10 PseudofunctionsPseudo Function

PTRL 3002b / 5004
Numerical Reservoir
Simulation
PSEUDOFUNCTIONS
Need for Upscaling
Core and/or Reservoir Simulation

Log Data Models
Core/log-scale vary from Having simulation grids at core-scale

inches to a few feet would require hundreds of thousand
grid blocks. Even with the current state
of computing power models of this size
are impractical.
In practice, simulation models usually use large grid blocks and may not
produce realistic behavior with core data because reservoir
heterogeneity on the sub-grid block scale would not be accounted for.
PTRL3002/5004 Pseudofunctions 2
Pseudofunctions?
Pseudofunctions are modified rock properties (permeability,
relative permeability, capillary pressure, etc.) which allow a
large number of small grid-blocks to be replaced by a
smaller number of larger grid blocks without changing the
hydraulic behavior of the model.
This allows large complex reservoirs to be modeled using a smaller

number of blocks with acceptable loss of accuracy.
This reduces the dimensionality of a simulation model from 2-D to 1-D

or from 3-D to 2-D.
Pseudofunctions?
Making a column of fine-grid blocks behave like a

single coarse grid block.
Types of Pseudofunctions
1. Vertical Equilibrium Pseudofunctions
• They are used when displacement rates are low and the flow is
governed by gravity and capillary forces.
• These conditions are usually encountered in thick reservoirs

subject to low displacement rates.
• When the capillary transition zone is large compared to the

reservoir thickness the displacement occurs under diffuse flow
conditions.
• When the capillary zone is small then the flow occurs under
segregated flow conditions.
2. Dynamic Pseudofunctions
• They are employed when the rates are too high for gravity-capillary
equilibrium.
• Dynamic pseudos are rate-dependent and are obtained from fine

grid simulations, usually detailed cross-sectional models.
• The x-sectional models must model heterogeneity.
3. Well Pseudofunctions
• In large simulation models, wells are usually placed in a single grid

block, which cannot model effects such as partial completion,
water/gas-coning, etc.
• These difficulties are overcome by using well pseudofunctions,

which are derived from fine-grid models of wells.
• 2-D radial models are often used for this purpose. These models
must accurately represent the perforation interval, near wellbore
reservoir heterogeneity, and the mechanics of multiphase flow into
the well.
Pseudofunctions
In practice, we only evaluate pseudo relative

permeabilities. Experience has shown that pseudo
capillary pressure functions are not needed.
Capillary pressure is only used to establish the initial fluid

distribution in the model.
Methodology
1. A simulation is made using a fine grid model, in which
the fine grid represents a smaller number of grid-blocks
in the coarse-grid model.
2. Pseudo-functions are then determined by averaging the

corresponding functions in the fine grid blocks contained
within each coarse grid block.
Averaging is done in such a way that the average flow rates and
saturations throughout the fine-grid model match those in the
coarse-grid model as closely as possible.
Dynamic Pseudos
• A cross-sectional fine grid water-oil model is run at a
displacement rate representative of the actual field since the
dynamic pseudos are rate-dependent.
• The fine-grid model uses rock laboratory-measured relative
permeability curves.
• Arrays of saturations, pressures and relative permeabilities are
taken from the simulation and these are used to generate the
pseudos for each vertical column of blocks.
• Each column of fine-grid blocks is then represented by a single
block in the coarse full-field model.
• The single coarse block is characterized by pseudo functions.
Dynamic Pseudos
Porosity
The coarse-grid block porosity for any column of fine-grid blocks:
p 
 x y z 
j j j j
 x y z j j j
For the x-sectional model, x and y are usually constant:
p 
 z  j j
 z j
Dynamic Pseudos
Permeability
The coarse-grid block permeability is the average permeability of

the column of fine-grid blocks:
kp 
 x y z k
j j j j
 x y z j j j
kp 
 z k j j
 z j
Dynamic Pseudos
Formation Thickness
The coarse-grid block thickness is the total thickness of fine-grid

blocks:
z p   z j
Dynamic Pseudos
Saturation
Since the coarse-grid block must contain the same volume of

water as the column of fine-grid blocks:
S wp 
 x y z  S
j j j j wj
 x y z  j j j j
S wp 
 z  S j j wj
 z  j j
Dynamic Pseudos
Relative Permeability
Pressure potential is written as:
  P  D
For linear flow, Darcy’s law may be written for the oil rate as:
k j k roj  oj
qoj   y j z j
o x j
 oj   o i 1, j    o i , j 
Dynamic Pseudos
In an analogous manner we write for the water rate:
k j k rwj  wj
qwj   y j z j
w x j
 wj   wi 1, j    wi , j 
Dynamic Pseudos
The total oil rate for the column of fine-grid blocks:
k j k roj  oj
qop   qoj   y j z j
o x j
Similarly, for the total water rate:
k j k rwj  wj
qwp   qwj   y j z j
w x j
Dynamic Pseudos
For the coarse grid block we can write:
k p k rop  op
qop   y j z p
o x j
and:
k p k rwp  wp
qwp   y j z p
w x j
Dynamic Pseudos
The fluid potentials are:
 op   op i 1   op i 
and:
 wp   wp i 1   wp i 
Dynamic Pseudos
Equating the expressions for qop and qwp and solving for the
pseudo relative permeabilities:
k rop 
 k k z 
j roj j oj
 k z 
p p op
and:
k rwp 
 k k z 
j rwj j wj
 k z 
p p wp
Dynamic Pseudos
If z is constant:
k rop 
 kk j roj  oj
Jk p  op
and:
k rwp 
 kk j rwj  wj
Jk p  wp
Dynamic Pseudos
In order to evaluate the pseudo relative permeabilities, we must

define the average phase potentials. There are many ways of
taking these averages and the choice of method results in the
different pseudo methods commonly used. In general we can
write through potential weighing functions:
 op 
  
oj oj
 wp 
  
wj wj
 oj  wj
Dynamic Pseudos
oj  1
Jacks et al. Method:
 wj  1
oj  k j k roj z j
Kyte and Berry Method:
 wj  k j k rwj z j
Eclipse Method: oj   wj  k j z j
All three methods yield similar pseudo relative permeability curves for
most cases

10 PseudofunctionsPseudo Function

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PTRL 3002b / 5004

Core and/or Reservoir Simulation

Core/log-scale vary from Having simulation grids at core-scale

This allows large complex reservoirs to be modeled using a smaller

This reduces the dimensionality of a simulation model from 2-D to 1-D

Making a column of fine-grid blocks behave like a

• These conditions are usually encountered in thick reservoirs

• When the capillary transition zone is large compared to the

• Dynamic pseudos are rate-dependent and are obtained from fine

• The x-sectional models must model heterogeneity.

• In large simulation models, wells are usually placed in a single grid

• These difficulties are overcome by using well pseudofunctions,

In practice, we only evaluate pseudo relative

Capillary pressure is only used to establish the initial fluid

2. Pseudo-functions are then determined by averaging the

The coarse-grid block porosity for any column of fine-grid blocks:

For the x-sectional model, x and y are usually constant:

The coarse-grid block permeability is the average permeability of

For the x-sectional model, x and y are usually constant:

The coarse-grid block thickness is the total thickness of fine-grid

Since the coarse-grid block must contain the same volume of

For the x-sectional model, x and y are usually constant:

Pressure potential is written as:

In an analogous manner we write for the water rate:

 wj   wi 1, j    wi , j 

The total oil rate for the column of fine-grid blocks:

Similarly, for the total water rate:

For the coarse grid block we can write:

The fluid potentials are:

In order to evaluate the pseudo relative permeabilities, we must

Eclipse Method: oj   wj  k j z j

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