Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Bibhabasu Mohanty
Asst. Prof.
Dept. of civil Engineering
SALITER, Ahmedabad
Course Content
Design of racks, screens, grit chamber,
aeration units, sedimentation tanks, activated
sludge and trickling filter processes, rotating
biological contactors, sludge digesters and
drying beds
SLUDGE TREATMENT…
Introduction…
• Sludge refers to the residual, semi-solid material left
from industrial wastewater, or sewage treatment
processes.
• Waste water sludge is the mixture of waste water
and settled solids.
• Depending upon the source it may be primary,
secondary, excess activated sludge.
Objectives…
Collection of sludge
Transportation of sludge
Processing of sludge to convert it to a form
suitable for disposal
Final disposal of the sludge
Composition…
• Sludge from plain sedimentation tank- settable solids
(raw sludge)
• This gray in color contain garbage, fecal solids,
debris.
• Bad odor.
• From sec. settling tank following a trickling filter
consists of partially decomposed organic matter.
• Dark brown in color, less odor than raw sludge.
Sludge types…
• Primary sludge
3 to 8 % solids
About 70% organic material
• Sec. sludge
Wasted microbes and inert materials
90% organic material
• Tertiary sludge
If sec. clarifier is used to remove phosphate, this
sludge contain chemical precipitates.
Overview
Wastewater treatment
Thickening
Stabilisation Biogas
Thickening Agriculture
Incineration Atmosphere
Thickening (volume reduction) by Gravity
Gravity separation, similar to settling tank
Sludge
liquor
Thickened sludge
Thickening by Flotation
Pre treatment: mostly chemical flocculation
Solid reduction
Oxygen requirements
Digested
Sludge
Raw Sludge
Mixing
Heat
Exchanger Circulating
Pump
Anaerobic digestion process
Organic acids
Complex CH4 and
and
Organics CO2
H2
Acid producing Methane producing
bacteria bacteria
(acidogens) (methanogenics)
Three Mechanisms Occurring:
Hydrolysis Process – conversion of insoluble high
molecular compounds (lignin, carbohydrates, fats)
to lower molecular compounds
Acidogenesis Process – conversion of soluble lower
molecular components of fatty acids, amino acids
and sugars (monosaccharide) to lower molecular
intermediate products (volatile acids, alcohol,
ammonia, H2 and CO2)
Methanogenesis Process – conversion of volatile acids
& intermediate products to final product of methane
and CO2
Steps in anaerobic (oxygen-free) digestion:
Methanogenesis
Short organic acids CH4 & CO2
Conventional anaerobic digester High rate anaerobic digester
Anaerobic Digester Design
Mean Cell Residence Time
Volumetric Loading Factor
Observed Volume Reduction
Loading Factors Based on Populations
Sludge dewatering
Or
Recycle
Final
clarifier
Q
Influent
Primary Wast
clarifier sludg
Trickling
filter
Advantages
simplicity of operation
Hydraulic loading,
1. 1-4 10 - 40
m3/m2.d
Organic loading,kg
2. 0.08 - 0.32 0.32 - 1.0
BOD / m3.d
3. Depth, m. 1.8 - 3.0 0.9 - 2.5
0.5 - 3.0 (domestic
wastewater) up to 8 for
4. Recirculation ratio 0
strong industrial
wastewater.
Hydraulic loading rate is the total flow
including recirculation applied on unit area of
the filter in a day.
Organic loading rate is the 5 day 20°C
BOD, excluding the BOD of the
recirculant, applied per unit volume in a day.
Recirculation is generally not adopted in low
rate filters.
A well operated low rate trickling filter in
combination with secondary settling tank may
remove 75 to 90% BOD and suitable for
treatment of low to medium strength domestic
wastewaters.
The high rate trickling filter, single stage or two
stage are recommended for medium to relatively
high strength domestic and industrial
wastewater.
The BOD removal efficiency is around 75 to 90%.
Single stage unit consists of a primary settling
tank, filter, secondary settling tank and facilities
for recirculation of the effluent.
Two stage filters consist of two filters in series
with a primary settling tank, an intermediate
settling tank which may be omitted in certain
cases and a final settling tank.
Process Design
Generally trickling filter design is based on
empirical relationships to find the required filter
volume for a designed degree of wastewater
treatment.
NRC equations commonly used.
NRC (National Research Council of USA) equations
give satisfactory values when there is no re-
circulation, the seasonal variations in temperature
are not large and fluctuations with high organic
loading.
NRC equations: These equations are applicable
to both low rate and high rate filters. The
efficiency of single stage or first stage of two
stage filters, E2 is given by
E2= 100
1+0.44(F1.BOD/V1.Rf1)1/2
h = b (W/b)4/3 hv sin q
where h = head loss, m
b = bar shape factor (2.42 for sharp edge rectangular bar, 1.83
for rectangular bar with semicircle upstream, 1.79 for
circular bar and 1.67 for rectangular bar with both u/s and
d/s face as semicircular).
W = maximum width of bar u/s of flow, m
b = minimum clear spacing between bars, m
hv = velocity head of flow approaching rack, m = v2/2g
q = angle of inclination of rack with horizontal
The head loss through fine screen is given by
h = (1/2g) (Q/CA)
where, h = head loss, m
Q = discharge, m3/s
C = coefficient of discharge (typical value 0.6)
A = effective submerged open area, m2
GRIT CHAMBER...
Grit chambers are basin to remove the
inorganic particles to prevent damage to
the pumps, and to prevent their
accumulation in sludge digesters.
Types of Grit Chambers
Mechanically cleaned
Manually cleaned
In mechanically cleaned grit chamber, scraper blades
collect the grit settled on the floor of the grit chamber.
The grit so collected is elevated to the ground level by
several mechanisms such as bucket elevators, jet pump
and air lift.
Manually cleaned grit chambers should be cleaned at
least once a week.
The simplest method of cleaning is by means of
shovel.
Aerated Grit Chamber
v2 = 4g(ρs-ρw)d
3 CDρw
Where:
g= acceleration due to gravity (assume 9.81 m/s2)
ρw= density of water (1000 Kg/m3)
ρs= density of solid particles
(normally of specific gravity 2.65=2.65*1000=2650
Kg/m3)
d= dia of particles
CD= coefficient of drag force depends on flow condition
AERATION UNITS...
Unit process in which air and water are brought into
intimate contact.
The contact time and ratio of air to water must be
sufficient for exchange sufficient oxygen.
Advantages
Providing O2 for purification and improving overall
quality.
CO2 reduction-reduces the corrosion.
Raising the pH.
VOC removal
Effective method for bacterial control
Methods of aeration
Diffused aeration
Spray aeration
Turbine aeration
Surface aeration
Diffused aeration
Providing maximum water surface per unit volume of
air.
Air bubbles brought with water in a mixing or contact
chamber.
A common way to aerate water is via diffused air.
Air is pumped through some sort of diffuser to
generate small bubbles.
Usually gas is injected into the bottom of the aeration
tank and is allowed to rise to the surface in an open
tank.
The rising bubbles transfer oxygen to the water, as well
as transport bottom water to the surface.
The bubbles raising through water create turbulence.
Untreated water is allowed to enter the tank from top
and exit from bottom.
Efficiency of diffused aeration can be improved:
Turbine Aeration:
In this system coarse bubbles are injected into the
bottom of the tank and then a turbine shears the
bubbles for better oxygen transfer.
Efficiency of turbine aerators is generally higher than
diffused aeration.
Surface Aeration:
C w Cl T 20
N N0 (1.02)
9.17