Tensile Test on Mild steel

OBJECT: To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following:

(i) Yield strength (ii) Ultimate strength

(iii) Young's modulus of elasticity (iv) Percentage elongation

(v) Percentage reduction in area.

MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT:

(i) Tensile testing machine (Fig. 1)

(ii) Mild steel specimen (Refer Fig. 2)

(iii) Graph paper (iv) Dividers (v) Ruler

THEORY:

The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of a test piece are fixed into
grips

connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied load is small enough, the
deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically deformed solid will return to its original form
as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently.
The initial part of the tension curve (Fig. 3), which is recoverable immediately after unloading, in which solid
undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. The stress below which the deformation is essentially
entirely elastic is known as the yield strength of material. In some materials (like , mild steel) the onset of
plastic deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and a lower yield point.
However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point During plastic deformation, at larger extensions
strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in section and thus the load passes through a
maximum and then begins to decrease.

As this stage the "Ultimate strength", which is defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original
cross-sectional area, reaches a maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause 'neck' formation and
rupture.

Usually a tension test is conducted at room temperature and the tensile load is applied slowly. During this
test either round or flat specimens (Fig. 2) may be used. The round specimens may have smooth, shouldered
or threaded ends. The load on the specimen is applied mechanically or hydraulically depending on the type of
testing machine. Fig. 1 shows a hydraulically operated tensile testing machine.

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be length of gauge
section which is marked in the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the specimen.

2. Insert the specimen into grips of test machine and attach strain-measuring device to it.

3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
 4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.

5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.

6. Continue the test till fracture occurs.

7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and

Diameter of specimen.

OBSERVATIONS:

Record the data in the following table:

Material:

Original dimensions: Length = ...............mm Diameter = ................mm Area = …………..mm

Final dimensions: Length = ..............mm Diameter = ................mm Area = …………..mm

2. Plot the stress strain curve (Refer Fig. 3) and determine the following..

(i) Limit of proportionality

= load at limit of proportionality = …………………………N/mm2

Original area of cross-section

(ii) Elastic limit:

= load at elastic limit = ………………………….N/mm2

Original area of cross-section

(iii} Yield strength:

= yield load =……… ………………….. N/mm2

Original area of cross-section

(iv) Ultimate strength:

= maximum tensile load =…………………………..N/mm2

Original area of cross-section

 (v) Young's modulus, E:

= stress below proportionality limit =………………………….N/mm2

Corresponding strain

(vi) Percentage elongation:

= final length (at fracture) - original length = …………………………… %

Original length

(vii) Percentage reduction in area:

= Original area – area at fracture = …………………………….. %

Original area

RESULT:

(i) Yield strength = ……………………….N/mm2

(ii) Ultimate strength = ……………………….N/mm2

(iii) Young's modulus of elasticity = ……………………….N/mm2

(iv) Percentage elongation = ……………………….%

(v) Percentage reduction in area. = ……………………….%

 Experiment No. 2

Compression test

Aim: To find the compressive strength of given specimen.

Material and Equipment:

Universal testing machine,

Compression pads,
Given specimen,

Theory
This is the test to know strength of a material under compression. Generally compression test is
carried out to know either simple compression characteristics of material or column action of
structural members. It has been observed that for varying height of member, keeping cross-
section and the load applied constant, there is an increased tendency towards bending of a
member.

Member under compression usually bends along minor axis, i.e, along least lateral dimension.
According to column theory slenderness ratio has more functional value. If this ratio goes on
increasing, axial compressive stress goes on decreasing and member buckles more and more. End
conditions at the time of test have a pronounced effect on compressive strength of materials.
Effective length must be taken according to end conditions assumed, at the time of the test. As
the ends of the member is made plain and fit between two jaws of the machine, fixed end is
assumed for calculation of effective length. Effective length is taken as 0.5 L where L is actual
length of a specimen

H = 8 to 10 d
Observation

Cross sectional area of the specimen perpendicular to the load = A =……………mm 2

Load taken by the specimen at the time of failure, W = ……………..(N)

Compressive strength of the given specimen ( p ) = [W/A ] N/mm 2

Procedure

1. Place the specimen in position between the compression pads.

2. Switch on the UTM

3. Bring the drag indicator in contact with the main indicator.

4. Select the suitable range of loads and space the corresponding weight in the pendulum
and balance it if necessary with the help of small balancing weights

5. Operate (push) the button for driving the motor to drive the pump.

6. Gradually move the head control ever in left hand direction till the specimen fails.

7. Note down the load at which the specimen fails.

8. Stop the machine and remove the specimen.

Precautions

1. Place the specimen at center of compression pads,

2. Stop the UTM as soon as the specimen fails.

3. Cross sectional area of specimen for compression test should be kept large as compared
to the specimen for tension test: to obtain the proper degree of stability.

Result

Compressive strength of the given specimen is ……………N/mm2

 BENDING TEST – SINGLE POINT LOAD

OBJECT: To study the behaviour of the given wooden specimen under bending and to
determine the following properties.

(i) Elastic strength

(ii) Moment of resistance
(iii) Modulus of elasticity
(iv) Modulus of rupture.

APPARATUS: Universal testing machine, scale and deflectometer.

THEORY: If forces acts on a piece of material in such a way that they tend to introduce
compressive stresses over one part of a cross section of the piece and tensile stresses
over the remaining part of the piece is said to be in bending. In a cross section of a
beam the line along which the bending stresses are zero is called the neutral axis. In
simple bending the neutral axis passes through the centroid. In bending, stresses are
proportional to the distance from the neutral axis, within the proportional limit.
Above the proportional limit the bending stresses do not vary linearly across the
section. Most members subjected to bending are beams, and for this reason the usual
laboratory tests to determine the flexure or bending stress-strain properties are made
on beams subjected to simple bending. In these test, the specimens are subjected to
central loading or point loading.

L/2 L/2

A WL/4 B

Figure 1: Loading arrangement and Bending moment diagram

 A load deflection diagram is first obtained by using the loading arrangement shown in
figure-1. The load is applied by universal testing machine. To determine the
deflection, deflectometer is placed on or under the specimen, usually at the center.
For most ductile materials, specimens continue to deform without failure and fracture
does not occur. For this reason, plastic properties cannot be determined for such
materials. In case of brittle materials including cast iron, wood and various plastics,
the deflection diagram can be determined to fracture so that plastic properties can
be evaluated. For some brittle material a linear stress strain relation in the elastic
range exists, and both elastic and plastic properties can be defined. Loads and
deflection are measured to failure at predetermined increments of load or deflection.
With this data load-deflection diagram is plotted as shown in figure-2.

SCALE :

X-axis : 1cm = 1mm

Y-axis : 1cm = 500N

6000

5500
Load at Limit of
proportionality

5000 ( We )
L

O 4500
A
D
Deflection
4000
at limit of
proportionality

3500

(ye )

3000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Deflection (mm)
2500 Figure-2 : Load deflection Diagram

2000

1500

1000

500
PROCEDURE:

1) Measure the dimensions of the wooden beam ( depth of beam should be

greater than width of the beam ).

2) Fix the beam (depth-wise) symmetrically on rollers.

3) Measure the distance (center to center) between the roller supports.

4) Select appropriate range of Load dial gauge( 0 – 4 tonne i.e 0 – 40KN )

5) Set the load indicator at zero.

6) Place the deflectometer at the center of the beam.

7) Increase the load gradually and record deflections at an interval of 500N

till the wooden beam ruptures.

8) Note down the load indicated by the pointer at rupture.

9) Plot the graph of load against deflection.

OBSERVATIONS:

(i) Span of the beam = L = ………………mm

(ii) Breadth of the beam = b = ………………mm

(iii) Depth of the beam = d = ………………mm

(iv) Load at limit of proportionality ( from graph ) = We = ……………….mm

(v) Deflection at limit of proportionality ( from graph ) = ye = ……………….mm

(vi) Load at rupture = WR = ……………….mm

CALCULATIONS:
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE GIVEN BEAM :

(i) Elastic strength ( fiber stress at limit of proportionality ):

. fe = M x y ( M = We x L / 4 ) [ We from graph ]

= …………..N/mm2

(ii) Moment of resistance of the beam:

M.R = fe x 

. y

(iii) Modulus of elasticity:

E= We x L 3 [ We and ye from graph ]

48ye

(iv) Modulus of rupture :

. fR = MR x y ( MR = WR x L / 4 )

RESULT: Following stress-strain properties of the given wooden specimen in bending are
evaluated.

(i) Elastic strength fe = …………………….N/mm2

(ii) Moment of resistance M.R = …………………….N-mm

(iii) Modulus of elasticity E = …………………….N/mm

 Rockwell HARDNESS TEST

OBJECT:

To Study the Rockwell hardness tester and to determine the hardness number of the given specimens.

APPARATUS: Rockwell hardness tester.

THEORY: In Rockwell hardness test, the hardness of the material is determined by the depth of indentation
of a diamond cone or small steel ball. The Rockwell test differs from the Brinell test in that the indenters and
the loads are smaller and that the resulting indentation is smaller and shallower.

The Rockwell hardness tester consists of an anvil which can be moved up or down by turning the hand wheel
which is situated at the bottom of the spindle. The loading can be applied by simply operating a hand lever
which is just below the hand wheel. The indenter or penetrator in a Rockwell test may be either a conical
shaped diamond called brale with 1200 apex angle or a standard steel ball 1.5875mm, (1/16 inch) in diameter.
The brale is used for testing materials with a high hardness and the steel ball for soft materials. The brale or
the ball is intended by the two consecutive load, a minor load F1 (equal to 10Kg) which does not deform the
metal, is used to seat the indenter, and an additional major load F2 which equals 90Kg(total 100Kg) for the
ball (scale B) and 140Kg (total 150Kg) for brale(scale C) is applied for indentation. The depth of the penetration
effected by the additional load is measure of Rockwell hardness. The Rockwell hardness is read directly on
the dial of the instrument having scale graduated in hardness unit. The dial has two sets of figures, one red
(Scale B) and the other black (scale C) which differ by 30 hardness number (i.e. B-30 is at C-0). It is made so,
to avoid the negative hardness values on the B-scale, if used to test very soft materials. This also facilitates in
establishing that the highest hardness that can be measured with a 1.5875mm diameter ball indenter is only
B-100 and for higher hardness C-scale should be employed.

PROCEDURE:

Place the specimen on the anvil so that its surface will be normal to the direction of the applied load. Note
the type and size of the indenter. Raise the anvil and the test specimen by means of the elevating screw. The
small pointer in the dial starts to move, once the specimen touches the indenter. Continue to raise the work
slowly until the small pointer comes to the red dot. This indicates that the minor load of 10Kg is acting upon
the indenter. Turn the dial until the mark B-30 (i.e C-0), which is also designated by a red arrow and by the
word ‘SET’ is directly behind the pointer. Release the operating handle so as to apply the major load which is
an increment over the already applied minor load. The indenter starts to go down into the specimen. This can
be seen from dial. The pointer starts to move during the period of loading. Immediately after the major has
been fully applied gently bring back the operating handle to its latched position. Read the position of the
pointer on the selected scale, which gives the Rockwell hardness number. Make three independent hardness
determinations on each specimen.

Figure 1: Stages of Rockwell hardness test:

‘t’ is the difference in indentation height between (a) and (c)

Calculations
OBSERVATION TABLE:

SR.NO SPECIMENS INDENTER TOTAL READING (HRB/HRC) MEAN

LOAD
1 2 3
(MATERIAL)
1 High carbon steel Cone 150kg HRC=
2 Mild steel ball 100kg HRB=
3 Brass ball 100Kg HRB=
4 Aluminum ball 100kg HRB=
5 copper ball 100kg HRB=

TEST REQUIREMENTS:

(i) The test should be carried out at an ambient temperature of 20 ± 2°C in temperate climate and 27 ± 2°C in
tropical climates.

(ii) The testing machine shall be protected throughout the test from shock and vibration.

(iii) The test piece shall be placed on a rigid support. The contact surfaces shall be clean and free from foreign
matter (such as scale, oil and dust).

(iv) The thickness of the test piece shall be at least 8 times the permanent indentation of depth. No
deformation shall be visible at the back of the test piece after the test.

(v) The distance between the centers of the two adjacent indentations shall be at least 4 times the diameter
of the indentation and the distance from the centre of any indentation to the edge of test piece shall be at
least 2.5 times the diameter of the indentation unless agreed otherwise.

PRECAUTIONS:

(i) Successive impressions should not be superimposed on another nor be made too close together when
making hardness determinations.

(ii) Nor should a measurement be made too close to the edge, or on a specimen so thin, that impression comes
through the other side.

(iii) Small irregularities, dirt, and scale should be avoided because of the greater sensibility of the Rockwell
test.

RESULT:

The Rockwell hardness number of the given specimens in descending order is as follows

SR.NO MATERIAL ROCKWELL HARDNESS NUMBER

1 High carbon steel HRC…………
2 Aluminum HRB…………
3 Mild steel HRB…………
4 Brass HRB…………
5 Copper HRB…………
 Vicker’s Hardness Test

Objective: To study the Vicker’s hardness test and to determine the hardness number of
the given specimens.

Apparatus: Vicker’s hardness tester and micrometer microscope.

Theory: The principle of the Vicker’s Hardness method is similar to the Brinell test. The
Vicker’s indenter is a 136 degrees square-based diamond pyramid as shown in the figure
below. The indenter is pressed into the sample by an accurately controlled test
force of 1 to 120 kgf. The force is maintained for a specific dwell time, normally 10-20 seconds.
After the dwell time is complete, the indenter is removed leaving an
indent in the sample that appears square shaped on the surface. The impression,
produced by the Vicker’s indenter is clearer, than the impression of Brinell indenter;
therefore this method is more accurate. T h e s i z e o f t h e i n d e n t i s d e t e r m i n e d
o p t i c a l l y b y m e a s u r i n g t h e t w o diagonals of the square indent and their average is
calculated. The length of the impression diagonal is measured by means of a microscope,
which is usually an integral part of the Vicker’s Tester

Principle of Vicker's Hardness Testing

The Vicker’s number (HV) is calculated by the formula: HV = Where

F - Applied load, kgf,

d– Average length of the impression diagonals d1, d2 , mm.
The Vicker’s number, which normally ranges from HV 100 to HV1000 for metals, will increase
as the sample gets harder.

Procedure:
1. Place the specimen on the anvil so that its surface will be normal to the direction of the
applied load.
2. Raise the anvil by means of hand wheel until the specimen just makes contact with the
diamond indenter.

3. Apply the load by means of the push button provided. Maintain the full load for the
prescribed time.
4. Release the load and remove the specimen from the anvil.
5. Measure both the diagonals of the impression left by the indenter by means of micrometer
microscope.
6. Calculate the average of the measured diagonals in the step above to get the value of d.
Using the above formula for HV, calculate the value to HV1. Similarly, make another
indent and calculate HV2.
7. Make the independent hardness determinations on each specimen.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No Material Load Diagonal of Vicker’s Hardness Vicker’s

(P) impression Number
Hardness
kgF Indent 1 Indent 2
HV
d1 d2 d1 d2 HV1 HV2

1 High Carbon Steel HV………

2 Low carbon steel HV………

Calculations
Precautions:
(i) Vicker’s test should be performed on smooth, flat specimens from which dirt and scale
have been cleaned.
(ii) The test should not be made on specimens so thin that the impression shows through the
metal, nor should impressions be made too close to the edge of a specimen.

Result: The Vicker’s hardness number of the given specimens in descending order is as
follows:

Sr.No Material Vicker’s Hardness Number

1 High Carbon Steel HV…………

2 Low Carbon Steel HV…………

 BRINELL HARDNESS TEST

OBJECT: To study Brinell hardness tester and to determine the hardness number of the given specimens.

APPARATUS: Brinell hardness tester and micrometer microscope.

THEORY: Brinell hardness test consists in forcing a steel ball of diameter D under a load 'P' into the
test piece and measuring the mean diameter 'd' of the indentation left in the surface after removal
of the load. The Brinell hardness is obtained by dividing the test load P by curved surface area of
indentation. This curved surface is assumed to be portion of the sphere of diameter D.
Specimens must be chosen with care in order to obtain good results. Brinell test is not suitable for
extremely hard materials, because the ball itself would deform too much, not it is satisfactory for
thin plates, because the usual indentation may be greater than the thickness of the piece. It is not
adopted for the use with case hardened surfaces, because of the depth of indentation may be
greater than the thickness of the case and because of the yielding of the soft core invalidates the
results. The surface of the specimen should be flat and reasonably polished.
The specimen to be tested is placed on a hardened steel anvil. The anvil is raised or lowered by a
steel screw operated by a large hand wheel. Contact is made between the specimen and the ball
indentor by turning the hand wheel. Load is applied, which forces the main piston or plunger
downwards and presses the steel ball into the specimen. After applying the load on the ball for
particular time, the load is removed and the diameter of the indentation is measured with a
micrometer microscope.

 Brinell hardness number or BHN = 2P_______

D[D - D2 – d2 ]
PROCEDURE: Place the specimen on the anvil so that its surface will be normal to the direction of the
applied load. Raise the anvil by means of hand wheel until the specimen just makes contact with the ball.
Apply the load by means of hand lever. Maintain the full load for the prescribed time. Release the load and
remove the specimen from the anvil. Measure the diameter ‘d’ of the impression left by the ball by means
of micrometer microscope. Make the independent hardness determinations on each specimen.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No Material Load ( P ) Ball Diameter of Brinell Brinell

diameter impression Hardness Hardness
(mm) Number
HB
d1 d2 HB1 HB2

1 Mild steel HB………

2 Brass HB………

3 Aluminum HB………

4 Copper HB………

PRECAUTIONS:
(i) Brinell test should be performed on smooth, flat specimens from which dirt and scale have been
cleaned.
(ii) The test should not be made on specimens so thin that the impression shows through the
metal, nor should impressions be made too close to the edge of a specimen.
CALCULATIONS

RESULT: The Brinell hardness number of the given specimens in descending order is as follows

SR.NO MATERIAL BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER

1 Mild steel HB…………

2 Brass HB…………

3 Aluminum HB…………

4 Copper HB…………
 IZOD IMPACT TEST

OBJECT: To study impact testing machine of the pendulum type and to determine the impact resistance of the
given material in the form of notched bar izod specimen

APPARATUS: Pendulum impact machine

MATERIAL: A steel specimen 75mm x 10mm x 10mm

THEORY: An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy during
plastic deformation. Static tension tests of un-notched specimens do not always reveal the susceptibility of a
metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact test. toughness takes into account
both the strength and ductility of the material. Several engineering materials have to withstand impact or
suddenly applied loads while in service. Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths
achieved under slowly applied loads. Of all impact tests, the notched bar tests are most extensively used.
Therefore, the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an
impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values obtained from
these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly arbitrary. Still it is important to
note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of various materials or toughness of the same
material under different conditions. This test can also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition
temperature of the material occurring due to lowering of temperature.
PROCEDURE:

1. With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe rest position, firmly hold the steel
specimen in impact testing machine's vice in such away that the notch faces the hammer and is half
inside and half above the top surface of the vice.

2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and lock it at that
position.

3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating
manual supplied with the machine.

4. Release the hummer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its momentum. The
total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At its topmost height after
breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the pendulum falls back. Note the indicator
reading at that topmost final position.

5. Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and lock.

OBSERVATIONS:

Energy absorbed = …………………J

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.

2. Hold the specimen (Izod test) firmly.
3. Note down readings carefully.

RESULT: Izod impact value of the given material is ………………Joule

Material bends therefore it is ductile material

1. Base with specimen support fitted 2. Column

3. Pendulum Pipe 4. Pendulum Hammer

5. Striker for Charpy test 6. Guard

7. Latch for Charpy test 8. Lever to release the Pendulum for Charpy

9. Dial 10. Reading Pointer

11. Brake for Pendulum 12. Pointer Carrier

13. Specimen Support 14. Latching Tube for Charpy test

15. Latching Tube for Izod test 16. Striker for Izod test

17. Latch for Izod test 18. Lever to release the Pendulum for Izod

19. Bearing Housing 20. Pendulum shaft.

 CHARPY IMPACT TEST

OBJECT: To study impact testing machine of the pendulum type and to determine the impact resistance of the
given material in the form of notched bar charpy specimen

APPARATUS: Pendulum impact machine

MATERIAL: A steel specimen 55mm x 10mm x 10mm

THEORY: Notched-bar, impact test is used to determine the tendency of a material to behave in a brittle
manner. This type of test will detect differences between materials which are not observable in a tension test.
the impact test is curried out on a pendulum type machine, The principal features of pendulum type impact
machines are (1) a moving mass whose kinetic energy is great enough to cause rupture of the test specimen
placed in its, path, (2) an anvil and a support on which the specimen is placed to receive the blow, and (3) a
means for measuring the residual energy of the moving mass after the specimen has been broken.

'The specimen is placed on its anvil and the pendulum of weight w is raised to a

height as shown in figure. It can be seen from fig. that pendulum’s potential energy, before release(point A)
is Wa. After release, the pendulum’s potential energy decreases and the kinetic energy increases until just
before impact (point B) the former is zero and the latter is maximum. At B the amount of energy necessary to
fracture the specimen, is dissipated. As the pendulum continues to swing, the remaining "kinetic energy is
again converted to potential energy, the process being incomplete when the pendulum reaches the point C,
where the potential energy is Wb. Neglecting the friction in the bearings and the air resistance of the
pendulum, the, fracture energy U is equal to W (a-b). This energy value is some time called the impact
toughness. This is the value indicated by the friction pointer on the graduated scale in most testing machines.
Although the Izod impact test has long been established as the standard form of test for checking the
brittleness of metallic materials, the need has arisen for tests at elevated and sub-zero temperatures. For this
purpose the Charpy test is more convenient as the specimen does not have to be clamped and can be quickly
positioned without significant change in temperature. The notched bar impact test is most meaningful when
conducted over a range of temperature so that the temperature at which the ductile to brittle transition takes
place can be determined. It is generally accepted that the Charpy and izod values are practically the same for
metals which fail with an energy absorption values less than 10 kg-m. above this value Charpy values are
higher than the Izod values.
SPECIMENS: The standard metal specimen for Charpy test is a square prism notched as shown in figure. For
this test, the specimen is arranged as a simple beam with the notch being on the tension side as shown in
fig. The purpose of the notch in the bar is to increase the severity of the test. Notch sets up stress
concentration which ensure that fracture does occur.

FRACTURE APPEARANCE: Two distinct zones can often be observed, one bright and granular, the, other dull
and similar to the cup and cone fracture of a tensile test. The former is due to cleavage of the metal grains
and is the true brittle fracture. The latter is due to shear fracture of the metal grains and is accompanied by
plastic deformation. The larger the area of brittle fracture the smallest the amount of energy needed

PROCEDURE:

6. With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe rest position, place the steel specimen like a simply
supported beam on supports or anvil so that the blow of the hammer is opposite to the notch.

7. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and lock it at that
position.

8. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating
manual supplied with the machine.

9. Release the hummer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its momentum. The
total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At its topmost height after
breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the pendulum falls back. Note the indicator
reading at that topmost final position.

10. Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and lock.

OBSERVATIONS:

Energy absorbed = …………………J

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.

2. locate the specimen in such a way that the hammer strikes it at the middle.
3. Note down readings carefully.

RESULT: Charpy impact value of the given material is ………………Joule