Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chintaginjala Dileep Kumar, Fahd Bin Abdul Hasis, Gautam Kumar Jha,
Ghosh Partho Shankar, Gowtham S, Himanshu Kumar
B.Tech, Fourth semester
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
INTRODUCTION
q ∂T
Heat transfer can be defined as the process by which there is ∝
A ∂x
a transfer of energy from one location to other, provided a proper
temperature gradient exists. This transfer can be caused by the
various mechanisms like conduction, convection and radiation. When the proportionality constant is inserted, we get
Conduction can be defined as the transfer of energy from a
higher temperature region to lower temperature region by means ∂T
of the free electron movement and also the lattice vibration. The q = −kA
∂x
heat transfer rate for steady one dimensional transfer can be given
as q = −KA(OT ), where k(W /mK) is called the thermal con-
where q is the heat transfer rate and ∂T
∂x is the temperature gradi-
ductivity of the material. Thermal conductivity can be defined
ent in the direction of heat flow. The positive constant k is called
as the ability of the material to conduct heat and its reciprocal is
the thermal conductivity of the material. The minus indicates that
called thermal resistivity. Materials having a higher k value will
the flow is downhill. This equation is known as Fourier’s law of
have higher heat transfer rate than the materials having a lower
heat conduction.
k value. Thus the materials of higher k values can be used as
heat sink application and materials of lower k value can be used
for the insulation applications. Generally, k value of the mate- a) Determining the overall heat transfer coefficient
rial depends on the temperature. Study of thermal conductivity The heated, intermediate and cooled sections are clamped
finds an application in various fields like material science, insu- tightly together, so that the end faces are in good thermal
lation, high operating temperature conditions etc.. This report contact, and create a composite bar with a Aluminium section
deals with the systematic way to find the thermal conductivity of sandwiched between two Brass sections as shown below.
the aluminum specimen and also the thermal contact resistance For continuity, the steady heat flow through the successive
1
Figure 1. TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE LENGTH OF
(=0.03m)
THE SPECIMEN
Therefore,
pic_1.png Q∆xint
kint =
Aint (Thot f ace − Tcold f ace )
(T2 − T3 )
Figure 2. TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION ACROSS THE INSULATOR Thot f ace = T3 −
2
pic_3.png Similarly
T6 − T7
Tcold f ace = T6 +
2
sections must be the same so Fourier’s Law can be applied to the c) Determining the thermal conductivity of an insulator
three sections as follows: Material such as paper and cork have very low values of ther-
mal conductivity which means only a small amount of heat will
pass through the material even though a high temperature differ-
Q khot ∆Thot kint ∆Tint kcold ∆Tcold ence may exist across its two faces. Such materials are known
= = =
A ∆Xhot ∆Xint ∆Xcold as insulators and are practically utilized in situations where it is
required to reduce heat loss from a hot body to its surroundings.
From which it follows that: The heated and cooled sections are clamped tightly together with
the cork disk in between to create a composite bar with the insu-
lated disk of unknown thermal conductivity sandwiched between
Q Xhot Xint Xcold two brass sections.
(T1 − T8 ) = (∆Thot + ∆Tint + ∆Tcold ) = + +
A khot kint kcold Because of the low value of k for an insulator the dimension must
be small and only a small amount of heat(low power) must flow
or through the specimen to prevent a large temperature difference
which will trip the thermostat.
Q 1 Xhot Xint Xcold
= U(T1 − TB )where = + + =R ∆Tins
A U khot kint kcold Q = kins where ∆Tins = (Thot f ace − Tcold f ace )
∆xint
1
where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and U is the re- Therefore
sistance to heat flow R.
q
kins =
b) Determining the thermal conductivity of the metal Ains (Thot f ace − Tcold f ace )
The heated, intermediate and cooled sections are clamped
tightly together so that the end faces are in full thermal contact, In the case of heated section the temperature of end face (hot
and create a composite bar with a metal specimen of unknown face) will be lower than T3 and can be calculated as follows
thermal conductivity sandwiched between two brass sections.
From Fourier’s law Q = kint Aint ∆T ∆xint where ∆Tint = (Thot f ace −
int
(T2 − T3 )
Tcold f ace ) and ∆xint is the length of the intermediate specimen Thot f ace = T3 −
2
2
In the case of cooled section the temperature of end face (cold • Same procedure was repeated by changing voltage value
face) will be lower than T6 and can be calculated as follows (15V).
(T6 − T7 )
Tcold f ace = T6 +
2 OBSERVATIONS
RESULTS
PROCEDURE
Following results were observed after conducting the exper-
• All the thermostat cables were attached to the Heat Transfer
iment.
service unit and to the temprature measuring points on the
sample. 1. The steady state assumption for specimen was verified and
• Aluminium specimen was fixed in between the heat source found to hold after a sufficient time interval.
and sink. 2. Thermal conductivity of aluminium alloy was found to be
• Cold water supply for cooling the heat sink was turned on 111.6019 W /m − K with a deviation of 38% from the actual
and auxiliary control was used to adjust the flow rate as re- value 180 W /m − K.
quired.
• Voltage(10V for first case), current and water flow rate was-
set.
• Temperature values of thermocouples(T1,T2,T3,T6,T7,T8) SOURCES OF ERROR
are recorded for every 3 minutes. 1. Heat loss through nylon insulation.
• . The graph of temperatures is plotted to find out the steady 2. Fluctuations in the water flow rate.
state temperatures. 3. There may have been fluctuations in the supply voltage
• Temperature values of hot and cold surfaces was found using 4. Convection losses may have caused faulty results.
steady state temperature values. 5. Thermocouple error may have been present.
• Thermal conductivity value of aluminium and overall heat 6. Thermal contact resistance between aluminium and brass
transfer coefficient of composite bar was calculated. section both on upper and lower side.
3
Figure 3. TIME vs TEMPERATURE PLOT
Taking the observation at time t = 41 minutes (from 3 and 4):
Thot f ace = 50.35 oC Tcold f ace = 44.6 oC Using 5:
10.5 × 0.03 W
kint = −4
( )
4.909 × 10 × (50.35 − 44.6) m − K
Thus,
W
kint = 111.60
m−K
REFERENCES
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
APPENDIX B: Error Analysis
Thermal conduction
Individual errors in x,d,∆T,V and I would contribute in the
[2] Yunus A. Cengel, Af- shin J. Ghajar, Heat and Mass trans-
net error while calculating the thermal conductivity k.
fer, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
[3] Heat Transfer Lab manual, Aerospace Engineering Depart-
ment, IIST ∂k Q̇
ω1 = δx = × 0.0001 = 0.372
∂x A∆T
APPENDIX A: Sample Calculations
∂k −8Q̇x
ω2 = δd = 3 × 0.0001 = −0.893
∂d πd ∆T
Q̇ = V I W (1)
A = πr2 m2 (2)
T2 − T3 o ∂k −Q̇x
Thot f ace = T3 − ( C) (3) ω3 = δ∆T = × 0.1 = −1.941
2 ∂∆T A∆T 2
T6 − T7 o
Tcold f ace = T6 + ( C) (4)
2
∆Tint = (Thot f ace − Tcold f ace ) (oC) (5) ω4 =
∂k
δV =
Ix
× 0.1 = 1.116
Qxint ∂V A∆T
kint = (6)
Aint (Thot f ace − Tcold f ace )
∂k Vx
ω5 = δI = × 0.01 = 1.063
∂I A∆T
V = 10V
I = 1.05 A q
ωtotal = (0.372)2 + (−0.893)2 + (−1.941)2 + (1.116)2 + (1.063)2
From 1:
Q̇ = 10 × 1.05 = 10.5W Using 2: = 2.66
0.0252 2 2.66
A = π× m = 4.909 × 10−4 m2 %Error = × 100 = 2.38%
4 111.60
4
APPENDIX C: Proposed Experiment
Measurement of Thermal Contact Resistance
In the analysis of the heat conduction through two bodies,
we assume that the contact between them is perfect, and that no
temperature drop appears across the interface. This is an ideal
case that occurs when the surfaces are assumed to be entirely
smooth without any irregularities. However, in practice there are
always voids due to the irregularity formation and these voids are
filled by air. Thus the interface offers resistance to heat transfer
and such a resistance per unit area is called thermal contact re-
sistance, Rc .
Therefore, the heat transfer through two bodies pressed together
is actually due to the point to point contact of each of the crusts
of the irregularities, and also the heat transfer through the voids
in the non contact areas which is actually a major contributor.
∆Tinter f ace
Rc =
Q/A