Final Final

NATIONAL WATER
RESOURCES BOARD
Consultancy Services on the Development

of Groundwater Management Plan (GMP)
for Batangas City and Surrounding Areas
FINAL REPORT
January 2019
Conduct of Consultancy Services on the Development of Groundwater
Management Plan (GMP) for Batangas City and Surrounding Areas
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1 General Objectives .................................................................................................. 1
1.3 THE STUDY AREA ..................................................................................................... 2
1.4 SCOPE OF SERVICES ................................................................................................. 6
1.5 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES .................... 1
2.1 LOCATION ............................................................................................................... 1
2.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE ................................................................................ 2
2.3 GENERAL PHYSICAL FEATURES ................................................................................. 2
2.4 GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 3
2.4.1 Regional Geology .................................................................................................... 3
2.4.2 Site or Local Geology ............................................................................................... 5
2.5 WATER DEMAND..................................................................................................... 6
2.6 REGIONAL HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING .................................................................. 7
2.7 RESISTIVITY SURVEY ................................................................................................ 8
2.8 SURVEY RESULTS ..................................................................................................... 9
2.9 RESISTIVITY MAPS ................................................................................................. 14
2.10 RESISTIVITY/GEOLOGIC CROSS-SECTIONS............................................................... 27
CHAPTER 3 GROUNDWATER MODELING AND ANALYSIS ....................................... 1
3.1 Approach ................................................................................................................ 1
3.2 Conceptual Model ................................................................................................... 1
3.3 Results and Discussion........................................................................................... 14
3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 4 WATER QUALITY ..................................................................................... 1
4.1 Water Quality Sampling Stations ............................................................................. 1
4.2 Method of Sampling ................................................................................................ 4
4.3 Water Quality Assessment..................................................................................... 13
4.3.1 Groundwater ........................................................................................................ 13
4.3.2 Surface Water ....................................................................................................... 20
Draft Final Report i

4.3.3 Summary of Analysis ............................................................................................. 31

CHAPTER 5 GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK AND DESIGN .................... 1
5.1 Proposed Wells .......................................................................................................... 1
5.1.1 Lipa City .................................................................................................................. 1
5.1.2 Municipality of Ibaan.............................................................................................. 1
5.2 Well Design ................................................................................................................. 2
5.3 PROPOSED MONITORING NETWORK ............................................................... 9
5.3.1 SURFACE WATER MONITORING .................................................................... 9
5.4 GROUNDWATER MONITORING ......................................................................... 13
CHAPTER 6 GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................. 1
6.1 MANAGEMENT PLAN PRINCIPLES ............................................................................ 1
6.2 SPECIFIC ISSUES ....................................................................................................... 2
6.3 MANAGEMENT PLAN COMPONENTS AND ACTIONS ................................................. 4
6.3.1 GROUNDWATER PROTECTION ................................................................................. 4
6.3.1.1 Groundwater Monitoring ........................................................................................ 4
6.3.1.2 Water Quality Protection & Monitoring ................................................................... 4
a.) Well Construction and Abandonment ..................................................................... 5
b.) Wellhead Protection .................................................................................................. 5
6.3.2 SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................. 7
6.3.3 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 7
6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATIONS........................................................................... 14
6.3.5 ACTION PLANS ...................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 1
Draft Final Report ii

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.5 – 1 Agencies and data to be collected

Table 2.3 – 1 Slope and Land Area Percentage Distribution
Table 2.3 – 2 Land Use of Batangas City
Table 2.5 – 1 Population records in demand projection
Table 2.7-1 Location Map of Resistivity Sounding Stations in Batangas
Table 3.2 – 1 Quasi-borehole Log Data as input in VMOD
Table 3.2 – 2 Pumping Wells in Calumpang River Basin
Table 3.2 – 3 Batangas Climate Change Scenario
Table 3.2 – 4 Conductivity
Table 3.3 – 1 Change in Hydraulic Heads of Wells in Model Area
Table 4.1 – 1 Locations and Coordinates of Sampling Stations
Table 4.2 – 1 Water Quality Parameters
Table 4.2 – 2 Field Observations of Sampling Stations
Table 4.3 – 1 DAO 2016-08 Water Body Classification and Usage of Freshwater
Table 4.3 – 2 Water Quality Results for Groundwater
Table 4.3 – 3 Water Quality Results for Surface Water
Table 4.3 – 4 2017 Water Quality Results for Calumpang River
Table 5.1 – 1 Detailed Unit Price Analysis for Well at Site A
Table 5.1 – 2 Detailed Unit Price Analysis for Well at Site B
Table 5.1 – 1 List of Proposed Stream Gaging Stations for the Study Area
Table 5.4 – 1 Groundwater Monitoring Station Location
Table 6.3 – 1 Identified action plans in groundwater management plan
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.3 – 1 Coverage of study areas in Batangas City and surrounding areas
Figure 1.3 – 2 Catchment Area Map for Batangas City GMP
Figure 2.5 – 1 Population average growth rate
Figure 2.5 – 2 Projected water demand for Batangas and surrounding areas.
Figure 2.6-1 Schematic Diagram of Resistivity Survey
Figure 2.7-2 Location Map of Resistivity Sounding Stations in Batangas
Figure 2.7-3 Location Map of Resistivity Sounding Stations in Calumpang River
Basin
Figure 2.8-4 Resistivity Map @ AB/2 = 10M
Figure 2.9-11 Resistivity Profile A-A'
Figure 2.9-12 Resistivity Profile B-B
Figure 3.2 – 1 Elevation Map of Model Area
Figure 3.2 – 2 Subsurface Border Layers
Figure 3.2 – 3 Layout View of Model Area
Figure 3.2 – 4 Layout View of Head Shape File
Figure 3.2 – 5 Layout View of River Shape File
Figure 3.2 – 6 Layout View of Current Wells in Calumpang River Basin
Figure 3.2 – 7 Hydro-geologic Layers
Draft Final Report iii

Figure 3.3 – 1 Current Heads in Confined Layer in Calumpang River Basin Model
Area
Figure 3.3 – 2 Flow of Groundwater in the Model Area
Figure 3.3 – 3 Transient Model under Climate Change Scenario
Figure 4.1 – 1 Water Sampling Station Map
Figure 4.3 – 1 Temperature Results of Groundwater Samples
Figure 4.3 – 2 pH Results of Groundwater Samples
Figure 4.3 – 3 Electrical Conductivity Results of the Groundwater Samples
Figure 4.3 – 4 TDS Results of the Groundwater Samples
Figure 4.3 – 5 Salinity Results of the Groundwater Samples
Figure 4.3 – 6 Temperature Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 7 2017 Temperature Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 8 pH Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 9 2017 pH Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 10 Electric Conductivity Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 11 TDS Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 12 Salinity Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 13 2017 Color Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 14 2017 DO Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 15 2017 BOD Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 16 2017 TSS Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 17 2017 Fecal Coliform Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 18 2017 Phosphates Results of Calumpang River
Figure 4.3 – 19 2017 Nitrate Results of Calumpang River
Figure 5.1 – 1 Proposed Design of the Monitoring Well at Site A
Figure 5.1 – 2 Proposed Design of the Monitoring Well at Site B
Figure 5.1 – 1 Proposed Stream Gaging Station
Figure 5.1 – 2 Proposed Stream Gaging Station at Calumpang River
Figure 5.1 – 3 Proposed Stream Gaging Station at San Juan River
Figure 5.2 – 1 Groundwater Monitoring Design Network
Figure 5.2 – 2 Proposed and Existing Wells
Figure 5.2 – 3 Location of Wells for Salt Water Intrusion
Figure 6.1 – 1 Organization of Plan Elements of GMP
Figure 6.3 – 1 Deeper water levels in Lipa City based on interpolated water depth
Figure 6.3 – 2 Deeper water levels in Lipa City based on resistivity survey
Figure 6.3 – 3 Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in Batangas City
Figure 6.3 – 4 Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in Ibaan
Figure 6.3 – 5 Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in Lipa City
Figure 6.3 – 6 Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in San Jose
Figure 6.3 – 7 Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in San Pascual
Figure 6.3 – 8 Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in Sto. Tomas
Draft Final Report iv

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Groundwater is a very important source of quality fresh water, and it is distributed

ubiquitously in nature. The continuously-increasing demand for groundwater due to
growing population size, expanding area of irrigated cultivation, and economic progress,
with less importance to the environment, has mounted huge stress on its cautious
utilization. In the Philippines, groundwater has an extensive distributed reservoir1 when
combined covers a total area of about 50,000 sq.km. In a report 2 released in 2003,
contribution of groundwater to the total water resource potential of the country is
estimated at 14 percent. In the same report, it was projected that water availability deficit
will take place by 2025 in several river basins such as in Pampanga, Agno, Jalaur and
Ilog Hilabangan.
Groundwater resources are not managed by considering optimum common benefit for
the present and future generations. Simple and effective management rules and
regulations must be put forward prior to the preparation of a dynamic, optimum, and
adaptive management program planning, operation, and maintenance tasks. Such rules
and regulations should be based on local knowledge and experiences supported by
scientific informati on sources.
The National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the country‘s lead agency in the water
sector, has been mandated by the Philippine Government to exercise full authority in the
regulation, exploitation, development, conservation and protection of water resources all
over the country. The main tasks 3 of NWRB are as follows: (i) formulation and
coordination of policies, programs and standards for the Philippine water sector, (ii)
management and regulation of all water-related activities, and (iii) regulation and
monitoring of water utilities.
In order for NWRB to carry out these tasks, it is imperative that valuable information
pertaining to the quantity and quality of water resources is available. Thus, NWRB
embarks on a mission to develop a comprehensive groundwater management plan using
available knowledge on the current and future groundwater resources potential, inclusive
of the effects of climate change and rapid urbanization.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1.2.1 General Objectives
The study aims to effectively and equitably manage groundwater resources and provide
guidance document for groundwater development in the study area in consideration of
the current situation as well as future impact of climate change to ensure long-term
sustainability of the resource. In this study, the specific objectives in order to attain the
general objectives mentioned are the following:
1
The state of water in the Philippines. http://www.greenpeace.org/
2
Philippine Environment Monitor 2003
3
NWRB’s functions and responsibilities, webpagehttp://nwrb.denr.gov.ph/index.php/aboutnwrb.html
Draft Final Report 1-1

• address the knowledge gap on the current and future water situation of Batangas
City and surrounding areas in Figure 1.2-1.
• provide a scientific report showing

– specific location of major concerns or special action item
– estimated amount of water
– quality of available groundwater
• study the current changes and trends in water supply and with emphasis on
climate change
1.3 THE STUDY AREA
Batangas City is the capital of Batangas Province with a total land mass of about 285
km2. It is a coastal city lying in a cove-like shape at the south-eastern portion of the
Province. The City is geographically situated within 13°45‘N and 121°3‘E.
The study area covers Batangas City and its neighboring municipalities and/or cities in
the north, namely: Ibaan, San Pascual, San Jose, Lipa City and Santo Tomas (see
Figure 1.3-1).

Figure 1.3-1
Coverage of study areas in Batangas City and surrounding areas

Calumpang River, which has a total catchment area of nearly 472.00 km2 traverses the
center of Batangas City and its tributaries cover the municipalities of Taysan, Rosario,
Ibaan, San Jose and Lipa City. Batangas City shall be treated as the focal point of
groundwater assessment for management and planning purposes. In the northern study
area, a different river system traverses the entire San Tomas area and needs to be
assessed of its groundwater potential separate from the Calumpang River basin
(seeFigure 1.3-2).

Figure 1.3-2 Catchment Area Map for Batangas City GMP

1.4 SCOPE OF SERVICES
The following are the indicative activities of the project:
(1) Create a Technical Working Group (TWG) to work on the project.
(2) Collect/compile, collate and review previous relevant data/ information necessary
for the conduct of the study such as:
 Socio-economic profile (population, economic activities, etc.).
 Natural Conditions (topography, geology, hydrogeology, meteorology, water quality,

land use, soil, etc.).
 Inventory of groundwater users and groundwater data as well as relevant data to be

used in assessing water supply and demand.
 Groundwater quality and quantity data.
 Existing resistivity survey reports and analysis.
 Collect at least 5 water samples from wells to be submitted to PNRI for isotope
analysis charge to the project.
 Water-related issues and concerns in the study area.
 Existing plans, groundwater policies and management practices of NWRB, and other
national and local government agencies.
 Groundwater-related program/project.
(3) Develop/build knowledge repository (databases) for all water related information
collected
(4) Based on the existing data and information gathered and using the available
groundwater modeling software, develop a conceptual hydrogeologic model to
include:
 Current and projected demand for groundwater in the study area.
 Current state of groundwater resources. Determine safe yield and mining yield if
possible.
 Future state of groundwater resources taking into consideration the impacts of

climate change.
 Groundwater quality analysis
 Groundwater contours and direction of groundwater flow
 Delineation and Mapping of recharge areas of identified basin

(5) Conduct inventory of different water users both for surface water and
groundwater.Carry out measurementson water discharge, water levels and water
quality in the river basin and collect at least 10 groundwater samples and surface
water samples to be submitted to PNRI for isotope analysis charge to the project
(6) Perform the analysis, based on the data and information gathered and using the
groundwater modeling software to include:
 Aquifer characterization (delineate the extent and thickness, hydrogeologic

properties, and hydrogeologic boundaries of the various aquifers in the area.
 Model area definition (delineate the extent of the model areas or sub-areas).
 Determination of current and future state of groundwater resource (quality and

quantity with estimation of groundwater safe yield and mining yield)
considering the current and future demand in different climate change
scenarios.
 Projection of additional wells/withdrawals taking into consideration the impacts

of climate change.
 Identify areas with available water and areas that need to be protected from
over extraction.
 Identify recharge zones, amount of recharge and those that need protection.
(7) Provide appropriate current meter instrument for streamflow measurement
(8) Assess the study area‘s groundwater vulnerability to climate change
(9) Preparation of a Groundwater Monitoring Network Program to include site

selection criteria, well design, well cost estimate and the Bill of Materials Form
needed for the bidding of the Groundwater Monitoring Wells and future sites
where groundwater monitoring wells will be installed.
(10) Conduct Resistivity survey and analysis in the study area
(11) Collaborate with PNRI on the result of the isotope analysis for samples taken
from the selected wells (e.g., age of water, recharge, etc.)
(12) Generate digitized base maps and other GIS maps that can be used for decision
making (e.g. water quality maps (EC map, TDS map, etc.), water level maps,
groundwater flow maps, groundwater vulnerability assessment maps, recharge
map, etc.)
(13) Preparation of Groundwater Resources Vulnerability Assessment (e.g. DRASTIC

method)
(14) Design a Groundwater Monitoring Network within the study area to identify
strategic location of proposed monitoring wells.
(15) Prepare recommendations and doable policies based on the analysis/results that
could be incorporated in the groundwater management plan and be implemented
after the study

(16) Develop a Groundwater Management Plan (GMP) incorporating Integrated Water

Resources Management (IWRM) and impacts of climate change for
dissemination to LGUs, Water Districts and other concerned agencies
(17) Conduct three (3) consultations before the project implementation, during the
project implementation and before the completion of the project and conduct at
least three (3) Focus Group Discussions as needed.
(18) Conduct at least three (3) days capacity training to concerned staff in the study
area and three (3) days capacity building to NWRB Staff on topics such as GIS,
groundwater/hydrologic modeling and analysis,resistivity survey and
interpretation, groundwater vulnerability assessment, etc.)
(19) Provide technology transfer through step-by-step coaching and mentoring to

concerned NWRB staff and other concerned agencies
(20) Presentation of the Final Report to TWG members of different agencies, NWRB
management committee and to the NWRB Board.
1.5 METHODOLOGY
To form a comprehensive management plan for the groundwater of Batangas City and
its surrounding areas, a reasonable basis must first be established. These different
bases must be supported by scientifically sound theory (through computation and
simulation) with consideration to acceptable scenarios.
The study is implemented through a series of procedures described by the following:
 Preliminary research, and collection, organization and preparation of data from

government and private entities. This stage also includes the identification of key
stakeholders and boundaries of the study area. Table 1.5-1 shows some of the
target agencies and the respective data to be collected.
Table 1.5-1
Agencies and data to be collected
Agency Data Type

National Water Resources Board Water demand and utilization in the form
(NWRB) of water permittees
Local Water Utilities Administration Lithologic logs, water levels, pumping
(LWUA) tests, and groundwater quality
Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) Past reports and thematic maps
Local Government Units (LGUs) Sectoral focused reports such as
Comprehensive Land Use Plans
(CLUPs), city/municipal profiles, water
supply systems, existing policies,
population, etc
Water Districts Reports on production and water
resources
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Meteorological data i.e. rainfall,
Astronomical Services Administration temperature
(PAGASA)
Department of Public Works and Reports on existing infrastructure and
Highways (DPWH) stream flow data

Department of Environment and Natural Master Plans and Reports

Resources (DENR)
Environmental Management Bureau Data on surface groundwater quality
(EMB)
 Primary data collection and secondary data validation is conducted through field
reconnaissance. This includes in-situ and laboratory testing for both surface
water and groundwater at predefined locations. Sampling stations may be added
based on the judgment of the study team while on the field. Supplemental data
are additionally collected while coordinating with different agencies.
 After completion, organization, and preparation of all collected data, models for
surface water and groundwater are to be developed utilizing the appropriate
moedliing software i.e. Environmental Systems Research Institute‘s (ESRI)
ArcGIS/ArcMap, Visual Modflow Flex and the Hydrologic Engineering Center‘s
Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). Results of the simulation are the
correlated using water balance analysis.
 Projections for population (permanent, visitors and transients) and urban
development are to be computed using appropriate projection techniques. Based
on collected and computed information, water demeand will be projected for
domestic, agricultural, and water users up to the year 2035.
 Demand-supply analysis is conducted using the models generated with
consideration to projected demand and urban development. Models will then be
calibrated and verified based on actual or known values. Other variables such as
groundwater head and land subsidence will also be estimated.
 A groundwater monitoring network design will be produced based on the
simulation results and a set of defined criteria (refer to Chapter 5 Monitoring
and Network Design of this report). The monitoring network design will include
costing and design specifications for the selected stations.
 A comprehensive groundwater management plan shall be developed based on
the gathered data, models generated, and results of the simulation. The plan will
contain different strategies, in the form of policies, proposed structures and
specific plans that address certain issues relating to groundwater and its usage.
Input from key stakeholders‘ shall be highly be taken into account in the
formulation process. The management plan shall also consider socio-economic
and environmental impacts.

CHAPTER 2
CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
2.1 LOCATION
The project site consisting mainly of Batangas City and the nearby towns of San
Pascual, Ibaan, San Jose, Lipa City and even Santo Tomas, are all located within
Southwest Luzon Uplands (SG-7) based on the new stratigraphic groupings by the
revised second edition of the Geology of the Philippines published by Mines and
Geosciences Bureau in June, 2010.
Southwest Luzon Uplands is a generally volcanic region that includes the three well-
known volcanoes south of Manila such Taal Volcano, Mt. Makiling and Mt. Banahaw.
Specifically, the project site, particularly Batangas City, is found fronting the Batangas
Bay, which is almost like a cove that has a small entrance and protected on sides by the
Calumpan Peninsula on the west, the west-end of the mountain range comprising of Mt.
Pinamucan, Mt. Banoy and Liguayen on the east, and Maricaban Island on the southern
entrance of the same.

2.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
The project site is collectively drained by Calumpang River whose watershed mainly
emanates from Mt. Taal and Lake, an active volcano whose southern sides moderately
slope from 200 to 500m elevations. Mt. Macolod, a satellite but inactive volcano of Taal
and located at the southeastern periphery of the lake, also provide watershed for
Calumpang River. Lastly, it also gets part of its recharge water from the northern part of
the mountain range consisting of Mounts Pinamucan, Banoy and Liguayen.
The collective site is set in topography where relief is generally gentle. However, most of
the riversides are steep and deeply incised and the relief increases as the river and its
tributaries go upstream toward their watershed.
One of the tributary of Calumpang River – Banca-an Creek – starts at about 600m
elevation at the southeastern side of Mt. Macolod. Across the river, on another mountain
range that provide watershed for a tributary of Calumpang, the Gago River is traced up
to 500m before it melds with the footslopes of Mounts. Banoy and Liguayen.
In general, the drainage system is largely influenced by the geology and topography of
the province having a volcanic highland on both sides of the main drainage line. The
accordant drainage pattern is generally dendritic in relation to the volcanic watershed
areas on both sides. Due to this, the river definitely has a high gradient and hydrologic
load. Calumpang River travels relatively west southwestward until it reaches Brgys.
Wawa and Libjo and finally empties its water and sediment load at Batangas Bay.
2.3 GENERAL PHYSICAL FEATURES
Batangas City has a rolling terrain that ranges from 0% to 30% in slope. Its highest point
is Mount Banoy, which has an altitude of 968 meters above mean sea level. The city's
coastal Barangays are nearly level at 0% to 3%. Table 2.3-1 shows the slope and land
area percentage distribution in Batangas City.
Table 2.3-1 Slope and Land Area Percentage Distribution
Slope Category Land Area % of Total

Main River 122.29 0.43%
0% – 3% 2,253.39 7.90%
3% - 8% 4,505.76 15.79%
8% - 15% 10,127.99 35.49%
15% - 25% 1,772.42 6.21%
25% - 50% 3,609.32 12.65%
Above 50% 6,150.27 21.55%
TOTAL 28,541.44 100.00%
The land of Batangas City is composed of seven (7) soil types: Taal Sandy Loam,
Hydrosoil, Calumpang Clay Loam, Ibaan Clay Loam, Ibaan Loam, Ibaan Loam-Gravely
Phase, and Sibul Clay. Most of these soil types have agricultural potential for growing
sugar cane and upland rice, except for the Hydrosoil, which is good for saltbeds and/ or
fishponds.
The climate condition in Batangas City is characterized by a relatively cool temperature

(22 to 26 degrees Celsius) during the months of December to January, and warmest in
April through May (maximum of 36 degrees). The driest months are from January to April

(average monthly rainfall is 60 mm per month) and pronounced rain period occurs during
the months of June through September (average monthly rainfall is 275 mm per month).
The general land use of Batangas City is predominantly Agricultural (approximately 27%)
and for Ecological Development (approximately 38%). The City‘s Primary and Secondary
Urban Cores has a total of 7.5% combined. Table 2.3-2 shows the Land Use distribution
of Batangas City based on the comprehensive land use plan for 2009 to 2018.
Table 2.3-2 Land Use of Batangas City
Management Zone 2009 - 2018

Area % Total
Primary Urban Core 852.50 3.00%
Secondary Urban Core 1,274.38 4.50%
(Res./Commercial/Industrial.)
Gen. Dev‘t. Area 4,021.36 14.09%
Socialized Housing Area 35.59 0.13%
Medium - Heavy Industrial Area 1,590.00 5.57%
Light Industrial Area 736.52 2.58%
International Port Area 175.10 0.61%
Ecological Development Area 10,846.66 37.66%
- Forest Management Zone 4,125.18 14.46%
- Agro-Forestry 5,523.00 19.35%
- Watershed 0 0.00%
- Tourism* 1,054.00 3.70%
Agricultural Development Area 7,743.75 27.13%
Agro-Industrial Area 486.30 1.70%
Special Land Use Area 20.18 0.07%
- Sanitary Landfill 7.00 0.02%
- Open Space 13.18 0.05%
Main River 123.70 0.40%
Roads / Other Rivers 634.96 2.22%
TOTAL 28,541.00 100.00%
2.4 GEOLOGY
2.4.1 Regional Geology
The project site belongs to the relatively newly formed grouping by Mines and
Geosciences Bureau (MGB) called Stratigraphic Grouping 7 (SG 7). The grouping
includes the three well-known volcanoes south of Manila, namely: Taal Volcano, Mt.
Makiling and Mt. Banahaw. Specifically, the combined project site is located in between
the volcanic highlands of Mt. Macolod and Mts. Banoy and Liguayen.
The stratigraphic column for SG7 is presented below for reference.

Mt. Banahaw is the highest volcanic center in Southwestern Luzon, reaching up to

2,158m in elevation. This stratovolcano includes two major flank cones, namely: Mt. San
Cristobal and Banahaw de Lucban. Low-lying domes (Buho and Masalakot) and Mt.
Mayabobo, a cinder cone, are also part of this volcanic complex.

Mt. Banahaw consists of lava flows and breccias on the upper regions, and lahar and
pyroclastic flows below elevations of 800-600m. While Mt. San Cristobal is a complex
lava dome structure, Mt. Banahaw de Lucban is characterized by a dome that caused
debris-avalanche on the eastern flanks. Account of Mt. Banahaw eruptions date back to
1730, 1743, and 1909.
Taal Volcano is the more proximate and significant volcanic center to the project site. It is
a well-known fact for sure that the water enclosure therein resulted from the volcano‘s
actively intermittent and numerous volcanic eruptions and explosions with the formation
of a collapse crater or caldera and a system of tectonic grabens which eventually
became Taal Lake. Mt. Macolod, a satellite but inactive volcano of Taal that is located at
the southeastern periphery of the lake, is more a volcanic plug or neck that resulted from
the hardening of lava from the eruptions of Taal Volcano.
A little farther away to the north is Mt. Makiling, an inactive volcano on the east side of
Sto. Tomas, Batangas. It is one of the site selected and developed for hydrothermal
plant.
Still a little farther to the northeast is Laguna de Bai, the largest volcano-tectonic
depression in this region that was formed by caldera eruptions and extension tectonics.
Collapse structures bounding this lake suggest that it is probably a relic of a much larger
ancient caldera system.
2.4.2 Site or Local Geology
The name Taal Tuff is given to Quaternary ash deposits that cover the Batangas Plain.
The volcanic ash surrounds Taal Volcano and extends in all directions towards all flat
areas of the province.
The Batangas project area and vicinity are underlain by volcanic sequence definitely
belonging to Macolod Volcanic Complex of Pleistocene age. It is composed of matrix-
supported volcaniclastic successions occurring as flat-lying units mantling the slopes of
the highlands. Recognized at the site are basalt flows intercalated with pyroclastic rocks
prevalently consisting of breccia and pumice. Also encountered are loosely cemented
volcanic and lahar debris that are prominently noted on some of the moderate to steep
slopes with consist of angular volcanic materials around the project sites. These
materials underlie and/or intertwine with the ash deposits mentioned above as Taal Tuff.
Along rivers such as Calumpang, most of the river banks are awash with loose alluvial
deposits, ranging from sand to boulders. This is expected since these rivers and creeks
have igneous and volcanic bedrock for their watersheds.
Based on the results of various drilling conducted around Batangas, the bedrock‘s depth
is relatively shallow. The depth of the bedrock is 2m which was found to be basalt that
gray in color and very hard.
The underlying material is possibly loosely cemented pyroclastic materials which are
mixtures of angular gravel and cobbles, but due to their weathered nature, however, the
cementing materials were weakened and these gave way during the drilling/coring
operations, thereby recovering mostly the clasts and, at times, some of the more
resistant parts of the sandy cementing material of the pyroclastic rock.

2.5 WATER DEMAND
The water demand in Batangas City and the neighboring towns were based mainly on
population records. Table 2.5 – 1shows the 20-year historical records from Philippine
Statistical Authority (PSA). The population across Batangas City, Lipa City, San Jose,
Ibaan, San Pascual, and Sto. Tomas were analyzed to derive its average annual growth
rate for water demand projection exercises as shown in Figure 2.5 – 1.
Table 2.5 – 1 Population records in demand projection
Historical Population
City or Municipality
1995 2000 2010 2015
Batangas City 211,879 247,588 305,607 329,874
Lipa City 177,894 218,447 283,468 332,386
San Jose 43,886 51,965 68,517 76,971
San Pascual 40,849 49,041 59,598 65,424
Sto. Tomas 65,759 80,393 124,740 179,844
Ibaan 34,757 40,165 48,482 52,970
Figure 2.5 – 1 Population average growth rate
The water demand projections were based on 80% served population. However,
reduction factor of 0.6 were used for San Jose, Ibaan and San Pascual and full coverage
in the cities of Lipa, Batangas, and Sto. Tomas. The ratio range of 0.3 to 1.2 connections
were used for commercial demand in every 100 inhabitants and 1 connection was used
for institutional demand in every 2000 inhabitants. For residential water demand, the per
capita demand of 80-110 liters per capita per day (LPCD) were used for San Jose, Ibaan
and San Pascual and 100-130 LPCD for Lipa, Batangas, and Santo Tomas. Then, a
ratio of 2000 LPD/connection and 7500 LPD/connection were used for commercial and
institutional water demands.
The corresponding total water demand projections for each city or municipality is in
Figure 14. The baseline water demand is 87 MLD for 2020 and the projections showed
20% increase along with population for every five (5) years. It means that the water
demand may be tripled when all water sources and system are available resulting
unrestrained water demand profile. The distribution of water demand is concentrated
mainly at Lipa (34%) and Batangas (32%) and the rest with San Jose (6%), San Pascual
(5%), Sto. Tomas (18%), and Ibaan (4%). But, in 30 years ahead, the share of

distribution would shift by additional 6% for Lipa, decrease by 5% for Batangas, and
decrease by 1% for Sto. Tomas, and the rest remained the same.
Figure 2.5 – 2 Projected water demand for Batangas and surrounding areas.
2.6 REGIONAL HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING
Batangas City and the neighboring towns consisting of the combined project site, are
located in an ideal environment in terms of hydrogeologic suitability.
For one, the combined site is located in a central plain in relation to the highlands that
surround it, except in the south where there is only the Batangas Bay that skirts it. On
the west, there is the Calumpan Peninsula that engulfs it; on the north, the fringes of
Taal Lake and Mount Macolod are there to enclose it; on the east, there are foothills of
Mt. Banahaw providing some highland enclosure; and finally on the east, the volcanic
ridge defining Mounts Banoy and Liguayen, completes the structural highs that engulf
Batangas City and vicinity.
These highland enclosures mentioned above are also the recharge areas responsible for
feeding the phreatic lines and aquifers around the broad central plain that includes the
project site. These are vast areas. Particularly notable are those that flow from Laguna
Lake to the low areas south of it.
For another, the Taal Tuff, as the general loose Quaternary deposits that underlie the
Batangas plain is known, has moderate to high conductivity. Some silt in the loose
deposit mix may retard water flow from one hydrogeologic regime to another; but overall,
the prevalence of sand and gravel in the deposits shall be the governing factor in the
overall conductivity of the loose upper layer.
As for the underlying volcanic bedrock, its conductivity is dependent on its fracturing, and
as a whole, the Pleistocene volcanic complexes around the Philippines have fracture

zones that have high transmissivity to become the aquifers to them. This is the reason
why most of them are sites for hydrothermal development such as Mt. Makiling, if not
fully developed by this time.
However, based on groundwater resources mapping undertaken by Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and Manila Observatory, the area around
Batangas City, particularly upstream of Calumpang River, had been tagged as having
fairly extensive and productive aquifers. Batangas City – and areas north to northwest of
it – is classified as having less and local productive aquifers.
2.7 RESISTIVITY SURVEY
Resistivity survey is a geophysical method of exploration by which subsurface conditions

are determined from measurements carried out from the ground surface. Electric current
is sent through the ground from electrode A to electrode B. For a given distance
between A and B, the potential difference is measured over electrodes M and N. The
electric current, the voltage difference between M and N and the current electrode
separation are recorded. Based on these data, the apparent resistivity of the soil on rock
is computed (see Figure 2.6-1).
For the ―Schlumberger Array‖ the potential electrode separation MN is always

maintained so that the MN/AB ratio is always less than 2/5 as the current electrode
spread is increased. Every time the MN distance is increased; reading at the same AB
spread is repeated.
An electrical sounding consists of succession of apparent resistivity measurements

made with an increasing electrode separation, the center of the configuration and its
orientation remaining fixed. If the measured resistivity of the layer does not vary from
measurement to measurement, the changes in apparent resistivity will be due mainly to
the increasing penetration of the current into the earth. The distribution of the current will
be influenced by the characteristics of the deeper beds.

Figure 2.6-1 Schematic Diagram of Resistivity Survey
2.8 SURVEY RESULTS
Figure 2.7-1 shows the locations of the resistivity sounding stations made within the
Calumpang River Basin and contiguous catchment of San Juan River in the north (Sto.
Tomas). In another map (Figure 2.7-2 – Location Map of Sounding Stations in
Calumpang River Basin), the lines for the resistivity profiles are likewise, shown.
The resistivity survey was completed with the following specifications:
Electrode Array : Schlumberger

AB
Array Length : /2 = 300 m
No. of Sounding Stations : 10 Vertical Sounding Stations
Resistivity Meter : ABEM Terrameter SAS-1000
The field results were plotted in the normal manner as measured apparent resistivity (pa)
against half of the current electrode separation (AB/2) in double logarithmic paper. A
smooth curve was drawn through the data points, adjusting for corrections introduced by
changing the MN distance. The data curves through the corrected data points were then
entered to the software ―Resixp‖. Table 2.7-1 (Summarized Results of Resistivity
Survey in Calumpang River Basin) shows the resistivity values and corresponding
thickness of the layers detected beneath the surveyed area.

The resistivity sounding stations in the middle to lower reaches of Calumpang River
Basin and immediate river systems were made to explore the depth and thickness of the
potential aquifer within the marginal deposits of the recent Alluvium and other
sedimentary rock units. Ten (10) sounding stations were made in the exploration area (8
stations within the Calumpang River Basin and 2 sounding stations within the San Juan
River catchment in Sto. Tomas.

Table 2.7-1 Location Map of Resistivity Sounding Stations in Batangas
Elevation Resistivity Resistivity Thickness Depth

Sta. No. Inferred Geology Location
(m a/b msl) Layer (ohm-m) (meters) (m a/bmsl)
VES-01 220.00
1 97.50 1.00 219.00 Alluvium, sandy to gravelly. Pag-Ulingan Bata,
2 39.00 4.00 215.00 Alluvium, clayey to silty. Lipa City
3 117.00 8.00 207.00 Tuffaceous Sandstone. Coordinates:
4 23.40 100.00 107.00 Silty Tuff. 13-53-15.71
5 46.80 Sandy Tuff. 121-09-50.90
VES-02 175.00
1 37.04 0.95 174.05 Alluvium, silty to sandy. Pag-Ulingan West,
2 25.93 0.95 173.10 Alluvium, clayey to silty. Lipa City
4 23.33 38.00 125.60 Silty Tuff. 13-51-45.44
5 46.67 Sandy Tuff. 121-10-25.59
VES-03 280.00 Pag-Ulingan Centro,
1 81.06 1.02 278.98 Alluvium, sand to gravelly. Lipa City
2 24.32 15.30 263.68 Silty Tuff. Coordinates:
3 72.96 30.60 233.08 Tuffaceous Sandstone. 13-53-22.63
4 24.31 Silty Tuff. 121-10-24.16
VES-04 265.00 Anilao,
1 71.00 1.00 264.00 Alluvium, gravely to sandy. Lipa City
4 10.66 Clayey Tuff. 121-10-20.70
VES-05 90.00 Bungahan,
1 27.50 1.50 88.50 Alluvium, clayey to silty. Ibaan
2 68.75 1.50 87.00 Alluvium, sandy to gravelly. Coordinates:
3 20.63 30.00 57.00 Silty Tuff. 13-47-46.75
4 85.94 Tuffaceous Sandstone. 121-07-35.35
VES-06 107.00 Coliat,
1 20.05 1.50 105.50 Alluvium, clayey to silty. Ibaan
2 80.20 3.00 102.50 Alluvium, sandy to gravelly. Coordinates:
3 20.05 37.50 65.00 Silty Tuff. 13-48-37.40
4 70.10 Tuffaceous Sandstone. 121-07-41.98
VES-07 145.00 Sto. Niño
1 32.40 1.50 143.50 Alluvium, silty to sandy. Ibaan
4 14.58 Silty Tuff. 121-09-50.90
VES-8 110.00 Dayapan,

1 48.50 1.50 108.50 Alluvium, silty to sandy. Ibaan
2 71.25 3.00 107.00 Alluvium, gravelly to sandy. Coordinates:
3 24.25 75.00 32.00 Silty Tuff. 13-48-32.86
4 71.25 Tuffaceous Sandstone 121-08-37.88
VES-09 156.00
1 44.50 1.24 154.76 Alluvium, silty to sandy. Sampalocan,
2 13.35 2.48 152.28 Alluvium, clayey to silty. Sto. Tomas
4 33.38 37.20 84.08 Sandy Tuff. 14-05-36.00
VES-10 150.00
1 47.50 0.96 149.04 Alluvium, silty to sandy. Greasewood Corp.
2 14.25 1.44 147.60 Alluvium, clayey to silty. Sto. Tomas
4 21.38 36.00 75.60 Silty Tuff. 14-05-32.31

LOCATION MAP OF RESISTIVITY SOUNDING STATIONS IN BATANGAS

(Batangas City Groundwater Management Plan)
VES-10
VES-09
CA
LU
MP
A NG
RI
V
ER
BA
SIN
VES-04
VES-03
VES-01
VES-02
VES-07
CALUMPANG RIVER BASIN

VES-06 VES-08
VES-05
Figure 2.7-2 Location Map of Resistivity Sounding Stations in Batangas

RESISTIVITY SOUNDING STATION

LOCATION MAP
B'
Batangas City Groundwater Management Plan
VES-04
VES-03
VES-01
VES-02
A'
B
VES-07
VES-06
VES-08
VES-05
A
C A L U M P A N G R I V E R B A S I N
LEGEND:
VES-08
RESISTIVITY SOUNDING STATION
LINE OF RESISTIVITY PROFILE
CALUMPANG RIVER BASIN
Figure 2.7-3 Location Map of Resistivity Sounding Stations in Calumpang River Basin

2.9 RESISTIVITY MAPS
Resistivity maps are usually drawn and presented to show the horizontal resistivity
variations over a specified depth of penetration or probing. Contours represent the lines
of equal resistivity value whereby earth materials may be deduced to correspond to the
degree of consolidation, grain sizes and water presence over an apparent depth of
occurrence.
At an apparent depth of AB/2 = 10 m (Figure 2.8-1), the relatively high resistivity

contours in the survey area are generally concentrated in the northern limit towards the
southern slopes of Lipa City whereas, the western section have produced a decreasing
pattern of resistivity contours. The decreasing resistivity values may indicate the
occurrence of fine-grained materials from the weathering of sedimentary rock sequence.
The arrangement of increasing apparent resistivity northward from the southern section
of the survey area may reveal the presence of coarser materials (sand, gravel and
cobble) from the mobilization and erosion of volcanic rocks and intrusive rocks in the
northern highlands. The resistivity mound at VES-01 may indicate the presence of large
amount of coarser materials.


There is not much change in the appearance of the resistivity contour trends at this
apparent depth from the previous map. The apparent resistivity contours tend to increase
outward to the north and east and the contour value of 50.00 ohm-meters at the northern
section of Ibaan municipality may serve as a boundary for the separation of fine-grained
materials from the coarser ones. The sparsely decreasing contours may be attributed to
the wider occurrence of relatively finer materials whereas the steep contours in the form
of mound correspond to the occurrence of relatively coarser fragments in the
unconsolidated sequence.
In general, the dispersed decreasing resistivity lines as they move away towards the
southern boundaries exemplify a picture that this area is dominated with relatively
increasing finer materials (AB/2 = 25 m in Figure 2.8-2). The steep increase in the
apparent resistivity in the northern side towards the northern divide may correspond to
the encountering of the bouldery materials brought about by the continuous mechanical
transport of sedimentary fragments from northeastern tributaries. The section of high
resistivity contours with steeper patterns in the north of the basin serves as the major
northern divide of the Calumpang River Basin in the general area.


The trend of the apparent contours at AB/2 = 50 m in Figure 2.8-3 is highlighted by the
appearance of distinct increasing contours westward, which could indicate the appearance
of evenly distributed coarser materials and/or accumulation of better consolidation. On the
other hand, maintained depression of contours in the southeastern border may correspond
to the dominant occurrence of medium-grained materials at this apparent depth whereas the
smaller contour depressions in the southern limit may exemplify that the materials are
probably more of silt deposit with clay.
The declination of the resistivity values in general however, indicates that the materials
encountered at this apparent depth become finer and/or the groundmass or cementing
materials have poor consolidation. Furthermore, the general trend in the apparent resistivity
contours of the explored area does not show any much difference from the previous
apparent resistivity maps so that almost the same type of materials is exemplified at this
corresponding apparent depth.
It is interesting to note that the steep contour lines (maximum value of 75 ohm-meters) may
already signify that the area is probably exposed to the volcanic fragments, which usually
bear higher resistivity value.


For AB/2 = 70 m separation in Figure 2.8-4, the closely-spaced increasing resistivity

contours in the northern surveyed area further indicate the consistent appearance of the
coarser materials, which may be referred to recent colluvium, consisting mostly of
boulder and gravel deposits. The consistent appearance of the outward steep contour
intervals from the center of the survey area may have indicated the appearance of
volcanic rocks and this in good agreement with the increasing elevation.
At this apparent depth, it may also be depicted that there is already a reversal of
decreasing resistivity contours from previous maps as the eastern limit of the surveyed
area covering stations VES-01, VES-02, and VES-08 is generally underlain with
relatively finer-grained materials. The steeper gap between contour lines and
corresponding lower apparent resistivity in the explored area however reveals the
decreased resistivity values than the area in the west with the same resistivity trend and
the separation between the two (2) extreme survey areas of may indicate better
permeable section is in the east section.
The continuous decreasing resistivity contours in the southern survey limit correspond to
decreasing elevation and may indicate relatively greater amount of fine-grained materials


The consistent drop in the resistivity contours (<25 ohm-meters) in the surveyed area
exemplifies the presence of fine-grained layer of the supposed clayey/silty sequence of
the sedimentary series in the central section of Calumpang River Basin whereas the
increasing value in the resistivity contours indicates coarser materials (sand and gravel)
and/or the appearance of volcanic rocks, which may be explored in the northern limit of
the survey area.
At this juncture, the general increasing trend in the resistivity contours (closely-spaced) is
maintained to be north- bound towards VES-01, VES-02, VES-03 and VES-04 - the area
being the zone of volcanic rocks even at shallower probing. The increasing pattern of
resistivity contours indicates the encountering of the relatively hard and poorly
permeable volcanic rock unit. Decreased resistivity values in the western survey area
however may indicate the probing of the pyroclastic rocks, which may be fractured.
The expanded area of the relatively fine-grained materials at this apparent depth of AB/2
= 100 m separation in Figure 2.8-5 covers the central resistivity stations. In good
agreement with the presented resistivity profile in the latter section of this report, the low
and sparsely interval of resistivity contours correspond to the encountering of clayey rock
unit of the sedimentary sequence.


The resistivity maps at separation AB/2 = 200 m and AB/2 = 250 m in Figure 2.8-6 and
Figure 2.8-7 reveal the generally increasing resistivity contours from north to south (a
complete reversal of resistivity trend and pattern from the previous maps). The area of
relatively fine-grained deposit is at this instance, north-bound, which could indicate the
dominance of less permeable layer. The relatively higher resistivity contours at the
southern section of the survey area (Batangas City-Ibaan) may constitute to the
appearance of the tuffaceous rock unit with better permeability potentials at increasing
depths whereas, the remaining resistivity lows outward in the northern limit may
correspond to the consistent encountering of the clayey to silty tuffs.
At this maximum probing depth of resistivity exploration, the Calumpang River Basin may
be separated by two (2) distinct resistivity layers: the tuffaceous sedimentary sequence
in the south (towards Batangas City), which may be treated as the main aquifer system
and the fined-grain sequence in the northern section.



2.10 RESISTIVITY/GEOLOGIC CROSS-SECTIONS
Resistivity Profile A-A‘
Profile A-A‘ in Figure 2.9-1 covers station VES-05, -06 and -07 on a south-north direction in
the mid-stream tributaries of Calumpang River. It shows a relatively moderate dip of the
near-the-surface alluvium consisting of clay, silt and sand with considerable gravel and
boulder fragments and pyroclastic flow materials (clayey/silty tuff). The shallow aquifer unit
beneath the right-hand section (northern survey area) may be represented by tuffaceous
sandstone materials at nearly 95.00 m-elevation up to 135.00 meters of undulating thickness
in the supposed pyroclastic slope area of the mid-stream Calumpang River. On the left-hand
section (southern survey side), the depth to probable good groundwater potential of the main
aquifer (tuffaceous sandstone) may be extended at around 55-meter elevation down to the
maximum penetrated depth of the resistivity survey of 300 meters. It becomes shallower
near-the-surface as it gets in contact with the supposed lower elevations of the Alluvium.
The relatively thicker layer of the supposed main aquifer of the tuffaceous sandstone unit is
in good agreement with the previously presented series of resistivity maps whereby coarser
materials corresponding to moderate resistivity contours consistently appear even at greater
depth of probing.
The resistivity range value for less than 20 ohm-meters at the lowermost layer in the right-
hand profile corresponds to the deposition of clayey-silty tuff, which may bear poor water-
bearing characteristics. In good agreement with the previously presented resistivity maps at
deeper penetration, the consistent decrease in the resistivity contours corresponds to the
occurrence of relatively thicker deposition of the fine-grained materials –in the western
section of the profile.
On the right-hand section of this profile, the resistivity values of the detected layers from top
to bottom of probing are relatively lower as may be caused by the thicker occurrence of
clayey layer at the surface and lowermost section. The declination of resistivity values at
depth of the detected layers corresponds to the decreasing sizes in grains and/or decreasing
consolidation of the rock formation may be dealt also with the occurrence of probable fault
that dissected the area. The depth of the supposed potential main aquifer of the supposed
semi-consolidated sequence of the pyroclastic flow rock (tuffaceous sandstone) may be
explored within the elevation 55 meters in the southern section and 135 meter-elevation at
the norther section. Thicker accumulation of better aquifer potential may be explored at the
southern section.

Figure 2.9-11 Resistivity Profile A-A'
Resistivity Profile B-B‘
Resistivity profile along line B-B on a S-N sectional cut in Figure 2.9-2 depicts the
depositional thickness of the supposed permeable layer of the tuffaceous sandstone near
the surface. Southward, the permeable layer becomes thinner in occurrence but appears
closer to the surface with abrupt decreasing elevation.
The increasing thickness (northward) of occurrence and corresponding thicker layer of

permeable zone (tuffaceous sandstone) is apparently overlain with sedimentary bed of
probable low permeability. The layer beneath it is likewise, dominated with poor permeability
potential of the same materials clayey-silty tuff.
The greater thickness of the supposed permeable layer of sandy tuff in the southern side of
the profile may be extended down to 50 meters below the mean sea level. This probable

permeable layer is in good agreement with the previously presented resistivity maps, which
pointed out greater depth of deposition and thickness with corresponding greater
permeability potential.
Figure 2.9-12 Resistivity Profile B-B

CHAPTER 3
GROUNDWATER MODELING AND ANALYSIS
3.1 Approach
A groundwater model is a computer equivalent of the physical reality of the watershed or

river basin that is under study. It is made to imitate or behave much in the same way as
the actual system when subjected to the various variables that are acting on it. These
variables are recharge, river drainage, heads at the boundaries, etc.
Surface and subsurface features are also important data in building the model since they
affect the flow and direction of water and solutes. The greatest challenge in building the
model is the faithful reconstruction of subsurface geology since to acquire a satisfactory
amount of data is difficult and costly. It is for this reason that computer models are in
continuous need of updating—it is a constant work in progress. The more updated the
model, the better it is as a management tool.
The few wells that have coring data in the Calumpang River Basin plus the few geo-
resistivity points investigated are sparse and of limited coverage. But this is already
adequate to build a preliminary model that later modelers can build on.
Visual MODFLOW Flex®, or simply VMOD, affords the modeler facility to update a
model whenever new data is acquired. This could be done by simply appending the
information or replacing a batch file with a newer one.
3.2 Conceptual Model
The essential components of a VMOD project are assembled in the Conceptual Model.
For our purposes, the data required are:
1. Elevation map
2. Borehole data
3. Model area boundary
4. Heads
5. Rivers
6. Recharge
7. Deep Wells
The map elevation is needed since it principally affects the boundary condition of
recharge. The surface conditions, i.e., the slope and top soil conductivity, partly dictate
the amount of moisture absorbed. A digitized version of the elevation map, as an ASCII
file, of the model area was used. A 3D view of the model locality in VMOD is shown in
Figure 3.2 - 1 with 5x vertical magnification.

Figure 3.2 - 1: Elevation Map of Model Area

All of the input data for VMOD were geo-referenced. VMOD uses the Universal
Transverse Mercator or UTM coordinates in meters.
To reconstruct the underlying geology of the model volume, borehole logs are normally
used. In the absence of such data, geo-resistivity is used. Table 3.2 - 1 tabulates
inferred logs based on geo-resistivity data in the form required by VMOD as input. They
are entered as ―Points‖.
Table 3.2 - 1: Quasi-borehole Log Data as input in VMOD
X Y Z Lay2 Lay3 Lay4 Lay5 Point_ID
301617.8 1536070 220 214 206 108 -100 VES-01
302638.2 1533287 177 172 163 124 -100 VES-02
302618.1 1536275 218 216 186 154 -100 VES-03
302533.2 1538758 270 258 232 130 -100 VES-04
297955.6 1530352 145 140 110 30 -100 VES-07
297679.9 1527546 110 110 110 65 -100 VES-06
297468.7 1525991 93 93 93 57 -100 VES-05
297800.0 1528768 127 127 127 72 -100 f671
297808.9 1528858 128 128 92 73 -100 f672
297817.8 1528949 129 129 93.5 74 -100 f673
297840.0 1529175 132 132 96 21 -100 f674
297893.4 1529718 140 140 103 23 -100 f675
291882.0 1528642 127 127 127 72 -100 f671w
291882.0 1528677 128 128 92 73 -100 f672w
291882.0 1528699 129 129 93.5 74 -100 f673w
291882.0 1528921 132 132 96 21 -100 f674w
291882.0 1529481 140 140 103 23 -100 f675w
304867.0 1528812 127 127 127 72 -100 f671e
304867.0 1528942 128 128 92 73 -100 f672e
304867.0 1529091 129 129 93.5 74 -100 f673e
304867.0 1529499 132 132 96 21 -100 f674e

X Y Z Lay2 Lay3 Lay4 Lay5 Point_ID
304867.0 1530653 140 140 103 23 -100 f675e
295102.0 1529427 127 127 127 72 -100 f671wi
295102.0 1529484 128 128 92 73 -100 f672wi
295102.0 1529537 129 129 93.5 74 -100 f673wi
295102.0 1529669 132 132 96 21 -100 f674wi
295102.0 1529880 140 140 103 23 -100 f675wi
301222.0 1528824 127 127 127 72 -100 f671ei
301222.0 1528924 128 128 92 73 -100 f672ei
301222.0 1528992 129 129 93.5 74 -100 f673ei
301222.0 1529224 132 132 96 21 -100 f674ei
301222.0 1529807 140 140 103 23 -100 f675ei
295340.0 1532192 220 214 206 108 -100 ves01w
295340.0 1534349 177 172 163 124 -100 ves02w
295340.0 1536447 270 258 232 130 -100 ves04w
291882.0 1529903 145 140 110 30 -100 ves07w
The borehole names (Point_ID) that are italicized are inferred from the cross-sectional
graphic rendition of the subsurface based on the geo-resistivity report.
The third to the seventh columns are logs converted and referenced to the mean sea
level in meters. Z is the elevation of the top of the borehole. The title ―lay‖ that are
numerically suffixed refer to the different top and bottom portions of the different type of
geologic material in the subsurface.
From Table 3.2 - 1, the underlying geologic layers could be constructed using the Natural
Neighbor gridding method provided by the software. Aside from the top erosional
surface, 3 lower layers are created with the lowest as the designated base of the model
volume.
The model also offers the Inverse Distance and Krigging gridding methods but the
Natural Neighbor gives a more realistic—―natural‖—output. The results are shown in
Figure 3.2 - 2 with the elevations, Z, exaggerated 7 times. These layers represent the
boundaries for each soil type. The practical limit of the software is 6 boundaries
representing 5 soil types.

Figure 3.2 - 2 Subsurface Border Layers

Next, VMOD will request the model boundary. This corresponds to the border of the
modeled area. This could be generated by any software that has a geo- and elevation-
referenced output Shape File (.shp) but rendered specifically as a polygon. Figure 3.2 -
3 shows the boundaries on the elevation map in layout view.
Figure 3.2 - 3: Layout View of Model Area
The Head is entered also as shape files (.shp). Figure 3.2 - 4 locates the Head as a
thick polyline on the left (western) side of the model area. It is the basically the shoreline,
the model‘s boundary with the sea. In general, Heads are flushed to the Boundary.

Figure 3.2 - 4: Layout View of Head Shape File
Next, the River boundary condition is entered. Figure 3.2 - 5 locates the River down
gradient to the model area as a thick meandering polylines that goes seaward.

Figure 3.2 - 5: Layout View of River Shape File
Next, the Pumping Wells are entered. They are listed below in Table 3.2 - 2. The table is
formatted in the form that VMOD requires. Zmin is the depth of the well relative to the
mean sea level. ScrID is for identification by the software especially in cases where there
is more than one screen along the length of the well pipe. Top Sc is the elevation of the
top of the screen relative to the mean sea level while Bot Sc refers to the bottom. Start
and Stop refers to the time the pump starts and stops with respect to the modeling run
time (in days) of the transient model. Q is the pumping rate in cubic meters per day—
negative in value to indicate extraction.

Table 3.2 - 2: Pumping Wells in Calumpang River Basin
Top Bot
Well_ID X Y Z Zmin ScrID Sc Sc Start Time Stop Time Q
BSU11 289411.6 1521367 5 -120 1 -110 -120 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -236.7
BSU12 289442.3 1521226 5 -120 1 -110 -120 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -124.4
BSU21 291786.3 1524608 55 -70 1 -60 -70 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -222.0
BSU22 291891.9 1524703 57 -68 1 -58 -68 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -212.5
Cumba 298571.4 1537793 279 154 1 164 154 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -43.2
LagPro 303357.7 1539385 260 135 1 145 135 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -344.7
Lyceum 290654.6 1522555 35 -90 1 -80 -90 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -272.6
MARY 302123.5 1538964 265 140 1 150 140 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -272.6
MMHsp 299989.4 1542515 340 215 1 225 215 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -179.7
PENPR1 296082.5 1541993 371 246 1 256 246 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -385.3
PENPR2 295419.2 1541629 367 242 1 252 242 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -259.2
PENPR3 295811.6 1541903 370 245 1 255 245 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -276.5
PENPR5 295721.1 1541842 369 244 1 254 244 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -203.0
Prime1 299518.6 1537501 268 143 1 153 143 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -1088.6
Prime2 299236.5 1538058 278 153 1 163 153 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -502.0
Puyat 303814.8 1530084 136 11 1 21 11 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -1814.4
RMIC 290113.2 1524679 50 -75 1 -65 -75 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -216.0
Aqua01 287424.3 1525596 40 -80 1 -14 -74 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -2988.6
Aqua02 286192.0 1525883 37 -83 1 -23 -80 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -2706.9
Aqua03 286652.7 1526017 38 -72 1 -16 -69 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -3024.0
FNPC 287226.7 1523836 9 -141 1 -86 -131 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -2024.4
BLC1 289041.7 1525358 61 1 1 11 1 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -817.3
BLC2 289040.9 1525266 58 -2 1 8 -2 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -817.3
AG&P1 288820.7 1522938 8 -117 1 -107 -117 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -265.2
AG&P2 288945.1 1524572 43 -82 1 -72 -82 31/12/2017 31/12/2050 -108.9
Figure 3.2 - 6 shows the location of the deep wells in layout view of the model area.

Figure 3.2 - 6: Layout View of Current Wells in Calumpang River Basin
The Recharge under Climate Change scenario is entered also as a table in the form of a
―Time Schedule‖. Such input is basically for the transient model. There are two methods
of entry: ―absolute‖ or ―relative‖. The former uses the date and time form of 12/31/2017
12:00AM (midnight) and the latter in numeric with zero (0) as the start time and 365 as
the end time when the transient run is executed for a one-year run period.
On recommendation from the National Water Resources Board, modeling projections

were based on the long-term weather and climate forecasts of the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA). It
would be illustrated here only by way of example as the scarcity of data and innate
imperfection of assumptions make the exercise essentially academic if not moot. Table
3.2 - 3 shows a recharge of 42.86% of average base rainfall and projected rainfall for the
years 2050 (2036-2065) estimated by PAG-ASA for Calabarzon.

Table 3.2 - 3: Batangas Climate Change Scenario
Recharge
Start End (mm/yr)
12/31/2017 12/31/2035 775.3
12/31/2035 12/31/2050 892.0
Once the above data are entered, it is now possible to construct the Model Domain of
the Conceptual Model.
The first step is to construct the hydrogeologic layers or ―zones‖. These zones (Figure
3.2 - 7) are created by entering the topmost layer in the corresponding dialog box. Note
that the suspected fault line mentioned in the Geo-Resistivity Report is easily identifiable.

Figure 3.2 - 7: Hydro-geologic Layers

The ―zone property‖ definition only requires the input of the hydraulic conductivity, in
meters per second. The conductivity of the confined aquifer—the lowest layer—could be
derived from the transmissivity using the following equation
T
K xx  K yy 
z
where
K = hydraulic conductivity, m/s
T = transmissivity, m2/s
Δz = aquifer thickness, m
The horizontal conductivity for the confined aquifer may be computed from the available
transmissivity data. The vertical conductivity or Kzz is assumed to be an order of
magnitude lower.
In the absence of actual measurements, the conductivities are assumed to be typical for
the materials. These are tabulated in Table 3.2 - 4.
Table 3.2 - 4: Conductivity
Conductivity
Zone Material (m/s)
1 Alluvium 5 x 10-6
2 Sandstone 1 x 10-4
3 Clay 1 x 10-6
Coarse Sand with

4 5 x 10-4
Gravel

3.3 Results and Discussion
After completing the Conceptual Model, the two classes of Numerical Models were run:
the Steady-State and Transient models.
The Steady State Model is used to determine the current condition of the aquifer. It tells
the hydraulic heads existing in the layers of the model.
Additionally in this particular case, it could be used to determine the boundary condition
given the conductivity K. A trial-and-error approach is employed where the output heads
are compared to the actual observed heads (static water levels) within the modeled area.
For the Steady State Model, the echarge is also held constant.
The results or output in VMOD are rendered as a graphic illustration with the heads
given in color gradations along with labeled contour lines as shown inFigure 3.3 - 1.
Figure 3.3 - 1: Current Heads in Confined Layer in Calumpang River Basin Model
Area
The high head values in the eastern section of the model area correspond to the
elevated portions or hills.
As can be seen, the river has an effect on the aquifer – it is a gaining stream.
The groundwater flow is shown in Figure 3.3 – 2.

Figure 3.3 - 2: Flow of Groundwater in the Model Area
With regard to the Transient Model, this is normally used to calibrate or refine the value
derived for the K if there were a time-series data for the boundary head. Nevertheless, in
the absence of such time series data, the transient model run can still be used to
describe the changes the aquifer will undergo when there are changes that happen in
time to one of the input factors—which, in the Climate Change scenario, is basically the
recharge.
To better appreciate the effect of Climate Change on the confined aquifer, the boundary
head determined from the steady state run was held constant and only the recharge is
made variable following the time series data for the recharge (Table 3.2 - 3).
The results of the transient model run are shown in Figure 3.3 - 3.

Figure 3.3 - 2 Transient Model under Climate Change Scenario
The change in the heads within the confined aquifer in the model area are not easily
perceptible from the figures but a tabular presentation (Table 3.3 - 1) of representative
wells shows the marked increase in the hydraulic heads.
Table 3.3 - 1: Change in Hydraulic Heads of Wells in Model Area
Well Name Current (m) 2050 (m) ∆Z (m)
PENPR1 134.06 145.44 11.38
Prime1 132.51 143.81 11.30
Puyat 128.06 138.79 10.73
RMIC 55.98 59.79 3.81
BSU11 12.53 13.29 0.76

3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
From the foregoing, Climate Change exerts a positive effect on the groundwater. With
the assumption of a moratorium of new wells, the hydraulic heads will see an increase in
the coming years under Climate Change scenarios.
While there is also abundance of water on the unconfined aquifer (the area is known to
flood during intense inundation periods), its exploitation has to be approached with
caution since unconfined aquifers are always vulnerable to all types of contamination.
Nevertheless, with adequate safeguards, supply may be sourced where urban sprawl
has not reached.
The required installation of monitoring wells will facilitate the refinement of the geologic
layers assuming proper coring and logging is done. From the experience of local water
managers, geo-resistivity data is not reliable. Actual coring is still needed. Faithful coring
recordkeeping is also recommended for all subsequently installed wells, including those
that will exploit only the unconfined aquifer. This will help refine and expand the geologic
profile inside the river basin.
It is also necessary to record the pumping water levels (PWL) as this, together with the
SWL, yields the transmissivity and conductivity of the local area of the deep well.
Changes in the PWL over time are also useful data as yields and transmissivities are
known to change around the deep well.
The head contours in the confined aquifer mimic, albeit in a muted fashion, surface
heads as is discernible from Figures 3.3 – 1 to 3. Greater data refinement in the river
boundary condition input parameter will render a more realistic visualization of the
confined aquifer aside from finally deriving a plausible and useful model for the
unconfined which is not possible given the paucity of data on the surface.
As such, it would be necessary to establish river stations that are 200 to 300 meters
apart. Each station should have data on elevation, depth and width, bed thickness and
conductivity.

CHAPTER 4
WATER QUALITY
The water quality sampling was conducted to characterize the quality of potential source
of water supply for the Consultancy Services on the Development of Groundwater
Management Plan for Batangas City and Surrounding Areas (i.e., City of Lipa and the
Municipalities of San Pascual, San Jose, and Santo Tomas). The results of the water
quality testing shall be one of the crucial considerations in the development of the
management plan on the use of groundwater in the project area to ensure sustainability
in the future.
4.1 Water Quality Sampling Stations
The water samples were collected from 11groundwater pumping stations distributed
within the project location.Additionally, water testing was also conducted on the
upstream and downstream of Calumpang River to determine the level of water quality
and its suitability as a potential water supply. Calumpang River has been long identified
by the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) as an alternative water resource.
According to the NWRB Water Permit Database, the NWRB has allocated a total
groundwater extraction of 677.216 liters per second (lps) for Batangas City alone as of
December 2012. Approximately 1,788.12 lps is the groundwater safe yield for the city.
Coupled with the assumption that 50% of the wells in Batangas City are unregistered or
operate without water permit from the NWRB, the total groundwater extraction is
presumed to be some 1,354.432 lps. The Batangas City Water District (BCWD) reported
that there has been an increase in water demand due to the rising number of households
requesting to connect to the district.
Moreover, the Calumpang River is classified under Class C waters as declared by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Memorandum Circular
1993-07. According to DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 2016-08, Class C waters are
for fishing, recreational uses, agriculture, irrigation, and livestock watering.
Figure 4.1-1 shows the locations of the sampling stations while as Table 4.1-1 shows
their coordinates as well as the barangays and cities the stations are located in.

Figure 4.1-1
Water Sampling Station Map

Table 4.1-1
Locations and Coordinates of Sampling Stations
Station Location Municipality Latitude Longitude

Degrees Minutes Seconds Degrees Minutes Seconds
S1 Mabini Academy, Lipa City 13 56 49.43 121 09 34.56
San Nicolas
S2 Brgy, Inosluban Lipa City 13 59 30.01 121 10 15.8
S3 Brgy. San Benito Lipa City 13 56 15.74 121 12 54.32
S4 Brgy. Galamay Amo Municipality of 13 54 48.75 121 05 41.5
San Jose
S5 Brgy. Soro-Soro Batangas City 13 48 53.94 121 04 30.63
S6 Sampuguita Homes, Batangas City 13 45 49.53 121 05 08.12
Barangay
Sampaguita
S7 Brgy. Calicanto Batangas City 13 46 01.13 121 03 21.02
S8 Brgy. Alangilan Batangas City 13 47 17.37 121 03 59.77
S9 Central Well, Municipality of 14 06 20.64 121 08 34.64
Poblacion 4 Sto. Tomas
S10 Municipal Well Municipality of 14 06 39.66 121 08 33.19
Sto. Tomas
S11 Avida Residences Municipality of 14 07 50.07 121 09 32.70
Sto. Tomas
R1 Calumpang River Batangas City 13 47 19.41 121 05 51.12
(upstream)
R2 Calumpang River Batangas City 13 45 16.95 121 03 46.49
(downstream)

4.2 Method of Sampling
Water quality testing was conducted from 08 to 10 May 2018. In order to test the quality
of the eleven (11) groundwater stations and the two (2) river stations, in-situ (on-site)
measurement method was employed reading thefive (5) parameters in Table 4.2-1 using
Orion Star A329, a handheld water quality meter.Raw, untreated samples were taken
from the deep wells to capture the purest quality of the groundwater. Samples from
Calumpang River, on the other hand, were testedon the upstream and downstream of
the river using grab sampling.
Table4.2-1
Water Quality Parameters
Parameter Unit
Temperature °C
pH -
Electrical Conductivity (EC) mS/cm
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L
Salinity ppt
During the conduct of sampling, observations surrounding the stations were listed and
taken into consideration. Some of these observations may be factors which possibly
influence the results of water quality testing. Table 4.2-2 shows the observations, photos
during testing, date, and time of sampling.

Table 4.2-2
Field Observations of Sampling Stations
Location of Description of Sampling
Station ID Photo
Sampling Station Station
S1 Mabini Academy, The sampling area is

San Nicolas, Lipa characterized with clouds
City drifting over, yet, the rays
of the sun peer through.
The area is enclosed within
a gate and is located within
a residential area.
Depth (D): 179m
Casing (Cas): 350mm


Station ID Photo
S2 Bgy. Inosluban, The sampling area is

Lipa City characterized with clouds
drifting over, yet, the rays
of the sun peer through.
The area is enclosed within
a gate and is somewhat
isolated.
D: 132.6m
Cas: 200mm
S3 Bgy. San Benito, The sampling area is

Lipa City enclosed within a gate.
Rain was pouring during
the time of the sampling.
D: 131.7m
Cas: 150mm


Station ID Photo
S4 Bgy. Galamay Amo, The sampling was

Municipality of San conducted during light rain.
Jose The well is enclosed within
a gate as well and is
located within a residential
area.
D: 180m
Cas: 250mm
S5 Bgy. Soro-Soro, The sampling area is

Batangas City located a nearby road and
sampling was conducted
with fair weather. It is
enclosed within a gate.
D: 149.9
Cas: 350mm


Station ID Photo
S6 Sampuguita The sampling area is

Homes, Batangas located within a residential
City area and is enclosed within
a gate. The sampling was
conducted during clear
skies and sunny weather.
D: 97.6m
Cas: 150mm


Station ID Photo
S7 Bgy. Calicanto, The sampling area is

Batangas City located within a residential
area and is enclosed within
a gate.
D: 72m
Cas: 350mm
S8 Bgy. Alangilan, The sampling area is

Batangas City located within an open
space. Temperature was
relatively high during
sampling due to the sunny
weather.
D: 184m
Cas: 355mm


Station ID Photo
S9 Central Well, Rain was pouring during

Poblacion 4, time of sampling. The area
Municipality of Sto. is located within an
Tomas educational institution.
D: 122m
Cas: 200mm


Station ID Photo
S10 Municipal Hall, The sampling area is

Municipality of Sto. located in a nearby parking
Tomas lot. Light rain was pouring
during conduct of sampling.
No gate was enclosing the
well.
D: 122m
Cas: 150mm
S11 Avida San Antonio The sampling area is

Heights, located within a subdivision
Municipality of Sto. and is gated as well. The
Tomas weather was sunny during
conduct of sampling.
D: no data
Cas: no data


Station ID Photo
R1 Calumpang River The sampling area is

(upstream), isolated from residences.
Batangas City The water is brown in color
and according to fisherfolk,
piggeries contributed to the
browning of the river.
R2 Calumpang River The sampling area is

(downstream), located within a residential
Batangas City area.

4.3 Water Quality Assessment
Three (3) sets of water quality results were assessed: in-situ groundwater samples, in-
situ Calumpang River samples, and the 2017 monitoring results for Calumpang River.
First, the samples from the groundwater stations were compared to the Philippine
National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW) 2017 to assess their suitability for
drinking. Second, the surface water samples of Calumpang River were compared to
Class C waters since Calumpang River is officially classified by DENR as such. Lastly,
the 2017 monitoring results for Calumpang River were compared to Class C guidelines
as well.
DAO 2016-08 describes the classification and beneficial use of freshwater and
coastal/marine water bodies in the Philippines. This guideline prescribes water quality
criteria for a water body corresponding to the designated best use of the water. PNSDW
2017, on the other hand, prescribes the standard water quality for drinking water in the
protection of public health. As previously mentioned, Calumpang River is classified as
Class C waters: for fishery, recreational, agricultural, irrigation, and livestock use.
Table 3.3-1 presents the beneficial use of freshwater bodies.
Table 4.3-1
DAO 2016-08 Water Body Classification and Usage of Freshwater
Classification Intended Beneficial Use

Class AA Public Water Supply Class I – Intended primarily for waters having
watersheds, which are uninhabited and/or otherwise declared as
protected areas, and which require only approved disinfection to meet
the latest PNSDW.
Class A Public Water Supply Class II– intended as sources of water supply
requiring conventional treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration
and disinfection) to meet the latest PNSDW.
Class B Recreational Water Class I– Intended for primary contact recreation
(bathing, swimming, etc.)
Class C 1. Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other
aquatic resources
2. Recreational Water Class II – For boating, fishing or similar activities
3. For agriculture, irrigation and livestock watering
Class D Navigable waters
Source: DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08 (Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016)
4.3.1 Groundwater
Groundwater is considered as a naturally ―clean‖ source of water, depending on natural

and anthropological factors. It is, however, frequently recharged by rainfall and sea water
which may affect its quality. Geologic factors like soil and rock types as well as the
hydrogeology of an area can also influence the quality the groundwater.
Some of the physical water quality parameters that are often measured are temperature,
pH, EC, TDS, and salinity. In addition, odor and taste can also indicate the presence of
pollutants. These, however, could not directly measure the quality of water as their
absence does not imply clean water.

Results of the water quality conducted in the 11 sites are presented in
Table 4.3-2. The succeeding sections discuss the results of the groundwater quality per
parameter.
Table 4.3-2
Water Quality Results for Groundwater
Temp pH EC TDS Salinity

Station No.
°C - mS/cm mg/L ppt
PNSDW
NS 6.5-8.5 NS 600 NS
2017
S1 26.5 7.2 0.441 217 0.3
S2 27.1 7.1 0.343 169 0.2
S3 26.1 7.1 0.331 163 0.2
S4 26.9 7.3 0.423 208 0.3
S5 27.6 7.6 0.442 218 0.3
S6 29.2 7.4 0.669 329 0.4
S7 28.8 7.5 0.775 382 0.4
S8 29.3 7.7 0.481 237 0.3
S9 27.2 7.8 0.428 210 0.3
S10 28.7 8.2 0.471 232 0.3
S11 28.0 8.0 0.476 234 0.3
Note: *in situ
NS means No Standard
Red font means exceeding the standard / guideline value
A.Temperature
Temperature (°C)
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11
Temperature
Figure 4.3-1
Temperature Results of Groundwater Samples

Although there is no standard for temperature in PNSDW 2017, temperature influences

the biological, chemical, and physical activities of water resources including the growth of
microorganism which is heightened at a higher water temperature and may affect the
taste, odor, color, and increase corrosion. In terms of solubility of gases, such as O2.
CO2, N2 and CH4,it will decrease as the temperature increases. Also, the concentration
of dissolved mineral constituents is temperature-dependent. High groundwater
temperature will dissolve more minerals which will pass down to the aquifer. Generally,
cool water is more favorable for human consumption than warm water because it is more
palatable (UNICEF, 2008; WHO, 2011; Nelson, 2002).
The temperatures of the groundwater samples collected range from 26.5 to 29.3°C. The
lowest temperature observed came from S3 with 26.1 while the highest temperature
recorded came from S8 with 29.3. Since the sampling was performed in the month of
May which is considered as the warmest month in the province of Batangas, the
temperature of the groundwater samples are relatively high.

B.pH
pH
8.7
8.5
8.3
8.1
7.9
7.7
7.5
7.3
7.1
6.9
6.7
6.5
6.3
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11
pH
Lower Limit Red line indicates corrosiveness based on the standard / guideline value
Upper Limit Red line indicates high alkalinity based on the standard / guideline value
Figure 4.3-2
pH Results of Groundwater Samples
Generally, the pH level of drinking water as well as groundwater ranges from 6.5 to 8.5
(WHO, 2011). The pH level indicates whether the water is acidic or alkaline. Water with
pH levels below 6.5 implicate corrosiveness, meaning water can dissolve materials it
comes in contact with. Corrosiveness is problematic to drinking water as it can dissolve
metals from plumbing systems. pH levels above 8.5, on the other hand, indicate high
alkalinity. Though alkaline water does not pose any health threats, they are aesthetically
unsuitable for drinking as they contain more minerals compared to neutral water, leading
to different tastes and smells.
The results on the pH level of groundwater are within the range of PNSDW 2017
guidelines. The lowest measurements for groundwater came from S2 and S3 that both
have a pH of 7.1.

C. Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Conducitivity (mS/cm)

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11
Electrical Conductivity
Figure 4.3-3
Electrical Conductivity Results of the Groundwater Samples
Electrical conductivity (EC) measures the capacity of water to transport electric charge. A
higher EC value means that there is more ions or high salt concentration in water. EC
also provides an indirect measure to the TDS concentration. In general, groundwater
should have a low EC since high EC can mean saltwater intrusion which increases the
salinity in freshwater aquifers. For irrigation purposes, water with EC > 2.25 to 4 mS/cm
is considered problematic for crops with low or medium salt tolerance(Harter, 2003;
UNICEF, 2008).
There is no EC threshold for PNSDW 2017; however, WHO drinking water standards
limit the EC levels to no more than 40 mS/cm.The groundwater samples exhibited low
EC measurements, varying from 0.331 mS/cm in S3 to 0.775 mS/cm in S7. It could be
observed in the location of the stations that EC levels increase as the stations draw
nearer to the sea due to possible salt water intrusion from Batangas Bay.

D. Total Dissolved Solids
TDS (mg/L)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11
TDS
Red line indicates maximum allowable value based on the standard / guideline value
Figure 4.3-4
TDS Results of the Groundwater Samples
WHO (1996) defines TDS as the amount of inorganic salts and organic matter present in
the water. As stated earlier, TDS is correlated to EC. TDS are either positively charged
ions (cations) or negatively charged ions (anions). More anions and cations in water
result to salinity.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established secondary drinking water

guidelines which stated that water with TDS above 500mg/L is not recommended for
human consumption (Harter, 2003). However, for drinking water, the maximum allowable
TDS level recommended by the 2017 PNSDW is 600mg/L.
The concentrations of TDS per station can be correlated to the concentrations of EC.The
lowest amount of TDS measured is 163mg/L in S3 and 382 mg/L in S7, parallel to the
EC results.All samples were able to comply with the PNSDW guidelines and have
positive results with the low TDS measurements.

E. Salinity
Salinity (ppt)
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11
Salinity
Figure 4.3-5
Salinity Results of the Groundwater Samples
Salinity refers to the amount of ions or total dissolved solids (TDS) in water, measured by
electrical conductivity (EC). Based on salinity (ppt), groundwater can be classified into
four (4) types: fresh or water with salinity from 0 to 0.44 ppt; brackish or water with
salinity from 0.44 to 2.75 ppt; saline or water with salinity from 2.75 to 8.25 ppt; and brine
or water with salinity greater than 8.25 ppt. Generally, drinking water should contain less
than 0.2 ppt of salt. Also, groundwater can be a valuable source for irrigation. However,
groundwater with a high salt concentration can alter soil structure and hinder the ability
of plants to absorb water (Goulburn-Murray Water, 2015).
Though there is no standard for salinity specified in the PNSDW 2017.

4.3.2 Surface Water
Calumpang River traverses through two (2) cities and six (6) towns in the province of
Batangas. It has been previously stated that Calumpang River has been identified by the
NWRB as an alternative water source; however, Calumpang River is officially classified
as Class, therefore, it shall be assessed based on this classification.
According the American Geological Institute (2002), groundwater and surface water are
connected in most landscapes; therefore, the two bodies may affect the water quality of
one another. Surface water may recharge the groundwater, groundwater may supply
surface water, or there could be a mixture of both.
The results for the water quality assessment of Calumpang River is presented in Table
4.3-3. R1 is located upstream of the river while R2 is located downstream. On the other
hand, Table 4.3-4 contains the secondarywater quality monitoring data of Calumpang
River for 2017 retrieved from the Batangas Provincial Government Environment and
Natural Resources Officer. The station is located on the Bridge of Promise where it is
less than 2km away from R2.
Table 4.3-3
Water Quality Results for Surface Water
Temp pH EC TDS Salinity

Station No.
°C - mS/cm mg/L ppt
Class C 25-31 6.5-9.0 NS NS NS
R1 32.2 8.1 0.608 298 0.4
R2 33.7 7.9 0.271 206 0.3
Note: *in situ
Table 4.3-4
2017 Water Quality Results for Calumpang River
Fecal Phosphorous Nitrogen
Temp pH Color DO BOD TSS
Coliform as Phosphate as Nitrate
Month
TCU mg/L mg/L mg/L MPN/100 mg/L mg/L
°C - mL
Class 5
25-31 6.5-9.0 75 7 80 200 0.5 7
C (min)
Jan nd 7.98 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Feb nd 7.96 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Mar nd 7.78 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Apr 28 7.90 25 1.67 11 14 540,000 1.660 0.170
May 28 8.01 25 3.63 8 16 35,000 1.110 <0.1
Jun 29 8.06 25 0.4 15 2 350,000 1.250 0.140
Jul 26 7.68 nd 6.8 5 13 280,000 0.552 0.158
Aug nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
Sept 26 7.26 25 4.99 2 11 140,000 <0.054 2.217
Oct 26 7.67 20 0.88 10 3 920,000 0.026 4.04
Nov 26 7.58 20 6.05 5 23 70,000 0.042 0.867
Dec 23 7.26 20 2.41 5 61 54,000 nd 2.312
nd means no data

A. Temperature
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)

35 32
34 31
33 30
32 29
31 28
30 27
29 26
28 25
24
27 23
26 22
25 21
24 20
R1 R2 J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temperature Temperature
Red line indicates the range of maximum and minimum allowable values based on the standard / guideline
Figure 4.3-6 Figure 4.3-7

Temperature Results of 2017 Temperature Results of
Calumpang River Calumpang River
The results for surface water samples revealed to be relatively high and exceeded Class
C guideline of DAO 2016-08 for temperature. Though unlike groundwater located
beneath the surface where temperatures are kept cool, the water from river are exposed
to heat causing the increased temperature levels. It is additionally taken into
consideration that sampling was conducted during the month of May, the warmest month
in Batangas for the year.
As for the 2017 temperature results, readings are within the prescribed range for Class C
waters except for December. This month experiences cool temperatures which affected
the temperature of the surface water as well.

B. pH
pH pH
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
R1 R2 J F M A M J J A S O N D
pH pH
Figure 4.3-8
pH Results of Calumpang River Figure 4.3-9
2017 pH Resultsof Calumpang River
Both stations are within the pH range set for Class C waters. R1 is the more basic
sample with 8.1 compared to the pH of R2 at 7.9. As previously mentioned, R1 is
seemingly more polluted compared to R2 and thus, the contaminants found in the water
could be the reason for the relatively high pH level.
C. Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Conducitivity (mS/cm)

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
R1 R2
Electrical Conductivity
Figure 4.3-10
Electric Conductivity Results of Calumpang River

Generally, freshwater should have low EC levels as they should have low salt
concentration. A rise in EC level could indicate saltwater intrusion into the river.
Additionally, EC is also influenced by temperature. A 2-3% increase would be expected
from EC levels with every increase in temperature by one degree Celsius. According to
the Electrical Conductivity of Water (n.d.), another factor influencing this parameter is
fertilizer as these contain appropriate nutrients for agriculture. There is no Electrical
Conductivity threshold for DAO 2016-08. It is observed that R1 has a higher conductivity
rating compared to R2 with 0.608 and 0.271, respectively.
D. Total Dissolved Solids
TDS (mg/L)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
R1 R2
TDS
Figure 4.3-11
TDS Results of Calumpang River
It has been previously mentioned that TDS is correlated to EC. TDS is also used to
describe the inorganic salts and some amount of organic material in the water. Some
influencing factors of TDS are temperature and contamination from sewage and
industrial wastewater (Ahmed, 2017). There is no TDS guideline value specified in DAO
2016-08.

E. Salinity
Salinity (ppt)
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
R1 R2
Salinity
Figure 4.3-12
Salinity Results of Calumpang River
The DAO 2016-08 does not prescribe any criteria for Salinity. Comparing the stations to
each other, R1 is the saltier of the two possibly due to pesticides and other substances
from agricultural activities and livestock farming.

F. Color
Color (TCU)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Color
Figure 4.3-13
2017 Color Results of Calumpang River
Like odor and taste, color is a physical parameter supplemental in indicating whether or
not water is polluted. Clean waters are usually transparent in color; however, the
absence of color does not indicate the water is safe. According to the California State
Water Resources Control Board (n.d.), there are several factors which influence the color
of water—mainly algae growth and minerals such as iron, manganese, and dissolved
organic matter.
Assessing the colors of the water samples through simple observation, R1 appears
brown in color while R2 appears grayish. Color is measured through True Color Unit
(TCU) and the maximum TCU for Class C waters is set to 75 TCU. Assessing the 2017
results, the water samples conformed with the Class C guidelines.

G. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
DO (mg/L)
8
0
DO
Figure 4.3-14
2017 DO Results of Calumpang River
As stated in the Watershed Protection Plan Development Guidebook written by the

Northeast Georgia Regional Development Center (n.d.), DO concentrations are altered
by temperature, quantity of sediments present, and amount of oxygen consumed and
generated by organisms in the water.
The 2017 DO results showed that Calumpang River has little DO concentrations. The
minimum amount of DO as prescribed in the DAO 016-08 for Class C is 5 mg/L but only
two (2) results, during the months of July and November have complied with this. The
rest have failed to meet such the minimum guideline value. This may be due to a large
number of bacteria consuming the DO in the water.

H. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD (mg/L)
16
14
12
10
0
BOD
Figure 4.3-15
2017 BOD Results of Calumpang River
The Northeast Georgia Regional Development Center (n.d.) stated that BOD is ―a
measure of the amount of oxygen that bacteria will consume while decomposing organic
matter under aerobic conditions.‖ Thus, a higher BOD concentration is an indicator of
high organic pollution.
The results for BOD for 2017 showed that the river has exceeded the standards of 7
mg/L during the months of April, May, June, and October. This may indicate that there is
a relatively high number of bacteria in the water since these bacteria consume DO. It
has, however, complied during July, September, November, and December.

I. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
TSS (mg/L)
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TSS
Figure 4.3-16
2017 TSS Results of Calumpang River
Suspended solids may be introduced to water by runoff from industrial, urban, and
agricultural areas. The testing method of the water includes non-filterable matter as TSS
which produces the amount of suspended-sediment data (Glysson, Gray, & Conge, n.d.).
The maximum allowable limit for Class C waters for TSS is 80 mg/L. TSS levels
measured in Calumpang River conformed with the guideline value set in the Class C
water criteria. The lowest result showed during the month of June at 2 mg/L while the
highest was during December at 61 mg/L.

J. Fecal Coliform
Fecal Coliform (MPN/100 mL)

1000000
900000
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
Fecal Coliform
Figure 4.3-17
2017 Fecal Coliform Results of Calumpang River
According to the Washington State Department of Health (n.d.), coliform bacteria are
organisms present in the environment and come in the form of total coliform, fecal
coliform, and E.coli. It is reported that consuming coliform bacteria will not lead to any
diseases. Nevertheless, their presence may indicate that pathogens, or disease-causing
bacteria, are present in the water system. Fecal coliform is a type of coliform that are
found commonly in feces.
The maximum amount of fecal coliform for Class C waters is 200 Most Probably Number
(MPN)/100 mL. Based on the table, Calumpang River contains high concentrations of
fecal coliform as it has failed to conform with the guideline value by a considerably large
margin. The probable reason for the high fecal coliform content is because of domestic
and livestock wastes from the different residential areas near the river.

K. Phosphate
Phosphorous as Phosphate (mg/L)

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Phosphate
Figure 4.3-18
2017 Phosphates Results of Calumpang River
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Parameters of Water Quality

(2001), Phosphorous is found in many elements in the environment—from plants to
animal wastes. Additionally, it is contained in agricultural and domestic products, such as
fertilizer and detergents, respectively. Phosphorous is significant in the growth of algae
and other plants. High phosphate content in water may induce digestive problems for the
drinkers.
The set criteria in DAO 2016-08 for phosphate is 0.5mg/L. Assessing the garnered
results, Calumpang River has failed to meet the guidelines during the months of April,
May, June, and July. It has, however, passed for the months of September, October, and
November.

L. Nitrate
Nitrogen as Nitrate (mg/L)

8
0
Nitrate
Figure 4.3-19
2017 Nitrate Results of Calumpang River
The EPA (2001) states that nitrate in water mostly comes from organic and inorganic
sources and little from mineral origin. High nitrate levels are considered hazardous to
infants that ultimately lead to methaemoglobinaemia or the ―blue baby‖ syndrome after a
considerable amount of nitrate-infused water.
The maximum allowable limit for Class C for Nitrogen as Nitrate is 7 mg/L. However, the
river shows that it yields little concentration of nitrogen and has thus complied with the
standard.
4.3.3 Summary of Analysis
Groundwater samples from 11 stations in the Province of Batangas meet the PNSDW
2017 in terms of pH and TDS, however, further testing of significant parameters as
specified in the PNDSW 2017 shall be conducted to ensure that groundwater quality is
safe for the protection of public health.
On the other hand, based on the baseline sampling and previous monitoring results of
Calumpang River, the river does not meet the water quality criteria of its official
classification which is Class C set in the DAO 2016-08. Dissolved oxygen levels were
relatively low which can be attributed to high demand for oxygen by decomposing
bacteria as evident by high BOD levels. This condition suggests that Calumpang River
has high organic matter potentially sourced from industrial, commercial, agricultural and
residential wastes discharging directly into the river. Bacterial contamination is also
elevated as evident by high levels of fecal coliform across the months of 2017.

Phosphate levels exceeds threshold limit which suggests contamination from
agricultural wastes.
Further monitoring of significant parameters as specified in the DAO 2016-08 shall be

conducted to monitor the quality of Calumpang River. Since Calumpang River is reported
to have damaged health due to surrounding domestic activities, illegal logging, livestock
raising, and more, it is best recommended that Calumpang River Watershed be
strategically protected and managed if it shall be used as a potential water supply.
Efficient and effective water treatment shall be done to ensure protection of public health.

CHAPTER 5
GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK AND DESIGN
Groundwater monitoring network is designed in order to observe changes in the
groundwater conditions. These conditions include groundwater level, water quality, and
its trends. Also, the seasonal changes or patterns can be established as baseline for
future reference. This is important since majority of the water supply is sourced from
groundwater as operated by water districts, waterworks, and private water suppliers.
In the design of groundwater monitoring, the following notable groundwater issues and
concerns as well as major findings of the study. The groundwater table or surface
gradient showed low and high gradients across the study area. This is a result of
randomly scattered extractions as well as natural geological formations. Also, the water
quality showed highly possible salt water intrusions since the salinity, total dissolved
solids, and electrical conductivity provided highly correlated values and consistent
patterns across the areas near the coastal zones. In facilitating priorities in proposing
observation wells, the relative population density and highly clustered industrial and
commercial areas were considered for monitoring. In order to accommodate realistic
locations of the groundwater monitoring network, the options favored publicly owned
lands such as schools and barangay halls so that construction and permitting would
have less risks of resistances, delays, and ownership issues.
Given the complex subsurface as well as geological conditions of the study area, there
are significant limitations in terms of locations for monitoring wells. Two monitoring wells
were nominated for construction: specifically within the area of Lipa City and in the
municipality of Ibaan. Details as to why these areas have been chosen will be discussed
in the preceding sections.
5.1 Proposed Wells
5.1.1 Lipa City
A single well is proposed for groundwater monitoring for Lipa City. The nominated
location is within the Barangay of Pag-Ulingan West, at the side of an unnamed road, as
this is identified as part of one of the two aquifer systems in the river basin, of which may
be treated as the minor aquifer system. The aquifer beneath is a fined-grain sequence
consisting mostly of alluvium, tuffaceous sandstone and tuff. The nominated drilling
depth is at 150 meters below surface to access most of the shallow and deeper,
productive aquifers. The specifications for the said well are as follows:
Total Depth = 150 m

Borehole Diameter = 300 mm
Pump Chamber = 150 mm
Casing Diameter = 150 mm
Gravel Packing = 18 m to bottom
Sanitary Grout = 0 – 15 m
Intake Structure = Screens
5.1.2 Municipality of Ibaan
For the main aquifer region of the river basin, the proposed well for groundwater
monitoring is located at Barangay Bungahan, Ibaan. The location is at the side of the
road. Its subsurface consists mostly of a tuffaceous sedimentary sequence. Furthermore,
it shows a relatively moderate dip of the near-the-surface alluvium consisting of clay, silt

and sand with considerable gravel and boulder fragments and
pyroclastic flow materials (clayey/silty tuff).The nominated drilling depth is at 200 meters
below surface to access most of the shallow and deeper, productive aquifers. The
specifications for the said well are as follows:
Total Depth = 200 m

Borehole Diameter = 300 mm
Pump Chamber = 150 mm
Casing Diameter = 150 mm
Gravel Packing = 18 m to bottom
Sanitary Grout = 0 – 15 m
Intake Structure = Screens
5.2 Well Design
The proposed detailed designfor each of the two monitoring wells is presented in
Figures 5.1 – 1 to 2 while their corresponding cost estimate is presented in Table 5.1 –
1 to 2. All wells are required to conform to ASTM and other acceptable standards of
construction, and designed for quick deployment and demobilization of environmental
monitoring equipment, including portable submersible pumps during constant drawdown
and step-down pumping tests. Options for the installation of passive instruments such as
water level sensors, pH and temperature sensors attached to a data logger unit can be
considered to maximize information collection from the wells. Security of the exposed
section of monitoring wells to the surface must also be considered to avoid pilferage or
tampering of the well heads and instruments. In addition, a sufficient work area
surrounding the monitoring well should be available for equipment staging and
mobilization. A provision for drainage to handle and dispose groundwater discharge
during well tests need to be incorporated in the integrated design. It is also proposed that
the monitoring wells are housed in a secured facility or compound with sufficient footprint
for staging and pumped water disposal facilities, of which the minimum prescribed area
is 3x3 meters or greater.

Figure 5.1 - 1
Proposed Design of the Monitoring Well at Site A
Figure 5.1 - 2

Proposed Design of the Monitoring Well at Site B
Table 5.1 – 1 Detailed Unit Price Analysis for Well at Site A

A.1 Designation No. of Person/s No. of Hour/s Hourly Rate Amount (Php)
LABOR
Foreman 1 80 108.77 8,701.60
Skilled Labor 5 80 79.17 31,668.00
Unskilled Labor 6 80 61.03 29,294.40
Fabrication of blank casing wire wound
screen
Skilled Labor 5 40 79.17 15,834.00
Unskilled Labor 8 40 61.03 19,529.60
Sub - Total for A.1 105,027.60

B.1 Name and Capacity No. of Unit/s No. of Hour/s Hourly Rate Amount (Php)
EQUIPMENT
Drilling Rig 1 80 12,637.00 1,010,960.00
Crawler Crane 25t 1 80 1,384.00 110,720.00
Dump Truck (9.18-11.47 m3; 290 HP) 1 40 1,352.00 54,080.00
Wheel Loader 1 40 1,966.00 78,640.00
Generator Sets (301-350KW) 1 80 758.77 60,701.60
Bentonite Bin 1 80 280 22,400.00
Bentonite Mixer 1 80 173 13,840.00
Water Pump 1 80 123.38 9,870.40
Water Truck (1000 gal.) 1 80 1,065.00 85,200.00
Concrete Mixer (1 Bagger) 1 20 172 3,440.00
Cargo Truck 5t 1 20 781 15,620.00
Welding Machine 1 40 391 15,640.00
Cutting Outfit 1 40 45.45 1,818.00
Tremie Pipe Set 1 80 320 25,600.00
SPT & Desanding Machine 1 80 559 44,720.00
Portable Breaker 1 40 84.13 3,365.20
Air Compressor, Portable 1 40 417 16,680.00
Lighting System/Tower Lights 1 40 515.85 20,634.00
Minor Tools (10% of Labor) 10,502.76
Sub - Total for B.1 1,604,431.96

C.1 Total (A.1 + B.1) 1,709,459.56
D.1 Output per day 1
E.1 Direct Unit Cost (C.1 ÷ D.1) 1,709,459.56
F.1 Name and Specification Unit Quantity Unit Cost Amount (Php)
MATERIALS
Gravel 1/2 CUM 0.795 1,200.00 954
Sand CUM 0.477 850 405.45
Cement BAG 8 250 2,000.00
Clay CUM 0.159 600 95.4
Gravel Packed CUM 9.657 1,200.00 11,588.40
150mm dia. Blank Casing Pipe LM 160 3,800.00 608,000.00
150mm dia. Wire-wound screen pipe LM 40 5,130.00 205,200.00
Steel Plate Cover, 150mm dia. SET 1 1,500.000 1,500.00
Oxygen / Acetylene (1 set/5000 kg. of Steel) CYL. 1 2,500.00 2,500.00
WELDING ROD KG 15 105 1,575.00
Misc. (3% of Materials, Bentonite and etc.) 25,014.55
Mobilization and Demobilization (1% of Direct LS 1 25,682.92

Cost)
Temporary Facilities (3% of Direct Cost) LS 1 77,048.77
Sub - Total for F.1 961,564.49

G.1 Direct Unit Cost (E.1 + F.1) 2,671,024.05
H.1 Overhead, Contingencies & Miscellaneous (OCM) 12% of G.1 320,522.88

L.1 Contractor's Profit (CP) 10% of G.1 267,102.41
J.1 Value Added Tax (VAT) 12% of (G.1 + H.1 + L.1) 391,037.92
K.1 Total Unit Cost (G.1 + H.1 + L.1 + J.1) 3,649,687.26

Table 5.1 – 2 Detailed Unit Price Analysis for Well at Site B
A.1 Designation No. of No. of Hour/s Hourly Rate Amount (Php)

Person/s
LABOR
Foreman 1 60 108.77 6,526.20
Skilled Labor 5 60 79.17 23,751.00
Unskilled Labor 6 60 61.03 21,970.80
Fabrication of blank casing wire wound screen
Skilled Labor 5 30 79.17 11,875.50
Unskilled Labor 8 30 61.03 14,647.20
Sub - Total for A.1 78,770.70

B.1 Name and Capacity No. of Unit/s No. of Hour/s Hourly Rate Amount (Php)
EQUIPMENT
Drilling Rig 1 60 12,637.00 758,220.00
Crawler Crane 25t 1 60 1,384.00 83,040.00
Dump Truck (9.18-11.47 m3; 290 HP) 1 30 1,352.00 40,560.00
Wheel Loader 1 30 1,966.00 58,980.00
Generator Sets (301-350KW) 1 60 758.77 45,526.20
Bentonite Bin 1 60 280 16,800.00
Bentonite Mixer 1 60 173 10,380.00
Water Pump 1 60 123.38 7,402.80
Water Truck (1000 gal.) 1 60 1,065.00 63,900.00
Concrete Mixer (1 Bagger) 1 15 172 2,580.00
Cargo Truck 5t 1 15 781 11,715.00
Welding Machine 1 30 391 11,730.00
Cutting Outfit 1 30 45.45 1,363.50
Tremie Pipe Set 1 60 320 19,200.00
SPT & Desanding Machine 1 60 559 33,540.00
Portable Breaker 1 30 84.13 2,523.90
Air Compressor, Portable 1 30 417 12,510.00
Lighting System/Tower Lights 1 30 515.85 15,475.50
Minor Tools (10% of Labor) 7,877.07
Sub - Total for B.1 1,203,323.97

C.1 Total (A.1 + B.1) 1,282,094.67
D.1 Output per day 1
E.1 Direct Unit Cost (C.1 ÷ D.1) 1,282,094.67
F.1 Name and Specification Unit Quantity Unit Cost Amount (Php)
MATERIALS
Gravel 1/2 CUM 0.795 1,200.00 954
Sand CUM 0.477 850 405.45
Cement BAG 8 250 2,000.00
Clay CUM 0.159 600 95.4
Gravel Packed CUM 7.007 1,200.00 8,408.40
150mm dia. Blank Casing Pipe LM 110 3,800.00 418,000.00
150mm dia. Wire-wound screen pipe LM 40 5,130.00 205,200.00
Steel Plate Cover, 150mm dia. SET 1 1,500.000 1,500.00
Oxygen / Acetylene (1 set/5000 kg. of Steel) CYL. 1 2,500.00 2,500.00
WELDING ROD KG 10 105 1,050.00
Misc. (3% of Materials, Bentonite and etc.) 19,203.40
Mobilization and Demobilization (1% of Direct LS 1 19,414.11
Cost)
Temporary Facilities (3% of Direct Cost) LS 1 58,242.34

Sub - Total for F.1 736,973.10

G.1 Direct Unit Cost (E.1 + F.1) 2,019,067.77
H.1 Overhead, Contingencies & Miscellaneous (OCM) 12% of G.1 242,288.13
L.1 Contractor's Profit (CP) 10% of G.1 201,906.78
J.1 Value Added Tax (VAT) 12% of (G.1 + H.1 + L.1) 295,591.52
K.1 Total Unit Cost (G.1 + H.1 + L.1 + J.1) 2,758,854.20

5.3 PROPOSED MONITORING NETWORK
5.3.1 SURFACE WATER MONITORING
There is no stream gaging station existing in the study area at present or have existed in
the past. Within the basins covering the study area however, San Juan River hasa non-
recording station previously installed and operated by DPWH. Nonetheless, this station
is located further downstream of the river system, eventually draining to Laguna Lake,
which is already considerably far from the study area. Moreover, the station has a wide
data gap.
None of the river basins of the project area were able to meet the criteria, based on the
WMO standards on the minimum density of hydrometric stationsconsidering the
topographic region and the drainage area of each basin, only one hydrometric station will
be required for each of the four basins in the study area. However, after careful
investigation, one site for Calumpang River Basin (covering Batangas City and
surrounding areas) and one site for San Juan River Basin (for the municipality of Sto.
Tomas) has been nominated. Hence, new gaging stations to be installed in the said
locations are recommended. Figure 5.1-1 shows the location of the two proposed
stream gaging monitoring stations.

Figure 5.1-1
Proposed Stream Gaging Station

For Calumpang River, the proposed location of the stream gaging station is
approximately located at the bridge of Gov‘t Antonio Carpio Road as shown in Fig. 5.1-2
For San Juan River, the proposed location of the stream gaging station is at the property
of Filinvest as shown in Fig 5.1-3.
Figure 5.1-2
Proposed Stream Gaging Station at Calumpang River
Figure 5.1-3
Proposed Stream Gaging Station at San Juan River

Table 5.1-1 shows the list and the location of the stream gaging stations proposed for
installation for each basin within the study area.
Table 5.1-1
List of Proposed Stream Gaging Stations for the Study Area
Coordinates
Station/Basin Location Recommendation
Latitude Longitude
Calumpang
Batangas City 13.7651 121.0731 New Station
River
San Juan River Sto. Tomas 14.0783 121.1585 New Station

5.4 GROUNDWATER MONITORING
The high density of residential and commercial development activities within Batangas
City, Lipa City and Sto. Tomas as well as its nearby areas (which have a high potential
for future development) makes the groundwater aquifers increasingly vulnerable to
pollution. This is aggravated by the limited, if not the absence of sufficient water
treatment facilities to handle wastewater prior to discharge into the open environment.
This emphasizes the importance of monitoring of groundwater level and quality to protect
the remaining productive and pristine aquifers from possible contamination and depletion
as early as possible. The schools and universities within the study area are primary
choices for the locations of the proposed monitoring wells to minimize the costs for
additional land acquisition. The criteria from the previous sections (Chapter 2, section
2.2) as adapted provides more focus on the following criteria and/or wells with
information on:
1. For water level monitoring:
(a) Wells with known coordinates and locations;

(b) Existing non-operational wells with known depth and minor design;
(c) Distances among wells to be observed should be a minimum of 500 meters;
(d) Access opening for the measuring device of the water level indicator is
sufficient in size and available for the probes to get in; and
(e) Wells may be available for long-term observation of water levels.
2. Water Quality Monitoring:
(a) Wells are operational;

(b) The construction details and depths of wells are known;
(c) Location of wells are known and plotted on maps with coordinates; and
(d) Wells are available for long-term observations and/or in-situ tests.
To reduce the cost of building new monitoring wells for the study area aside from the two
nominated new wells, existing wells which are not used for production with nominal
groundwater levels and are located near the proposed sites for monitoring wells may
also be used. On the other hand, production wells near the proposed sites for the
monitoring network may also be utilized for the water quality monitoring. Upon the
evaluation of the study area, the following locations (Table 5.4-1) were identified as the
proposed monitoring well locations. Depending on agreements between the NWRB and
owners of these wells, these can be adapted and subject for rehabilitation and upgrade,
which is considered to be more financially practical than developing new wells on top of
the two nominated wells and their locations, given the increase in risk of encountering a
―dry well‖ due to the complexity of the aquifer regions based on the results of the
groundwater modelling study. Cost savings can be utilized to acquire equipment that can
collect, compile and provide better information for future assessments.

Table 5.4-1
Groundwater Monitoring Station Location
Station
Site ID Location Latitude Longitude Purpose Remarks
Type
0 Batangas State University Main Campus II Well #1 GW 13.78 121.07 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Existing Well
1 Batangas State University Main Campus I Well #1 GW 13.75 121.05 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Existing Well
2 Bungahan Elementary School GW 13.81 121.14 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
3 Coliat Elementary School GW 13.81 121.13 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
4 Sto. Niño Elementary School GW 13.82 121.14 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
5 Labac Elementary School GW 13.90 121.06 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
6 Anilao Elementary School GW 13.89 121.19 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
7 Anilao National High School GW 13.90 121.16 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
8 Lipa City National High School GW 13.94 121.16 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
9 Lodlod National High School GW 13.93 121.15 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
10 Bolbok National High School GW 13.92 121.15 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
11 Tugtug Elementary School GW 13.80 121.09 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
12 San Pedro National High School GW 14.09 121.19 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
13 San Jose Elementary School GW 14.08 121.21 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
14 Sta Cruz Elementary School GW 13.99 121.22 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
15 MLWD Well #1 GW 13.93 121.15 Groundwater Monitoring Site (Water Quality) Existing Well
16 MLWD Well #2 GW 13.98 121.17 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Existing Well
17 MLWD Well #3 GW 13.93 121.20 Groundwater Monitoring Site (Water Quality) Existing Well
18 MLWD Well #4 GW 13.90 121.08 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Existing Well
19 BCWD Well #1 GW 13.80 121.07 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Existing Well
20 BCWD Well #2 GW 13.75 121.08 Groundwater Monitoring Site (Water Quality) Existing Well
21 BCWD Well #3 GW 13.77 121.05 Groundwater Monitoring Site (Water Quality) Existing Well
22 BCWD Well #4 GW 13.78 121.05 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Existing Well
23 Sto. Tomas Waterworks Well #1 GW 14.11 121.14 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Existing Well
24 Sto. Tomas Waterworks Well #2 GW 14.11 121.14 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Existing Well
25 Tabangao Elementary School GW 13.71 121.06 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
26 Pinamukan Elementary School GW 13.70 121.05 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
27 Simlong Elementary School GW 13.67 121.05 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
28 Mabacong Elementary School GW 13.65 121.05 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
29 Pagkilatan Elementary School GW 13.64 121.05 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
30 Bayanan National High School GW 13.81 121.03 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well
31 Francisco G. Perez Memorial National High School GW 13.82 121.05 Groundwater/ Spring Monitoring Site (Water Quality, Water Quantity) Proposed New Well

The aforementioned monitoring well locations were strategically placed to monitor

possible contaminants as well as possible over-extraction in the densely-populated
areas. The location map of the proposed groundwater monitoring network design is
shown in Figure 5.2-1.Figure 5.2-2 shows which of the wells are already installed and
which wells are newly proposed.
Wells were proposed at Ibaan due to its proximity to the possible underlying main
aquifer, based on the conducted georesistivity survey. Emphasis is also exerted on
wells, both existing and proposed, located along the shoreline of Batangas City, as
shown in Figure 5.2-3. These wells signify the possible salt water intrusion on the
affected area. Moreover, wells are also proposed to be installed at the southern part of
Batangas City, where the well fields of large corporations are located.

Figure 5.2-1
Groundwater Monitoring Design Network

Figure 5.2-2
Proposed and Existing Wells

Figure 5.2-3
Location of Wells for Salt Water Intrusion

CHAPTER 6
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1 MANAGEMENT PLAN PRINCIPLES
The Groundwater Management Plan (GMP) management tool was based on water
related issues on groundwater. The plan is intended for the alignment of sustainability
and development efforts in Batangas City and its surrounding areas. The entire plan is
based on the provided data and information from the stakeholders and results of the
study. The results comprehensively included groundwater levels, water quality,
contamination vulnerability, and saltwater intrusions. The dependence of Batangas to
groundwater is a prime factor that important steps and urgent actions for the
groundwater protection be implemented across levels in local governance and
assistance from national government. The guiding principles are anchored to these
items: groundwater issues, raised stakeholder concerns, and guided maps as basis for
management, resolution, and interventions.
Figure 6.1-1
Organization of Plan Elements of GMP
Goal: The effective and equitable management of

the groundwater resources in Batangas and

surrounding areas
Objectives: 1. Identify the overall goal and key issues in

the groundwater of Batangas
2. Address the key issues raised in the
study and consultations
3. Provide activities as guides for NWRB
and partner agencies in resolving the
issues
Components:  Groundwater Protection
 Sustainability Development
 Disaster Risk Management
 Institutional Organizations
6.2 SPECIFIC ISSUES
During the study period and stakeholder consultations, there are particular issues that
was captured. The conducted consultations provided an opportunity to ask questions
and be responded in a technical or management level of concern. The following were the
issues that are specifically listed for Batangas City and Surrounding Areas.
 Conflicting policies on water permit application.
Water Districts pointed out that there is a conflict whether permit application is
free or not. In particular, the Metro Lipa Water District raised the question during
the consultation meeting. The confusion in the perspective of the water supply
utility remained but the national government clarified the issues. However, the
confusion somehow hampered development efforts. Therefore, specific resolution
or action is strongly requested for both parties to agree on clarity on the matter.
 Lack of strong resolution in the implementation of existing strategies and policies

on groundwater management.
There are no specific and consistent groundwater policies across the study
areas: Sto. Tomas, Lipa, Batangas Citry, San Pascual, San Jose, and Ibaan. It is
highly suggested that each would be consulting each other to review at least their
planned efforts and local strategies.
 Lack of hydrological and hydrogeological data.
A detailed hydrogeological data is only available for Batangas City. The

surrounding areas are encouraged to consider similar movement so that
underground information related to movement og groundwater and its changes
are technically understandable of utmost accuracy.
 Highly Possible intrusion of salt water on coastal areas (Batangas City)
It was reported that there are groundwater sources or wells near the coastal
areas of Batangas Bay that has the presence of saltwater. The information is
verified through water quality tests and a number of wells have abandoned
already. Also, independent tests showed parallel results in terms of salinity, total
dissolved solids, and electric conductivity.
 A number of unaccounted groundwater extraction

This is not exactly verified in terms of accurate numbers but statements showed
that it is highly evident. Local residents also mentioned these and so increase of
presence of the national government into regional and local level is highly
suggested.
 Lack of up to date technologies for better monitoring and understanding of

groundwater utilization in the area.
Measured baseline information have not been made for Batangas. This study can
provide current condition in terms on water level and quality. However, the
resolution or number of locations where primary data was derived is limited in
number. A more extensive number of points is highly encouraged.
 Effect of climate change
The effect of climate change is not yet established especially on groundwater

behavior response to changes in climate variables such as rainfall and
temperature. The study had provided indications and can serve as basis for
groundwater management plans.
 Possible degradation of ground water quality
The water quality is important in the protection of groundwater sources. Aside

from saltwater intrusion, contamination is always a risk possible to happen.
Therefore a risk management plan is strongly suggested to become a major
element in all land use plan of the cities and municipalities.

6.3 MANAGEMENT PLAN COMPONENTS AND ACTIONS
In order to attain the overall goal and specific objectives of the management plan,
corresponding components and action items were made. The components of the
management plan includes the following major items:
 Groundwater Protection
 Sustainability Development
 Disaster Risk Management
 Institutional Organizations
Each of the components and actions are discussed accordingly.
6.3.1 GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
The protection of groundwater is implemented to measure both level of quantity and

quality. In addition, groundwater structures is also important to have strict policies and
guidelines since its construction and operation affects the entire spectrum of
groundwater as a source and not contained is a particular locality.
The following are general guides on how groundwater is protected on these aspects
such as:
 Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring

 Water Quality Protection & Monitoring
 Well Construction and Abandonment
 WellheadProtection
6.3.1.1 Groundwater Monitoring
Monitoring of groundwater is critical so that changes in the amount and even patterns of
changes are studied carefully. In this case, there is a basis upon which reports are
correctly reliable and accurately sourced. It is suggested to provide the following
monitoring stations for groundwater monitoring activities as shown in Figure 5.2-1.
6.3.1.2 Water Quality Protection & Monitoring
Water quality is also best monitored for groundwater resources. In particular, salinity was
identified a major indicator of saline water intrusion. For this reason, Figure 5.2-2 shows
the similar proposed location of groundwater monitoring stations. A number of proposed
wells were added for the sole purpose of tracking water quality dedicated to saltwater
intrusion possibilities in the coastal areas of Batangas City and San Pascual.

a.) Well Construction and Abandonment

A groundwater well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging,
driving, and or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. It is usually
extracted through a pump or deeper wells can be excavated by machine drilling. In
particular, deeper wells are recommended for exploration in Lipa City, Batangas. As
shown in Figure cccc, the possible aquifer or deep aquifer as identified in the resistivity
survey is in Lipa City. Its recharge zone possibly comes from the upper slopes and
headwaters in Mount Malarayat. The well location is identified by a hydrogeologist or any
groundwater specialist. But, possible contaminants from the surface can easily reach
shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogenic or chemical substances
needs to be avoided. These contaminations are highly possible during construction or
even on abandoned or non-operating wells.In order to avoid such possible
contamination, the following guidelines are recommended:
 Provision of a manhole-type structure as housing for the whole facility below the
ground surface and properly marked above ground.
 Allowance for sufficient work area surrounding the monitoring well during
equipment staging and mobilization.
 Installation of drainage system to handle and dispose groundwater discharge

during well tests that are integrated to the well design.
 If space allows, monitoring wells to be housed in a secured facility or compound

with sufficient footprint for staging and pumped water disposal facilities, of which
the minimum prescribed area is 3m by 3m or bigger.
 Plugging of all abandoned and non-operational wells for effective sealing.

Unsealed or improperly sealed wells may pose public health and safety issues on
the quality of groundwater. Such unsealed wells may serve as entry point of
contaminant into the aquifer zones.
b.) Wellhead Protection
Protection of the wellhead involves area security surrounding the water supply wells
against possible contamination.Proper land use planning and zoning are essential for
protecting critical recharge areas. With steady increase of development in Batangas,
non-regulatory, provincial/local source water protection plans are critical in protecting
aquifers and critical sources of groundwater. It also improves the chances of protecting
future sources of water supply as well.

Figure 6.3-1
Deeper water levels in Lipa City based on interpolated water depth

Figure 6.3-2
Deeper water levels in Lipa City based on resistivity survey
6.3.2 SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT
The third component which is sustainability management is best practiced through land
use planning. This is possible across batangas City and surrounding areas through these
measures and actions:
• The plans between Local Government Units relative to reduce risks of

groundwater contamination are coordinated and interconnected
• Emphasis on water in Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) is inclusive across

several sub-components of the plan.
6.3.3 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
The major disaster in the protection of groundwater sources is possible contamination. In

this project, the vulnerability map on groundwater contamination was made based on
DRASTIC method. The specific location of high, moderate, and low risk areas for each
municipality or city are shown in the succeeding figures. The boundaries used in the
maps were based on barangay delineations and territories.

Figure 6.3-3
Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in Batangas City

Figure 6.3-4
Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in Ibaan

Figure 6.3-6
Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in Lipa City

Figure 6.3-7
Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in San Jose

Figure 6.3-7
Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in San Pascual

Figure 6.3-8
Vulnerable areas for groundwater contamination in Sto. Tomas

The developed vulnerability maps on possible groundwater contamination is useful for

land use planning and disaster risk management. The contamination of groundwater
may be caused by untreated domestic and industrial wastewater or even floodwater.
In the review of existing and future land use plan, the following items or structures can
have brand new or revised guidelines:
 Provision of commercial business permits

 Land use zoning reclassification
 Relocation of industries
 Regulation of commercial fertilizers
 Restriction on hospital location and waste generation and handling
 Identification of solid waste and landfill locations
 Control of toxic industrial emissions and disposals
 Location of diesel and gasoline stations
 Location of communal septic tank
 Location of animal wastes sources: poultry and piggeries
 Location of cemeteries or memorial gardens
6.3.4 INSTITUTIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
The development towards full empowerment of institutions and organizations rely mainly
on active partnership and trainings. Coordinated partnerships could include deputizing
the Local Government Units (LGUs) or other related agencies to perform monitoring
groundwater extraction and review of water application permits. In addition, involvement
of Water Districts to perform monitoring and data collection for NWRB. Moreover,
capacity building or training can include implementation of the recommended plans and
programs that address the issues resulting from this groundwater study. Further,
activities are encouraged to be sustained so that future database system can provide
baseline assessment of groundwater.
6.3.5 ACTION PLANS
There are several measures that have been identified in groundwater management plan
for Batangas City and its surrounding areas. The major themes are groundwater
protection, sustainability development, disaster risk management, and institutional
organizations. In order to realize such prevailing themes or areas of concerns, measures
were outlined with corresponding actions and outputs. Table 6.3 – 1 shows the identified
action plans with recommended timeline on its implementation.
Table 6.3 – 1 Identified action plans in groundwater management plan
Measures Actions Outputs Timeline

Propose low, medium, and
Inclusion of groundwater high risk areas to the local
government units and
vulnerability risks into the affiliated agencies Revision of land use or
1
comprehensive land use zoning classification 2020
plans and zoning system or maps
Information and education
campaigns in LGUs and
Barangays

Arrange lease or
acquisition plans on
identified proposed
Installation of monitoring sites. Installed and operating
2 groundwater monitoring Sign memorandum of groundwater 2020-2021
stations agreement with local monitoring stations
government units or
schools, or any
government entities
Extraction of daily
groundwater levels
Comprehensive study of
groundwater level and Completion of
3 Analysis of weekly average 2022-2023
flows in Batangas City groundwater study
and Surrounding Areas of water level
Analysis of monthly
maxima and minima for
trend analysis
Implementation of
regulated groundwater
Demand-side regulation of
Regulation of use to water utilities
water supply
groundwater extraction and other major water
4 for protection and users 2022-2023
conservation of water Implementation of
resources recommended measures Revision of water tariff
from the study of if necessary
groundwater
Use of detailed site

Audited water use of
investigations for problem 2022-2023
Control of saltwater major users
areas
5 intrusion in Batangas City
and San Pascual Regular monitoring of
Coastline protection
groundwater withdrawal, 2023-2024
drive
water level and quality
Intensify local regulations Checklisted
patterned from Water Roadshow presentations to regulations aligned
6 2023-2028
Code and Clean Water local government units with existing laws and
Act regulations
Capacity building
programs for staff practical training on Seminars, on-site
7 engaged with groundwater use, training, and 2021 onwards
groundwater monitoring processes, and structures workshops
activities
Construction of
Installation of artificial
artificial recharge
Mobilization of recharge systems
structures or wells
groundwater protection
8 2024 onwards
and sustainability Intensified
programs Delineation of recharge groundwater protection
zone protection schemes on existing recharge
zones
Provision of incentives
Incentives or tariff
from government to use
Promotion and reductions on
rainwater harvesting
9 construction of rainwater consumers with 2021 onwards
harvesting facilities rainwater harvesting
Practice of sustainable structures
drainage systems
Development of Inclusion of climate Operation of IWRM
10 integrated water resilience action to the across all affiliated 2024-2028
resources management water safety plans sectors

system
Integration of multisectoral
water use database and
accounting

CHAPTER 7
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APPENDIX A
st
1 Stakeholders’ Consultation Meeting
Hotel Corona de Lipa
Lipa City
April 6, 2018
Draft Final Report A-1

1. Attendance
A total of forty (40) participants from different agencies in Batangas, both private and
government, attended the stakeholders‘ meeting.
2. Highlights
Program Proper
 The 1st Stakeholders‘ Consultation Meeting was formally started by Engr. John
Carlo P. Lastimoza, of Woodfields Consultants, Inc., with an opening prayer;
 The Welcome Remarks were given by Dr. Sevillo D. David, Jr. CESO III,
Executive Director of the National Water Resources Board;
 The participants introduced themselves and the respective company / agency
they represent;
 Engr. Susan P. Abaño, Head of the Water Resources Assessment Section of the
National Water Resources Board presented the Project Background and
Overview;
 The presentation of Study Area and General Approach was led by Engr. Melvin
B. Solomon, Senior Hydrologist of Woodfields Consultants Inc.;
 Engr. Melvin Solomon also presented the Hydrology and Water Balance;
 After the abovementioned presentation, open forum followed and was facilitated
by NWRB and WCI;
 After the lunch break, Water Quality and Environmental Impact was presented by
Mrs. Malou C. Ronquillo, Environmental Specialist of Woodfields Consultants Inc;
 Dr. David Caloza, one of the consultants for the project under Woodfields
Consultants Inc., presented the Groundwater Modeling Software;
 Open forum followed and facilitated by NWRB and WCI;
 Wrap up meeting proceeded after the open forum.
 Closing remarks were delivered by Dr. Sevillo D. David, Jr. CESO III, Executive
Director of the National Water Resources Board;
Open Forum
ISSUES/COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS RESPONSE
Luis Rongavilla – NWRB Melvin B. Solomon – WCI
1. First of all, the title of our project is 1. It started from the document that
Batangas City GMP and came from NWRB itself. Whether it
surrounding areas. I am curious is outside of the main river basin,
about the map because I noticed we have to study it. It is included in
that Sto. Tomas Basin is separate. the contract.
If we look at it, Calumpang River is
in Batangas City and also in Lipa. 2. But it was included in the TOR.
Why is Sto. Tomas included?
3. Hopefully, from the gathered data,
2. But it is not covered by Calumpang that would captured by the study.
River Basin
4. San Juan River. Its main river is

3. In the note, maybe we should located at Calamba.

change the title. Though this is
better since we can cover a larger Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
area for the project. 2nd (next)
question, we will be using 1. We are still in the starting phase.
DRASTIC for the Vulnerability Your suggestions will be
Assessment, right? I suggest we considered. We included Sto.
also include the invetory of STPs. Tomas because they have a lot of
This would be a big addition, so issues too.
that we can model the Vulnerability
better. That is, if STPs exist.Lastly,
I would suggest to include
economic activities in the projection
of water demand.
4. What is the name of the river in Sto.

Tomas
Jose Roberto M. Maranan – BCWD Melvin B. Solomon – WCI
1. Are the municipalities of Taysan, 1. They are inside the river basin, but
Rosario also included in the study? in the initial cities/municipalities
included in the TOR, they were not
included. Ibaan was added
because the entire municipality is
covered by the river basin.
Dr. Sevillo D. David Jr. – Executive

Director of NWRB
This is the 1st stakeholders' meeting, we

are giving an overview on how to proceed
on the project and we wanted this, the
GMP to be our plan, not just NWRB. The
stakeholders' meeting is conducted to
show you (the stakeholders) what we want
to do to the project and to ask what else do
you want to see on the preparation of the
GMP. We are hopeful that we will get the
data we need from your respective offices
particularly water related data that can be
used to generate the plan.
Let us work together on this because in

terms of policy, NWRB regulates it, be it
management, or if it will be put to national
level, NWRB can recommend it to NEDA.
That's how important your input is.
The project will provide us a chance for

some of us or those interested to be
capacitated on how do we analyze the data
so that if you have the data, you will be
knowledgeable on how to use it and also to

ensure that the data you provide is

consistent to how it would be interpreted.
That is why we encourage everybody to
join particularly in the utilization and
analysis. Later on when the policies or
recommendations come out , be it NWRB
,we are expecting at your own level,
particularly LGU, we can also work
together to come up with an appropriate
policy done at the local level, not just in
NWRB.
If we want to clarify (about the project), we

can clarify it here.
Maria Emmanuela Lacorte – City ENRO Melvin B. Solomon – WCI
Lipa
1. Tama po. Since you mentioned the
1. We have (attended) many meetings study, what is the title of the study?
already (on studies similar to this), I We are interested to read that.
don't know if this is just for
Batangas City. Because PG ENRO Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
also conducted a study and the
municipalities included in that study 1. Do you have the report? Review of
were San Jose, Rosario, Padre existing studies like that are
Garcia, Lipa City (us) on top. Alam included in our data gathering.
nyo napakaganda po ng project na Thank you very much po.
ito lalo sa amin sa Lipa kasi kami
po yung, kung hindi ako
nagkakamali, pinakamataas sa
Batangas Province (ang Lipa). We
have four (4) watershed areas, San
Juan River, Taal Lake, kung saan
saan nag de-drain.We had a Lipa
City Headwaters Council before
which conducted a study wherein
they said there will be water
shortage already by 2020. It is very
near na, 2018 na ngayon. Naishare
ko lang po na yung mga cities,
municipalities covering or draining
to Calumpang River from Lipa, San
Jose, Rosario, Ibaan, Batangas
City and Mataas na Kahoy.
2. (Response) Calumpang River

Watershed Rehabilitation of PG
ENRO at Kapitolyo
Milagros Velasco – NWRB Melvin B. Solomon – WCI
1. Tanong ko lang kasi makikita nyo 1. It will also be included and actually
sa study area, parang small portion we also visited some large water
lang ng Batangas City and isinama users even outside of the river
ninyo, hindi ba natin kukuhanin basin. Since they extract a lot of
yung iba? Karamihan kasi sa data water, (the entirety) of Batangas
collected naming noon is yung City will be included. But for the

malapit sa coastal area. purpose of providing us the extent

of the river basin, we showed
Calumpang River as a major
contributor to the developmentt and
is also why we included Ibaan in
the study area. From original 5
municipalities, 6 na. The reason is
because of Calumpang River
Basin.
Maria Emmanuela Lacorte – City ENRO Susan P. Abaño – NWRB

Lipa
1. It depends. We will go to your
1. Is Rosario included? Please respective offices. Modeling will
consider including it. depend on the data, sometimes
there are places that can not be
covered by the modeling due to
limited data. Let us see the
availability of the data, and try to
extend. But if there is no data we
can not make an extensive
research.
Melvin B. Solomon – WCI
1. I think that part is critical for

groundwater modeling, but for
some other part of groundwater
studies, for example, the DRASTIC,
it can be added as it is not a big
scope. (For example) We can map
there the location of the piggeries
that dump to the river. The
vulnerability map can be extended.
But for the groundwater component
like the georesistivity survey, we
are limited to ten (10 points), so
most likely Rosario will not be
included. The said survey will be
concentrated in Batangas City,
Lipa, San Jose, Ibaan, Sto. Tomas.
We can still show it on the map, on
the other components of the study
(in the aspect of DRASTIC, in
Vulnerability Assessment)
GM Ed Orense – MLWD Luis Rongavilla – NWRB
1. Dito po sa Lipa City, lahat po 1. Palpak po sa anong paraan?

Groundwater talaga ang
pinagkukuhanan ng tubig para i-
supply. Lagi pong sinasabi na ang
Georesistivity Survey siya ang Melvin B. Solomon – WCI
makakapagsabi kung gaano karami
ang tubig na makukuha. Pero sa 1. Actually it is part of verification.
mga conducted georesistivity Physical boring is confirmatory.

survey eh panay palpak po sa Lipa. How many times was it already

Hindi ko alam kung paano magiging drilled and confirmed to not have
accurate yung data na sinasabi water?
base po sa experience ng Metro
Lipa. Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
2. (Response) Katulad po ng 1. Are these wells production wells?

georesistivity survey sa parte ng
Bulakning. Sinasabi po dito Dr. Sevillo D. David Jr. – Executive
maraming tubig. Nag conduct po Director of NWRB
ang LWUA ng drilling, walang
namang nakuhang tubig doon sa 1. How many wells are we talking
area. about in Lipa?
3. (Response to Melvin Solomon) 2. Are all those wells production

There were already many drillings wells?
that failed. To add, NWRB said they
will conduct tests on observation 3. The production wells can still be
wells. We have many wells. monitored but we can setup more
wells not for production but purely
4. (Response to Susan P. Abaño) Our for monitoring. We can compare
wells can be used for multiple tests what is happening to the production
– Water Quality, level etc, well and the monitoring well. We
can consider it ―undisturbed‖
5. Mas maganda kung magkakaroon because it is purely used for
ng dagdag na observation well dito monitoring purposes only. I think
sa Lipa, yung mas malalim. with the sheer number of wells, we
really need to conduct survey. Let‘s
6. (Response to Director Sevillo see what the undisturbed well will
David) There are 296 wells based o tell to the production wells. If you
DENR Survey. can share a copy of the
georesistivity survey, even if it
7. Yes, all are production wells failed, those information are still
very relevant. Let us check what
were the issues based on that
study. But we know for a fact that
the data generated from it can still
be used. We will see later if we will
have to conduct a resistivity study
in the area.
GM Ed Orense – MLWD Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
1. When is the tentative date of the 1. Doon po sa presentation namin

construction of the observation kanina, this Groundwater
wells so that we, the Water Management Plan, may component
Districts, can help. po doon na monitoring design and
network report. Doon po i-i-identify
2. (Response to Dr. Sevillo) Salamat based on the georesistivity,
po. Kaya ko lang naman po DRASTIC method – yung
nabanggit iyon na magconduct po vulnerability assessment. Ilalagay
dito kasi nabanggit ni Sir na po natin kung saan po natin
merong pondo pero si MLWD imomonitor yung mga over
naman po ay iyan ang ginagawa. extraction ng mga wells. Yung mga
Meron naman po kaming well field specifically from water
observation well kasi groundwater districts so lagyan po natin ng isang

lang po ang pinagkukuhanan dito monitoring well. Meron po tayong

sa amin. sites na ilalagay. It could be NWRB
to provide funding for that, it could
be the Water Districts, it could be
the LGUs. So marami po ito na
pwede pong gamitin ng kahit sino.
Kung sino pong pwedeng
maglagay. Kami po kasi, doon sa
mga previous namin, meron po
kaming mga at least 4 to 6 to 10
wells depende po sa budget na
ikono-construct in the whole study
area after the Groundwater
Management. Ito po ay
manggagaling dun sa report ng
monitoring network design report.
Pwede nyo rin pong gamitin yun at
kayo na din po ang magpatayo ng
sarili ninyong observation well kung
nais nyo po. Ipo-provide naman po
ang mga report na iyan.
Dr. Sevillo D. David Jr. – Executive

Director of NWRB
1. We are recommending that the

Water Districts themselves
construct their own monitoring
wells. Although we (NWRB) are
considering also. But I think from
Metro Lipa, with more than 200
production wells, it might be good,
sa inyo na mismo, you can
establish your own monitoring wells
for your own benefit. But that is just
a suggestion / recommendation, but
of course NWRB, we can still do
that, but kung meron naman
kayong resources, I think more than
200 at least may isang monitoring
well dun sa area particularly dun sa
may mga nagcu-cluster or well
fields. But yung pag establish that
is still part of this project. And hindi
lang po para sa inyo yan, for all
other water districts. At least we
can manage the sustainability of
the wells in the future. I think for
other water districts it might be best
to consider. Sabi nga natin sa
National Government nanggagaling
ang fund nyan, we don‘t know kung
hanggang kelan magbibigay ang
National Government ng funds for
the establishment of monitoring

wells tapos limited din ang budget.

Kami nga sa NWRB bawat well
field may monitoring well e. That is
the ideal situation. Due to the
limited resources na binibigay sa
gobyerno probably we can not do
that. Baka pwede nating
pagtulungan ito.
Lipa
1. Tignan po natin sa study, baka
1. For the information of everybody, pwede pang mag extend kami ng
sa portion po ng Lipa, hindi nyo po kaunti.
ito sasakupin lahat kasi kung ang
pinag-uusapan po natin is 2. Tignan po natin yung geology
Calumpang River, since kami po
yung headwater talaga. Siguro Melvin B. Solomon – WCI
factor lang yung mga industries na
malapit dun sa portion na yun kasi 1. Noted po. Specially groundwater
mostly sub district lang ng Lipa ang flow, kung gaano kabilis, kaya
nakakasakop o nade-drain siguro nauubos kaagad, medyo
papuntang Calumpang River. mataas tapos pabulusok
Pabagsak kami. Kaya siguro yung
sinasabi ni Sir baka nga pwedeng
masakop since headwater kami
(upstream).
2. Palagay ko po ay dapat ma
consider talaga ang Lipa dahil
bukod sa kami po yung upstream,
marami pong establishment dito
Randy Virtusio – Mt. Malarayat Golf and Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
Country Club
1. Tignan po natin ang database ng
1. Di po ba may binibigay kaming NWRB. Meron po kami doon mga
data. Halimbawa po annual listahan ng water rights. Titignan po
payment may kasama pong data sa natin yung mga data. Pero yung
discharge sa monitoring report mga wala pong water rights yun po
yung mahirap kasi minsan po ang
naging lessons learned po naming
dyan pag nagcoconduct kami ng
modeling, kung wala pong data
kaming makuha doon sa mga
illegal wells talaga pong nahirapan
kami. Sila po kumbaga sumisipsip
eh. Kumbaga isang baso, tatlo lang
yung nandoon sa database ng
NWRB pero meron palang
singkwenta. Yun po yung hindi
naming na-a-account. So ang
ginagawa po sa modeling
naglalagay po kami ng factor, say
20% of the data yun na lang po
yung parang assumption naming.
So yun po, titignan po natin yung

mga reports ng groundwater

withdrawal na sina-submit nyo sa
NWRB, kung kayo po ay may
permit so yung listahan po ng mga
may permit at mga data kukunin din
po namin. Saka po siguro kung
may nadaanan kaming well na wala
sa listahan namin pwede naman
pong humingi ng data dun sa mga
provider.
Luis Rongavilla – NWRB Melvin B. Solomon – WCI
1. Yung buong Batangas City kasama 1. In mind, gusto naming tawaging

di ba? Actually kasama ako doon coastal or icu-cluster namin as one
sa nagco-collect ng data. Sa coastal area for presentation
southern part ng Batangas City,
merong mga major extractor. For Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
example sa Barangay Tabangao
andun yung Shell, JG Summit. Ang 1. Sa mga suggestion nyo siguro
point ko lang, may basin din dyan, tignan natin for consideration
may mga rivers din dyan. Mas purpose. Ito kasi namapa lang
maganda sana kung idelineate din based on the initial pero kung
natin yung basin doon, that contain magkaroon tayo ng data gathering
those major extractors para baka pwedeng i-extend natin. Kasi I
maganda yung appearance. Etong know with the very limited budget,
nasa northern part, yung San maliit lang po yung budget nito,
Pascual, nandyan yung First Gen, pwedeng sigurong mag phase 2, 3
Chevron so maganda siguro isama in the future kasi very limited
natin yung nasa baba since talaga. Ang laki talaga nung area
majority ng Batangas City nandun tapos ang budget less than 3
sa southern part kung bubuuhin mo million. Ang liit po di ba? So,
talaga yung mapa. considering yung in-extend natin,
so tignan po muna natin. The
2. Tsaka mas magandang imodel kasi monitoring well will come next year,
nandun yung major users its another fund. Ito po study lang
ng consultancy. We will be looking
into the reports po. Pinagkakasya
po namin, inisqueeze kaya nga po
yung study area is just Batangas
City and surrounding areas pero ito
nag extend pa kasi tinignan namin
ang mga issues sa taas. So with a
very limited budget tignan din po
natin yung scope ng work with the
budget may corresponding. Kung
Makita po natin we could
recommend a phase 2 to include
the other municipalities. Ok po?
Right now po tignan natin kung
meron tayong mapigang mga data
doon, we could extend al little bit.
We could recommend a phase 2 for
this one, to cover the entire, para
mas malaki. Pag kami gumawa ng
study hindi po naming tinitignan

kung may permit kayo. Ang

tinitignan po natin is yung
accounting nyo ng water. Maski
legal o hindi, bahala na po yung
monitoring namin kung ano yung
gagawin. We will just recommend
Jose Roberto M. Maranan – BCWD Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
1. Paano po kung walang flow meter? 1. May mga recommendations po kasi

na maglagay ng flow meter,
2. 10 years ago siguro, may ginawang maglagay ng observation well.
groundwater study yung isa sa mga
industries, alam ito ng CPDO. 2. Right now po kasi, this study will
Nasabi po doon eh 50 years eh give us the current status of the
maganda pa din ang tubig sa water resources in the study area.
Batangas City kaya hindi nanalo
yung grupo ni Cardinal Rosales. 3. Pwede po kasi baka may mga data
Hindi ko alam kung nasaan na yung po dun, mga water level data na
study na yon. Wala kaming kopya pwedeng gamitin. Compare po
non. natin yung water level during that
time at yung water level na
3. Pwede po bang magamit yung magegenerate natin ngayon.
study na yun (from the previous
report) 4. Sino po kaya ang merong kopya?
Dapat po talaga in terms of water
4. Ang nagconduct po kasi yung mga na mga study dapat po
Shell, First Gen. hindi ko alam kung napoprovide-an kami ng just a
dinemanda ni Cardinal Rosales copy. Maganda po yun, we could
generate the map scenario 10
years ago and the current scenario.
Tignan natin kung mas maraming
cones of depression yung meron na
ngayon.
Melvin B. Solomon – WCI
1. Sa tingin nyo saan po namin

pwedeng kunin? Hahanapin po
naming.
Edgar S. Maraon – MSCI Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
1. Sabi kasi kanina, nagkaroon na ng 1. Doon po sa nine critical areas may

study doon sa siyam na area, mga issues po doon. Na identify
marami ng mga input siguro na nap o iyon sa 1999 study
nakita, since na bago lang kasi conducted by JICA. Sabi niya, in
kami, hindi pa talaga namin alam 2025. Magkakaroon dito ng
kung ano yung itatanong naming. pagkukulang sa tubig sa sinasabi
So ngayon pwede nyo bang sabihin nating water-stressed cities so
sa amin, ano ba yung lumabas na noong ina-assess po namin sa
result at tsaka ano yung mga pagbibigay ng permit talagang may
lumabas na tanong na nangyari pagkukulang na so kailangan nang
dun sa siyam na area na aralin para po magkaroon tayo ng
nagconduct na ng gmp. certain policy on how to manage
efficiently yung tubig doon na
2. Ang sabi, kami po yung magbibigay nagkukulang na. Specifically for

ng data. Suggestion lang, bakit Cebu, may tubig alat na yan.

hindi po natin baliktarin, kayo po Population growth, industrialization,
ang maglagay ng deepwell monitor so anong gagawin natin? So inaral
kasi baka yung data na ibibigay po natin yan kung saan natin
natin, alam naman natin na ilalagay yung monitoring well kung
marami tayong wells dito, sila ay salt water na. Nilagay natin
production wells pero how many yan sa na-identify nating saltwater
percent naman yung unaccounted coastline. Gaano na ba (kalayo)
well. Nagde-declare dapat sa yung alat tubig from the coast.
NWRB ng output pero yung iba Inaral po yan. Kita 1.5 km from the
talaga hindi dine-declare yung shoreline, may alat na po. So doon
tamang consumption kasi unang- ilalagay yung mga monitoring wells.
una may bayad yan. So bakit hindi Nakita din po dyan yung pagbaba
natin baliktarin, monitoring well ng water level at saan po yung area
muna tsaka natin alamin kung na pwede pa kaming magbigay sa
talagang critical areas regulatory board, pwede pa kaming
magbigay ng permit or saan pa sila
pwedeng kumuha ng tubig na hindi
na maalat, na may freshwater pa.
Tinignan po dyan kung area ka na
na maalat, wag na tayong
maglagay dyan ng well. Yun po
yung mga scenario doon. At the
end we will come up with a
concrete plan, sabihin natin,
merong short, medium and long
term plan para po ma-manage
natin. Long term could be
infrastructure, yung doable naman
po eh pwedeng yung conservation
ng water, rain water harvesting,
mga ganyan na pwedeng gamitin
yung mga secondary wells para
ma-augment yung pagkukulang sa
tubig. Dito po titignan natin yung
scenario, ganun din po sa iba, yung
nine critical areas, tignan natin
yung present scenario ng
groundwater dito. Sinama na po
natin yung mga river system kasi sa
water balance. Tignan po natin
kung saan yung area na sabi nyo
nga po medyo may pagkukulang na
ng tubig na hindi tayo maglalagay
doon ng future wells at saan pa po
yung abundant water supply na
pwede pa nating source in the
future. Tignan din po natin kung
saan yun vulnerable area in terms
of groundwater pollution. Kung ma-
mapa po natin yan makikita po
natin yung vulnerable to pollution,
less vulnerable to pollution, at
medium vulnerable areas. Mamapa
po natin, masuper impose po natin,

pwedeng gamitin ng LGU kung sino

po yung gusto kung saan po yung
poprotektahan natin, wag na tayong
maglagay dyan ng Shell o gasoline
station kasi pag nagtapon ka
madaling mapollute, wag na tayong
maglagay dyan ng basura.
Pwedeng gamitin to ng LGU yung
sa sewerage nila, yung sanitation
nila kasi di ba yung sanitation
pwedeng lining-an, magsipsip ka
once a year or twice a year or once
in every two years. Marami pong
pwedeng gumamit nitong plan.
2. Kaya nga po natin inaaral sir. Kaya

po tayo nagcoconduct ng study kasi
gusto nating aralin kung ano yung
present condition to include
unaccounted water and the water
permittees. Doon po sa
unaccounted meron naman pong
mga reports galing sa monitoring
titignan po natin yun. It is separate.
May mga recommendations po tayo
doon. Pero itong study na ito para
po aralin natin yung present
scenario, meron pa ba tayong tubig
in the future, ano na ba ang
condition ng groundwater ngayon
dito sa area ng Batangas. It is a
cycle. Sabi nyo maunang mag
monitor, nagmomonitor po tayo,
pero ang main idea is to come up
with the present water resource
scenario dito po sa area na ito.
Lipa
1. Yes.
1. Mag ga-ground survey po ba?
2. Ang classification po kasi doon sa
2. Saan po ba dapat ang water Clean Water Act nasa EMB poi
classification? yon. Ang EMB po ang nag ca-
classify kung Class D, Class A etc.
Yun po sa river system. Yung sa
groundwater po nandoon sa Clean
Water Act na magkakaroon ng
classification pero hindi pa po
nagagawa. Pero ito po sanang
groundwater vulnerability
assessment. Pwede po itong
maging input para po ma classify
ang groundwater in the future.
Initially po kasi walang vulnerability
assessment na dapat po MGB ang

gumagawa. Kaya lang, sa mga

studies po namin, kailangan napo
namin so ginagawa na po naming
partly as an input doon sa aming
GMP
Milagros Velasco – NWRB Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
1. Sa Batangas City meron tayong 1. Kung may listings po tayo nun,

more than 60 water works system. isama po natin. Pupuntahan naman
Ngayon, siguro dapat, suggestion natin lahat yan eh. Yung sa
lang, yung mga 60 na yun, 60+, 65, modeling po sinasama natin yung
hindi sila registered. Isama natin unaccounted. Ito yung Batangas
sila sa pupuntahan para makuha City, lima lang yung naka register
natin ang data sa amin. Nilalagyan po namin ng
amount yung unregistered kasi
hindi makakamodel ng tamang
scenario kapag hindi mo sinama
yon. In passing po lalagyan natin
ng percentage yon. Sabi nga nila
dun sa mga previous studies, 60%
unaccounted water. Dito po sa mga
recommendations ine-encourage
natin for those unaccounted water
na mag register. For us to be able
to account yung total number – total
picture ng water resources dito sa
Batangas. Kumbaga po
napakahirap na naglalagay tayo ng
scenario na nagmomodel tayo ng
hindi makatotohanan kasi yung
modeling is replica lang, tinitignan
mo lang kung anong magiging
scenario. Kung hindi tama yung
unaccounted water at yung
nakaregister lang yung ilalagay
natin, parang may kulang. Meron
pa po ba ditong hindi registered?
Sa 276 sir, ilan?
Ed Orense – MLWD Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
1. Actually, nag aapply po kami ng 1. May application po kayo? Next time

water permits sa NWRB. Ang water we will bring representative from
district po sana ay libre sa our legal and water rights.
pagbabayad ng fee. Kasi nakalagay
po doon sa P.D. 198, may certain 2. Dapat po nag apply na ng permit
section po doon na libre sana si bago naghukay
Water District. Ang NWRB hindi
gina-grant and permit sa water Luis Rongavilla – NWRB
district kasi walang bayad
1. Meron po tayong Water Code. Sa
2. Isa pa po, may experience po kami, Water Code po may section doon
ipinadala sa LBC, natanggap kung sino lang yung exempted para
naman po ng NWRB pero ang sabi kumuha ng water permit and the
lang, on-file, pero wala kaming only one exempted from getting a
permit. I-apply naman po namin permit from NWRB is the

lahat ng wells at ang problema lang household and is composed of six

po ay sa pagbabayad, pag members. Other than that, whether
nagbayad naman, yung COA, sa you are private, government, any
kanilang audit findings (tatanungin organization, you have to get a
ka) bakit ka nagbabayad, ikaw permit from NWRB
naman ay dapat na libre
Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
1. (Supporting the statement of Luis

Rongavilla) Conflicting of laws. Yun
yung dapat maresolve. Ilan po ang
unaccounted wells?
Jose Roberto M. Maranan – BCWD
1. We have 26 unaccounted wells in

Batangas City. 23 with complete
requirements, 3 for application,
pays annual charges. Now it is free
3. Directory of Participants
Name Designation / Field Agency / Organization

1 Joey C. Castro Engr III NWRB
2 Lilian P. Gacusan Stat. II NWRB
3 Eleanor E. Vega Regulatory First Gen Corporation
Compliance Officer
4 Susan P. Abaño Engr IV NWRB
5 Jaycee Norona Filinvest
6 Jasper Gaerlan Filinvest
7 Florence R. Fule PO II DENR PENRO
8 Jose Roberto M. Maranan Dept Manager A BCWD
9 Brian Prado Technical Head Primewater
10 Hugo Crisanto Fortuna Division Manager Primewater
11 Ma. Lourdes C. Ronquillo Envi. Specialist WCI
12 Precious Mae Kalalo SI I Batangas City Health
Office
13 Desiree Escarez Engr I DPWH Batangas 2nd
District
14 Stephanie Kim Asi Engr I DPWH Batangas 2nd
District
15 Gerald Virgilio O. Acusa Engr II DPWH Batangas 4th
District
16 Loida Y. Maglinao EMS II DENR CENRO Lipa City
17 Milagros M. Velasco Engr III NWRB
18 Nelson P. Lontok Engr / PCO FPIP
19 Luis S. Rongavilla Engr IV NWRB
20 Edgar S. Maraon Manager MSCI
21 Cecilia H. Tubican PO I Lipa City ENRO
22 Randy Virtusio Operation Engr Mt. Malarayat Gold and
Country Club
23 Marilyn M. Boo ICO - OWW LGU Sto. Tomas
24 Rico Rodillo Staff LGU Sto. Tomas

25 Gianne Carlo V. Lacuesta Hydrologist WCI

26 Noriel Aguila Executive Asst. LGU Ibaan
27 Dr. Sevillo D. David Jr. Executive Director NWRB
28 Vivian Vienna Castillo Engr II DPWH Batangas 1st
District
29 Michael John R. Raymundo Engr II DPWH Batangas 1st
District
30 Theresa Jane Cajarte Supvs. EDS NEDA IV-A
31 Jonadel Crispin Vicarte PCO II CPDO Batangas City
32 Melmarie A. Molina Economist I CPDO Batangas City
33 Felix Endolo Driver CPDO Batangas City
34 Luis D. Tolentino Driver NWRB
35 Rogelio Doctolero Driver NWRB
36 Maria Emmanuela Lacorte SEMS City ENRO Lipa
37 Melvin B. Solomon Sr. Hydrologist WCI
38 Kenneth Reynoso Project Coordinator WCI
39 John Carlo P. Lastimoza Hydrologist WCI
40 Ed Orense GM Metro Lipa WD
4. Program
The meeting was guided by the following program:
8:00 – 9:00 AM Registration

9:00 – 9:30 AM Invocation Engr. John Carlo P. Lastimoza

Cadet Engineer - Hydrologist
Philippine National Anthem Woodfield‘s Consultants Inc.
Welcome Remarks Dr. Sevillo D. David, Jr. CESO III

Executive Director
National Water Resources Board
Introduction of Guests and
Participants
9:30- 9:45 AM Photo Session and Coffee Break

9:45 - 10:30 AM Project Background and Overview Engr. Susan P. Abaño
Head, Water Resources Assessment Section
10:30 - 11:00 AM Study Area and General Approach Engr. Melvin B. Solomon
Sr. Hydrologist
Woodfields Consultants Inc.
11:00-11:30 AM Presentation of Hydrology and Water Engr. Melvin B. Solomon

Balance Sr. Hydrologist
11:30 -12:00 NN Open Forum Facilitator
NWRB / WCI
12:00NN - 1:00 PM Lunch Break
1:00 – 1:30 PM Presentation of Water Quality and Mrs. Ma. Lourdes C. Ronquillo
Environmental Impact Environmental Researcher
Woodfields Consultants Inc .
1:30 - 2:00 PM Presentation of Groundwater Modeling Dr. David Caloza
Software Groundwater Modeler
Woodfields Consultant Inc.
2:00 - 2:30 PM Open Forum Facilitator
NWRB / WCI
2:30 –2:45 PM Wrap-up Meeting
2:45 –3:00 PM Closing Remarks Dr. Sevillo D. David, Jr. CESO III
Executive Director
APPENDIX B
nd
2 Stakeholders’ Consultation Meeting
2nd Stakeholders’ Meeting

Dayton Hotel
Batangas City
December 6, 2018
5. Attendance
A total of thirty five (35) participants from different agencies in Batangas, both private
and government, attended the stakeholders‘ meeting.

6. Highlights
Program Proper
 The 1st Stakeholders‘ Consultation Meeting was formally started by Engr. Jamae
Paleracio, of Woodfields Consultants, Inc., with an opening prayer;
 The Welcome Remarks were given by Engr. Susan P. Abaño, Head of the Water
Resources Assessment Section of the National Water Resources Board;
 The participants introduced themselves and the respective company / agency
they represent;
 The project updates were presented by Engr. Gianne Carlo V. Lacuesta,
Hydrologist of Woodfields Consultants Inc.
 The presentation of Georesistivity Analysis was led by Engr. Melvin B. Solomon,
Senior Hydrologist of Woodfields Consultants Inc.;
 Ms. Erika May D. Florendo, Environmental Researcher of Woodfields
Consultants Inc., presented the Water Quality and Environmental Impact Results.
 Open forum followed and was facilitated by NWRB and WCI;
 The Presentation of Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment was led by Engr.
Melvin B. Solomon;
 Engr. Gianne Carlo V. Lacuesta presented the Groundwater Monitoring Network;
 The Groundwater Management Plan was presented by Engr. Melvin B. Solomon;
 Dr. David Caloza, one of the consultants for the project under Woodfields
Consultants Inc., presented the Results on the Groundwater Modeling;
 Open forum followed and facilitated by NWRB and WCI;
 Wrap up meeting proceeded after the open forum.
 Closing remarks were delivered by Engr. Susan P. Abaño, Head of the Water
Resources Assessment Section of the National Water Resources Board;
Open Forum
ISSUES/COMMENTS/SUGGESTIONS RESPONSE
Alfie Dimaano – Metro Lipa Water District Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. Good Morning Sir! We all know that 1. Yes, as recommended in the study.
at this time, it is high location. There will be two at least.
Based on your resistivity test, we
have deep aquifer which is I think 2. For explanation, it‘s spot and
200m from Lipa City and from random. It is not guaranteed but we
natural grade line. My question is have to re-update at least once.
do we still need a validation? Just an investment for a try.
Accordingly, the deeper aquifer is
2. Our main problem in Lipa is the from towards the formation in Lipa.
source of water. For now, we That was suggested by the survey.
depend upon groundwater. Actually
we have provisions that includes
forming a program in our green
projects. It is about a minimum of
180m deliveries of water to 240
meters. So if it is true about the
deep aquifer, other areas will
depend upon on your study to push
through the 250 meters.

Maria Emmanuela Lacorte – City ENRO Melvin Solomon –WCI

Lipa
1. What is the basis of choosing those 1. There was an enclosure of

two barangays? How are they geological formation. It looks like
going to validate? Because I‘m too letter ―U‖. The geological formation
excited for this. We, are worried was on the next presentation. It is
that we will run out of water in the most likely for water bearing layers
year 2020 that‘s why we are always that‘s why it is aligned like that. It
talking about that matter. You‘ll was aligned based on the
need to have a differ analysis aside geological formation. That how it
from groundwater. was selected. Although ideally
there could be many lines or
alignment but the equipment or
maybe there will be some
limitations of the execution of geo-
resistivity survey because it also
takes time to do. We can usually do
three to four stations a day.
2. In VES-05, where we conducted

the survey, it is suggested to have
an exploration well. It will cost alot
of money. So it is open to all who
wants to invest or provide funds to
NWRB or whatever instruments
possible. But our limitations are all
those two points. VES-05 and VES
08 or 09.
Marivic P. Esmas – PG ENRO Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. You started from downstream going 1. No. Anyway that would be done
upstream. The downstream aquifer due to the limitation of chosen
of Batangas City and San Pascual analysis.
was represented, is it the reason
why you did not take the geo- 2. Yes, most probably but this is
resistivity of San Pascual? followed the prioritization where
there is a huge potential. So in
2. So maybe the aquifer from San some other areas there could be
Pascual is different from Batangas lesser potential but the basis of
City? judgement is on the geological
formation only. We‘re looking into
the geological map. These are the
most likely potential alignments of
aquifer. True enough and was
interpreted to have the most
probable aquifer. A thicker one and
a thinner in as we go upstream but
it doesn‘t mean that the aquifer is
100% at that location.
Perlito A. Angeles – MGB Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. Where is the possible fault line? 1. This is between six (6) and seven
(7).
2. What is the displacement based on

your water bearing layer? The 2. That would be around 120 minus
vertical displacement. 70, fifty (50) meters.
3. So the water bearing is on the right 3. Yes Sir.

side?
4. It is in Ibaan.
4. Where is that? Because it is very
significant for those who looks for 5. We can include it in the final report.
water. Your water bearing layer will
suddenly disappear. 6. It is possible but when there‘s a
vibration, we don‘t know if it is
5. There are parts of Ibaan that going to the right or to the left.
reverse from higher division Presumably, if we will do again the
towards the lower division. You geo-resistivity, it will be on the other
have a portion there that are like side.
some curve against the property.
We are looking if you have Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
structural contour because if it is
geological elevation, the flow of 1. Zoom the map to include the
water is from top to bottom. There‘s barangays and municipalities and
a part in Ibaan that is being reverse to show a better resolution.
and a structural or a civil engineer
can explain it.
6. It‘s either that your aquifer is

geologic because of the lithology or
maybe you lost it because you have
the structure.
7. Siguro pwede kaming makatulong.

Because it‘s pretty expensive. So if
there‘s a near factory who have
deep wells, maybe you can
cooperate with them.
1. The focus on conducting geo-

resistivity is based on the
geological map. We have a limited
budget for this. Our budget in only
three million pesos (Php3,
000,000). Maybe next time we will
add some recommendation to do
the rest of the area. It will be either
a new project or LGUs and other
government offices will help.
Marivic P. Esmas – PG ENRO Erika Florendo – WCI
1. I understand your study is for 1. Thank you Ma‘am. I‘ll write down
Batangas City or Batangas Bay what you said.
Calumpang River. However, the
study conducted in Lipa City is not
related with the watershed area.
We have four watershed areas and
first you don‘t have Brgy. San

Nicolas and then you studied three

(3) barangays in Lipa. Those three
barangays are not even draining to
Calumpang river. They are in the
other side of Laguna De Bay. If I‘m
not mistaken they are pertaining to
Bgry. Tres of San Nicolas. It is just
a sitio of ―palengkes‖ within the
public area. That‘s why the results
are partly high. However, it does
not drain there. The second one is
Inusluban, draining to Laguna De
Bay. And then the third one, San
Benito is draining to Tayabas Bay.
Actually I gave the data to them to
know which barangay explodes
draining to Calumpang River.
Charito Menguito - NWRB Erika Florendo – WCI
1. My question is since our study area 1. We actually look into the stations of
is in Batangas City, you didn‘t the locations of deep wells and how
conduct your sampling near the bay much their presence in the area
for us to determine how far the bounded.Electro conductivity, TDS
overflowing intrusion is. Our point is and salinity, they‘re able to show
to relate the area of where intrusion the salinity of water. So the salt
is. To include it in our plan. So did water is being made.
you conduct your sampling?
2. The standard value is 0.6 grams
2. It is better for us to determine per liters of TDS and it pass the
where we should get water. Where standard.
is the fresh water? Second, we
don‘t have qualifying samples in the
area of San Pascual which is one of Gianne Carlo Lacuesta – WCI
the main data needed.
1. I‘m the one who draft the maps
3. We all need to do is to look for Ma‘am. The map shows the
more sampling data and other thing samplings. The trend is pretty high
is that the NWRB gave some is this part then going down. It‘s just
previous data/historical data. We an indication that the area of San
hope you can show the water Pascual and the lowest part of
quality result if it is going up or Batangas City might have a high
down. How will you explain that it is saline intrusion.
safe and what part of that area
goes too high.
Marivic P. Esmas – PG ENRO
1. ―Iniisip ko lang kase yung inyong In

Situ based on our experience kase
less ang drinking water. Tapos
yung tap water hindi siya
nagtwotwo hundred. Siguro dito sa
atin 300 pataas na or 500 pa nga
yung isa. Kase depende ‗yon sa
method. Ang method lang kase ng

In Situ na accurate is ‗yong

volumetric.‖
Herbert Molinyawe – NEDA Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
1. It was a good suggestion Ma‘am. If 1. You should specify the names

we identify in the map, we can especially on the map. The names
present it that is suitable for our of barangays and municipalities to
groundwater. Hope you will write see right away where the polluted
down that in your plan. aquifers are. I agree to Sir Herbert
of what he said because we always
suggest to put the data you used in
case that we, NWRB, calls you for
updates, we will see what is the
year needed.
Charito Menguito - NWRB Gianne Carlo Lacuesta – WCI
1. Are all of the points in the map 1. There are existing wells and
monitoring wells? proposed wells but we didn‘t
specify yet the proposed wells.
2. What is your basis to put that
monitoring wells in that area? 2. In water districts, it was pre-chosen
by the hydro-geologist.
3. So you don‘t have any reason or
basis why you should put it there Melvin Solomon –WCI
like it‘s because its water level is
decreasing so we should place it 1. Based on the groundwater level in
there to be guarded or a reason like terms of gradient, the gradient is
it‘s because its water quality or the slope from the groundwater
salinity is too high to be monitor. table. From there, those that are in
Either of that is the reason or basis boundaries of color, they have high
you used for the proposed site gradient meaning the water table is
location? stiff. The others are in the middle of
running color gradient. That‘s
4. In Batangas City, it seems that you almost slow water table gradient,
didn‘t put up monitoring wells in the partly flat water table. Those are
areas near the bay. Isn‘t it? actually sensitive for the
fluctuations. It will be better to
5. Do we have production wells for the monitor the higher and lower part of
monitoring of the construction of groundwater table.
industries that affects the water
table, water level and also the 2. Yes we have.
water quality?
3. Maybe we can add that to the
6. Add San Pascual because it is a outskirts of San Pascual and also
critical area. the majority of the outside of
Calumpang river. There are other
probable extractions, industrial
extractions.
1. Why we‘re doing this exercise to

put up the monitoring wells? Our
purpose is first, we will install the
monitoring wells within the well field

and we will see that many extract

from there. The Batangas City
Water District has a favorite
because they saw that the area has
good potential. So we should place
there the monitoring well. Why? We
will see the present condition what
the water level is then next year we
will verify if there are changes of
water level in the groundwater
monitoring wells. It will be effective
within 2 to 3 years of observing. Do
their extractions affect the aquifer
that we cannot see? Another is in
terms of water quality. If we find
saline water intrusion in that area
beside the bay, let‘s put away the
monitoring station and after years
let‘s check if the salinity increases.
Then after 5 years there might be
salt water already. Those are the
purposes why we should put up the
monitoring station. In this study, we
will set up the monitoring stations in
where more extractors are going to
monitor their extractions if what the
impacts in water level are. Is that
okay? Also in water quality, it
should be near the shoreline. We
will install it nearby the school but
not in the school itself instead we
will install it close to the identified
based on the study near the school
grounds. Why schools? Because
we can MOA with the Mayor and
ask for a meter by meter part of the
school for the monitoring wells to
be installed. That will be the
purpose of schools. We hope to
see the purpose of monitoring. Why
we do the monitoring and why we
should install monitoring wells. As I
said in my opening remarks, next
year based on this study, we will
install monitoring wells that will be
sponsored by NWRB.
Maria Emmanuela Lacorte – City ENRO Melvin Solomon –WCI
Lipa
1. We use here more or less is the
1. What will be the appropriate density, groundwater
liability/responsibility of LGU in gradient and the structures that are
monitoring wells for us to be most likely approvable for
prepared? How many monitoring educational like the school.
wells recently?

2. How much space needed for the

monitoring well to be installed? 1. It‘s one by one meter. We, NWRB,
are the one to provide funds for the
monitoring wells. In fact we had
constructed 38 groundwater
monitoring wells including the
maintenance. This year and next
year we will put up telemetry
because we can‘t visit all the areas.
We have a telemetry project where
the data are being sent to us, to
LGUs and to those who wants to
get the data. Your only obligation
here is the meter by meter part of
the school. We can probably install
the wells at the corners of the
school or maybe sometimes beside
the trash bin to assure that there
will be no construction will happen.
Then we always visit the LGU and
DepEd after the study to make an
agreement that you‘re willing to
give us your permission to use your
area for installing the monitoring
wells. All you need to do is sign the
agreement. Also the students can
use this for educational purposes
like thesis. Many of us will benefit
from this project.
Mario Samson – Ibaan Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. ―Yung sketch sa parteng Ibaan, sa 1. ―Yung sa industries, we will do

Pulo kase ginawa niyo siyang another section. Another special
hydrotropism and parang yung section of course. Idagdag nalang
development kase parang doon po namin in terms of priorities.
mabilis mamonitor. Kase yung bay,
siguro ng Batangas is made para Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
sa tourism. Kase Sir I teach in
resource at talagang yung 1. We‘ll see because these proposed
extraction kumakalat by column. So monitoring wells are proposed.
kailangang mamonitor. That‘s right Sir. Extractor of water
Naexperience ko kase itong side ng supply‘s well fields will be strictly
Batangas City marami ‗yang monitor and the industry that you‘re
extractions. So yung mga existing saying, we can also install there.
na ano ba maaapply ‗yan sa mga This is a proposal. We are
existing na wells? Mayroon naman prioritizing of where we can place it.
sigurong data na depends sa mga Let‘s prioritize alongside the
industries.‖ ―Yung sa salt intrusion, industry, the water service
actually hindi naman namin providers, the fertilizers and the
kailangan ng testing. Alam naman shorelines. This could be a
namin kung saan may salt proposed design. There are lots but
intrusion. Yung iba hindi salt we need to prioritize. NWRB must
intrusion, maalat lang talaga.‖ construct 5 to 10 monitoring wells
within the priority areas. Then after
2. ―Yung volume na ginagamit ng 5 years let‘s go back or maybe

domestic, mas malaki pa yung there are LGUs who wants to

ginagamit ng isang resort.‖ provide funds to monitor their areas
or you have water service providers
who wants to monitor their
extractions. So this is better to
solve your concern Sir.
Herbert Molinyawe – NEDA Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. ―Ang sinasabi ko sayo sa paggawa 1. ―Kaya naman po yung mga from

mo is sana konti yung istorya natin private properties.‖
kase pwede natin siyang ioverlay
dun sa different basins. Kung ano
ang maaaring tamaan nito dahil
hindi naman siya part of the area. Is
it okay to construct groundwater in
a private property? So dapat siguro
kunwari naoverlay natin yung sa
land use so makikita natin okay
private to hindi to pwedeng tayuan.
So ayun mga ganung story. At least
meron dapat tayong supporting
data dun sa Batangas kase pwede
natin panghugutan ‗yan ng projects
sa future. So dito hindi sya sitio
kaya dito tayo magtatayo ng
groundwater stations. Kung pwede
din nating ipakita yung existing dun
sa mapa natin. Mas maganda ‗yon
para mavisualize ng mga tao.‖
2. ―Tapos kung pwede yung historical

data ang gamitin natin sa area na
‗yon so maganda rin. So yung use
ng data natin siguro imaximize
natin. Marami namang data ang
LGUs tsaka mga Water Districts.
Pwede naman siguro tayong
humingi. So ayun lang.‖
Susan P. Abaño – NWRB Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. First, Water permit application. Its 1. These are reported verbally but yes
function is to regulate the water almost likely reliable to those
resource. If there‘s no water permit coming from the stakeholders.
we don‘t know how to regulate.
Second is the lack of strong
resolution. We don‘t have enough
policies that‘s why we conduct this
kind of studies. It was to improve
our management of water
resources. These are our guide to
have a complete policy in
groundwater management. Next is
lack of hydrological data. Let‘s
starts to fill in their deficiency for the
future use. Then highly possible

intrusion. You should have a map

to show if where‘s the salt water
intrusion, the current condition or
situation of salt water intrusion.
How many kilometers already from
the shore lines from the study? It
will become our basis after many
years. We should include a good
salt water intrusion that can be
added in the management plan.
After that is a number of
unaccounted groundwater
extractions. Herein our study, do
we know who are they for us to
know that it is an unaccounted?
2. We will include in the policies the

unaccounted to help us in terms of
LGUs to see the accounted versus
unaccounted. Another issue is lack
of up to date technologies for better
monitoring and understanding of
groundwater utilization in the area.
When you say issue, it means that
you do have a corresponding
solution. Then the effect of climate
change. What do you see on earth
25 years from now? 50 years from
now, what is the impact of
groundwater resource in the
population? You should put the
solution in the recommendation
because it is an issue. Lastly is the
possible degradation of the water
quality. As I said earlier, we should
study the yearly changes. It is
better if there are no changes
perhaps if there, you should write it
in the recommendation. I only
mentioned the issues that have the
solutions.
Jose Roberto M. Maranan – BCWD Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. ―Ano yung unaccounted 1. ―Mix po siya nung mga number of

groundwater extraction sa mga data. But there‘s no means of
well? Anyway alam niya yung wells measurement device.‖
pero hindi niya alam kung ano ang
ieextract?‖ Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
2. It‘s Barangay Water Works that 1. ―Pwede pong gawin ‗yon kase
make a turnover to the Water existing na. Makikisukat lang po
Districts. We didn‘t use it because it tayo. Pwede naman po ‗yon walang
is not viable. It is near the coastal problema. Manghihingi lang po tayo
area. ng permiso sa may-ari.‖

Perlito A. Angeles – MGB Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. ―Generally sa observations namin 1. ―Actually it is very a success story

na there‘s a time na bumababa in Manila. Because of the
yung groundwater level because of monitoring that has been
the increase of population and implemented. Alam niyo naman po
decrease in extraction. But there‘s yun so successful naman po yung
something about reversible actual. A lot of policy considered for
because there are areas based on it to happen.‖
the interviews na magtatayo nalang
ng groundwater nila. For example Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
meron naging cooperative source
of water like surface water. 1. ―So tingnan nga po natin dito kung
Nagkakaroon ng reverse yung saan tayo pwedeng magprotect?
groundwater. After sometime, so Saan natin pwedeng protektahan
much time, tumataas na yung level yung water extractions? Medyo
ng groundwater. But anyway we pwede naman tayong magsabi na
can also do that as a part of our policy stop ka muna, dito ka muna.
impulsive water. Kase reversible Pwede pong gawin ng NWRB yan.
naman siya. So we just have to Kahit tingnan naman nila sabi ko
weigh lang kase depende rin sa nga po we stopped giving water
pangangailangan ng isang permits since 2004. So meron
munisipyo o ng isang lugar. How kaseng surface water doon na
much they need from the water and pinagkukuhanan and then we
how to make a way to get the water monitor water level, ang laki ng
from the surface.‖ increase 5 meters from 2004 to
2019. Pero hindi pa rin nililift yung
monitoring kase maglilipana yung
mga gagamit. Baka isang taon lang
bumaba na. Hangga‘t may surface
water ilift po natin para siya
makarecover. Pwede pong gawin
dito ‗yon kaya lang kailangan
kompleto kung saan tayo kukuha
ng alternative source at kung saan
sabi mo nga recharge zone
protecting the recharge zone Sir or
doon tayo kukuha. So dapat
maidentify natin magkaroon tayo ng
recharge zone pa. Para alam nila
sanan ba ito para maprotektahan
nila. ‖
Brian Prado – Primewater Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. Regarding the groundwater 1. I think you can reserve that

modelling, based on the strategy, question for the next speaker.
how many observation well or
operational well did you used and
where are those places?
Perlito A. Angeles – MGB
1. It‘s about the groundwater that is

being extracted. The salt water
intrusion is also reversible because
when the extraction of groundwater

decreases, the pressure from high

areas can push back the salt water
back to the sea. So it has an effect.
The extractions of groundwater is
controlling particularly in coastal
areas.
Mario S. Samson – LGU Ibaan Melvin Solomon –WCI
1. ―Yung sa inventory, kinonsider po 1. On our part, we could probably map

ba ang spring? Tapos Sir yung sa as much as possible. We could
monitoring tsaka salt water provide the boundaries.
intrusion memorize ba natin kung
saan? Then sa mapa, syempre 2. ―Ang plan talaga is pumunta nga ng
yung ibang areas natin may spring monitoring then macheck siya in
kaya sana naipakita natin yun. return. Daily ‗yon para macomplete
Geographically sabi nga ni Sir na siya as soon as possible. Then in
nagtutulakan yung salt water and the future, capture the whole
fresh water pero talagang season.‖
geographically na may lugar na
umaanod talaga yung tubig nila.‖
2. ―Yung sa monitoring talagang

kailangan isa-isahin natin ‗yan.
Kailangan nating makita yung
comparison tapos kung affected
okay lang ‗yon.‖
Charito Menguito - NWRB David Caloza – WCI
1. ―Sir yung Calumpang river na 1. We can make a model for that with
model overall for Batangas City, NWRB.
San Pascual and Lipa. How about
the area of Sto. Tomas? Parang 2. We can get those wells. We can get
wala po kayong nakitang model the data. Very easy.
dun ng Sto. Tomas area which is
isa po yun sa critical area na Gianne Carlo V. Lacuesta – WCI
identify."
2. ―Additional Sir kasi sa mga deep 3. Some wells are being rejected by
wells sana deep wells lang po ang the model. It is because even if you
ipinakita niyo na ginamit niyo for have a data, if there‘s one missing,
that model. Dahil napakarami po the model will not accept it.
naming permits sa Batangas City,
Lipa and area ng San Pascual. David Caloza – WCI
More than one hundred po ang
permits meron kami. So para po 4. We have to do is investigate the
hindi namin makita yung liquidation well, the depth, and pumping rate.
nung mga wells na yon kase hindi Of course we can always make the
natin isasama sa model.‖ let‘s say for example discount for
the wells that are not permitted. For
3. The data is already provided Sir. the wells with don‘t have data. We
can discount the extraction from the
recharge. We can do that. Some of
the hydrologists will have to make
that call.
Marivic P. Esmas – PG-ENRO David Caloza – WCI

1. I noticed the watershed of 1. We can make the model as long as

Calumpang river. Actually you you give the data. Just get me the
mentioned that your study data and I will do it and include it in
concentrated on the selected the plan.
municipalities including Rosario
which is okay. Then I just thought
that he should also concentrate his
study in San Pascual which is
critical as you said. Honesty
speaking, in every house in San
Antonio and Poblacion, there was a
pump, a motor shallow well that led
in having an intrusion and bad
water quality for drinking water. I
realized that your study from the
start up to now is you actually didn‘t
include San Pascual in your study
even if you mentioned it and
enumerate the maps. Your
modelling also concentrated in
Calumpang River Basin. Maybe he
did not include it because Sto.
Tomas doesn‘t degrade in
Calumpang river. The reason why
Taysan and Rosario is in the
modelling is maybe because they
are part of the watershed of
Calumpang River but we lost the
focus. From the start you said that
the focus of this study is the
different municipalities that are in
critical situation but it happens
oppositely.
Susan P. Abaño – NWRB David Caloza – WCI
1. We a total of 100 permits but only 1. We can add. I can make a

17 was selected. commitment of making that model
of San Pascual. So I will request to
supply me the sheet file of San
Pascual‘s pumps and deep wells.
Just send me the data, enough
data and I will make the model.
Perlito A. Angeles – MGB David Caloza – WCI
1. ―Ano ba yung minimum requirement 1. Definitely here Sir. In this part.

nung water level at depth of Then since there‘s a fault line that
groundwater? Another question. is there are also fissures in your
Medyo maliit lang kase yung mapa aquitard that can be a source. So
mo sa baba. Nasaan yung counter apparently, this is featured here in
free flow for deep wells such in Batangas. It could possibly
downstream?‖ rotate.But of course the fault line
was only enough one fourth. So the
geo-resistivity was conducted along
this restricted narrow corridor. I
asked my geologist friend to how

you treat the fault line. And he said

usually the fault line is in state
level/state moderation.
Maria Emmanuela Lacorte – City ENRO
Lipa
1. ‖Sa aking pagkakaalam kase

marami na pong study conducted
Calumpang River. Sa Lipa po ako,
we have four watersheds. Kung
ano ang tinatanggap ng
headstream hindi siya papasyal sa
Taal Lake. Based on sa central
studies na napresent sa amin kaya
medyo napupuna ko. Buhat dun sa
Lipa maiikot siya papuntang
Rosario which is not mention even
in the previous studies. And from
San Jose if I‘m not mistaken iikot
pa rin siya ng Rosario. So baka
yung nawawala na yung gap at
nakita ko kanina is baka yung
Rosario dahil hindi nga kasama sa
study. Hindi lilipat ang tubig ng Taal
Lake papuntang Batangas Bay
kase yung Taal Lake na yan tatalon
na yan ng ibang bayan. So from
Lipa, start ng Lipa dadaloy yan
papuntang Ibaan, San Jose,
Rosario pababa na. Yun ang
madalas ipresent sa amin na mga
data. Hindi tatawid ng Taal Lake
papuntang Batangas City.Tapos
namention niyo na rin yung Puyat
kase nga Puyat is part of Rosario
and Rosario is not part of the study
which was previously presented.‖
Marivic P. Esmas – PG-ENRO Susan P. Abaño – NWRB
1. ―Kase Ma‘am yung river. Yung 1. ―Ang data kapag kulang nga kulang
watershed delineation ginawa na din. Hindi talaga maiimprove yan.
niya sa office ng PEMSEA so kaya Kaya nga kung mayroon pa kayong
yung kinover niya yung delineaation additional yung sinasabi nga ni Sir
ng watershed papuntang Dave sandali lang niya yun
Calumpang River kaya siguro magagawa. Inaral niyo po ba yung
ganun ang naging modelling niya. data niyo baka pwede namang
Ang iniisip ko although yun talaga ishare. Data niyo lang kase ang
yung watershed ng Calumpang hinahanap ni Sir Dave.Yung mga
River ang na-identify sana nilang ibang LGUs tsaka Water District
mga stations ay yung part of the ayaw magshare ng data. Tapos
study lang. Hindi na sana sila nag- nung sinampolan ang Tarlac kase
cover ng iba kase kung yun lang ang mayroong kumpletong
magkakaroon tayo ng next study in data so naapreciate nila. Sabi nila
a long run at hindi naman nacover bakit ganun ang ginawa niyo? Sabi
nila ang study na ito tapos nacover ko Sir hindi po kase kayo nagbigay

nila ang San Pascual tapos wala ng data. Kung merong data
namang data parang it‘s a napakadali lang sabi nga ni Sir
repetition. Kase mag-aaksaya lang kanina. Ang dami ng ginawang
tayo ng parang next time ba model ni Sir yun lang talagang very
isasama ko na sa study ang San limited yung naiipresent niya kase
Pascual kase yung unang study syempre sasalain din niya yung
hindi naman siya nacover? Kung mga data. Kung meron po tayong
magkataon sana magfocus nalang available para maimprove ‗yan
dun sa scope ng study talaga para pwede tayong magpadala. Pwede
mas maganda yung maging namang isend yan thru email.
outcome nung kabuuan.‖ Willing naman si Sir at no additional
cost.‖
Lipa
1. ―Kung tutuusin po ang NWRB na
1. ‖Ang suggestion ko lang ay mga well, may data yan na
pakiinvite niyo yung ibang sinasubmit. Yun po yung
municipalities na kasama kase pinakanumber one tsaka sa LUWA.
marami din silang input dito.‖ Yung mga LGUs po kase minsan
sa shallow wells lang siya. Konti
lang ang ano niya sa shallow
aquifer so nandoon pa sa deeper
aquifer.‖
David Caloza – WCI
1. Pwede naman po. Basta mahanap

nila yung extraction walang
problema sa mga shallow. Minsan
extraction rate nila mga less than
cubic meter.
Susan P. Abaño – NWRB David Caloza – WCI
1. ―Ano po ang solusyon natin Sir 1. ―Sabihin lang nila kung anong well
diyan?‖ ang gusto nila. Utusan lang yung
hydrologist ng Woodfields para sa
2. Hydrologist from WCI will collect pagkuha ng data tapos iinput ko na
the available data needed from the sa model.‖
water districts, NWRB and LGUs.
Then they will give it to Dr. David to
make an accurate water level map.
Next year, we will be having a
training for this because you didn‘t
conduct one. After we settle this,
let‘s put some samples of well
where you want to place it in your
proposed area and let‘s see the
impact in the water level. For
example you have a plan in 2019
where you will get water, we will
include it in the training and then
we‘ll see the impact in water level
will lead to cone of depression.
Cone of depression means that the
water decreases. So when will you

expect to receive the data for you to

improve the final report.
Brian Prado – Primewater Gianne Carlo V. Lacuesta – WCI
1. Gusto rin sana namin na ilagay ito1. ―Ang nangyari po kase is marami
sa modelling po and ano yung mga po yung data kaso hindi po siya
kailangang industry po. So siguro kumpleto. Kung makikita niyo po
po yung deep well, static pumping yung column and rows, mawala
water level and yung size po ng lang po ang isa dun is magiging
casing po ng well and pumping critical na po siya. It‘s either
rate.‖ iassume yung value or wala. So
kung mas marami po yung data,
mas maganda.
SYNTHESIS FOR THE STAKEHOLDERS’ MEETING
Maria Emannuela Lacorte - City ENRO Lipa
I‘m looking of the outlook for the portion of our groundwater. I understand what you said
earlier that LGU might have less input. However Section 60 of 7560 RA7160 where all
the projects need to address to LGU. Still, with all due respect, our appeal is to include
always the LGUs in this kind of project. For the reason that some employees of LGUs
are inter-mentally. Lots of them are being selected in their position but are not qualified.
While explaining it from the technical persons, our understanding is expanding. Actually
when you are discussing it, I‘m having a vision in my mind. I‘m making concepts that
helps our city to develop the supply of water. Besides as I said that there will be
monitoring wells that will be constructed in the City. It is hard especially when it is not a
priority project of a Mayor. I pleasingly suggest that you should invite other LGUs to
participate in this kind of meeting to know the usefulness of this project. We will not say
that only one of us will benefit this project but the both parties will. I am very thankful to
NWRB and to all for inviting us here.
Maria Cristina Arellano – NWRB
Thank you so much Ma‘am! Actually I‘ll value most the LGU to come here and become
our partners. Imagine how many LGUs were invited but it happens that some LGUs were
a little bit snob. We invited all the accounted area to become part of this project because
we wanted them to understand what is going on in our groundwater. We have to manage
and we have to plan and include it in planning. Hence, we do encourage all the planners,
the planning division, the LGUs and the City, NRO, PGNRO, and City NRO to come in
and become part of this project. We‘re happy that although we‘re not that represented
but we have active participants to come and share their knowledge like Ma‘am of LGU.
Many of us doesn‘t know yet what is the present condition of our water. Thank you very
much ma‘am!
Herbert Molinyawe – NEDA
―This meeting is very timrly because we always take for granted the condition of or
groundwater. So sa nakita naming wala na ‗yung supply ng tubig. Dito sa CALABARZON
kase tayo ang rich sa ganito, so sa management siguro tingnan din natin yung supply
and demand. Baka naman dito sa part ng lugar na ‗to maraming tubig tapos doon sa
kabila wala. Kase bumisita kami sa Rizal, doon sa mataas na lugar walng tubig. So
another pwedeng ilagay doon sa plan na mula doon sa plan natin maidentify natin na
dito kailangan ng support ng LGUs, magkaroon sila ng project para doon. So mayroon
tayong naanchor na management plan. Tapos yung mga data natin, yung results ng
studies natin. So hindi pa natin masyadong na-feature yung mismong plan. So ayun
maganda naman na very cooperative nung mga private sectors and LGUs. Siguro
kailangan nating itake yung opportunity kase hindi naman lahat ng LGUs talagang
initiative. Sana sa next meeting natin marami pang LGUs ang makarating kase para

maconsider din natin yung inputs kase iba yung perceptions ng ibang LGUs kumpara sa
iba. So mas maganda kung mas present tayo doon sa paggawa ng plano. With the data,
kaya na naman siguro ng mga consuutant ‗yon. Nakita ko naman nag-iinterpolate naman
siya so magagawan naman ng paraan kung kailangan bang mag-validate. Yung
secondary data po natin maganda kung mayroon tayong field validation kase noong dati
noong estudyante pa ako, meron siyang mapa tapos nakalagay sa mapa prone to
flashflood siya. Tapos sabi naman ng mga tao doon, ah hindi kami ditto binabaha. So
ivavalidate din natin yung files with similar data para maging sufficient yung secondary
data. Thank you po!
NWRB is thankful for attending this meeting although some LGUs are not present.
Honestly speaking, LGU is our number one. This is the reason to start organizing it. As
you will see the one who will benefit this was the LGUs. Like the groundwater
vulnerability assessment, we would like to put it in your cume as your guide to know
where you will place the shear stations and other that protrude groundwater. It seems
that water balance is missing in part of modelling. Please include it on the next meeting
to be able for them to see the list of present population, demand, groundwater and the
population in the future in 2025, how many demand, and how much projection in 2050. It
is very important so incorporate it in climate change because it serves as guide. It can be
helpful when you place the water resources groundwater management plan in your
cume. Why? Because if you have an investor of water supply in the future, they will do
less work cause of past works. You‘ll already identified where the recharge zones are
and the potential area to produce. Or if there‘s no enough water, what will LGUs or
NWRB do in terms of regulation and in terms of protection and policies. We identify first
the policy to use for the management plan. The first to benefit this plan was the LGU,
then the water service providers, and lastly the NWRB. We are under difficulties in
getting the permits, where else we can produce more water? This is very important to
NWRB in terms of regulation and management of the resources because if it is lacking,
NWRB need to find a way. Either to stop or divert it. This is the example of management
plan we‘re thinking of for NWRB, Water Districts, for LGUs and others who make plans
about water resources project here. Hopefully, all the inputs may include in the final
report. Since there are only two stakeholders included but the capacity building training
like GIS training, groundwater modelling and the water balance, is not yet conducted so
we will organize a half day training. Then the other half will be the presentation of the
final result. Thank you very much again. Hopefully to see you again next year.
7. Directory of Participants
Name Designation / Field Agency / Organization

1 Susan P. Abaño Engr IV NWRB
2 Dalia Girlie A. Cortes Engr. Asst. DPWH Batangas 4th
District
3 Anne Yanga Admin Aide IV DPWH Batangas 4th
District
4 Joey C. Castro Engr III NWRB
5 Rommel I. Hernandez PO II CPDO Batangas City
6 Jose Roberto M. Maranan Dept. Manager BCWD
7 Luisito T. Abratique Waterworks Supvr San Pascual Water
Works
8 Precious Mae Kalalo Sanitation Inspector I CHO-LGU Batangas City
9 Esperanza Javier RCO First Gen Corporation

10 Marivic P. Esmas Supervising EMS PG-ENRO

11 Maria Cristina B. Arellano Economist II NWRB
12 Charito M. Menguito Engr III NWRB
13 Alfie D. Dimaano Division Manager MLWD
14 Marilyn Boo OWW ICO LGU Sto. Tomas
15 Lina M. Cacao OWW Admin Asst LGU Sto. Tomas
16 Ryan Salem Driver LGU Sto. Tomas
17 Brian Prado Technical Primewater
18 Rona B. Romasanta OIC MPDC LGU San Pascual
19 Arnel B. Nacion WRE Head WCI
20 Joseph Vincent G. Alday PDO II LGU San Jose
21 Bong John Kenby S. Gonda Engr II DPWH Batangas 2nd
District
22 Josephine A. Beraña Engg Asst. DPWH Batangas 1st
District
23 Erika May D. Florendo Envi Specialist I WCI
24 Loida Y. Maglinao EMS II DENR CENRO Lipa City
25 Gianne Carlo V. Lacuesta Hydrologist WCI
26 Jamae O. Paleracio Hydrologist WCI
27 Maria Emannuela Lacorte SEMS City ENRO Lipa
28 Federico A. Evangelista Staff CENRO Lipa
29 Marvilou M. Gomez Compliance Engr Filinvest
30 Perlito A. Angeles Geologist MGB
31 Florian D. Servidad Planning Officer MGB
32 Rafael N. Capillo Technical Engineer Filinvest
33 Herbert Molinyawe EDS I NEDA IV-A
34 Melvin Solomon Sr. Hydrologist WCI
35 Mario S. Samson MPDC Ibaan LGU Ibaan
8. Program
The meeting was guided by the following program:
8:00 – 9:00 AM Registration

9:00 – 9:30 AM Invocation Engr. Jamae O. Paleracio
Hydrologist
Philippine National Anthem Woodfield‘s Consultants Inc.
Welcome Remarks Engr. Susan P. Abaño

Introduction of Guests and
Participants
9:30- 9:45 AM Photo Session and Coffee Break

9:45 - 10:30 AM Project Background and Overview Engr. Susan P. Abaño
10:30 - 11:00 AM Project Updates Engr. Gianne Carlo V. Lacuesta

Hydrologist

11:00-11:30 AM Presentation of Georesistivity Analysis Engr. Melvin B. Solomon

Sr. Hydrologist
11:30 -12:00 NN Open Forum Facilitator
NWRB / WCI
12:00NN - 1:00 PM Lunch Break
1:00 – 1:30 PM Presentation of Water Quality and Ms. Erika May D. Florendo
Environmental Impact Results Environmental Researcher
Woodfields Consultants Inc .
1:30 - 2:00 PM Presentation of Groundwater Engr. Melvin B. Solomon
Vulnerability Assessment Sr. Hydrologist
2:00 – 2:30 PM Presentation of Groundwater Modeling Dr. David L. Caloza
Groundwater Modeler
2:30 – 3:00 PM Presentation of Groundwater Engr. Gianne Carlo V. Lacuesta
Monitoring Network Hydrologist
3:00 – 3:30 PM Presentation of Groundwater Engr. Melvin B. Solomon
Management Plan Sr. Hydrologist
3:30 PM – 4:00 PM Open Forum Facilitator
NWRB / WCI
4:00 - 4:15 PM Wrap-up Meeting
4:15 –4:35 PM Closing Remarks Engr. Susan P. Abaño

Final Final

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NATIONAL WATER

Consultancy Services on the Development

Draft Final Report i

4.3.3 Summary of Analysis ............................................................................................. 31

Draft Final Report ii

Table 1.5 – 1 Agencies and data to be collected

Draft Final Report iii

Draft Final Report iv

Groundwater is a very important source of quality fresh water, and it is distributed

1.2.1 General Objectives

Draft Final Report 1-1

• provide a scientific report showing

1.3 THE STUDY AREA

Draft Final Report 1-2

Draft Final Report 1-3

Draft Final Report 1-4

Figure 1.3-2 Catchment Area Map for Batangas City GMP

Draft Final Report 1-5

1.4 SCOPE OF SERVICES

The following are the indicative activities of the project:

(1) Create a Technical Working Group (TWG) to work on the project.

 Socio-economic profile (population, economic activities, etc.).

 Natural Conditions (topography, geology, hydrogeology, meteorology, water quality,

 Inventory of groundwater users and groundwater data as well as relevant data to be

 Groundwater quality and quantity data.

 Existing resistivity survey reports and analysis.

 Water-related issues and concerns in the study area.

 Current and projected demand for groundwater in the study area.

 Future state of groundwater resources taking into consideration the impacts of

 Groundwater quality analysis

 Groundwater contours and direction of groundwater flow

 Delineation and Mapping of recharge areas of identified basin

Draft Final Report 1-6

 Aquifer characterization (delineate the extent and thickness, hydrogeologic

 Determination of current and future state of groundwater resource (quality and

 Projection of additional wells/withdrawals taking into consideration the impacts

(7) Provide appropriate current meter instrument for streamflow measurement

(8) Assess the study area‘s groundwater vulnerability to climate change

(9) Preparation of a Groundwater Monitoring Network Program to include site

(10) Conduct Resistivity survey and analysis in the study area

(13) Preparation of Groundwater Resources Vulnerability Assessment (e.g. DRASTIC

Draft Final Report 1-7

(16) Develop a Groundwater Management Plan (GMP) incorporating Integrated Water

(19) Provide technology transfer through step-by-step coaching and mentoring to

The study is implemented through a series of procedures described by the following:

 Preliminary research, and collection, organization and preparation of data from

Agency Data Type

Draft Final Report 1-8

Department of Environment and Natural Master Plans and Reports

Draft Final Report 1-9

Draft Final Report 2-1

2.2 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE

2.3 GENERAL PHYSICAL FEATURES

Table 2.3-1 Slope and Land Area Percentage Distribution

Slope Category Land Area % of Total

The climate condition in Batangas City is characterized by a relatively cool temperature

Draft Final Report 2-2

Table 2.3-2 Land Use of Batangas City

Management Zone 2009 - 2018

2.4.1 Regional Geology

The stratigraphic column for SG7 is presented below for reference.

Draft Final Report 2-3

Mt. Banahaw is the highest volcanic center in Southwestern Luzon, reaching up to