Review: Blass's Interpolations in the Odyssey

Reviewed Work(s): Die Interpolationen in der Odyssee by Friedrich Blass

Review by: T. W. Allen
Source: The Classical Review, Vol. 20, No. 5 (Jun., 1906), pp. 267-271
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/694472
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 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 267

large number. Compare the New Hol- I am inclined to think that ' Four' presents
landers' 'One, Two, Many, Very many.' an insoluble mystery.
But this does not seem very plausible, and LILIAN M. BAGGE.

REVIEWS.
BLASS'S INTERPOLATIONS IN THE ODYSSEY.

Die Interpolationen in der Odyssee. Eine

remark (p. 1) that Archilochus' Homer was
substantially
Untersuchungvon FRIEDRICH BLASS. Hallethe same as ours; and that
a. S. Verlag von Max Niemeyer.
(p. 24)1904.
on the extraordinary inability, of
9"x 6". Pp. 306. M. 8. both ancients and moderns, to accept the
heroic standard of morality and propriety.
WHEN I reviewed (C.R. 1905, p. 359) Prof.
The writer, however, holds that the poems are
Henning's work on the Odyssey, I observed
indubitably not in the state in which their
that that book marked the end of the author left them; two species of 'fremde
German or Wolfian period of HomericHanden'
criti- have had dealings with them,
cism. I was not consciously following the
diasceuasts, who added episodes, rhapsodes
rule never to prophesy unless you and scribes who added lines here and there.
know;
but here is Herr Blass' book to confirm Themypreface gives us Herr Blass' tests for
vaticination. It contains the most sensible discovering these foreign elements. His
view of Homer published for a hundred tests are of two degrees; proofs, TIEK/0pLa,
years-may I say the only sense written and presumptions, rquEca. Proofs are un-
about Homer since Wolf?7 To asserthomeric so allusions and usages-Sicily in w,
much would be unjust to G. W. Nitzsch, Hermes qvXorou7r; likewise in w; the athe-
who though unreadable has many good con- tesis of ancient commentators, omissions in
clusions, but the remark would be trueancient
of MSS. On the other hand, discre-
other writers, both German and English. pancies within the poems, chronological and
lam redit et uirgo, and that the harbingermaterial,
of are to be used with caution;
a better age is the soundest and most encyclo-
repetitions (of formulae, etc.) are but qLsEZca.
paedic Hellenist now living increases our Interruption in a context, delay in an action,
satisfaction. We have a guarantee that is noalways a crcE^ov and often amounts to
factors will be overlooked, least of all the positive proof. Herr Blass is alive to the
linguistic, in which Herr Blass is a past relative and provisional nature of some -of
master. The tone of the book is sane, the these rules (and I fancy he overestimates
style terse and even blunt. The writerthe authority of the ancient grammarians),
works with the external evidence, wherever but his procedure is reassuring, and com-
there is any. A reader accustomed to thepared to that of any other critic, satisfactory.
vagaries of Blass' distinguished predecessors, However, the bearing of his remarks lies in
Kirchhoff and v. Wilamowitz-M6llendorff, their application, and we must see him at
feels that he has escaped from Plato's cavework.
into the light. He takes the rhapsode (and the scribe)
The preface is the part of the work which first, and traces his mole-run over the text
will find most acceptance. It contains from a to w. A reviewer cannot follow him
several remarks of a quality which we do all the way. I will take the Phaeacian
not often meet; as (p. 12) that the difficulty books, -08.1
of conceiving a single Homer author of both
poems decreases as our knowledge of anti- 119 ( LOL y)d, TiOv avr- PPOTwV h yaLav
quity increases: that the Cyclic poets vLKoV( J;

(p. 9) were 'Sagengelehrter' rather than 7 1P oL y vppLwTTal Teal KLyptLOL Ov8c

aKaLOL,
poets, and (p. 3 n.) died a natural (though
since Proclus read them, lengthy) death of E 4KXO'$ELVOL KaL TTLV VOO E471 l EOV879 ;
their own inferiority; his hearty admiration oLoe IE KOVpdWaV aL LckVXVOE 6i^XVI av1T-,
of the proportion and arrangement of the vv/cov at iXOvo opo aLrE Kap-qva
Odyssey, as a single work of art, and his 1 But as the English which falls from my pen is
comparison of it to Plato's Republic, and to apt to be misunderstood, I should like to say that I
tragedies, to their disadvantage (p. 6); thehave read the whole book.

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 268 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW.

Standorte aus, vor dem Hause, zwar von

Kat1 RmT7Ty 7rOTa/LV Kat
dem Innern rL(TEa
etwas rOLEVra
sehen und dies bewundern ;
125 5 vu ov avepwwrv Edpt ,XEcSbv ar8-iv-
TOV
kann, das Weitere aber.. . unmoglich.' So
Alcinous' house blocked out his fruit-trees;
aX y ' 7y' wy.v aU rrEp7TEoL.at 7sE
t8w/Aat. but at Monaco, which must be something
like Scheria, you catch a glimpse of the
The unprejudiced readerfinds no stumbling-
Prince's gardens without passing the sentry.
block here, any more than Herr Blass, on It is a lesson to us philologers, this scholastic
a general reading, did in a-z (p. 4). criticism, which emasculates the poem of its
The learned, however, feel differently; best portions, compared to the objective
one cuts out 120, 121; another 123-125.
method of Berard, resting on facts, which is
Herr Blass adstipulates to the former. This
capable of admitting a false quantity, but
is a typical case of the minor critical opera-
shows us things as they were.
tion. It implies two working principles: On the other hand the remark that in n
(a) the 'dispensable supplement'; nothing
51, 52
may be kept which the syntax does not
necessitate. We can get on with 119, 122, OapraXEcoX yap advp rv racr^v a LELV
EIpyowrLv 'EXEOELt, El Kal oEV OLXXJEvAv 0XtOL
126. 'Then make it so.' (b) Nothing,
except sunrise and sunset, must be repeated. 52 is an addition, is true. This is a type of
The original poet was sensitive on this real expansion, the amplification of a gnome,
point; the rhapsodes (and scribes) were and in so far the easing of the sense. It is
victims to association. In this passage 120, 'gag,' and has its parallel in Tragedy. I
121=L 175, 176, and 123-5=Y 8-10 am glad to see that Herr Blass resists
(nearly). Both these canons require demon- Kirchhoffs extirpation of -q 56-68, the
effect of
stration, and both are contradicted by which would be to make Alcinous
and Arete
the nature of epos, Greek and foreign. brother and sister. It is im-
Abundance and formulism are the first portant, however; if as B6rard believes, the
characteristic of hexameter verse, in vocab-
Scherian civilisation is non-Hellenic, the
custom would have given offence in the
ulary, phrase, figures, and ideas. Particularly
weak is the assumption of additions;heroic221 age, and we should have a TEK/IAqLOV
The reference to Athens, -q 80, is justly
Jvr7v 8' OVK ,V 7iWE XOEo(To/AtLL aL8EO/AatL yap defended; after all it was there. The
yvvo~aVOeaL KOpVLV VrXKOKtOLtL ET1EX0W'V.
professor also stands by Alcinous when he
'Der Vers 222 ist 7rEPt'rdo wenn einer'; offers his daughter to Odysseus (- 311 sq.).
then whose interest was it to add it 7 The He gets rid too lightly of the Delphic oracle
first line was clear; the second involves(8
a 79, 80). It existed, as we know from
I 404. Why should not Agamemnon have
difficulty of construction which moves Herr
consulted it ? Because no one else did?
Blass to reject it. This is not the place to
How do we know that ? No one else
enuntiate a definition of insertions; we
launched
shall come directly to a case of them where a thousand ships. You cannot
they are legitimate. Similar criteria are prove a negative, and an oracle implies
employed, with a somewhat pettifogging applicants. It was just over the gulf from
verbal exegesis, upon the end of the book.Agamemnon's kingdom. On 0 20 sq. I
observe that the plural 0EOXoL recurs 146,
t 328 ZC`arT' EX0LEvo, is inconsistent with 155; the Phaeacians offered Odysseus all or
77 1 S 0 s .LvG iVO' r/paTro. But -q 1 resumes
any; on 0 144 sq. that Odysseus is aware his
after a pause.
EvavrTrl 4 329 av-T,
is contradicted 8' 18
by -q oVO rwr6T
&XX' passage
alvr'T
8- is safe, but he wants it at once.
3ap' EtEXXE rdOXLv vo-Eo-atL pavviv Iv6a Theot games bore him, and Laodamas' gibe
turns on this unsportsmanlike spirit.
avrT~Ep3XcqoC Oed. The contradiction requires
a microscope to make it visible; to the naked
O 219 o070 8' UIE X0KT1o7'T17q cTl7EKatlVTO 7To~f
eye o*rSto is well balanced by oTE s8. The 84p11 iY Tpxov oTE TOea~oltE0' 'Aatol.
same niggling procedure removes - 40-42,
on the ground that the mist which Athena How did Odysseus betray himself by 220
There were numerous warriors with special
threw over Odysseus is mentioned a second
time, and that as he entered the town gifts at Troy. It was not more compro-
mising than to have engaged Philoctetes
(IpXdt~vov) it was too late for him to notice
the docks and the town-wall! The same at home in Magnesia. It is too bad of the
inability to deal with common things professor
recurs to excise 0 249 E~t~ard 7' i~ylpop3
- 103 sq., where we cut out the Gardens of
Alcinous because 'Odysseus von seinemAo~rpd
'dieser cVers
E Oep/x
auf Kal
die E4vacL on the ground that
Kunstfertigkeiten, die

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 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 269

Alkinoos an den Phaaken riihmen will, 80KO); no want of 'connection' was felt at
keinen Bezug hat.' I daresay Schiitz and
that period. The evidence of later centuries.
Nitzsch thought so, but they had not does not authorise us to exclude the bard
enjoyed the picture of the Phaeacians as an from the heroic agon. The Phaeacians had
athletic and hygienic people which has been a long card; foot-race, wrestling, jump,
so brilliantly put before us. We know, quoits, boxing (incident of remarks on
nous autres, that the complements of 7roro Odysseus and Odysseus' exhibition), dancing
Kpa~7Trvw, 6EELvw and vyvoLv aptw-rE&ELv are to music (troupe), Demodocus' lay, dancing
warm water and clean clothes, and Alcinous (pas de deux). Herr Blass, who knows
includes these points in his general account everything, is aware that in historical Greece
of his people. Herr Blass will not have the
some &y,&ve; were athletic, some artistic, and
sailor's knot by which Arete advises Odysseus some mixed. In the Iliad, there being a
to secure his treasure (0 443); ' seltsam iststate of war and bards left at home, we have
dass Arete ihre Phaaken verdachtigt.' only games, but at the wake of Amphi-
What, with Odysseus all alone, in a deep damas, which Hesiod attended, there were
sleep 7 Even today in some countries you 'hymns,' at the Panionia hymns, prosodia,
are advised to insure your baggage, or to tie paeans, etc.; Delphi began by being entirely
it in string and seal it with lead. The musical, races were not added till 586. At.
mention of Circe (448) is not fatal. I Hermione, in what is called a IovrLK~ -y ~wv ,
presume Homer's audience knew Odysseus'there were prizes for diving and swimming-
wanderings in general. Does anyone suppose (Paus. ii. 35. 1); Pausanias infers from
Homer invented Circe ?-Here I stop, though Eumelus' words that the Ithomaea were at
the reading is very interesting. Herr Blassfirst musical (iv. 33. 2). Why is not the
in this department is practically an Alex-Phaeacian entertainment the first instance
andrian. He finds ' Anstoss' constantly, of the mixed festival ? Demodocus' 'lay'
and where he cannot climb over his obstacle about the Gods, contrasted with his previous
he takes it out. For my part, while I read excerpt from the Tale of Troy, resembles the
him I believe; but when I turn to the poet
pai8ows and Ermv 7ro7qr, or paqoooo s and
I see the rock of offence is imaginary. Hlerr
EYKWMLOtV ErLKOV (once EVKWltLOV ELS iovcra-
Blass is the superior of the Alexandrians in
C.I.G. Sept. 1773) which are standing cate-
linguistic, of his German predecessors gories
in in the Boeotian agonistic inscriptions
historical sense and taste; but he seems the
of s. iv-i B.C. Dem. sings 'unbidden ':
slave of a false conception of literature. No
why not ? An 3oSo'd was not an instrument.
He sang when the Muse moved him, the
poet's mind, no early poet's, and especially
no epic poet's, ever worked in the way Muse
he knew when.
supposes. The Nekyia has a good deal to suffer; the
I pass to the second part of the book, theHeroines and Minos, Orion, etc. (K 568 sq.)
discussion of the larger alterations, the work
must go. The latter passage constitutes an
of late epic poets. The interests here areOrphic interpolation. Herr Blass extols
greater, and we expect to find the criteriaWilamowitz's demonstration of this (Hom.
correspondingly clear. Herr Blass begins
Studien, pp. 199 sq.), but he leaves little
with V/ and w and takes a crab-like courseOrphic in the passage. Minos, Orion,
back to a. I will follow the order of nature. Tityos, and Heracles are unorphic, Sisy-
In 0 he almost assumes Demodocus' layphus and Tantalus remain: their names
must go, but pays little attention to its are reduplicated, and the vagueness of their
immorality and irreligion-which indeed description shows they are types, like the
are difficult to maintain, if one remembers Danaides. I am surprised that so careful
that all we know about the morals and a philologer as Herr Blass should build
religion of the heroic age is what Homer anything upon the etymology of heroic
tells us and then considers 5 294, 315, 333, he admits that Tantalus is not
names:
0 130, the grotesque stories in Hesiod, the
transparent: why should Sisyphus be Hel-
non-devotional tone of Hesiod Theog. lenic Greek at all ? On the other hand,
27, 28,
h. Berm. 577, 578 and the familiarity
the Ephyrean Sisyphus is an historical
with Heaven shown throughout the poems.
personage, and the absence of genealogy in
Herr Blass rejects the lay on account these
of its two cases is merely for variety. The
want of connection. ' Mit den Tanzen hat is correct in rejecting the agency
writer
das Lied nicht das Mindeste zu thun.' How of Onomacritus. We can have no deal-
does this appear ? Blass admits the age of with a sixth century Homer. Herr
ings
the episode and even quotes the chairBlass
at defends the relevancy of X as a whole
with, naturally, success: it is an adventure,
Amyclae (JaudKwv XopO KQG V ~ c IAv pLd-

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270 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW.

horses,
an OAos. Such things areand notOdysseus (Telegonia arg.)
relevant, but his
cattle, in Elis: the
they have to be undertaken. Thepeople of Pheneus in
Heroines,
those Queens of Song, 225 sq., are dis- Arcadia (Paus viii. 14) took care of his
missed as Hesiodean, and put on the same horses. Pheneus is further from the coast
level as the Catalogue of Ships. It is plain than Parnassus, and neither meant a long
that 'Katalog' like 'Zusammenhang' is a voyage. The episode delays the action.
term of occult power: otherwise by what What else do episodes do ? Delay is of the
mental process do critics restrict catalogues to nature of epos, as I find G6the laid down
Boeotia, and establish a connection between (Nitzsch, Beitrdge z. Gesch. der ep. Poes.
women and ships ? Ulysses sees the Hero- p. 108, n. 160) 'daher sind alle retardirende
ines because they are part of the population Motive episch.' Anxiety to arrive depends
of Hades: they are there in obedience to on century, civilisation and even race. The
a habit of mind which we may call 'Igemein- Parisian house, I am told, begins to go out
griechisch,' certainly not Hesiodean. I pre- when the denoi^ment comes in sight, the
sume, given the idea of divine fathers, ancients, as we know from their historians
limited in number, the detailed family and tragedians, adored protraction.
interest must fall upon the mothers. To The finale, q 297 to the end, is in a
derive the Achilles-episode from the MLKpaL different position. The unprejudiced reader,
'Ixh4d (with Wilamowitz) is craziness. In who like Herr Blass finds nothing wrong in
general Herr Blass takes the obvious view a-?, is sensible of a change, of a somewhat
that so far as there is any relation at all mechanical compression and repetition and
between Homer and the Cycle, the latter of the inferiority of the second vEKvLa to the
depends on the former. He is, however, first. Whether Aristophanes and Arist-
wrong in inferring from the citation of the archus had better grounds for their
K?raELOL (X 521) from Alcaeus and not from athetesis may be doubted. Herr Blass'
the MLKpa 'IALcs that Lesches' poem did not Oxford friends may yet find scholia to state
contain the name of this people. The OTr Lv rEv T 0o1 vpovurat, but so far no omission
Cycle is rarely quoted; the lyric and melicof such a size is attested. Herr Blass
poets completely overshadowed it. Stesi-acknowledges the literary merit of mo
chorus extinguished the Iliupersis, and, simi-this passage. The description of the cou
larly, Alcaeus' hymns to Apollo and Hermes part of Ithaca is excellent. The prin
are quoted in preference to the long andquestion is, where are we to look for
important hexameter hymns still extant. author of this sequel ? Hardly at Cor
Books o-a- may be passed over on thisas Blass thinks (p. 221) : I suppose he m
occasion. In the discussion of r-X the first Eumelus. The writer who occupied him
thing that strikes me is that r 31-4, thewith Odysseus' domestic affairs and wo
lines in which Athena goes before Od. andup his story was Eugammon.1 Herr
his son, a golden lamp in her hand, whilewill not enter into the Leucas-Ithaca que
they remove the arms from the hall, is called(p. 298); but he has the key in his h
' die geschmackloseste Stelle in der ganzenThe lines w 377, 8 otos NPLtKOV EXOV (La
Odyssee.' The ancients I know agreedEVKTl/LEVOV 7To70XLEpO I KT'qV prapoLO
that Homer, or as we should say the au
(8ovXorpor13 KaL Xtav EVjEXE To T7 itGavoiasof w, considered Nericus (in Leucas)
KrX. schol.). Well, ' il gusto' is a delicate
subject. Other readers feel the exact mainland; in other words that at this v
opposite. At all events in view of theearly period Thiaki was already Ithaca.
perpetual interference of Athena (she picked This part of the poem is touched on
up Diomedes' whip and broke Eumelus'in the first Appendix (p. 285). In w 7
Thetis buries Achilles. In Arctinus' Aethio-
yoke, *I 390) it is impossible to cut anything
out. Next we come to two of the most pis Thetis carries him to Leuce in the
Pontus. ' Also ist Arktinos von w abhangig.'
striking rrELcrdsOa in the poem, the N'rrTpa
Now the EKvtULis later than the rest of (o;
and T& iv HIapvacro-'. Herr Blass
'decidedly of opinion that the N&irrpathe
is
is rest
an of w is of about 700 B.c. at earliest.
Einheit,' for which we may thank him, The
butvEKvLa is later than this, Arctinus is
later than
he gives up Parnassus and Autolycus. the vEKUVta. Arctinus and the
Parnassus is ' far away'; is it? WhatAethiopis
can are therefore not earlier than 600,
we say about distances in the heroic age, as
1 Who is, however, rather late for the present
affecting practical relations ? Penelope's
purpose. Other candidates are the Thesprotis,
sister had married at Pherae, EdXa 7roXAbv
which occupied itself with Penelope (Paus. viii.
12. 5), and Musaeus, from whom Eugammon bor-
r'orpo6t (3 798Noemon
about easily. sq.): these(8islanders moved
635) kept his(Clem. Alex. Strom. vi. 2. 25).
rowed

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 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW. 271

return to his traditional

perhaps as late as 550.--What adate of ol. 9
house of
cards! It does not follow that Arctinus (Artemon the chronologer of Clazomenae).
borrowed the funeral of Achilles from o; This book will meet I expect with no too
Thetis presumably intervened at her son's warm a reception in its own land. With us
death from the beginning of legend. It does who regard facts, and make light of
not follow that w is as late as 700 because pseudoliterary canons, it should be welcome.
We hope the learned author will try his
Sicily is mentioned in it. Were Sicilian
slaves unheard of till the foundation of hand at the Iliad, and at the Homeric
Syracuse ? Knowledge of a place, and question
some generally, for without a place and
relations with it, must be assumed to exist
time for Homer, ' interpolation' has hardly
before a colony is sent out.1 may be given a meaning. My own opinion of the book is
another hundred years; and Arctinusdoubtful. may When I think of all the other

1 The Sicels it is admitted are mentioned v 383, critics I say olog 7r crvvrat; when I open
and Hesiod discusses the formation of the island Homer I repeat the Cambridge epigram,
fr. 183. c-o'8pa TEcrV'T. T. W. ALLEN.

RAEDER'S PHILOSOPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF PLATO.

Platons Philosophische Entwickelung. Von

of the Hippias major and minor, as against
Horneffer,
HANS RAEDER, von der Koniglich as well as rejecting the more
Dan-
ischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften extreme views of Schaarschmidt and Horn.
Gekronte Preisschrift. Leipzig: B. The
G. second section is occupied with the
Teubner, 1905. 8vo. Pp. 435. M. 8. ' stylometrists '- Campbell, Dittenberger,
Lutoslawski, and the rest; various points in
PLATONIC students have no reason to com- Lutoslawski's method are criticized, and, it
is shown that it is open to the charge of
plain of the quantity of the books dealing
with their subject which have appeared what is civilly described as ' willkiirliches
Verfahren' (p. 35). M. Raeder, however,
during the last decade. For, not to mention
seems inclined to attach a good deal of
slighter works devoted to the elucidation'of
weight to 'stylometric' results, when care-
special problems or of particular dialogues,
fully sifted, as providing a criterion for
there have been published within this period
quite a number of volumes which aim at
chronology superior in objectivity to that
expounding more or less completely and derivable from philosophic interpretations.
systematically the whole range of Plato'sIn the following sections the subjects treated
doctrine, such as those by Lutoslawski, are the literary form and dramatic setting
Gomperz, Natorp, and now finally byof M.the dialogues, the literary and historical
references they contain, and the general
Raeder. It would be interesting to compare
the main features of these latest expositors,character of their philosophic content,
but I must content myself here with whether the positive or negative, constructive or
general observation that they all break away critical; and all these matters, like those
from the Zellerian tradition, and all bear which occupy the earlier sections, are
witness to the current popularity of 'stylo- handled mainly from the point of view of
metric' methods and of views which ascribe their bearing on the chronological sequence of
to Plato what is euphemistically termed the Platonic writings. For the main purpose
'Entwickelung.' of M. Raeder's book is, in fact, to establish
M. Raeder commences with a chapter aoncertain fixed order for the dialogues. And
the history and present position of 'the
the order he arrives at is this: (1) the So-
cratic dialogues-Apol., Ion, Hipp. min.,
Platonic question,' in which the methods and
results of the chief systematic expositors Lach.,
of Charm., Crito : (2) Hipp. maj., Pro-
Platonism-Schleiermacher, Hermann, Rib-tag., Gorg. : (3) Menex., Euthyphro, Meno,
Euthyd., Cratylus : (4) Lysis, Sympos.,
bing, Zeller, Ueberweg, Grote, Gomperz--
are briefly stated and estimated. The Phaedo : (5) Republic : (6) Phaedrus :
second chapter discusses, first, questions of (7) Theaet., Parmen. : (8) Soph., Polit. :
authenticity; and with regard to these (9) Phileb., Tim., Critias : (10) Laws,
Epinomis.
M. Raeder is decidedly conservative, vindi-
cating, for example, the Platonic authorship It will be seen from this list that

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