Essam Shaban

List of References

1. Garcia Borras, T., “Manual for Improving Boiler and Furnaces

Performance”, Guf Publishing Company, 1983.

2. Gunn, D. and Horton, R., “Industrial Boilers”, Longman Scientific &

Technical, 1989.

3. Kohan, A.L. and Spring, Jr. H.M., “Boiler Operator’s Guide”, Third
edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991.

4. Shrotzki, B.G.A. and Vopat, W.A., “Power Station Engineering and

Economy”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1960.

5. USAID/ECEP Project Series, “Boiler Operations”, 1992.

6. USAID/ECEP Project Series, “Boiler Water Treatment”, 1993.

Essam Shaban
 ( -)

(Tiny Boilers) •
" "
. (ASME)
( ) ( )
.

(High Pressure Steam Boilers) •

.

(Hot- Water-Supply Boilers) •

120
.

(Low- Pressure Boilers) •

. 120

Essam Shaban
 (Packaged Boilers) •

(Power Boilers) •

(Supercritical Boilers) •

.( ).
.

( )
. .

(Waste Heat Boilers) •

...
" "
.

( -)
(Safety Valve) •

Essam Shaban
 .

(Stop Valve) •
.

(Pressure Gauge) •
( / )

(steam gauge siphon) •

•
(Inspector’s test gauge connection and cock)
.

(water column) •

(Water Level Indicator) •

(water test gauges or try cocks) •

.

(Drain valve) •
"
."

Essam Shaban
 .
.

( -)

(horse power)
(Btu)
. (MW)
•

. /
/Btu
.
. /
/
. /Btu

Boiler turndown Ratios •

.
(Turndown Ratio)
.

Essam Shaban
 ( )

(draft)
.

.
:
(forced draft fan) ( ) •

(induced draft fans) •

.
) •

.(

:
. •

. •

. •

. •

Po g 1 1 1 1
P) = H . . 35 H
Rair To Tgas To Tgas

:
(cm H 2O) = P
( ) H

Essam Shaban
 (100 kPa) = Po
(K) = To
(K) = Tgas
(K / ) = Rair
( / ) = g

: ( ) .
-
. /
/ -

.
:
. / -
% -
. /
– -
-
:
A
mgases = mfuel 1 + = 13650 kg/hr
F

- -
.
-
.

Essam Shaban
 ( / ) -

Essam Shaban
 ( )

.
. -
BS : )( ) - (C 1)
( 2486: 1978

( ) - ( / )
( )
( )
-

( / )
– (Na3PO4 / )
– ( / )
- ( / )
(SiO 2 / )

– ( / )
- (N2H4 / )
– ( / )
- ( / )

Essam Shaban
 . -
-
.
-
(O2 scavengers)
.
. -

Essam Shaban
 ( BS 2486: 1978 : ) –( - )

( )

( / )

X ( / ) + +

- - -

( / )
- - - (Na3PO4 / )
( / )
( / )
(SiO2 / )

- - ( / )
- - (N2H4 / )( )
( / )( )
( / )
( / )

-
.
-
. /

Essam Shaban
 () -

( -)

.
.

.
Methane 93.85% by volume
CH 4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
Multiplying through by 0.9385
0.9385 CH 4 + 1.877 O 2 0.9385CO 2 + 1.877H 2O
Ethane 2.23%
C2H6 + 3.5 O 2 2 CO 2 + 3 H2O
Multiplying through by 0.029
0.0323 C2H6 + 0.11305 O 2 0.0464 CO2 + 0.0969H 2O
Propane 1.22%
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Multiplying through by 0.004
0.0122 C3H8 + 0.061 O 2 0.366 CO 2 + 0.0488 H 2O
Butane 0.5%
C4H10 + 6.5 O 2 4 CO2 + 5 H2O
Multiplying through by 0.002
0.005 C4H10 + 0.0325 O 2 0.02 CO2 + 0.025 H 2O

Essam Shaban
 Pentane 0.3%
C5H12 + 8 O2 5 CO 2 + 6 H2O
Multiplying through by 0.001
0.003 C5H12 + 0.024 O 2 0.015 CO2 + 0.018 H 2O
Hydrogen sulfide 0.2%
H2S + 1.5 O 2 SO2 + H2O
Multiplying through by 0.002
0.002 H 2S + 0.003 O 2 0.002 SO 2 + 0.002 H 2O

. (stoichometric quantity)

. ( )
(kmoles)

:
100
2.11055 X = 10.05 kmoles
21
10.05
10.05 = =
1

= /

Essam Shaban
 :( ) /
A 10.05 X 28.97
mass = = = 17.181
F 1 X 16.946

.
( )
.
. ( -)

(Ultimate analysis) ( ) ( -)

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

.
.

Essam Shaban
 .
.

•
C + O2 = CO2

12 kg C + 32 kg O 2 = 44 kg CO2

) %
: / (

0.86 kg C + 2.293 kg O 2 = 3.153 kg CO 2

:( ) %
H 2 + ½ O 2 = H 2O
2 kg H2 + 16 kg O2 = 18 kg H 2O
0.105 kg H 2 + 0.84 kg O 2 = 0.945 kg H 2O

:( ) %
S + O2 = SO2
32 kg S + 32 kg O3 = 64 kg SO2
0.03 kg S + 0.03 kg O2 = 0.06 kg SO 2
:
(2.293 + 0.84 + 0.03) - 0.0005 = 3.1625 kg O 2/kg fuel
.

Essam Shaban
 %
:
100
3.1625 X = 13.57 kg
23.3
( ) /
A 13.57
mass = = = 13.57 kg air/kg fuel
F 1

( )
.
:
.
( )
. ( )

% . ... %

: /

A/F = 17.181 X 1.1 = 18.8995 kg air/kg fuel

%
: /

A/F = 13.57 X 1.3 = 17.64 kg air/kg fuel

(D-2)
.

Essam Shaban
 ( -)

– ( )
– ( )
–
–
–
(register burner)
– (dual-fuel burner)
-

Essam Shaban
 ( -)

( / )
.
:
(D-1) -
( / )

.
.

: -

X =

( )
X - =

( )
. ( )

:
( ) =

Essam Shaban
 )
)
(
(

%
)
)
(
(

%
)
)
(
(

( / ) :( - )

Essam Shaban
 ( -)

(volumetric rate) -
:
X

(BS: 2790: 1986) /

(return chamber)
. . (refractory appliance)

(geometric projection)
. /
(Effective projected radiant surface) ( ) -

:
(heat flux)
( )
(one furnace
/ . diameter)
(peak .
(cross-sectional area) heat flux)
.

Essam Shaban
 .
(maximum heat input)
. (net calorific value)
.

. (local convection)

. .
(life expectancy)

.
.

Essam Shaban
 ( )

Essam Shaban
( / ) ( / )

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 ( )
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-

-
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-

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:
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( )

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/
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:
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( )

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( / ) -
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:
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Essam Shaban
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( )

Essam Shaban