. Part of system involved in incident
{ Joint { Pipeline { Regulator/Metering System
{ Component { Compressor Station { Other:
{ Other: 5. Year the pipe or component which failed was installed: / / / / /
PART D – MATERIAL SPECIFICATION (if applicable) PART E – ENVIRONMENT

1. Nominal pipe size (NPS) / / / / / in. 1. Area of incident { In open ditch
2. Wall thickness / / / / / in. { Under pavement { Above ground
3. Specification SMYS / / / / / / / { Under ground { Under water
{ Inside/under building { Other:
4. Seam type
2. Depth of cover: inches
5. Valve type
6. Pipe or valve manufactured by in year / / / / /
Important: There are 25 numbered causes in this section. Check the box to the left of the primary cause
PART F – APPARENT CAUSE of the incident. Check one circle in each of the supplemental items to the right of or below the cause you
indicate. See the instructions for this form for guidance.
F1 – CORROSION If either F1 (1) External Corrosion, or F1 (2) Internal Corrosion is checked, complete all subparts a – e.
a. Pipe Coating b. Visual Examination c. Cause of Corrosion
{ Bare { Localized Pitting { Galvanic { Stray Current
1. External Corrosion { Coated { General Corrosion { Improper Cathodic Protection
{ Other: ____________________ { Microbiological
{ Stress Corrosion Cracking
{ Other: ____________________
d. Was corroded part of pipeline considered to be under cathodic protection prior to discovering incident?
{ No { Yes, Year Protection Started: / / / / /
2. Internal Corrosion e. Was pipe previously damaged in the area of corrosion?
{ No { Yes, How long prior to incident: / / / / years / / / months
F2 – NATURAL FORCES
3. Earth Movement { Earthquake { Subsidence { Landslide { Other:
4. Lightning
5. Heavy Rains/Floods { Washouts { Flotation { Mudslide { Scouring { Other:
6. Temperature { Thermal stress { Frost heave { Frozen components { Other:
7. High Winds
F3 - EXCAVATION
8. Operator Excavation Damage (including their contractors) / Not Third Party
9.
Third Party Excavation Damage (complete a-d)
a. Excavator group
{ General Public { Government { Excavator other than Operator/subcontractor
b. Type: { Road Work { Pipeline { Water { Electric { Sewer { Phone/Cable { Landowner { Railroad
{ Other:
c. Did operator get prior notification of excavation activity?
{ No { Yes: Date received: / / / mo. / / / day / / / yr.
Notification received from: { One Call System { Excavator { Contractor { Landowner
d. Was pipeline marked?
{ No { Yes (If Yes, check applicable items i – iv)
i. Temporary markings: { Flags { Stakes { Paint
ii. Permanent markings: { Yes { No
iii. Marks were (check one) { Accurate { Not Accurate
iv. Were marks made within required time? { Yes { No
F4 – OTHER OUTSIDE FORCE DAMAGE
10. Fire/Explosion as primary cause of failure Fire/Explosion cause: { Man made { Natural
11. Car, truck or other vehicle not relating to excavation activity damaging pipe
12. Rupture of Previously Damaged Pipe
13.
Vandalism
Form PHMSA F 7100.2 ( 01-2002 ) Page 2 of 3
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F5 – MATERIAL AND WELDS
Material
14. Body of Pipe { Dent { Gouge { Wrinkle Bend { Arc Burn { Other:
15. Component { Valve { Fitting { Vessel { Extruded Outlet { Other:
16. Joint { Gasket { O-Ring { Threads { Other:
Weld
17. Butt { Pipe { Fabrication { Other:
18. Fillet { Branch { Hot Tap { Fitting { Repair Sleeve { Other:
19. Pipe Seam { LF ERW { DSAW { Seamless { Flash Weld
{ HF ERW { SAW { Spiral { Other:
Complete a-g if you indicate any cause in part F5.

a. Type of failure:
Construction Defect { Poor Workmanship { Procedure not followed { Poor Construction Procedures
Material Defect
b. Was failure due to pipe damage sustained in transportation to the construction or fabrication site? { Yes { No
c. Was part which leaked pressure tested before incident occurred? { Yes, complete d-g { No
d. Date of test: / / / mo. / / / day / / / yr.
e. Test medium: { Water { Natural Gas { Inert Gas { Other:
f. Time held at test pressure: / / / hr.
g. Estimated test pressure at point of incident: PSIG
F6 – EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS
20. Malfunction of Control/Relief Equipment { Valve { Instrumentation { Pressure Regulator { Other:
21. Threads Stripped, Broken Pipe Coupling { Nipples { Valve Threads { Mechanical Couplings { Other:
22. Ruptured or Leaking Seal/Pump Packing
23. Incorrect Operation

a. Type: { Inadequate Procedures { Inadequate Safety Practices { Failure to Follow Procedures { Other:
b. Number of employees involved who failed post-incident drug test: / / / / Alcohol test: / / / /
c. Were most senior employee(s) involved qualified? { Yes { No d. Hours on duty: / / /
F7 – OTHER
24. Miscellaneous, describe:
25. Unknown
{ Investigation Complete { Still Under Investigation (submit a supplemental report when investigation is complete)
PART G – NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EVENT (Attach additional sheets as necessary)
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Form PHMSA F 7100.2 ( 01-2002 ) Page 3 of 3

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Blank Sheet

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM PHMSA F 7100.2 (01-2002)
INCIDENT REPORT - GAS TRANSMISSION AND GATHERING SYSTEMS
Each gas transmission or gathering system operator shall

file Form PHMSA F 7100.2 for an incident that meets the
criteria in §191.3 as soon as practicable but not more than
30 days after the incident. Operator, distribution line,
gathering line, and transmission line are defined in §191.3
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Liquid natural gas (LNG)
facility operators are exempt from filing reports in
§191.15(c). Releasing gas during maintenance or other
routine activities need not be reported if the only
reportable criteria met is losing gas of $50,000 or more as
defined in §191.3 (1)(ii).
Damage from secondary ignition need not be reported unless

the damage to facilities subject to Part 192 exceeds
$50,000. Secondary ignition is a gas fire where the cause
is unrelated to the gas facilities, such as electrical
fires, arson, etc. Please submit reports according to
§191.7. If you have questions about this report or these
instructions or need copies of Form PHMSA F 7100.2, please
write to Roger Little, Information Resources Manager, or
call (202)366-4569. All forms and instructions are on the
OPS home page, http://ops.dot.gov.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
An entry should be made in each block. If the data is

unavailable, please enter Unknown. Please avoid Unknown
entries if possible. Estimated data is preferable to
unknown data. If Unknown or estimated data entries are
made, a supplemental report should follow if the operator
learns the answers to the questions. If the block is not
applicable, please enter N/A.
In blocks requiring numbers, all blocks should be filled in

using zeroes when appropriate. When decimal points are
required, the decimal point should be placed in a separate
block.
Examples: (Part 5) Nominal Pipe Size /0/0/2/4/ inches

/1/./5/0/ inches
Wall Thickness /./5/O/O/ inches

/1/./2/5/ inches
If OTHER is checked, include an explanation or description

on the line next to the item checked.
1
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PART A - GENERAL REPORT INFORMATION
Initial, Supplemental, Final Report Section
Check boxes are provided as follows for:

Original Report Supplemental Report Final Report.
Check the box for Original Report if this is the initial report
filed for this incident. If all of the information requested is
known and provided at the time the initial report is filed,
including final property damages and failure cause information,
check the box for Final Report as well as the box for Original
Report, indicating that no further information will be
forthcoming.
If all of the information requested on the form is not known or

provided at the initial report filing, check only Original
Report. If this is an update to an Original Report but all
information requested is still not known, check Supplemental
Report.
Check Final Report if all requested relevant information has been

provided, and there will be no further updates to reported
property damages or causal information.
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If you are filing a supplemental or final report, please check
the Supplemental Report or Final Report box. Please complete
parts A(1), A(2) and A(3). You must also complete Part B. When
filling in the supplemental, only enter the data that has
changed. Please do not enter previously submitted information
that hasn't changed, other than the parts specified in this
instruction that are needed to provide us with a way to identify
your previous filed report.
ITEM 1. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety

Administration (PHMSA) assigns the operator's five-digit
identification number. If you do not know the identification
number, please leave the operator identification number blank.
The operator address entry in 1.c. is the office filing the
incident report. If the operator does not own the pipeline,
enter the Owner’s five-digit identification number in 1.d.
Contact us at (202) 366-8075 if you need assistance with an
identification number for 1.d.
ITEM 2. The time of the incident should be shown by 24-hour

clock notation.
Examples:
1.(0000)= midnight = /0/0/0/0/
2.(0800)= 8:00 a.m. = /0/8/0/0/
3.(1200)= Noon = /1/2/0/0/
4.(1715)= 5:15 p.m. = /1/7/1/5/
5.(2200)= 10:00 p.m.= /2/2/0/0/
2
ITEM 3. Incident location information should be as complete as
possible, including the nearest City, Town, Township, County or
Parish, Borough, Section, and Range. Offshore incident
identification should be located by State or Outer Continental
Shelf (OCS) identification and block identification. In addition
to the general location information, provide latitude and
longitude, if available, including projection and datum used in
collecting the data.
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If latitude and longitude of the incident are unknown, PHMSA
provides a tool located at: <http://tiger.census.gov/cgi-bin/mapbrowse-tbl>,
for determining them. The filer can use the online tool to
identify the geographic location of the incident. The tool
displays the latitude and longitude below the map. These
coordinates are in a decimal degree format (e.g. Lat: 38.89664 Long: -
77.04327 are for the Washington Monument) but do not have to be
converted to degree/minute/second. If a filer has questions
about the use of this tool please contact Sam Hall at 202-493-
0591. If a filer does not have Internet access, please contact
Steve Fischer at 202-366-4595. PHMSA will provide the filer with
a base map that can be used in identifying the incident location.
The class location should be the class location at the incident

site as defined in §192.5. Federal Land other than Outer
Continental Shelf means all lands the United States owns,
including military reservations, except lands in National Parks
and lands held in trust for Native Americans. Incidents at
Federal buildings, such as Federal Court Houses, Custom Houses,
and other Federal office buildings and warehouses, are not to be
reported as being on Federal Lands.
ITEM 4. Leak - an event that involves the unintentional release

of gas from a pipeline that requires immediate or scheduled
repair. The source of the leak may be holes, cracks (which
include propagating and non-propagating, longitudinal and
circumferential), separation or pullout, and loose connections.
Leaks that are either inconsequential or incidental to the
operation of a pipeline and which can be checked or repaired
under routine daily maintenance are not reportable leaks.
Examples of such nonreportable leaks include escape of gas
through valve stem packing, through compressor rod packing,
loosened connections and relief valves.
Rupture - a complete failure of a portion of the pipeline.
Propagation - the extension of the original opening in the

pipeline in an area of nominal wall thickness resulting from the
internal forces on the pipeline.
Tear - an extension of the original opening in the pipeline

resulting from an externally applied force, such as a bulldozer,
backhoe, or grader.
3
ITEM 5. When a person dies within 30 days of the initial
accident date, report as a fatality. When a person dies
subsequent to an injury more than 30 days past the accident
date, report as an injury. This aligns with the Department of
Transportation's general guidelines for all modes for reporting
deaths and injuries.
In-patient hospitalization means hospital admission and at least

one overnight stay.
Property damage or loss includes costs due to property damage to

the operator's facilities and to others’ property; gas lost;
facility repair and replacement; leak locating; right-of-way
cleanup; and environmental cleanup and damage. Facility repair,
replacement, or change that is not related to the incident but
the operator does for convenience is not to be included. An
example of doing work for the operator’s convenience is to work
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on facilities unearthed because of the incident. Litigation and
other legal expenses related to the incident are not reportable.
High consequence area means:

1. A commercially navigable waterway, which means a waterway
where a substantial likelihood of commercial navigation exists;
2. A high population area, which means an urbanized area as
defined and delineated by the Census Bureau that contains 50,000
or more people and has a population density of at least 1,000
people per square mile;
3. An other populated area, which means a place as defined and
delineated by the Census Bureau that contains a concentrated
population, such as an incorporated or unincorporated city, town,
village, or other designated residential or commercial area;
4. An unusually sensitive area, as defined in 195.6
If gas ignited, but there was no explosion, check box 5e. If an

explosion occurred, check box 5f.
Enter estimated number of people in the general public evacuated,
if any, in item 5g, and check off the reason for evacuation.
For item 6, “Elapsed time until the area was made safe” means the
time from the incident occurrence until the incident is brought
under control and does not significantly threaten public safety.
This does not necessarily mean that the flow of gas has been
stopped. If the time of occurrence is unknown, the time when the
operator was first notified or made aware of the incident should
be used to calculate elapsed time.
PART B - PREPARER AND AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE
Preparer is the name of the person most knowledgeable about the

information in the report or the person to be contacted for more
information.
4
Authorized Signature may be the preparer, an officer, or other
person whom the operator has designated to review and sign
reports. Please enter the preparer’s e-mail address if the
preparer has one.
PART C - ORIGIN OF INCIDENT
ITEM 1. If the incident occurred on a gathering line operated by

a distribution company, please check gathering system.
ITEM 2. Check the appropriate item in this section. If the

failure occurred on an item not provided in this section, check
the “OTHER” box and specify in the space provided the item that
the failure occurred on. A sample list of possible “OTHER’s” is
included in the appendix under Part C, Item 2, Other.
ITEM 3. If steel or plastic was involved, check the box provided
for steel or for plastic. If material other than steel or
plastic was involved, check the box for Other and specify the
material involved. If plastic was involved, check applicable
items 3a through 3c that pertain to plastic. Check item 3c
(joint failure) if plastic pipe segments joined by heat-fusion
(butt or socket), electrofusion or mechanically coupled
connections were involved. A sample list of possible “Other”s is
included in the appendix under Part C, Item 3, Other.
ITEM 4. Check the appropriate item in this section.
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ITEM 5. “Year the pipe or component which failed was installed”
means the year installed at the incident location.
PART D - MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
Complete sections D (1 through 6), if applicable, where incident

failure involved a pipe or valve.
ITEM 1. Nominal pipe size is the diameter in inches used to

describe the pipe size; for example, 2-inch, 4-inch, 8-inch, 12-
inch, 30-inch.
ITEM 2. Enter pipe wall thickness in inches.
ITEM 3. Specification is the specification to which the pipe or

component was manufactured, such as API 5L or ASTM A106. When
more than one item has failed, and the origin of the failure is
not clear, complete Part C ITEM 4 to explain the additional
item(s).
ITEM 4. See the appendix section of these instructions under

Part D, Item 4, Seams for a list of common seam types.
ITEM 5. Enter valve type (flange-welded, bell-plug, etc.) See

the appendix section of these instructions under Part D, Item 5,
Valves for a list of common valve types.
5
ITEM 6. Provide the pipe or valve manufacturer if failure was on
pipe or valve. Enter year pipe or valve was manufactured. See
the appendix section of these instructions under Part D, Item 6,
Manufacturer for a list of common pipe manufacturers.
PART E - ENVIRONMENT
Under pavement includes under streets, sidewalks, paved roads,

driveways and parking lots.
Provide depth of cover in inches where incident involved buried

pipe or component.
PART F - APPARENT CAUSE
There are 25 numbered causes in Part F. Check the box to the

left of the cause of the incident and complete all of the sub-
element items to the right of or below the cause you indicate.
The 25 causes are broken into 5 categories in sections F1 through

F5. General descriptions of the 5 categories followed by more
detailed instructions for each section and for specific causes
are provided below.
General description of sections F1 through F5:

Section F1: Corrosion. If the cause was Corrosion (internal or
external), indicate whether the corrosion was internal or
external and check appropriate sub-elements from F1 a through e.
Section F2: Natural Forces. This includes all outside forces
attributable to causes not involving humans.
Section F3: Excavation. This section covers excavation causes.
Section F4: Other Outside Force Damage. This section covers

outside force causes not readily attributable to Sections F2 and
F3., including previously damaged pipe and vandalism.
Section F5: Material and Welds. This section covers Material and
Weld failure causes. Complete sub-elements a-g in section F5 if
any cause in section F5 is indicated. “Fitting” means a device,
usually metal, for joining lengths of pipe into various piping
systems; includes couplings, ells, tees, crosses, reducers,
unions, caps and plugs.
Section F6: Equipment and Operations. This section covers
failures of malfunctions of relief/control devices and equipment,
failed or broken couplings, including thread failures, failures
in seal/pump packing, and failures caused by incorrect operations
by operator personnel. Note: Report gasket or o-ring failures
under Section F5, item 16, Joints, by checking the appropriate
circle for gasket or o-ring.
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Section F7:Other. This section is provided for failure causes
that do not fit in any other area provided in Sections F1 through
F6. If the failure cause is unknown at time of filing this
report, check item 24 and indicate whether the investigation is
complete or still under investigation. If the failure cause is
known but doesn’t fit in any category in sections F1 through F6,
check item 25 and describe the cause. Continue in Part G,
narrative description, if more space is needed.
Specific instructions for sections F1 through F7
PART F1 - CORROSION
Corrosion includes a leak or failure that galvanic, bacterial,

chemical, stray current, or other corrosive action causes.
Examples: A corrosion leak is not limited to a hole in the pipe.
If the bonnet or packing gland on a valve or flange on piping
becomes loose and leaks due to corrosion and failure of bolts, it
is classified as Corrosion. If the bonnet, packing, or other
gasket has deteriorated before the end of its expected life and
caused a leak or failure and a new gasket is required, it is
classified as a Material Defect. An incident at a facility that
corrosion weakens and that fails with outside force as a
contributing factor is classified as Corrosion. Except for
deterioration due to corrosion, leaks resulting from materials
deteriorating after the expected life are classified as Other.
If either item F1-1 (external corrosion) or F1-2 (internal

corrosion) are checked, complete subparts a - e to the right of
the items, pointed to by the arrow.
Subpart a - Pipe Coating

Galvanized pipe with no dielectric coating is considered bare.
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Subpart b - Visual Examination

If the Visual Examination method is not listed here, indicate
“Other” and give a description of method used. A list of example
“Other” descriptions is included in the appendix under Part F1,
Subpart b, Visual Examination.
Subpart c - Cause of Corrosion

If the Cause of Corrosion is not listed here, indicate “Other”
and give a description. A list example “Other” causes is
included in the appendix under Part F1, Subpart c, Cause of
Corrosion.
Subpart d - Cathodic Protection

“Under cathodic protection” means cathodic protection in
accordance with Part 192, Appendix D. Recognizing that older
pipelines may have had cathodic protection added over a number of
years, provide an estimate if exact year cathodic protection
started is unknown.
PART F2 - NATURAL FORCES
7
The Natural Forces category includes all outside forces
attributable to causes not involving humans.
Item 3: ‘Earth Movement’ refers to failures caused by land shifts

such as earthquakes, landslides, or subsidence.
Item 5: ‘Heavy rains and floods’ refer to all water related

failure causes such as washouts, flotation, mudslides, or water
scouring. While mudslides involve earth movement, report them
here since typically they are an effect of heavy rains or floods.
Item 6: ‘Temperature’ refers to those causes that are related to

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temperature effects, or where temperature was the initial cause;

for example, thermal stress, frost heave, or frozen component
failures.
8
PART F3 - EXCAVATION
The Excavation category includes leaks or failures caused by

earth-moving or other equipment, tools or vehicles, or other
excavation activities.
Item 8: Damages resulted from an Operator (including their

contractors): check this item if the failure was caused by the
operator or the operator’s contractor or agent or other party
working for the operator as a result of excavation.
Item 9: Third Party Damage- check this item if failure cause was
from excavation damages resulting from action by outside
party/third party caused by personnel or other party other than
the operator or his agent.
Subpart 9.c- ‘Prior notification’ means that the operator had

been notified that excavation or construction work was to be done
near the pipeline before the incident occurred. If the operator
was notified, but the operator believes the notice was
inadequate, improper, or incomplete, check NO and explain in Part
G, Narrative Description Of Factors Contributing to the Event.
Subpart 9.d- ‘Was pipeline marked?’: Indicate whether the

pipeline was marked or not. If the pipeline was marked, complete
all items i through iv that apply.
Examples: A contractor working for the operator gouges the

operator's pipeline and buries it without repair. If the
pipeline leaks at a later date, the leak should be classified as
damage resulted from item F3.8- Operator Excavation Damage
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(including their contractors)/Not Third Party if the operator can

determine the leak resulted from the contractor’s actions. If
the contractor had been working for someone other than the
operator, the leak should be classified as F3.9- Third Party
Excavation Damage. A contractor working for the operator
excavates near the operator's pipeline, which is later damaged by
earth movement in the zone the excavation affects. The damage
should be classified as F3.8- Operator Excavation Damage
(including their contractors)/Not Third Party. If the contractor
had been working for other than the operator in this situation,
F3.9- Third Party Excavation Damage. In both situations, the
damage should not be attributed to damage by moving earth.
Pipeline leaks resulting from vehicular traffic loading should be
classified as “Car, truck or other vehicle not relating to
excavation activity damaging pipe”. Pipeline leaks resulting
from pullout of a mechanical fitting due to the repeated action
of freezing should be classified as "Temperature, Frost heave".
A pipeline or coating that an outside party or third party
damages that later leaks due to corrosion or outside force should
be reported under F3.9- Third Party Excavation Damage. A
pipeline or coating that the operator or a contractor working for
the operator damages that causes later leaks due to corrosion or
9
outside force should be reported under F3.8- Operator Excavation
Damage (including their contractors)/Not Third Party.
ITEMS 10 - 13, Other Outside Force Damage Causes.
This section covers outside force causes that do not fit the
other two categories (Natural forces, Excavation).
Fire/explosion as primary cause of failure implies that
fire/explosion occurred prior to failure and not as a result of
failure. If a fire/explosion occurred as a result of the failure
and not prior to the failure as cause of failure, do not check
item 10, but check item A.5.e. If the primary cause of damage
was caused by a vehicle other than a vehicle involved in
excavation, check item 11. If a vehicle involved in excavation
caused the damage, check the appropriate item under the
Excavation Damage section (items 8 and 9). If the primary cause
of failure was a rupture of previously damaged pipe, check item
12. An act of vandalism may be described here by checking item
13.
PART F5 - MATERIAL AND WELDS
Report both material defects and construction defects or failures
in this section. If a material or construction defect was on
the body of the pipe, component or joint, check appropriate boxes
under items 14-16. If a weld failure was involved, check
appropriate boxes under items 17 - 19. Complete subparts a - h
if any cause was checked in Part F5. Identify if the failure was
from a material failure or construction defect by checking the
appropriate item in subpart F5.a.
ITEMS l4 - 16, Material.
This section includes leaks or failures from a defect within the

material of the pipe, component or joint due to faulty
manufacturing procedures. Leaks or failures from material
deterioration in service that do not result from an original
defect or corrosion are reported under Other.
ITEMS l7 - 19, Welds.
Acronyms used in this section:

LF ERW : low frequency electro-resistance weld
HF ERW : high frequency electro-resistance weld
DSAW : double-submerged arc weld
SAW : submerged arc weld
Weld-related material defects includes leaks or failures from a

defect within the material of the pipe, component or longitudinal
weld or seam due to faulty welding or weld-related manufacturing
procedures. Leaks or failures from material deterioration in
service that do not result from an original defect or corrosion
are reported under Other.
Sub-Elements a - h
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10
Construction defect includes leaks in or failures of original
sound material due to force being applied during field
construction, that caused a dent, gouge, excessive stress, or
some other defect that eventually resulted in failure. Included
are leaks in or failures of faulty wrinkle bends, faulty field
welds, and damage sustained in transportation to the construction
or fabrication site.
PART F6 - EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS
This section includes malfunctions of control and relief

equipment (typically the result of failed and leaking valves),
failures of threaded components and broken pipe couplings, and
seal failures such as compressor pump packing failures.
Incidents resulting from incorrect operations or inadequate
procedures are also included in this category.
Item 20- Malfunction of Control/Relief Equipment
Examples of this type of failure cause include

overpressurizations resulting from malfunction of control or
alarm device, relief valve malfunction, and valves failing to
open or close on command or which opened or closed when not
commanded to do so. Note: if an overpressurization occurred,
please check item Part A.8.d.
Item 21 - Threads stripped, broken pipe coupling
Examples of this type of failure include failures on compressors,

meters, or regulator stations where the failure resulted from a
crack in a component or threads of a component such as nipples,
flanges, valve connections, line pipe collars, etc.
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11
Item 22 - Ruptured or Leaking Seal/Pump Packing
Examples of this type of failure generally include failures where

compressor pump packing or other pump seals fail.
Item 23 - Incorrect Operation
Incorrect operation failures are typically those where better

procedures may have prevented an incident from occurring. These
types of failures most often occur during maintenance activities.
Some examples of this type of failure are unintentional gas
ignition during a welding or maintenance activity or other
reportable incidents where a fire occurred not intentionally
started by the operator, where an employee removes the wrong
bolts from an assembly, leaves a valve open or closed at the
wrong time, or failures where human error, employee fatigue,
and/or lack of experience may have played a role.
PART F7 - OTHER
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This section is provided for failure causes that do not fit in
any category in Sections F1 through F6. If the failure cause is
unknown at time of filing this report, check item 25. If the
failure cause is known but doesn’t fit in any category in
sections F1 through F6, check item 24 and describe the cause.
Continue in Part G, narrative description, if more space is
needed.
PART G - NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCIDENT
The narrative is needed only when it is useful to clarify or

explain unusual conditions. It should be a concise description
of the incident, including the probable cause, and the facts,
circumstances, and conditions that may have contributed directly
or indirectly to causing the incident. Explanations of estimated
data may be included in the narrative. If the OTHER block was
checked in Part F7 item 24 or 25, the narrative should describe
the incident in detail, including the known or suspected cause.
12
APPENDIX
--------------------------------------------------
NIPPLE FITTING
FLANGE FITTING
COMPRESSOR/TURBINE
GASKET
DRIP/RISER
GIRTH WELD
LONGITUDINAL WELD
FILLET WELD

--------------------------------------------------
GASKET
O-RING
PACKING
ALUMINUM
CAST IRON
WROUGHT IRON
ASBESTOS
FIBER GLASS
GALVANIZED RUBBER
REINFORCED RUBBER
UNKNOWN
Part D, Item 4, Seams

--------------------
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELD
SUBMERGED ARC WELD
DOUBLE SUBMERGED ARC WELD
BUTT WELD
FURNACE LAP WELD
SEAMLESS WELD
FLASH WELD
Part D, Item 5, Valves

--------------------
BALL
CHECK
BLEEDING
PRESSURE REDUCING
RECIPROCATING
GATE
PLUG
UNKNOWN
Part D, Item 6, Pipe Manufacturers

----------------------------------------
ACME NEWPORT
AMER. MANNEX CO
ANDERSON GREENWOOD
AO SMITH
ARMCO STEEL
BETHLEHEM STEEL
CONSOLIDATED WESTERN
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
13
GROVE
INGERSOL_RAND
JONES & LAUGHLIN
KAISER STEEL CO.
LONE STAR STEEL
NATIONAL TUBE
REPUBLIC STEEL
ROCKWELL
U S STEEL
YOUNGSTOWN
YOUNGSTOWN SHEET&TUBE
Unknown
Part F1, Subpart b, Visual Examination

--------------------------------------------------
FINE CRACKS
PIN HOLE LEAK
GENERAL INTERNAL PITTING
Part F1, Subpart c, Cause of Corrosion

--------------------------------------------------
ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION
CHEMICAL CORROSION
EROSION/CORROSION
SOUR GAS
WATER/LIQUID
CO2 & WATER
INTERGRANULAR CORROSION
14
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TRANSMISSION AND GATHERING SYSTEMS ANNUAL REPORT
This appendix contains a copy of the annual report form and its instructions as posted on the PHMSA-
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
409
Reserved
410
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Notice: This report is required by 49 CFR Part 191. Failure to report can result in a civil penalty not to exceed $1,000 for each violation Form Approved
for each day that such violation persists except that the maximum civil penalty shall not exceed $200,000 as provided in 49 USC 1678. OMB No. 2137-0522
ANNUAL REPORT FOR CALENDAR YEAR 20___ INITIAL REPORT

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety GAS TRANSMISSION & GATHERING SYSTEMS SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT
Administration
INSTRUCTIONS
Important: Please read the separate instructions for completing this form before you begin. They clarify the information
requested and provide specific examples. If you do not have a copy of the instructions, you can obtain one from
the Office of Pipeline Safety Web Page at http://ops.dot.gov.
PART A - OPERATOR INFORMATION DOT USE ONLY
1. NAME AND COMPANY OR ESTABLISHMENT 4. OPERATOR'S 5 DIGIT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
/ / / / / /
2. LOCATION OF OFFICE WHERE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 5. HEADQUARTERS NAME & ADDRESS, IF DIFFERENT
MAY BE OBTAINED
Number & Street Number & Street
City & County City & County
State & Zip Code State & Zip Code
3. STATE IN WHICH SYSTEM OPERATES: / / / (provide a separate report for each state in which system operates)
PART B - SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Report miles of pipeline in system at end of year.
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1. GENERAL - MILES OF PIPELINE IN THE SYSTEM AT END OF YEAR THAT ARE JURISDICTIONAL TO OPS
STEEL
CATHODICALLY CAST IRON PLASTIC
UNPROTECTED OTHER PIPE TOTAL
PROTECTED WROUGHT IRON PIPE PIPE
BARE COATED BARE COATED
TRANSMISSION
ONSHORE
OFFSHORE
GATHERING
ONSHORE
OFFSHORE
SYSTEM TOTALS
2. MILES OF PIPE BY NOMINAL SIZE
4” OR OVER 4” OVER 10” OVER 20” OVER
UNKNOWN TOTAL
LESS THRU 10” THRU 20” THRU 28” 28”
TRANSMISSION
ONSHORE
OFFSHORE
GATHERING
ONSHORE
OFFSHORE
SYSTEM TOTALS
3. MILES OF PIPE BY DECADE OF INSTALLATION
UNKNOWN PRE- 1940- 1950- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- 2000-
TOTAL
1940 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009
TRANSMISSION
ONSHORE
OFFSHORE
GATHERING
ONSHORE
OFFSHORE
SYSTEM TOTALS
4. MILES OF PIPE BY CLASS LOCATION
CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 CLASS 4 TOTAL
TRANSMISSION
ONSHORE
OFFSHORE N/A N/A N/A
GATHERING
ONSHORE
OFFSHORE N/A N/A N/A
SYSTEM TOTALS
Form PHMSA F 7100.2-1 (12/05) Continue on Next Page

PART C – TOTAL LEAKS ELIMINATED/REPAIRED DURING PART D - TOTAL NUMBER OF LEAKS ON FEDERAL LAND
YEAR OR OCS REPAIRED OR SCHEDULED FOR REPAIR
CAUSE OF TRANSMISSION GATHERING

LEAK ONSHORE OFFSHORE ONSHORE OFFSHORE 1. TRANSMISSION
CORROSION ONSHORE
NATURAL OFFSHORE
FORCES
EXCAVATION OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
OTHER OUTSIDE 2. GATHERING

FORCE DAMAGE
MATERIAL AND ONSHORE

WELDS
EQUIPMENT AND OFFSHORE
OPERATIONS
OTHER OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF
PART E - NUMBER OF KNOWN SYSTEM LEAKS AT END OF

YEAR SCHEDULED FOR REPAIR
1. TRANSMISSION
2. GATHERING
PART F - PREPARER AND AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE
(type or print) Preparer's Name and Title Area Code and Telephone Number
Preparer's E-mail Address Area Code and Facsimile Number
Name and Title of Person Signing Area Code and Telephone Number
Authorized Signature (type or print) Name and Title Date
Form PHMSA F 7100.2-1 (12/05)
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GAS TRANSMISSION AND GATHERING SYSTEMS
Reporting requirements are in Part 191 of Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline: Annual Reports, Incident Reports, and
Safety-Related Condition Reports. Annual reports must be submitted by March 15th for the
preceding calendar year. Report TOTAL miles of pipeline in the system at the end of the
reporting year, including additions to the system during that year. Please note that Operators
operating less than one (1) mile of pipeline are not required to file an annual report.
Each transmission system or non-rural gathering system operator is required to file an annual
report. The terms operator, distribution line, gathering line, and transmission line are defined in
§192.3 of the CFR. If an operator determines that pipelines fall under the definition for
distribution lines, he or she should follow the instructions for Form PHMSA F 7100.1-1.
Use one of the following methods to submit your report. We prefer online reporting over
hardcopy submissions. If you prefer, then you can mail or fax your completed reports to
DOT/PHMSA.
Methods:
1. Online:
a. Navigate to the OPS Home Page http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline, click the
ONLINE DATA ENTRY link listed in the fourth column of hyperlinks on the
Pipeline Safety Community main page
b. Click on the Annual Gas Transmission and Gathering Systems Report name
c. Enter Operator ID and PIN (the name that appears is the operator name assigned
to the operator ID and PIN and is automatically populated by our database and
cannot be changed by the operator at the time of filing).
d. Click add to begin
e. Click submit when finished. NOTE: For supplemental reports use steps 1a and
1b then click on the report ID to make corrections. Click save when finished.
f. A confirmation page will appear for you to print and save for your records
If you submit your report online, PLEASE DO NOT MAIL OR FAX the completed
report to DOT as this may cause data entry errors.
2. Mail to:
DOT/PHMSA Office of Pipeline Safety
Information Resources Manager,
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1200 New Jersey Ave., SE

East Building, 2nd Floor, (PHP-10)
Room Number E22-321
3. Fax to: Information Resources Manager at (202) 366-4566.

GasTransAnnualInstructions 122008 Final 7100 2-1 1

If you need copies of the Form PHMSA F 7100.2-1 and/or instructions they can be found on the
Pipeline Safety Community main page, http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline, by clicking the
Library hyperlink and then the Forms hyperlink under the “Mini-Menu”. If you have questions
about this report or these instructions, please call (202) 366-8075. Please type or print all entries
when submitting forms by mail or fax.
Please round all mileage to the nearest 3 decimal positions. DO NOT USE FRACTIONS.
Examples of rounding are as follows: 3/8 should round to 0.375; 3/4 should round to 0.75 and ½
should round to 0.5.
The total mileage reported in Part B sections 1 through 4 MUST all sum to the same totals in the
appropriate rows. Please do not to report miles of pipeline in feet. If necessary, please convert
feet into a decimal notation (e.g. 1,320 feet = .25 miles).
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Make an entry in each block for which data is available. Estimate data if necessary. Please
avoid entering mileage in the UNKNOWN columns where possible. We recognize that some
companies may have very old pipe for which installation records may not exist. Enter estimate
of the total of such mileage in the UNKNOWN section of item 3: “Miles of Pipe by Decade of
Installation”.
Enter the Calendar Year for which the report is being filed. Check Initial Report if this is the
original filing for this calendar year. Check Supplemental Report if this is a follow-up to a
previously filed report to amend or correct information. On Supplemental Reports, please
complete Part A and only amended, revised, or added information for Parts B, C, D and E.
PART A - OPERATOR INFORMATION
Insert the operator name and address data. Report the address where additional information can
be found.
The operator's five digit identification number appears on the PHMSA mailing label (without
leading zeroes when less than 10000). If the person completing the report does not have the
operator identification number, they should contact the Information Resources Manager or
PHMSA at (202) 366-8075 for the five-digit operator identification number.
Enter the_State_for_which_information_is_being_reported. An operator should submit a

separate report for all company transmission or non-rural gathering operations for each State in
which it operates. A company may submit separate reports for subsidiaries or affiliate
operations. Please do not report a pipeline facility more than once.

PART B - SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The mileage of pipeline supplied in Part B, sections 1 and 2, will be used to better protect people
and the environment. Mileage reported should accurately reflect miles of pipe meeting the
PHMSA gas transmission and non-rural gathering line definitions. In the past, short segments of
pipeline operated by distribution systems at less than 20 percent of the specified minimum yield
strength (SMYS) have sometimes been inaccurately reported as transmission lines. Please
carefully consider all reported pipelines classifications.
COATED means pipe coated with an effective hot or cold applied dielectric coating or wrapper.
OTHER PIPE means a pipe made of material not specifically designated on the form, such as
copper, aluminum, etc. Enter the Other Pipe material, either in the column heading or by an
attachment if mileage of Other Pipe is shown.
Include Outer Continental Shelf pipelines under offshore in Part B, sections No. 1 and No. 2.
Provide miles of pipe by decade installed in Part B, section 3. Estimate if exact totals aren’t
known. Where decade of installation is not known because records do not exist for such
information, enter an estimate of this mileage in the UNKNOWN column. The sum total of
mileage reported for Part B, section 3 should match total mileage reported in Part B sections 1, 2,
and 4.
Provide miles of pipe by class location in Part B, section 4. Class location is defined in 49 Code
of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part '192.5. These definitions are provided in Appendix A,
below. All offshore mileage is Class 1.
PART C - TOTAL LEAKS ELIMINATED/REPAIRED DURING YEAR
Include all reportable leaks or ruptures and non-reportable leaks or ruptures repaired or
eliminated including replaced pipe or other component during the calendar year. Do not include
test failures.
Leaks are unintentional escapes of gas from the pipeline. A non-hazardous release that can be
eliminated by lubrication, adjustment, or tightening is not a leak.
A reportable leak is one that meets the specific criteria of '191.5 and is reported on Form
PHMSA F 7100.2, Incident Report - Gas Transmission and Gathering Systems. A non-
reportable leak is one that is not reported under '191.5.
Leaks are classified as:
CORROSION: leak resulting from a hole in the pipe or other component that galvanic,
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bacterial, chemical, stray current, or other corrosive action causes.
NATURAL FORCES: leak resulting from earth movements, earthquakes, landslides,

subsidence, lightning, heavy rains/floods, washouts, flotation, mudslide, scouring, temperature,

frost heave, frozen components, high winds, or similar natural causes.
EXCAVATION: leak resulting from damage caused by earth moving or other equipment, tools,
or vehicles. Include leaks from damage by operator's personnel or contractor or people not
associated with the operator.
OTHER OUTSIDE FORCE DAMAGE: Include leaks caused by fire or explosion and
deliberate or willful acts, such as vandalism.
MATERIAL AND WELDS: leak resulting from failure of original sound material from force
applied during construction that caused a dent, gouge, excessive stress, or other defect that
eventually resulted in a leak. This includes leaks due to faulty wrinkle bends, faulty field welds,
and damage sustained in transportation to the construction or fabrication site. Also include leak
resulting from a defect in the pipe material, component, or the longitudinal weld or seam due to
faulty manufacturing procedures. Leaks from material deterioration, other than corrosion, after
exceeding the reasonable service life, are reported under “Other”.
EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS: leak resulting from malfunction of control/relief

equipment including valves, regulators, or other instrumentation; stripped threads or broken pipe
couplings on nipples, valves, or mechanical couplings; or seal failures on gaskets, O-rings,
seal/pump packing, or similar leaks. Also include leaks resulting from inadequate procedures or
safety practices, or failure to follow correct procedures, or other operator error.
OTHER: leak resulting from any other cause, such as exceeding the service life, not attributable
to the above causes.
OFFSHORE includes jurisdictional pipelines on the Outer Continental Shelf.
PART D - TOTAL NUMBER OF LEAKS ON FEDERAL LAND OR OCS REPAIRED

OR SCHEDULED FOR REPAIR
FEDERAL LANDS means All lands owned by the United States except lands in the National
Park System, lands held in trust for an Indian or Indian tribe, and lands on the Outer Continental
Shelf.", as defined in 30 USC Section 185.
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Enter all leaks repaired, eliminated, or scheduled for repair during the reporting year, including
those reported as incidents on Form PHMSA F 7100.2.
OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF pipelines are separated to differentiate from other Federal
offshore areas, which could be within a lake or river.
PART E - NUMBER OF KNOWN SYSTEM LEAKS AT END OF YEAR SCHEDULED

FOR REPAIR
Include all known leaks scheduled for elimination by repairing or by replacing pipe or some
other component.

PART F - PREPARER AND AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE
PREPARER is the name of the person most knowledgeable about the report or the person to be
contacted for more information. Please include the direct phone number and email address.
AUTHORIZED SIGNATURE may be the preparer, an officer, or other person whom the
operator has designated to review and sign reports. Please include the direct phone number and
email address. If submitting via the Online Data Entry System your Operator ID and PIN take the
place of the Authorized Signature.
APPENDIX A
Sec. '192.5 Class locations.
(a) This section classifies pipeline locations for purposes of this part. The following criteria
apply to classifications under this section.
(1) A ``class location unit'' is an onshore area that extends 220 yards (200 meters) on either
side of the centerline of any continuous 1- mile (1.6 kilometers) length of pipeline.
(2) Each separate dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling unit building is counted as a separate
building intended for human occupancy.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, pipeline locations are classified as
follows:
(i) An offshore area; or
(ii) Any class location unit that has 10 or fewer buildings intended for human occupancy.
(i) Any class location unit that has more than 10 but fewer than 46 buildings intended for
human occupancy.
(i) Any class location unit that has 46 or more buildings intended for human occupancy; or
(ii) An area where the pipeline lies within 100 yards (91 meters) of either a building or a
small, well-defined outside area (such as a playground, recreation area, outdoor theater, or other
place of public assembly) that is occupied by 20 or more persons on at least 5 days a week for 10
weeks in any 12-month period. (The days and weeks need not be consecutive.)
(4) A Class 4 location is any class location unit where buildings with four or more stories
above ground are prevalent.
(c) The length of Class locations 2, 3, and 4 may be adjusted as follows:
(1) A Class 4 location ends 220 yards (200 meters) from the nearest building with four or
more stories above ground.
(2) When a cluster of buildings intended for human occupancy requires a Class 2 or 3 location,
the class location ends 220 yards (200 meters) from the nearest building in the cluster.

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Blank Sheet
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DETERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR

SAFETY- RELATED CONDITIONS1
Location Time Factor Type Effect on Facility Operation Report
1
Required
2
Causes the MAOP to be reduced Yes
General
Corrosion Does not cause the MAOP to be reduced No
2
Leakage might result Yes
Localized
Corrosion Pitting Leakage unlikely to result No
Will not be Unintended Impairs serviceability Yes

corrected Movement
within 5 working or Does not impair serviceability No
days after Loading
2
determination or Impairs serviceability Yes
10 working Material
Within 220 days after Defect or Damage Does not impair serviceability No
yards of a discovery,
building whichever Causes pressure to increase above Yes
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intended for comes first Malfunction or MAOP + allowable buildup

human Operating Error Does not cause pressure to increase No
occupancy or above MAOP + allowable buildup
outdoor place of Creates an emergency Yes
assembly or Leak
within the right- Does not create an emergency No
of-way of an
active railroad, Could lead to an imminent hazard and
paved road, All causes
street or Other a) 20% or more pressure reduction or Yes
highway Conditions b) shutdown
All others No
2
Will be Causes the MAOP to be reduced Yes
corrected General
within 5 working Corrosion Does not cause the MAOP to be reduced No
days after
determination or Effectively coated & No
10 working Localized Leakage cathodically protected
2
days after Corrosion might All other coating/cathodic Yes
discovery, Pitting result protection conditions
whichever Leakage unlikely to result No
comes first All Other All No
All Other Areas No Report Required
1
An event which has been reported as an incident (§191.5) is not reportable as a safety-related condition. Report is not required for any
safety-related condition that exists on a master meter system or a customer-owned service line.
2
Does not pertain to pipelines operating at less than 20% SMYS.
411
Reserved
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412
DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition (See guide material under §191.25)
SAFETY-RELATED CONDITION REPORT TO

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
FAX (202) 366-7128
SECTION I - PREPARER
NAME & TITLE: ___________________________________________________________________
TELEPHONE NO.: ( ) - DATE PREPARED / /
SECTION II - GENERAL INFORMATION
OPERATOR’S NAME: ______________________________________________________________
ADDRESS: _______________________________________________________________________
CITY: ________________________________ STATE: _________ ZIP: __________________
LOCATION OF SAFETY-RELATED CONDITION:

CITY / TOWNSHIP: ____________________________________________________________
COUNTY: _________________________ STATE: _________ ZIP: __________________
FACILITY NAME / PIPELINE NO.: _________________________ STATION NO:__________
NEAREST GEOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE(S): __________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
DESCRIPTION OF SAFETY-RELATED CONDITION (Identify Commodity Transported):

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO DISCOVERY: _________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OF CONDITION ON SAFETY: _________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
DATE OF DISCOVERY: / / DATE DETERMINED TO BE REPORTABLE: / /
PERSON WHO DETERMINED THAT THE REPORTABLE CONDITION EXISTS:

NAME & TITLE: _______________________________________________________________
TELEPHONE NO.: ( ) -
SECTION III - CORRECTIVE ACTION
INITIAL ACTION TAKEN: ___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
ADDITIONAL ACTION TO BE TAKEN: _________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
DATE ADDITIONAL ACTION PLANNED – TO START: / / BE COMPLETED / /

SECTION IV - FILING OF REPORT
DATE REPORT SUBMITTED TO DOT: / / TRANSMITTAL METHOD:
413
Reserved
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414
SUMMARY OF REFERENCES AND RELATED SOURCES
CONTENTS
1 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS, CODES, STANDARDS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS

1.1 Pipe – Metallic
1.2 Pipe – Plastic [See "Plastic Related"]
1.3 Valves [See other related references under "Fittings – Flanged" and "Fittings – Miscellaneous"]
1.4 Fittings – Flanged
1.5 Fittings – Threaded
1.6 Fittings – Welded
1.7 Fittings – Miscellaneous
1.8 Bolts & Gaskets
1.9 Corrosion Related
1.10 Dimensional Standards
1.11 Plastic Related
1.12 Pressure & Flow Devices
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1.13 Structure Steel & Supports
1.14 Other Documents
2 GOVERNMENTAL DOCUMENTS
3 TECHNICAL PAPERS & PUBLICATIONS

3.1 Emergency Related
3.2 Corrosion Related
3.3 Plastic Related
3.4 Uncased Pipe and Directional Drilling Related
3.5 Safety and Integrity Management Related
4 PUBLISHING ORGANIZATIONS
5 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RESOURCES
6 SUMMARY OF WEBSITES
415
Reserved
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416
SUMMARY OF REFERENCES AND RELATED SOURCES
1 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS, CODES, STANDARDS, AND OTHER DOCUMENTS
• The publications listed below provide information on pipe, components, specifications, and topics
other than those covered currently or previously by Part 192. This list is intended to include all such
publications referenced throughout the guide material and related appendices. See §192.7 for
“Documents incorporated by reference” and Guide Material Appendix G192-1A for other documents
that have been previously incorporated by reference in the Regulations.
• For some publication titles, certain initial words have been omitted for brevity (e.g., ASTM B43,
"Standard Specification for Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes" is presented here as
"Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes”).
• Under some conditions, the application of the information is limited by provisions of Part 192 and this
Guide.
• See Editorial Conventions of the Guide for explanation of "Discontinued or Withdrawn." Discontinued
or withdrawn publications may still be beneficial to operators, and Guide users should note that they
may be available from industry collections maintained by gas operators, industry associations,
institutions, or technical schools, colleges, and universities (see Sections 4 and 5).
• Most material specifications, codes, standards, and many other documents have been developed
and approved in accordance with American National Standards Institute (ANSI) procedures and
typically carry added identification referencing ANSI. Such identification is not routinely shown in the
Guide.
• The appropriate guide material section is listed for each publication where applicable.
• Unless otherwise noted, the publications listed below are intended to be the latest available editions.
1.1 PIPE - METALLIC
ANSI A21.52 Ductile – Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast, for Gas §192.557
(Revised1991; Withdrawn 1996)
API RP 5LW Transportation of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine Vessels §192.65
§192.103
ASME I00396 History of Line Pipe Manufacturing in North America §192.3
ASTM A120 Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated

(Galvanized) Welded and Seamless for Ordinary Uses
(Withdrawn 1987)
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ASTM A155 Electric-Fusion Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure

Service (Withdrawn 1978; Replaced by ASTM A671)
ASTM B43 Seamless Red Brass Pipe, Standard Sizes
AWWA C101 Thickness Design of Cast Iron Pipe (Discontinued) §192.557
AWWA C150 Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe §192.557
417
1.2 PIPE – PLASTIC

[See 1.11 Plastic Related]
1.3 VALVES
[See other related references under 1.4 Fittings – Flanged and 1.7 Fittings – Miscellaneous]
API Std 600 Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum and Natural §192.145
Gas Industries
ASME B16.33 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas §192.145
Piping Systems Up to 125 psig (Sizes NPS ½ - NPS 2)
ASME B16.34 Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End §192.145
ASME B16.38 Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution (Manually §192.145
Operated, NPS 2½ to 12, 125 psig Max)
ASME B16.40 Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas Shutoffs and Valves §192.145
in Gas Distribution Systems
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1.4 FITTINGS – FLANGED
ASME B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges (NPS 26 through NPS 60) §192.147
AWWA C207 Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterwork Service, Sizes 4 Inch
Through 144 Inch
MSS SP-6 Finishes for Contact Faces of Pipe Flanges and §192.147
Connecting-End Flanges of Valves and Fittings
1.5 FITTINGS – THREADED
ASME B16.3 Malleable Gray Iron Threaded Fittings §192.149
ASME B16.4 Gray Iron Threaded Fittings §192.149
ASME B16.14 Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe
Threads
ASME B16.15 Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings, Classes 125 and 250 §192.149
1.6 FITTINGS – WELDED
ASME B16.9 Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings §192.149

App. G-192-3
ASME B16.25 Buttwelding Ends
ASME B16.28 Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and

Returns
ASTM A234 Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for
Moderate and High Temperature Service
ASTM A420 Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for
Low-Temperature Service
MSS SP-75 High Test Wrought Butt Welding Fittings §192.149

§192.157
418
1.7 FITTINGS – MISCELLANEOUS
ANSI A21.14 Ductile Iron Fittings, 3-Inch Through 24-Inch for Gas §192.557
ASME B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded §192.149

App.G-192-5
ASME B16.18 Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
ASME B16.22 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure
Fittings
ASME B16.36 Orifice Flanges
ASME B16.48 Steel Line Blanks
ASME B16.49 Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Induction Bends

for Transportation and Distribution Systems
ASTM A105 Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
ASTM A181 Carbon Steel Forgings for General-Purpose Piping
ASTM A182 Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings,

and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A350 Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch

Toughness Testing for Piping Components
ASTM A733 Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and Austenitic §192.149
Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples
MSS SP-79 Socket-Welding Reducer Inserts §192.149
MSS SP-83 Class 3000 Steel Pipe Unions, Socket-Welding and §192.149
Threaded
1.8 BOLTS & GASKETS
AGA CPR-83-4-1 Threaded Fastener Torquing §192.147
ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads, Un and Unr Thread Form §192.147
ASME B16.20 Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges: Ring-Joint, Spiral- §192.147
Wound and Jacketed
ASME B16.21 Non-metallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe flanges
ASME B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws, Inch Series §192.147
ASME B18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts, Inch Series §192.147

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ASTM A193 Alloy Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High- §192.147
Temperature Service
ASTM A194 Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High-Pressure or §192.147
High-Temperature Service, or Both
419
1.8 BOLTS & GASKETS (Continued)
ASTM A307 Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 PSI Tensile Strength §192.147
ASTM A320 Alloy Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service §192.147
ASTM A354 Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs, and §192.147
Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
ASTM A449 Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs §192.147
1.9 CORROSION RELATED
NACE MR0175 Materials for Use in H2S-Containing Environments in Oil §192.53

and Gas Production §192.475
NACE RP0102 In-Line Inspection of Pipelines §192.150
NACE RP0169 Control of External Corrosion on Underground or §192.453

Submerged Metallic Piping Systems §192.455
§192.461
§192.463
§192.473
App. D
NACE RP0173 Collection and Identification of Corrosion Products (Revised §192.617
1973; Discontinued)
NACE RP0175 Control of Internal Corrosion in Steel Pipelines and Piping §192.475
Systems (Revised 1975; Discontinued)
NACE RP0177 Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning Effects on §192.467

Metallic Structures and Corrosion Control Systems
NACE RP0192 Monitoring Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production with Iron §192.475
Counts
NACE RP0200 Steel-Cased Pipeline Practices §192.323

§192.467
NACE RP0204 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Direct Assessment §192.919
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Methodology
NACE RP0274 High-Voltage Electrical Inspection of Pipeline Coatings §192.461
NACE RP0375 Wax Coating Systems for Underground Piping Systems §192.461
NACE RP0775 Preparation, Installation, Analysis, and Interpretation of §192.475

Corrosion Coupons in Oilfield Operations
420
1.9 CORROSION RELATED (Continued)
NACE TM0194 Field Monitoring of Bacterial Growth in Oilfield Systems §192.475
NACE 3D170 Technical Committee Report, Electrical and §192.475

Electrochemical Methods for Determining Corrosion Rates
(Revised 1984; Withdrawn 1994)
NACE 35100 Technical Committee Report, In-Line Nondestructive §192.150

Inspection of Pipelines
SSPC Painting Manual Good Painting Practice - Volume 1; and Systems and §192.479
Specifications - Volume 2
1.10 DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS
API Spec 5B Threading, Gauging, and Thread Inspection of Casing,

Tubing, and Line Pipe Threads
ASME B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose, Inch §192.273
ASME B1.20.3 Dryseal Pipe Threads, Inch
1.11 PLASTIC RELATED
AGA XR0104 Plastic Pipe Manual For Gas Service §192.285

§192.321
§192.751
ASME I00353 Installation of Plastic Gas Pipeline in Steel Conduits Across App. G-192-21
Bridges
ASTM D696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of §192.281
Plastics
ASTM D2235 Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) §192.281

Plastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D2560 Solvent Cements for Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB) §192.281
Plastic Pipe, Tubing and Fittings (Withdrawn 1986)
ASTM D2657 Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings §192.281
ASTM D2837 Standard Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design §192.3
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design §192.63

Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Products §192.121
ASTM D2855 Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly (Vinyl Chloride) §192.281
(PVC) Pipe and Fittings
ASTM F689 Determination of the Temperature of Above-Ground Plastic

Gas Pressure Pipe Within Metallic Casings
421
1.11 PLASTIC RELATED (Continued)
ASTM F1041 Guide for Squeeze-Off of Polyolefin Gas Pressure Pipe and §192.321
Tubing
ASTM F1290 Electrofusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and Fittings §192.281
ASTM F1563 Tools to Squeeze-Off Polyethylene (PE) Gas Pipe or Tubing §192.321
GRI-92/0147.1 Users’ Guide on Squeeze-Off of Polyethylene Gas Pipes §192.321
GRI-94/0205 Guidelines and Technical Reference on Gas Flow Shut-Off §192.321

in Polyethylene Pipes Using Squeeze Tools
GRI-96/0194 Service Effects of Hydrocarbons on Fusion and Mechanical §192.123

Performance of Polyethylene Gas Distribution Piping
PPI - Handbook of PE Chapter 8, Above-Ground Applications for Polyethylene §192.321

Pipe Pipe
Note: Available as individual chapter of the PPI Handbook
of Polyethylene Pipe
PPI TN-13 General Guidelines for Butt, Saddle and Socket Fusion of §192.281
Unlike Polyethylene Pipes and Fittings §192.283
PPI TR-4 PPI Listing of Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB), Strength §192.121
Design Basis (SDB), Pressure Design Basis (PDB) and
Minimum Required Strength (MRS) Ratings for
Thermoplastic Piping Materials or Pipe
PPI TR-9 Recommended Design Factors and Design Coefficients for §192.123
Thermoplastic Pressure Pipe
PPI TR-22 Polyethylene Piping Distribution Systems for Components §192.121

of Liquid Petroleum Gases §192.123
PPI TR-33 Generic Butt Fusion Joining Procedure for Polyethylene §192.281
Gas Pipe §192.283
PPI TR-41 Generic Saddle Fusion Joining Procedure for Polyethylene §192.123
Gas Piping §192.281
§192.283
PPI Tech. Comm. Standard Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyolefin Pipe §192.281
Project 141 and Fittings
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422
1.12 PRESSURE & FLOW DEVICES
API RP 520 P2 Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure-Relieving §192.201

Devices in Refineries, Part 2 Installation
API RP 525 Testing Procedure for Pressure-Relieving Devices §192.743

Discharging Against Variable Back Pressure (Revised
1960; Discontinued)
ASTM F1802 Test Method for Performance Testing of Excess Flow §192.381
Valves
MSS SP-115 Excess Flow Valves for Natural Gas Service §192.381
NBBI Relieving Capacities of Safety Valves and Relief Valves §192.201

Approved by the National Board (Discontinued)
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1.13 STRUCTURAL STEEL & SUPPORTS
ASTM A36 Carbon Structural Steel
MSS SP-58 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Materials, Design and §192.357
Manufacture
MSS SP-69 Pipe Hangers and Supports - Selection and Application §192.357
1.14 OTHER DOCUMENTS
AGA X69804 Historical Collection of Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Forward

Regulations [Available from GPTC Secretary at AGA.] Editorial Notes
AGA XF0277 Classification of Gas Utility Areas for Electrical Installations §192.163
AGA XK0101 Purging Principles and Practice §192.629

§192.727
AGA XL8920 Attention Prioritizing and Pipe Replacement/Renewal §192.465
Decisions §192.703
App. G-192-18
AGA XQ0005 Odorization Manual §192.625
API RP 500 Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at §192.163

Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class 1, Division 1 and
Division 2
API RP 1102 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways §192.103

App. G-192-15
API RP 1117 Movement of In-Service Pipelines §192.103
§192.703
423
1.14 OTHER DOCUMENTS (Continued)
AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering, Chapter 1 – Roadway and App. G-192-15
Ballast (for Part 5 – Pipelines)
ASCE 428-5 Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline §192.103
Systems (Discontinued)
ASME B31.1 Power Piping §192.141
ASME B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping
ASME B31.3 Process Piping §192.141
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons

and Other Liquids
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components §192.141
ASME B31.9 Building Services Piping
ASME B31Q Pipeline Personnel Qualification §192.805
ASME Guide SI-1 ASME Orientation and Guide for Use of SI (Metric) Units App. G-192-M
ASNT ILI-PQ In-line Inspection Personnel Qualification and Certification §192.915
ASTM D1586 Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel GMA G-192-15A
Sampling of Soils
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ASTM D2487 Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering GMA G-192-15A
Purpose
ASTM D6273 Standard Test Methods for Natural Gas Odor Intensity §192.625
ASTM E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building §192.163
Materials
AWS A3.0 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions §192.3

§192.221
CGA Best Practices §192.325
§192.361
§192.614
One Call Systems International Directory §192.614
CoGDEM Gas Detection and Calibration Guide App. G-192-11

App. G-192-11A
GPTC-Z380-TR-1 Review of Integrity Management for Natural Gas §192.907
424
GRI-91/0283 Guidelines for Pipelines Crossing Railroads §192.103

App. G-192-15
GRI-91/0284 Guidelines for Pipelines Crossing Highways §192.103
App. G-192-15
GRI-91/0285 Technical Summary and Database for Guidelines for App. G-192-15
Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways
GRI-91/0285.1 Executive Summary: Technical Summary and Database for App. G-192-15
Guidelines for Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways
GTI-04/0071 External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) §192.919

Implementation Protocol
IAPMO Uniform Plumbing Code §192.141
NCB Subsidence Engineers Handbook, National Coal Board App. G-192-13

Mining Department (U.K.), 1975
NFPA 10 Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 14 Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems §192.141
NFPA 24 Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their §192.141

Appurtenances
NFPA 54/ANSI Z223.1 National Fuel Gas Code Figure 192.11A

Figure 192.11B
NFPA 220 Types of Building Construction
NFPA 224 Homes and Camps in Forest Areas (Discontinued) §192.163
NFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations §192.617
PRCI L22279 Further Studies of Two Methods for Repairing Defects in §192.713
Line Pipe
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
PRCI L51406 Pipeline Response to Buried Explosive Detonations App. G-192-16
PRCI L51574 Non-Conventional Means for Monitoring Pipelines in Areas App. G-192-13
of Soil Subsidence or Soil Movement
PRCI L51717 Pipeline In-Service Relocation Engineering Manual §192.703
425
PRCI L51740 Evaluation of the Structural Integrity of Cold Field-Bent Pipe §192.313
PRCI PC-PISCES Personal Computer - Pipeline Soil Crossing Evaluation App. G-192-15
System (PC-PISCES), Version 2.0 (Related to API RP
1102)
UL 723 Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building §192.163

Materials
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
426
2 GOVERNMENTAL DOCUMENTS
Note: NTSB Reports are available at www.ntsb.gov/publictn.

OPS Advisory Bulletins are accessible as follows.
• PHMSA-OPS website at www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline.
• Federal Register (FR) at www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/advanced.html.
MOU Memorandum of Understanding Between DOT and DOI §191.1

Regarding Outer Continental Shelf Pipelines §192.1
App. G-192-19
NTSB Report Pipeline Accident Brief -- Fire and Explosion, Midwest Gas §192.613
PAB-98-02 Company, Waterloo, Iowa, October 17, 1994
NTSB Report Special Investigation Report -- Brittle-Like Cracking in §192.613

SIR-98-01 Plastic Pipe for Gas Service
OPS Notice -- Development of Class Location Change Waiver §192.611

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Criteria (69 FR 38948, June 29, 2004)

Training Guide for Operators of Small LP Gas Systems §192.1
(also referred to as “Guidance Manual”) §192.11
OPS ADB-99-01 Advisory Bulletin -- Susceptibility of Certain Polyethylene §192.613
Pipe Manufactured by Century Utility Products, Inc. to
Premature Failure Due to Brittle-Like Cracking (64 FR
12211, Mar. 11, 1999)
OPS ADB-99-02 Advisory Bulletin -- Potential Susceptibility of Plastic Pipe §192.613
Installed Between the [Years] 1960 and the Early 1980s to
Premature Failure Due to Brittle-Like Cracking (64 FR
12212, Mar. 11, 1999)
OPS ADB-02-06 Advisory Bulletin – Standards for Classifying Natural Gas §192.9
Gathering Lines (67 FR 64447, Oct. 18, 2002)
OPS ADB-02-07 Advisory Bulletin -- Notification of the Susceptibility to §192.613

Premature Brittle-Like Cracking of Older Plastic Pipe (67
FR 70806, Nov. 26, 2002 with Correction, 67 FR 72027,
Dec. 3, 2002)
OPS ADB-03-03 Advisory Bulletin – Identified Sites for Possible Inclusion as §192.905
High Consequence Areas (HCAs) in Gas Integrity
Management Programs (68 FR 42458, July 17, 2003)
OPS ADB-04-01 Advisory Bulletin -- Hazards Associated with De-Watering of §192.515
Pipelines (69 FR 58225, Sept. 29, 2004)
427
2 GOVERNMENTAL DOCUMENTS (Continued)
OPS ADB-05-04 Advisory Bulletin -- Notification Required by the Integrity §192.949

Management Regulations in 49 CFR Part 192, Subpart O
(70 FR 43939, July 29, 2005)
OPS ADB-06-01 Notification on Safe Excavation Practices and the use of §192.605
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Qualified Personnel to oversee all Excavations and §192.614
Backfilling Operations (71 FR 2613, Jan. 17, 2006) §192.805
OPS ADB-07-01 Advisory Bulletin -- Senior Executive Signature and §192.951

Certification of Integrity Management Program Performance
Reports (72 FR 20175, April 23, 2007)
OPS-DOT.RSPA/DMT Safety Criteria for the Operation of Gaseous Hydrogen §192.1

10-85-1 Pipelines (Discontinued)
3 TECHNICAL PAPERS & PUBLICATIONS
3.1 EMERGENCY RELATED

"First at the Scene" by J.M. Lennon, Director of Claims, Philadelphia Electric Company; §192.617
AGA Operating Section Proceedings - 1983.
"How to Protect the Company at the Scene of an Incident" by Robert E. Kennedy, Director §192.617
of Claims, Claim & Security Department, The Brooklyn Union Gas Company; AGA
Operating Section Proceedings - 1983.
3.2 CORROSION RELATED
“Evaluation of Chemical Treatments in Natural Gas System vs. MIC and Other Forms of §192.475
Internal Corrosion Using Carbon Steel Coupons,” Timothy Zintel, Derek Kostuck, and
Bruce Cookingham, Paper # 03574 presented at CORROSION/03 San Diego, CA.
“Field Guide for Investigating Internal Corrosion of Pipelines,” Richard Eckert, NACE Press, §192.475
2003
“Field Use Proves Program for Managing Internal Corrosion in Wet-Gas Systems,” Richard §192.475
Eckert and Bruce Cookingham, Oil & Gas Journal, January 21, 2002
“Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment,” Oliver Moghissi, Bruce Cookingham, Lee Norris, §192.475
and Phil Dusek, Paper # 02087 presented at CORROSION/02 Denver, CO
“Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment of Gas Transmission Pipeline – Application,” Oliver §192.475
Moghissi, Laurie Perry, Bruce Cookingham, and Narasi Sridhar, Paper # 03204 presented
at CORROSION/03 San Diego, CA
“Microscopic Differentiation of Internal Corrosion Initiation Mechanisms in a Natural Gas §192.475
System,” Richard Eckert, Henry Aldrich, and Chris Edwards, Bruce Cookingham, Paper #
03544 presented at CORROSION/03 San Diego, CA.
428
3.3 PLASTIC RELATED

“An Evaluation of Polyamide 11 for Use in High Pressure/High Temperature Gas Piping §192.123
Systems,” T.J. Pitzi et al., 15th Plastic Fuel Gas Pipe Symposium Proceedings - 1997, p.
107.
"Correlating Aldyl 'A' and Century PE Pipe Rate Process Method Projections With Actual §192.613
Field Performance," E.F. Palermo, Ph.D., Plastics Pipes XII Conference, April 2004.
"Effect of Elevated Ground Temperature (from Electric Cables) on the Pressure Rating of §192.361
PE Pipe in Gas Piping Applications,” E.F. Palermo, Ph.D,, AGA Operations Conference,
April 2007
“Mechanical Integrity of Fusion Joints Made from Polyethylene Pipe Exposed to Heavy §192.123
Hydrocarbons,” S.M. Pimputkar, 14th Plastic Fuel Gas Pipe Symposium Proceedings -
1995, p. 141.
“Polyamide 11 Liners Withstand Hydrocarbons, High Temperature,” A. Berry, Pipeline & §192.123
Gas Journal, December 1998, p. 81.
“Prediction of Organic Chemical Permeation through PVC Pipe,” A.R. Berens, Research §192.123
Technology, November 1985, p. 57.
“Strength of Fusion Joints Made from Polyethylene Pipe Exposed to Heavy Hydrocarbons,” §192.123
S.M. Pimputkar, 15th Plastic Fuel Gas Pipe Symposium Proceedings - 1997, p. 309.
3.4 UNCASED PIPE AND DIRECTIONAL DRILLING RELATED
"Drilling Fluids in Pipeline Installation by Horizontal Directional Drilling - A Practical App. G-192-15A
Applications Manual," J.D. Hair & Associates, Inc., Cebo Holland B.V., 1994.
"Guidelines For A Successful Directional Crossing Bid Package," 1996 Directory of the App. G-192-15A
North American Trenchless Technology Contractors.
"Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling, An Engineering Design Guide, " App. G-192-15A
Prepared for the Offshore and Onshore Design Applications Supervisory Committee, of the
PRCI, at the American Gas Association, J.D. Hair and Associates, Louis J. Cappozzolli
and Associates, Inc., Stress Engineering Services, Inc., January 15, 1995.
"Measurement Techniques in Horizontal Directional Drilling," Ir. J. Gorter, N.V. App. G-192-15A
Nederlandse Gasunie, The Netherlands, February 1993.
"Piping Handbook," Fourth Edition, J.H. Walker and Sabin Crocker, 1930, McGraw-Hill App. G-192-15
Inc., New York, NY; data re-affirmed in Sixth Edition, published 1992.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3.5 SAFETY AND INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT RELATED
"Pipeline Risk Management Manual," W. Kent Muhlbauer, Elsevier/Gulf Professional §192.907
Publishing, ISBN: 0-7506-7579-9
429
4 PUBLISHING ORGANIZATIONS
The specifications, codes, standards, and other documents listed in Sections 1 and 2 are published by
the following organizations:
AGA American Gas Association

th
400 North Capitol Street, NW, 4 Floor Publications:
Washington, DC 20001 See Techstreet
Phone: 202.824.7000
Fax: 202.824.7115
On line: www.aga.org
ANSI American National Standards Institute

rd
25 West 43 Street
New York, NY 10036
Phone: 212.642.4900
Fax: 212.302.1286
On line: www.ansi.org
Search: www.nssn.org
API American Petroleum Institute

1220 L Street, NW Publications:
Washington, D.C. 20005-4070 See IHS (formerly Global)
Phone: 202.682.8000
Fax: 202.682.8154
On line: www.api.org
APWA American Public Works Association

2345 Grand Boulevard, Suite 700 Free downloads:
Kansas City, MO 64108-2625 One-call Directory, Marking Guidelines,
Phone: 816.472.6100 and Color Code & Marking Guidelines
FAX: 816.472.1610 available at
On line: www.apwa.net www.apwa.net/About/PET/RightOfWay/One-Call
AREMA American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association

1000 Derekwood Lane, Suite 210
Lanham, MD 20706
Phone: 301.459.3200
Fax: 301.459.8077
On line: www.arema.org
ASCE The American Society of Civil Engineers

1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, VA 20191-4400
Phone: 800.548.2723
Fax: 703.295.6222
On line: www.asce.org
430
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`

ASME The American Society of Mechanical Engineers International

& Information Central Center for Research and Technology
ASME/ Orders and Inquiries Development
CRTD P.O. Box 2300 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 906
Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300 Washington, DC 20036-5104
Phone: 800.843.2763 Phone: 202.785.3756
Fax: 973.882.1717 Fax: 202.785.8120
On line: www.asme.org On line: crtd.asme.org
ASNT American Society for Nondestructive Testing

P.O. Box 28518
1711 Arlingate Lane
Columbus, OH 43228-0518
Phone: 800.222.2768
Fax: 614.274.6899
On line: www.asnt.org
ASTM ASTM International (formerly American Society for Testing and Materials)
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
Phone: 610.832.9585
Fax: 610.832.9555
On line: www.astm.org
AWS American Welding Society

550 NW LeJeune Road
Miami, FL 33126
Phone: 305.443.9353 800.443.9353
Fax: 305.443.5951
On line: www.aws.org
AWWA American Water Works Association

6666 W. Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80235
Phone: 303.794.7711 800.926.7337
Fax: 303.347.0804
On line: www.awwa.org
CGA Common Ground Alliance

1421 Prince Street, Suite 410
Alexandria, VA 22314
Phone: 703.836.1709
Fax: 309.407.2244
On line: www.commongroundalliance.com
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CoGDEM The Council of Gas Detection and Environmental Monitoring

Unit 11, Theobald Business Park
Knowl Piece, Wilbury Way
Hitchin, Herts, SG4 0TY, UK
Phone: +44(0) 1462 434322
Fax: +44(0) 1462 434488
On line: www.cogdem.org.uk
431
DIPRA Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association

245 Riverchase Parkway East, Suite O
Birmingham, AL 35244
Phone: 205.402.8700
Fax: 205.402.8730
On line: www.dipra.org
GTI Gas Technology Institute

(formerly 1700 S. Mount Prospect Road
GRI) Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
Phone: 847.768.0500
Fax: 847.768.0501
On line: www.gastechnology.org
IAPMO International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials

5001 E. Philadelphia Street
Ontario, CA 91761
Phone: 909.472.4100
Orders: 800.854.2766
Fax: 909.472.4150
On line: iapmo.org
MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry

127 Park Street, NE
Vienna, VA 22180
Phone: 703.281.6613
Fax: 703.281.6671
On line: www.mss-hq.org
NACE NACE International

1440 South Creek Drive
Houston, TX 77084-4906
Phone: 281.228.6200 800.797.6223
Fax: 281.228.6300
On line: www.nace.org
NBBI National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors

1055 Crupper Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43229-1183
Phone: 614.888.8320
Fax: 614.848.3474
On line: www.nationalboard.org
NCB National Coal Board (replaced by The Coal Authority in 1994)

The Coal Authority
200 Lichfield Lane
Mansfield, Nottinghamshire NG18 4RG
Phone: 01623-637-000
On line: www.coal.gov.uk
432
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

1 Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02169-7471
Phone: 617.770.3000 800.344.3555
Fax: 800.593.6372
On line: www.nfpa.org
OPS Office of Pipeline Safety / PHMSA / DOT

nd
East Building, 2 Floor
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590-0001
Phone: 202.366.4595
Fax: 202.493.2311
On line: www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline
PPI Plastics Pipe Institute

105 Decker Court, Suite 825
Irving, TX 75062
Phone: 469.499.1044
Fax: 469.499.1063
On line: www.plasticpipe.org
PRCI Pipeline Research Council International

1401 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1101 Publications:
Arlington, VA 22209-2505 See TTI
Phone: 703.387.0190
Fax: 703.387.0192
On line: www.prci.org
SSPC The Society for Protective Coatings (formerly Steel Structures Painting Council)
40 24th Street, 6th Floor
Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656
Phone: 877.281.7772
Fax: 412.281.9992
On line: www.sspc.org
UL Underwriters Laboratories
333 Pfingsten Road
Northbrook, IL 60062-2096
Phone: 847.272.8800
Fax: 847.272.8129
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
On line: www.ul.com
433
5 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RESOURCES
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

1330 Kemper Meadow Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45240
Phone: 513.742.2020
Fax: 513.742.3355
On line: www.ACGIH.org
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

1791 Tullie Circle, NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
Phone: 404.636.8400
Fax: 404.321.5478
On line: www.ashrae.com
Battelle Battelle
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201-2693
Phone: 614.424.3505
Fax: 614.456.5017
On line: www.battelle.org
Federal U.S. Government Printing Office

Register 732 North Capitol Street, NW
On line: www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/advanced.html
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency

500 C Street, SW
Phone: 800.621.FEMA (3362)
Fax: 800.827.8112
On line: www.fema.gov
ICC International Codes Council)

th
(formerly 500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6 Floor
BOCA) Washington, DC 20001-2070
Phone: 888.422.7233
Fax: Washington, DC 202.783.2348
Birmingham, AL 205.599.9871
Chicago, IL 800.214.7167
Whittier, CA 562.908.5524
On line: www.iccsafe.org
IHS Information Handling Services (formerly Global Engineering Documents)

(formerly 15 Inverness Way East, M/S A110B
Global) Englewood, CO 80112
Phone: 800.854.7179
Fax: 303.397.2740
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
On line: www.global.ihs.com
434
ILI ILI Infodisk, Inc.

610 Winters Avenue
Paramus, NJ 07652 Publication Sales:
Phone: 201.986.1131 800.374.3818 Phone: 888.454.2688
Fax: 201.986.7886
On line: www.ili-info.com
ILS International Library Service

889 N. Freedom Blvd, Suite10
Provo, Utah 84604
Mail Orders:
P.O. Box 735
Provo, Utah 84603
Phone: 801.374.6214
Fax: 801.374.0634
On line: www.normas.com
NTIS National Technical Information Service

Technology Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Phone: 703.605.6000 800.553.6847
Fax: 703.605.6900
On line: www.ntis.gov
NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW
Phone: 202.314.6551 800.877.6799
Fax: 202.314.6132
On line: www.ntsb.gov
Techstreet Techstreet
777 East Eisenhower Parkway
Ann Arbor, MI 48108
Phone: 800.699.9277
Fax: 734.913.3946
On line: www.techstreet.com
TTI Technical Toolboxes, Inc.

3801 Kirby Drive, Suite 520
P.O. Box 980550
Houston, TX 77098-0550
Phone: 713.630.0505
Fax: 713.630.0560
On line: www.ttoolboxes.com
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
435
6 SUMMARY OF WEBSITES
Legend: GMA = Guide Material Appendix
Site Reference Website Link Guide Location

ACGIH website www.acgih.org GMA G-192-1
AGA website www.aga.org §192.361
§192.613
GMA G-192-1
ANSI search www.nssn.org GMA G-192-1
ANSI website www.ansi.org GMA G-192-1
API website www.api.org GMA G-192-1
ASCE website www.asce.org GMA G-192-1
ASHRAE website www.ashrae.com GMA G-192-1
ASME Research www.asme.org/research GMA G-192-1
ASME website www.asme.org GMA G-192-1
ASTM website www.astm.org GMA G-192-1
AWS website www.aws.org GMA G-192-1
AWWA website www.awwa.org GMA G-192-1
Battelle website www.battelle.org GMA G-192-1
CGA website www.commongroundalliance.com §192.325
§192.361
§192.614
CoGDEM website www.cogdem.org.uk GMA G-192-1
DIPRA website www.dipra.org GMA G-192-1
Emergency Response www.the911site.com §192.905
Federal Prisons www.bop.gov §192.905
Federal Register website www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/advanced.html GMA G-192-1
FEMA homepage www.fema.gov §192.615
FEMA ICS overview www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/ICSResource/ §192.615
index.htm
4-H Facilities www.dmoz.org/Society/People/Generations_and_ §192.905
Age_Groups/Youth/Organizations/4-H/Camps/
GTI website www.gastechnology.org GMA G-192-1
Hospitals http://allhospitals.org §192.905
IAPMO website iapmo.org GMA G-192-1
ICC (or BOCA) website www.iccsafe.org GMA G-192-1
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
IHS (Global) website www.global.ihs.com GMA G-192-1
ILI Infodisk website www.ili-info.com GMA G-192-1
ILS website www.normas.com GMA G-192-1
MSS website www.mss-hq.org GMA G-192-1
436
Site Reference (Continued) Website Link Guide Location

NACE website www.nace.org GMA G-192-1
NAPSR website www.napsr.org §192.909
§192.949
National Parks www.recreation.gov §192.905
NBBI website www.nationalboard.org GMA G-192-1
NCB website www.coal.gov.uk GMA G-192-1
NFPA website www.nfpa.org GMA G-192-1
NRC pipeline reports website www.nrc.uscg.mil/pipelinereporttxt.htm §191.5
NTIS website www.ntis.gov GMA G-192-1
NTSB reports www.ntsb.gov/publictn §192.613
NTSB website www.ntsb.gov GMA G-192-1
OPS Advisory Bulletins via FR www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/advanced.html §192.9
§192.613
OPS Home Page www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline §192.951
GMA G-192-1
OPS Information Officer Email roger.little@dot.gov §192.727
OPS Integrity Management primis.phmsa.dot.gov/gasimp §192.949
Database
OPS LP Guide www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/tq/manuals §192.1
§192.11
OPS NPMS homepage www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov §192.727
OPS Reporting Measures http://opsweb.rspa.dot.gov/gasimp/docs/ §192.945
Gas%20IMP%20Reporting%20Instructions.pdf
Partnership for Excellence in www.safepipelines.org §192.905
Pipeline Safety
(NASFM/PHMSA)
PHMSA - OPS On-line Library ops.dot.gov/library/libindex.htm GMA G-192-8
or
www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline
PHMSA - OPS Report Forms www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/forms §191.9
§191.11
GMA G-191-2
GMA G-191-3
GMA G-191-4
GMA G-191-5
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
GMA G-192-8
PPI website www.plasticpipe.org GMA G-192-1
PRCI website www.prci.org GMA G-192-1
SSPC website www.sspc.org GMA G-192-1
Technical Paper (see www.aga.org/gptc §192.613
reference under §192.613)
TTI website www.ttoolboxes.com GMA G-192-1
UL website www.ul.com GMA G-192-1
US Census Bureau Tool tiger.census.gov/cgi-bin/mapbrowse-tbl GMA G-191-2
GMA G-191-4
437
Reserved
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GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND Guide Material Appendix G-192-1A
GUIDE MATERIAL APPENDIX G-192-1A

EDITIONS OF MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS, CODES AND STANDARDS

PREVIOUSLY INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE IN THE REGULATIONS
Asterisk (*) marked entries show documents no longer included for reference in §192.7.
A American Petroleum Institute (API)

(1) API RP 5L1, Recommended Practice for Railroad Transportation of Line Pipe (1967, 1972, 1990).
(2)* API Spec 5A, API Specification for Casing, Tubing, and Drill Pipe (1968, 1971, 1973, + Supp. 1,
1979).
(3) API Spec 5L, Specification for Line Pipe (1967, 1970, 1971 + Supp. 1, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1988,
1992, 1995, 2000).
(4)* API Spec 5LS, API Specification for Spiral-Weld Line Pipe (1967, 1970, 1971 + Supp. 1, 1973 +
Supp. 1, 1975 + Supp. 1, 1977, 1980). (Combined with 5L 3/31/82).
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(5)* API Spec 5LX, API Specification for High-Test Line Pipe (1967, 1970, 1971 + Supp. 1, 1973 +
Supp. 1, 1975 + Supp. 1, 1977, 1980). (Combined with 5L 3/31/82).
(6)* API Spec 6A, API Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment (1968, 1974, 1979).
(7) API Spec 6D, Specification for Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball and Check Valves) (1968, 1974,
1977, 1991, 1994).
(8) API Std 1104, Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities (1968, 1973, 1980, 1988, 1994).
Editorial Note: Based on Amdt. 192-103, API RP80, Guide Lines for the Definition of Onshore Gas
st
Gathering Lines (1 edition, April 2000) was deleted from §192.7, being no longer incorporated by
reference. Therefore, it is to be added herein; however, it is still referenced in §192.8. Resolution
pending.
B American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

(1) ASTM A53, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded
and Seamless (1965, 1968, 1973, 1979, 1990b, 1995a, 1996, 1999b).
(2)* ASTM A72, Standard Specification for Welded Wrought-Iron Pipe (1964T, 1968) (Discontinued
and not replaced).
(3) ASTM A106, Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature
Service, (1966, 1968, 1972a, 1979b, 1991, 1994a, 1995, 1999).
(4)* ASTM A134, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16
and Over) (1964, 1968, 1973, 1974).
(5)* ASTM A135, Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe (1963T, 1968,
1973a, 1979).
(6)* ASTM A139, Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and Over)
(1964, 1968, 1973, 1974).
(7)* ASTM A155, Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure
Service (1965, 1968, 1972a). (Discontinued and replaced by A671, A672 and A 691).
(8)* ASTM A211, Standard Specification for Spiral-Welded Steel or Iron Pipe (1963, 1968, 1973, 1975)
(Discontinued and not replaced).
(9) ASTM A333, Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature
Service (1964, 1967, 1973, 1979, 1991a, 1994, 1999).
(10) ASTM A372, Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure
Vessels (1967, 1971, 1978, 1991a, 1995, 1999).
(11)* ASTM A377, Standard Index of Specifications for Grey Iron and Ductile Iron Pressure Pipe (1966,
1973, 1979).
(12) ASTM A381, Standard Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use with High-Pressure
Transmission Systems (1966, 1968, 1973, 1979, 1989, 1993. 1996).
439
(13)* ASTM A539, Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas
and Fuel Oil Lines (1965, 1973, 1979) (Discontinued and replaced by ASTM A 450).
(14) ASTM A671, Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and
Lower Temperatures (1977, 1989a, 1994, 1996).
(15) ASTM A672, Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure
Service at Moderate Temperatures (1979, 1989b, 1994, 1996).
(16) ASTM A691, Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-Welded for
High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures (1979, 1989a, 1993, 1998).
(17)* ASTM B42, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Standard Sizes (1962, 1966, 1972,
1980).
(18)* ASTM B68, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, Bright Annealed (1965, 1968,
1973, 1980).
(19)* ASTM B75, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube (1965, 1968, 1973, 1980).
(20)* ASTM B88, Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Water Tube (1966, 1972, 1980, 1999).
(21)* ASTM B251, Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Seamless Copper and
Copper-Alloy Tube (1966, 1968, 1972, 1976).
(22) ASTM D638, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics (1977a, 1991, 1995, 1996,
1999).
(23) ASTM D2513, Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
(1966T, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974a, 1978ES, 1981, 1987 except for §192.63(a)(1), 1990c,
1995c, 1996).
(24) ASTM D2517, Standard Specification for Reinforced Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pipe and Fittings
(1966T, 1967, 1973, 1981-reapproved 1987, 1994).
(25) ASTM F1055, Standard Specification for Electrofusion Type Polyethylene Fittings for Outside
Diameter Controlled Polyethylene Pipe and Tubing (1995).
C American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) or ANSI/The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME)
(1)* ANSI A21.1, Thickness Design of Cast-Iron Pipe (1967, 1972) (Discontinued and not replaced).
(2)* ANSI A21.3, Specification for Cast-Iron Pit Cast Pipe for Gas (1953) (Discontinued and not
replaced).
(3)* ANSI A21.7, Cast-Iron Pipe Centrifugally Cast in Metal Molds for Gas (1962) (Discontinued and not
replaced).
(4)* ANSI A21.9, Cast-Iron Pipe Centrifugally Cast in Sand-Lined Molds for Gas (1962) (Discontinued
and not replaced).
(5)* ANSI A21.11, Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe and Fittings (1964, 1972, 1979)
(Discontinued and not replaced).
(6)* ANSI A21.50, Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe (1965, 1971, 1976) (Discontinued and not
replaced).
(7)* ANSI A21.52, Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast, for Gas (1965, 1971, 1976) (Discontinued and
not replaced).
(8) ANSI B16.1, Cast-Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (1967, 1975, 1989).
(9) ANSI B16.5, Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (1968, 1973, 1977, 1988 with October 1988
Errata and B16.5a-1992 Addenda, 1996 and B16.5a-1998 Addenda).
(10)* ANSI B16.24, Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (1962, 1971, 1979) (Source:
ASME B16.24).
(11)* ANSI B36.10, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe (1959, 1970, 1979).
(12)* ANSI C1, National Electrical Code (1968, 1975).
(13)* ANSI C101-67, Thickness Design of Cast Iron Pipe (1977) (Discontinued and not identified by
ANSI; however, see AWWA C101 in 1.1 Pipe – Metallic of Appendix G-192-1).
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440
D American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI)/National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
(1) ANSI/NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (1969, 1973, 1977, 1990, 1993, 1996).
(2) ANSI/NFPA 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code (1969, 1972, 1979, 1992, 1995, 1998).
(3) ANSI/NFPA 59, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases at Utility Gas
Plants (1968, 1979, 1992, 1995, 1998).
(4)* ANSI/NFPA 59A, Production, Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (1971, 1972, 1979).
(5) ANSI/NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (1978, 1993, 1996).
E The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

(1) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, Power Boilers (1992 with Interpretations, 1995
with Addenda, 1998).
(2) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Pressure Vessels, Division 1 (1968, 1974,
1977, 1992 with Interpretations, 1995 with Addenda, 2001).
(3) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Pressure Vessels, Division 2 Alternative
Rules (1992 with Interpretations, 1995 with Addenda, 2001).
(4) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications (1968,
1974, 1977, 1992 with Interpretations, 1995 with Addenda, 2001).
(5) ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems (1995).
(6) ASME B31.8S, Supplement to B31.8 on Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines (2002).
F Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valves and Fittings Industry, Inc. (MSS)
(1)* MSS SP-25, Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges, and Unions (1964, 1978).
(2) MSS SP-44, Steel Pipeline Flanges (1955, 1972, 1975, 1991).
(3)* MSS SP-52, Cast-Iron Pipe Line Valves (1957) (Discontinued and not replaced).
(4)* MSS SP-70, Cast-Iron Gate Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends (1970, 1976).
(5)* MSS SP-71, Cast-Iron Swing Check Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends (1970, 1976).
(6)* MSS SP-78, Cast-Iron Plug Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends (1972, 1977).
G Plastic Pipe Institute, Inc. (PPI)
(1) PPI TR-3, Policies and Procedures for Developing Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB), Pressure
Design Basis (PDB), Strength Design Basis (SDB), and Minimum Required Strength (MRS)
Ratings for Thermoplastic Piping Materials (2000).
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441
Reserved
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442

(See guide material under §192.107 and Appendix B to Part 192)
SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTHS
To aid in the selection of steel pipe, the specified minimum yield strength, S, of various grades are listed in
the table below. This table is not complete. For the minimum specified yield strength of other pipe, refer to the
particular specification.
CURRENTLY LISTED PIPE SPECIFICATIONS

1
Specification Grade Type SMYS (psi)
API 5L A25 BW, EW, S 25,000

API 5L A EW, GMAW, S, SAW 30,000
API 5L B EW, GMAW, S, SAW 35,000
API 5L X42 EW, GMAW, S, SAW 42,000
ASTM A53 Open Hearth, Basic

Oxygen, Electric
Furnace, Grade A BW 30,000
ASTM A53 A ERW, S 30,000
ASTM A53 B ERW, S 35,000
ASTM A106 A S 30,000

ASTM A106 B S 35,000
ASTM A106 C S 40,000
ASTM A333/A333M 1 S, ERW 30,000

ASTM A333/A333M 3 S, ERW 35,000
ASTM A333/A333M 4 S 35,000
ASTM A333/A333M 6 S, ERW 35,000
ASTM A333/A333M 7 S, ERW 35,000
ASTM A333/A333M 8 S, ERW 75,000
ASTM A333/A333M 9 S, ERW 46,000
ASTM A333/A333M 10 S, ERW 65,000
ASTM A333/A333M 11 S, ERW 35,000
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443
CURRENTLY LISTED PIPE SPECIFICATIONS (Continued)

1
ASTM A381 Class Y-35 DSA 35,000
ASTM A671 EFW with filler metal (2)

(1) Abbreviations: BW = Furnace-Butt Weld; EW = Electric Weld; SAW = Submerged-Arc Weld; GMAW = Gas Metal-
Arc Weld (MIG); ERW = Electric-Resistance Weld; S = Seamless; EFW = Electric-Fusion Weld; DSA = Double
Submerged-Arc Weld; SW = Spiral Weld.
(2) See applicable plate specification for SMYS.
PREVIOUSLY LISTED PIPE SPECIFICATIONS

1
API 5LS Same as currently
specified in API 5L
API 5LX Same as currently

specified in API 5L
ASTM A53 Bessemer BW 30,000
ASTM A134 -- EFW, SW (2)

ASTM A135 A ERW 30,000
ASTM A135 B ERW 35,000
ASTM A139 A EFW, SW 30,000

ASTM A139 B EFW, SW 35,000
ASTM A139 C EFW, SW 42,000
ASTM A139 D EFW, SW 46,000
ASTM A139 E EFW, SW 52,000
ASTM A155 Replaced by current

A671, A672, and A691
specifications
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444
PREVIOUSLY LISTED PIPE SPECIFICATIONS (Continued)
Specification Specification Specification Specification

ASTM A211 30 SW 30,000
ASTM A211 33 SW 33,000
ASTM A211 36 SW 36,000
ASTM A211 40 SW 40,000
ASTM A211 45 SW 45,000
ASTM A211 50 SW 50,000
ASTM A539 -- ERW 35,000

(1) Abbreviations: BW = Furnace-Butt Weld; EW = Electric Weld; SAW = Submerged-Arc Weld; GMAW = Gas Metal-
Arc Weld (MIG); ERW = Electric-Resistance Weld; S = Seamless; EFW = Electric-Fusion Weld; DSA = Double
Submerged-Arc Weld; SW = Spiral Weld.
(2) See applicable plate specification for SMYS.
445
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Reserved
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
446

FLEXIBILITY FACTOR k AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTOR i
De s c rip tio n Fle xib ility S tre s s In t. Fle xib ility S ke tc h

Fa c to r k Fa c to r i Ch a ra c te ris tic h
165
. 0.9
T
TR 1
Welding elbow r2
1,2,3,4
or pipe bend
h h2 3 ( r2 ) 2
R1 = Bend
Radius
Closely spaced
1,2,3
152
. 0.9 cot TTs T
miter bend
h5 6 h2 3 2( r2 ) 2
s r2 (1 tan T) r2
s
s cot T
T R 1
2
Widely spaced
1,2,5
152
. 0.9 1 cot T T T
miter bend
h5 6 h2 3 2 r2 S r2
s t r2 (1 tan T )
T
r2 (1 cot T)
R1
2
Welding tee
1,2,7
1 0.9 T
4.4 T
per ASME B 16.9 r2
h2 3
r2
FIGURE 192.159A
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447
De s c rip tio n Fle xib ility S tre s s In t. Fle xib ility S ke tc h

Fa c to r k Fa c to r i Ch a ra c te ris tic h
0.9
Reinforced
1,2,7,8
1 ( T 21 t e ) 5/ 2
fabricated tee h2 3 r2
with pad or saddle T 3/ 2 r2
te P a d Saddle t e T
Unreinforced 1 0.9
1,2,7
T
fabricated tee h2 3 r2
r2
Butt-welded joint, 1 1.0

reducer, or welding
neck flange
Double welded 1 1.2
slip-on flange
Fillet welded joint 1 1.3
(single welded),
socket welded
flange, or single
welded slip-on
flange
Lap joint flange 1 1.6
(with ASME B 16.9
lap joint stub)
Screwed pipe joint, 1 2.3
or screwed flange
Corrugated straight 5 2.5
pipe, or corrugated
6
or creased bend
FIGURE 192.159A (Continued)
448
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100
80 Chart(1)
60 Flexibility factor for
elbows: k = 1.65/h
40
Flexibility factor for
30 5/6
miters: k = 1.52/h
20
Stress Int. 15 Stress intensification
Factor i 2/3
factor: i = 0.9/h
and 10
Flexibility 8
Factor k 6
4
3
2
1.5
1
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2
Characteristic h
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2
1.00
0.75 Chart(2)
Correction
Factor C1 0.50 1/6
1 End flanged: C1 = h
0.375 1/3
2 Ends flanged: C1 = h
0.25
FIGURE 192.159B
Notes:
1
For fittings and miter bends, the flexibility factors (k) and stress intensification factors (i) in Figure 192.159A apply
to bending in any plane and cannot be less than unity; factors for torsion equal unity. Both factors apply over the
effective arc length (shown by heavy center lines in the sketches) for curved and miter elbows, and to the intersection
point for tees.
2
The values of k and i can be read directly from Chart (1) in Figure 192.159B above by entering with the
characteristic h computed from the formulas given where:
r2 = mean radius of matching pipe, inches.
= for elbows and miter bends, the nominal wall thickness of the fitting (see note 7), inches.
T ®
¯ = for tees, the nominal wall thickness of the machine pipe, inches.
R1 = bend radius of welding elbow or pipe bend, inches.
T = one-half angle between adjacent miter axes.
s = miter spacing at center line.
te = pad or saddle thickness, inches.
3
Where flanges are attached to one or both ends, the values of k and i in Figure 192.159A shall be corrected by
the factors C1 given below, which can be read directly from Chart (2) in Figure 192.159B, entering with the computed h:
1/6
One end flanged: h
1/3
Both ends flanged: h
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
449
Notes (Continued):
4
The engineer is cautioned that cast butt-welding elbows may have considerably heavier walls than that of the pipe
with which they are used. Large errors may be introduced unless the effect of these greater thicknesses is considered.
5
Also includes single miter joint.
6
Factors shown apply to bending; flexibility factor for torsion equals 0.9.
7
The stress intensification factors i in Figure 192.159A were obtained from tests on full size outlet connections. For
less than full size outlets, the full size values should be used until more applicable values are developed.
8
When te is > 1½ T , use h = 4.05 ( T /r2).
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
450

(See guide material under §§192.155, 192.157, and 192.235)
RULES FOR REINFORCEMENT OF WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS
REINFORCEMENT OF BRANCH CONNECTIONS
"Area of Reinforcement" enclosed by lines.
Reinforcement Area Required AR = ( d ) ( t )
Area Available as Reinforcement = A1 + A2 + A3
A1 = ( H - t ) ( d )
A2 = 2 ( B - tb ) L
A3 = Summation of Area of All Added Reinforcement, including weld
areas which lie within the "Area of Reinforcement."
A1 + A2 + A3 must be equal to or greater than AR
Where:
d = The length of the finished opening in the header wall, measured parallel to
the axis of the header.
t = Required nominal wall thickness of the header; see the appropriate
section of the Guide.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
H = Nominal wall thickness of header.

B = Nominal wall thickness of branch.
tb = Required nominal wall thickness of the branch; see the appropriate
section of the Guide.
L = Smaller of 2½ H or 2½ B+M.
M = Actual (by measurement) or nominal thickness of added
reinforcement.
FIGURE 192.155A
451
FIGURE FOR EXAMPLE 1
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIGURE FOR EXAMPLE 2
452
EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE APPLICATION OF THE RULES

FOR REINFORCEMENT OF WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS
Note: It is essential that these examples be followed in conjunction with

the guide material under §192.155 and this Guide Material Appendix.
EXAMPLE 1
5
An 8 /8-inch diameter outlet is welded into a 24-inch diameter header. The header material is API 5L X46 (S
= 46,000) with 0.312-inch wall. The outlet is API 5L Grade B (S = 35,000) (Seamless) Schedule 40 with
0.322-inch wall. The working pressure (P) is 650 psi. The construction is designed to 0.60 stress level in
o
accordance with §192.111. The joint efficiency is 1.00. The temperature is 100 F. Design Factors: F = 0.60
(§192.111); E = 1.00 (§192.113); T = 1.00 (§192.115). For dimensions, see figure for Example 1. For proper
rounding, see note following Example 2.
Header:
Design wall thickness:
t = PD = 650 x 24 = 0.283 inch

2S FET 2 x 46,000 x 0.60 x 1.00 x 1.00
Excess thickness in header wall (H - t) = 0.312 - 0.283 = 0.029 inch
Outlet:
tb = PD = 650 x 8.625 = 0.134 inch

2S FET 2 x 35,000 x 0.60 x 1.00 x 1.00
Excess thickness is outlet wall (B - tb) = 0.322 - 0.134 = 0.188 inch

d = length of finished opening in header wall = 8.625 - (2 x 0.322) = 7.981 inch
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Reinforcement required:
AR = d x t = 7.981 x 0.283 = 2.26 sq. in.
Reinforcement provided:
A1 = (H - t) d = 0.029 x 7.981 = 0.23 sq. in.
Effective area in outlet:

Height (L) = 2½ B + M (assume ¼-inch pad) = 2½ x 0.322 +0.25 = 1.05 inches
or 2½ H = 2.5 x 0.312 = 0.78 inch
Use 0.78 inch
A2 = 2 (B - tb) L = 2 x 0.188 x 0.78 = 0.293
This must be multiplied by 35,000 / 46,000
Effective A2 = 0.293 x 35,000 = 0.22 sq. in.

46,000
Required area A3 = AR - A1 - Effective A2 = 2.26 - 0.23 - 0.22 = 1.81 sq. in.
Using reinforcement plate ¼-inch thick (minimum practicable) of 46,000 SMYS material 15.5 inches in
diameter:
Area (15.50 - 8.625) x 0.25 = 1.71 sq. in.
Fillet welds (assuming two ¼-inch welds at each side) = (0.50 x 0.25 x 0.25) x 2 x 2 = 0.12 sq. in.
Total A3 provided = 1.71 + 0.12 = 1.83 sq. in.
453
EXAMPLE 2
A 16-inch diameter outlet is welded to a 24-inch diameter header. The header material is API 5L X46 (S =
46,000) with 0.312-inch wall. The outlet is API 5L Grade B (S = 35,000) (Seamless) Schedule 20 with 0.312-
inch wall. The working pressure (P) is 650 psi. The construction is designed to 0.60 stress level in
accordance with §192.111. The reinforcement should be of the complete encirclement type. The joint
efficiency is 1.00. Design Factors: F = 0.60 (§192.111); E = 1.00 (§192.113); T = 1.00 (§192.115). For
dimensions, see figure for Example 2. For proper rounding, see note following Example 2.
Header:
t = PD = 650 x 24 = 0.283 inch

2S FET 2 x 46,000 x 0.60 x 1.00 x 1.00
Excess thickness in header wall (H - t) = 0.312 - 0.283 = 0.029 inch
Outlet:
tb = PD = 650 x 16 = 0.248 inch

2S FET 2 x 35,000 x 0.60 x 1.00 x 1.00
d = length of finished opening in header wall = 16.000 - (2 x 0.312) = 15.376 inch
Reinforcement required:
AR = d x t = 15.376 x 0.283 = 4.36 sq. in.
Reinforcement provided:
A1 = (H - t) d = 0.029 x 15.376 = 0.44 sq. in.
Effective area in outlet:

5
Height (L) = 2½ B + M (assume /16-inch plate) = 2.5 x 0.312 + 0.312 = 1.09 inch
or 2½ H = 2.5 x 0.312 = 0.78 inch
Use 0.78 inch
A2 = 2 (H - tb) L = 2 x 0.064 x 0.78 = 0.099 sq.in.
This must be multiplied by 35,000 / 46,000
Effective A2 = 0.099 x 35,000 = 0.07 sq. in.

46,000
Required area A3 = AR - A1 - Effective A2 = 4.36 - 0.44 - 0.07 = 3.85 sq. in.

5
Using reinforcement plate /16-inch thick of 46,000 SMYS material, the net required length (neglecting
welds) is:
3.86 / 0.312 = 12.4 inch
Use plate 29-inches long
A3 = 0.312 x (29 - 16) = 4.05 sq. in.
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Two ¼-inch welds to outlet:

(0.50 x 0.25 x 0.25) x 2 = 0.06 sq. in.
A3 provided = 4.05 + 0.06 = 4.11 sq. in.
The use of end welds is optional. See Figure 192.155D.
454
Rounding Conventions Used in Previous Examples:

1. Required area quantities with significant figures beyond two decimal places were rounded up to the next
higher number at two decimal places.
2. Area furnished quantities were truncated at two decimal places.
3. Required length and thickness dimensions with a significant digit beyond three decimal places were
rounded up to the next higher number (retaining three decimal places), or where appropriate, pipe
dimensions to three decimal places were used as specified in the API Standards.
WELDING DETAILS FOR OPENINGS WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT

OTHER THAN THAT IN HEADER AND BRANCH WALLS
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
When a Welding Saddle is used, it shall

be inserted over this type of connection.
3 B but not less than 1 s

w 1 8 4
N 1 s (minimum), 1 s (maximum), unless Back Welding or Backing Strip is used.

16 8
FIGURE 192.155B
455
WELDING DETAILS FOR OPENINGS WITH LOCALIZED TYPE REINFORCEMENT
Same B
W3 as W3 W1 W1
Figure M
W2 W2 W2 N
192.- W2
155B
W1 W1 N H
H M
SADDLE PAD
W1minimum 3 B but not less than 1 s

8 4
W2 minimum 1 M but not less than 1 s

2 4
W3 minimum M but not greater than H
N 1 s (minimum), 1 s (maximum), unless Back Welding or Backing Strip is used.

16 8
All Welds to have equal Leg Dimensions and a Minimum Throat = .707 x Leg Dimension.
NOTES
If M is thicker than H, the Reinforcing Member shall be tapered down to the Header Wall Thickness.
Provide hole in reinforcement to reveal leakage in buried welds and to provide venting during welding
and heat treatment.
FIGURE 192.155C
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
456
WELDING DETAILS FOR OPENINGS WITH COMPLETE

ENCIRCLEMENT TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
Optional Optional
Weld Weld
These Longitudinal
Welds may be
located anywhere
around circumference
TEE TYPE SLEEVE TYPE

Note: Since fluid pressure is exerted Note: Provide hole in reinforce-
on both sides of the pipe metal under tee, ment to reveal leakage in buried
the pipe metal does not provide rein- welds and to provide venting during
forcement. welding and heat treatment. See
1.6(b) of the guide material under
§192.155. Not required for Tee
Type.
Optional Optional
Optional Weld Weld Weld
Optional Weld
SADDLE AND SLEEVE TYPE SADDLE TYPE

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIGURE 192.155D
457

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Copyright American Gas Association

May 18, 2009

Dear Guide Purchaser,

Copyright American Gas Association

Copyright American Gas Association

The following table shows the affected sections.

Guide Section Reason For Change Affected Pages

Copyright American Gas Association

Copyright American Gas Association

Approved by ANSI/GPTC Z380.1-2009

Conversions of figures to electronic format courtesy of ViaData Incorporated.

Copyright American Gas Association

PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................... xiii

HISTORY .......................................................................................................................................... xiii

AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION (AGA) NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER .................... xvi

EDITORIAL CONVENTIONS OF THE GUIDE .................................................................. xvii

EDITORIAL NOTES FOR THE HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF

HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF PART 191 ..........................................................xix

HISTORICAL RECORD OF AMENDMENTS TO PART 191 ........................................xxi

HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF PART 192 .........................................................xxv

HISTORICAL RECORD OF AMENDMENTS TO PART 192 ..................................... xxxv

GAS PIPING TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP LIST ............................. lvii

PART 191 -- ANNUAL REPORTS, INCIDENT REPORTS, AND SAFETY-RELATED

PART 192 -- MINIMUM FEDERAL SAFETY STANDARDS .......................................... 13

192.57 (Removed and reserved)........................................................................................... 43

SUBPART C -- PIPE DESIGN............................................................................................................. 47

SUBPART D -- DESIGN OF PIPELINE COMPONENTS .................................................................. 67

192.149 Standard fittings ......................................................................................................... 74

SUBPART E -- WELDING OF STEEL IN PIPELINES..................................................................... 109

SUBPART F -- JOINING OF MATERIALS OTHER THAN BY WELDING..................................... 117

192.283 Plastic pipe: Qualifying joining procedures.............................................................. 124

SUBPART G -- GENERAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSMISSION

192.363 Service lines: Valve requirements ........................................................................... 158

SUBPART I -- REQUIREMENTS FOR CORROSION CONTROL.................................................. 169

SUBPART J -- TEST REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................................... 199

SUBPART K -- UPRATING .............................................................................................................. 209

SUBPART L -- OPERATIONS .......................................................................................................... 217

192.612 Underwater inspection and re-burial of pipelines in the Gulf of Mexico

SUBPART M -- MAINTENANCE....................................................................................................... 269

SUBPART N -- QUALIFICATION OF PIPELINE PERSONNEL ..................................................... 305

SUBPART O – GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT........................... 319

SUBPART P – GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT (IM) ..................... 379

APPENDICES TO PART 192

Carrying out Requirements in the Integrity Management Rule .................... 393

GUIDE MATERIAL APPENDICES

Guide Material Appendix G-192-7 Large-scale distribution outage response and

Guide Material Appendix G-192-20 Fusion equipment maintenance/repair inspection

Copyright American Gas Association

AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION (AGA)

EDITORIAL CONVENTIONS OF THE GUIDE

acceptable methods) for a regulatory compliance aid.

Common Notes in the Guide

i Discontinued or Withdrawn. Where either of these words accompanies a listing of an industry

EDITORIAL NOTES FOR THE HISTORICAL

HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF PART 191

191.1 191-5, 191-6, 191-11, 191-12, 191-15,

GPTC GUIDE FOR GAS TRANSMISSION AND

Copyright American Gas Association

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

Not for Resale

DISTRIBUTION PIPING SYSTEMS: 2009 Edition

Copyright American Gas Association