Dr.

Sachin Kapur
M.Phil, Phd

20+ years Teaching Experience

4,00,000 Students &

Teachers Mentored
 Breathing and Gas Exchange

Lecture 1

Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
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Respiration
Respiration

➢ It is exchange of O2 and CO2 between environment and cells of body where organic
nutrients are broken down enzymatically to release energy.
Types of Respiration

Respiration

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Direct Indirect
 Types of Respiration
Direct
Body cells exchange gases with
environment without aid of any respiratory
organ and transportation by blood.
Eg. Unicellular organisms, sponges,
cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms,
insects.
Indirect
There is respiratory surface and blood is
involved in transportation of gases
between respiratory surface and body
cells. Organ having the respiratory surface
is called respiratory organ.
Respiratory structures in different animal groups

➢ Protozoans (Amoeba) — Plasma membrane

➢ Sponges, Cnidarians, Helminthes — Body surface
➢ Annelids —
○ Skin (cutaneous respiration)
○ Parapodia in Nereis,
○ External gills in Amphitrite
Respiratory structures in different animal groups

➢ Arthropods
○ Prawn, Crayfish — Gills (Branchial respiration)
○ Insects, Centipede, Millipede, Ticks — Trachae, (Tracheal respiration) (No respiratory
pigment)
○ Arachnids (Spiders,Scorpions)— Book lungs
○ King crab (Limulus) — Book gills
Respiratory structures in different animal groups

➢ Molluscs
○ Unio -Ctenidia (gills),
○ Pila — Ctenidia and pulmonary sac
➢ Echinoderms
○ Starfish (tube feet, dermal branchiae)
○ Sea cucumber (cloacal respiratory tree)
➢ Protochordates — Pharyngeal wall
 Respiratory structures in different animal groups

➢ Cystolostomes, Fishes — Gills (Internal).

○ Water has 4-8 ml of O2/L (it is 40 times less than air)
○ Air has 210 ml/L
➢ Lung fishes(Dipnoi) — Lungs
 Respiratory structures in different animal groups

➢ Amphibians
○ Frog--Skin (cutaneous respiration), Lining of buccal cavity (Buccopharyngeal
respiration), Lungs (pulmonary respiration), [lungs are poorly developed in frog].
○ Tadpole larva of frog, Necturus, Proteus, Siren, Axolotol larva of American tiger
salamander have external gills.
 Respiratory structures in different animal groups

➢ Reptiles- Lungs. Some species of turtles show cloacal respiration also.

 Respiratory structures in different animal groups

➢ Birds(Aves)-Lungs (air sacs are present).

 Respiratory structures in different animal groups

➢ Mammals — Lungs.
○ Even in case of aquatic mammals like Whales, Dolphins lungs are present.
 Problems related to water breathing

➢ Water is 800 times denser than air, so great effort is required to move water over
respiratory surface.
➢ Water contains 40 times less oxygen than air.
➢ Oxygen diffuses very slowly through water.
➢ Warmer the water, less oxygen it can hold.
 Problems related to air breathing

➢ Respiratory surface should be well protected and kept moist.

➢ Lot of water is lost by evaporation from respiratory surface.
Characteristics of Respiratory Surface

➢ Respiratory surface must be richly supplied with blood vessels.

➢ Surface area must be very large.
➢ It should be extremely thin.
➢ It should be kept moist.
➢ It must be permeable to respiratory gases.
➢ It should be in direct contact with environment.
 Characteristics of Respiratory Surface

➢ Structure of respiratory surface depends mainly on size of animal, whether it lives in water
or on land and its metabolic demand.
➢ Endothermal animals (warm blooded) have larger surface area than similar sized
ectotherms.
 Special Respiratory Pigments

➢ Haemoglobin (Fe) — Red coloured, present in RBCs in all vertebrates and dissolved in
plasma in annelids.
➢ Haemocyanin (Cu) — Blue coloured, present in plasma, molluscs, crustaceans
➢ Hemerythrin (Fe) — Red coloured, present in corpuscles in some annelids.
➢ Chlorocruorin (Fe) — Green coloured, present in plasma in polychaetes (Sabela, Serpula)
Special Respiratory Pigments

➢ Pinnaglobin (MN) — Brown colored, present in plasma in some molluscs(Pinna).

➢ Echinochrome (Fe) — Red coloured, present in coelomic fluid of sea urchin(Echinus)
➢ Vanadium — Urochordates
➢ Molpadin — Echinoderms (Holothurians i.e Sea cucumbers)
Myoglobin

➢ It is red coloured, oxygen storing pigment in red muscle fibres.

➢ 1 molecule of myoglobin combines with 1 molecule of oxygen.
➢ Its dissociation curve is hyperbolic.
➢ It passes oxygen from blood to mitochondria directly.
 Phases of Indirect Respiration

➢ Indirect respiration has two phases i.e., external respiration and internal respiration.
➢ These are preceded by breathing or ventilation.
➢ Breathing or ventilation
○ It’s a mechanical process which brings in fresh air/water into respiratory organ and
takes out foul air/water.
○ It involves exchange of air between respiratory organs and surrounding environment.
 Phases of Indirect Respiration

➢ External respiration
○ It involves exchange of respiratory gases between blood and inhaled air/water at
respiratory surface.
○ Blood transport gases.
 Phases of Indirect Respiration

➢ Internal respiration — Also called tissue or cellular respiration.

○ It consists of
■ (i) Diffusion of O2 from blood into tissue cells through tissue fluid.
■ (ii) Enzymatic breakdown of nutrients producing CO2, H2O and energy
■ (iii) Storage of part of liberated energy in phosphate bonds of ATP
■ (iv) Diffusion of CO2 into blood from tissues through tissue fluid.
11th Grade
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Chemistry 6 PM
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