1720 X. Wang and C.

You: Effect of Humidity on Negative Corona Discharge of Electrostatic Precipitators

Effect of Humidity on Negative Corona Discharge

of Electrostatic Precipitators
Xiaohua Wang and Changfu You
Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of the Ministry of Education,
Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China

ABSTRACT
The effect of humidity on the negative corona discharge of electrostatic precipitators
was experimentally and numerically studied. The current-voltage characteristics of a
wire-plate electrostatic precipitator was measured over a range of temperatures and
relative humidities. The inception voltage and electric field were determined based on
the streamer theory. A numerical method was used to study the influence of humidity
on the distributions of electric field and charge density in an electrostatic precipitator.
The results showed that the inception voltage and electric field decreased with the
increase of humidity. The corona current was significantly affected by the humidity. A
modified Peek formula was proposed with a correction to the humidity. The corona
currents calculated with the modified Peek formula were in acceptable agreement with
the experimental results. The distributions of electric field and charge density were
affected by the humidity and applied voltage.
Index Terms — Peek formula, corona inception electric field, electrostatic
precipitators, humidity.

1 INTRODUCTION In this study, the effect of humidity on negative corona

discharge was studied and a modified Peek formula was
ELECTROSTATIC precipitators (ESPs) have been widely suggested to include the effect of humidity. The current-voltage
used to remove particles from exhausted gases in many industrial characteristics of ESPs were experimentally studied. Based on
processes [1-4]. The performance of ESPs is affected by the the modified Peek formula, the current-voltage of the ESP was
characteristics of negative corona discharge. Corona discharge is calculated and compared with the experimental results. The
a gas discharge phenomenon and it is influenced by many effect of humidity on the distributions of electric field and charge
factors, including humidity and temperature [5-7]. Extensive density in ESPs were also discussed.
research has been done to understand the effect of humidity and
temperature on the corona discharge and the electric
characteristics of ESPs. 2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The humidity had significant effects on both positive and The experimental setup is shown in Figure 1. It consists of
negative corona discharges. The corona inception voltage two main parts: the wire-plate ESP and the constant
decreased with the increase of relative humidity [6-9]. Peek temperature and humidity chamber (CTHC).
proposed a formula to evaluate the corona inception electric field
on conductors [10]. This formula included the influence of
temperature and pressure, but the effect of humidity was ignored.
Nouri [11] experimentally studied the effect of relative humidity on
current-voltage characteristics of ESPs. They found that the corona
current was significantly affected by the humidity. Many
researchers numerically studied the distribution of electric filed and
charge density in ESPs [12-15]. Peek formula was used in these
studies, which considered the effects of temperature and pressure.
But the effect of humidity was not included in these studies. A few
modified Peek formulas were suggested to account for the effect of
Figure 1. Experimental setup.
humidity [16, 17]. But these formulas were complicated or only
appropriate for positive corona discharge. The collecting electrodes of the ESP were two parallel
stainless steel plates, which were 280 mm in length and 210
mm in width. The two collecting electrodes were connected to
Manuscript received on 19 March 2013, in final form 21 May 2013. the ground and the distance between them was 114 mm. The

1070-9878/13/$25.00 © 2013 IEEE

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 20, No. 5; October 2013 1721

corona electrode was a stainless steel wire with a diameter of impact, metastable action or field emission [18-21]. Field
0.3 mm. The corona wire was connected to the insulating emission was possible only at an electric field over 5×107
plates and placed along the center line of the ESP. The V/m. Electron emissions by positive ion impact and
configuration of the ESP is shown in Figure 2. metastable action were about more than two orders of
magnitude less frequent than that by photoemission [21, 22].
280 mm In this study, only photoemission was considered in the
corona model. To form a steady, successive avalanche, the
insulating plates photons emitted from the primary avalanche should reach
corona wire the corona wire surface and acted for the emission of
114 mm photoelectron. The criterion for a self-sustaining negative
corona was that the number of electron emitted by photons
DC high voltage was no less than 1[22].
collecting electrodes zi z
N eph   ph   ( z ) g ( z ) exp(z   [ ( z ' )   ( z ' )]dz ' )dz  1 (1)
r0 r0

Figure 2. Configuration of the wire-plate ESP. where N eph was the number of photoelectron,  ph was the
coefficient of electron emission by photons, μ was the photon
The wire-plate ESP was connected to a negative DC high absorption coefficient, g(z) was a geometric factor to account
voltage supply, of which the accuracy was 0.1 kV. The corona for the fraction of photons received by the corona wire, r0 was
current was measured with a microampere ammeter and the the radius of the corona wire, zi was the radius of the
accuracy was 1 μA. The experiments were carried out in a ionization zone and z was the distance to the center of corona
constant temperature and humidity chamber (CTHC). The wire.
parameters of the CTHC are shown in Table 1. The CTHC
The humid air was treated as a mixture of dry air and water
had a free space with dimensions of 1 m × 1 m × 0.8 m. The
vapor. The parameters were treated as following [22, 23]
temperature and relative humidity of the free space were
monitored with a dry and wet bulb thermometer and were kept Pd P
constant by the controller system of the CTHC. The controller  d  w w (2)
P P
system of the CTHC included the gas cycle system, water
supply system and heat-exchange system. The experiments Pd P
were carried out at the ambient pressure. Each test was  d  w w (3)
P P
repeated three times. The currents shown in this study were
the average values of the data. Pd P
 d  w w (4)
P P
Table 1. Parameters of CTHC.
o
where the subscripts d and w refer to dry air and water vapor
Temperature ( C) Relative humidity (%) respectively, and P was the air pressure in the ESP taken as
0-100 ±0.5 20-95 ±2 the sum of the partial pressures Pd and Pw.
The applied voltage and electric field did not appear
explicitly in equations (1)-(4). However, the values of α, η and
3 NUMERICAL METHOD μ were functions of electric field. These parameters at
3.1 CORONA DISCHARGE MODEL IN HUMID AIR atmospheric pressure were calculated as given in [6, 22, 23].
The inception electric field was the critical value which
The model for calculating the corona of the ESP was satisfied the equality of equation (1).
based on the streamer theory [18-21]. A primary avalanche
was formed when the electric field in the vicinity of the 3.2 ELECTRIC FIELD MODEL IN HUMID AIR
corona wire reached the onset value of gas ionization by
electron collision. Electrons moved away from the corona The set of equations describing the electric field in the ESP
wire when a negative high voltage was applied. With the was the same for both humid air and dry air. These equations
development of the avalanche, more electrons were formed were defined as:

on its head, more photons were emitted in all directions and   E   0 (5)
more positive ions were left in the wake of avalanche. The 
ionization coefficient α was higher than the attachment J  0 (6)
coefficient η in the ionization zone. The avalanche 
E   (7)
continued until the ionization zone boundary was reached
where the ionization coefficient α was equal to the
 
J  bE (8)
attachment coefficient η.  
For a successor avalanche to be started, an initiating where E was the electric field, J was the current density, ρ
electron at the corona wire surface should be provided. This was the charge density, ε0 was the permittivity of air, b was
could possibly be provided by photoemission, positive ion the ion mobility and  was the electric potential.
1722 X. Wang and C. You: Effect of Humidity on Negative Corona Discharge of Electrostatic Precipitators

The ion mobility b of the humid air was treated according 10

to the following equation [22, 23].
1 Pd 1 Pw 1 8
  (9)
b P bd P bw o
Exp t=26 C

Inception Voltage (kV)

o
6 Cal t=26 C
where bd, bw were the ion mobility of dry air and water vapor o
Exp t=60 C
o
Cal t=60 C
respectively. 4
The following assumptions were applied to these equations:
- the ion charge among the space of ESP was unipolar and 2
in steady-state conditions,
- the ion mobility in the ESP was constant and the diffusion 0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
of ions was neglected, Relative Humidity (%)
- the thickness of the ionization zone around the corona
Figure 3. Inception voltage at different temperature and relative humidity.
wire was quite small and was negligible.
The set of equations was coupled and solved with iteration
method. In order to solve the set of equations, appropriate 100
boundary conditions were needed. The boundary conditions
used in this study were as following: 90

Electric Field (kV/cm)

- the electric potentials on the surface of corona wire and
collecting electrodes were constant and were equal to the
applied voltage and zero respectively,
- the first derivatives of the electric potential on all surfaces
except corona wire were assumed to be zero,
- the electric field on the surface of the corona wire was
constant and was given by the Peek formula. In order to take
into account the effect of humidity, the Peek formula was
modified with a correction function, which is described in the
following section. The modified Peek formula was shown as
E p  [3  10   9  10 ( / r ) ] f ( H )
6 4 1/ 2
(10)
where r was the radius of the corona wire and δ was the
relative density of air with respect to the normal condition
(293 K, 0.1 MPa (1 atm)), f(H) was the correction function of
humidity and H was the humidity.
The charge density on the surface of corona wire was
adjusted during the calculation to make sure that the electric
field on the surface of the corona wire was equal to the value
calculated according to equation (10).
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON INCEPTION
ELECTRIC FIELD
The inception voltage and electric field at different
temperature and relative humidity were calculated based on the
streamer theory. The results are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
Figure 3 shows that the inception voltage decreased with
the increase of relative humidity. The calculated values were
in acceptable agreement with the experimental results.
Figure 4 shows that the electric field at the corona wire
surface decreased with the increase of temperature, which was
in agreement with the prediction of Peek formula. When the
gas temperature increased, the mean free path of gas
molecules increased and electrons gained more energy to form
the avalanche. So the inception electric field decreased at a
high gas temperature.
80
70 o
t=20 C
o
t=26 C
60 o
t=40 C
o
t=60 C
o
50 t=80 C
0 20 40 60 80 100
Relative Humidity (%)
Figure 4. Inception electric field at different temperature and relative
humidity.
Figure 4 also indicates that the inception electric field
decreased with the increase of relative humidity at a given
temperature. The ionization coefficient α and attachment
coefficient η both increased when more water vapor was
added into the gas. The increase of ionization coefficient was
higher than that of attachment coefficient. So the effective
ionization coefficient (α-η) increased with the increase of
relative humidity. Meanwhile, the thickness of ionization zone
decreased with the increase of relative humidity and the
absorption of photons emitted from the primary avalanche
head decreased when photons passed through the ionization
zone. These factors led to the decrease of inception voltage
and electric field with the increase of relative humidity.
In order to eliminate the effect of temperature, the inception
electric field was normalized by dividing the electric field
with the value calculated with the Peek formula. The
normalized electric field is shown in Figure 5. The abscissa is
changed to absolute humidity.
Figure 5 shows that the normalized inception electric field
decreased with the increase of absolute humidity. When the
humidity was relatively low, the effect of water vapor was not
significant and the Peek formula could give the correct
inception electric filed. The discrepancy between the actual
inception electric field and the value calculated with the Peek
formula increased as the humidity increased. It is necessary to
include the effect of water vapor at a high humidity.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 20, No. 5; October 2013 1723

1.00 a
o
250 t=26 C RH=25%
Calculation o
t=26 C RH=40%
0.95 Fit Line o
t=26 C RH=60%
-5 2
f(H)=1.27x10 H -3.32x10 H+1
-3
200 o
2
t=26 C RH=80%
R =0.999
0.90

Current (A)
150
E/E0

0.85
100

0.80
50

0.75
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
3 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Humidity (g/m )
Voltage (kV)
Figure 5. Variation of normalized inception electric field with humidity.
b
300 o
t=60 C RH=25%
A correction function of humidity was gained through data o
t=60 C RH=40%
fitting. 250 o
t=60 C RH=60%
5 3
f ( H )  1.27  10 H  3.32  10 H  1
2
(11) 200

where f(H) was the correction function of humidity in
equation (10) and H was the humidity.
4.2 EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON CURRENT-VOLTAGE
CHARACTERISTICS
The current-voltage characteristics of the ESP at different
temperature and relative humidity were experimentally studied
and the results are shown in Figure 6.
The effects of humidity on current-voltage characteristics
depend on the applied voltage and gas temperature. When the
gas temperature was 26 oC and the applied voltage was
relatively low, the current increased as the relative humidity
increased at the same applied voltage. However, the current
decreased with the increase of relative humidity at a relatively
high applied voltage, as shown in Figure 6a. The inception
electric field and ion mobility were both affected by water
vapor. When water vapor was added into the gas, the
inception electric field decreased, which is shown in Figure 4.
The corona occurred more easily as the inception electric field
decreased. The corona current increased with the decrease of
inception electric field at constant applied voltage. Meanwhile,
the water vapor molecules interacted with other gas molecules
and some complex molecule clusters were formed. The ion
mobility of these molecule clusters was small and the
averaged ion mobility of the gas mixture decreased, which
reduced the corona current. The two competitive factors lead
to the specific curve shape. When the applied voltage was
relatively low, the charge density was quite small and the
effect of ion mobility on corona current was negligible. The
corona current was mainly dependent on the inception voltage
and electric field. So the current increased with the increase of
relative humidity at low applied voltage. When the applied
voltage was much higher than the inception voltage, the
charge density increased significantly and the effect of ion
mobility became more important. The effects of inception
voltage and electric field became relatively small. The
decreased ion mobility led to the decrease of corona current at
a high applied voltage.
Current (A)
150
100
50
0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Voltage (kV)
Figure 6. Effects of humidity on current-voltage of the ESP. a - t=26 oC; b -
t=60 oC.
When the gas temperature was 60 oC, the corona current
decreased with the increase of relative humidity at the most
range of applied voltages and increased only at a small range
of the low voltages, which is shown in Figure 6b. With the
increase of absolute humidity, the change ratio of inception
electric field became smaller, as shown in Figure 5. The
absolute humidity was high although the relative humidity
was low when the gas temperature was 60 oC (for example,
the humidity was 32.6 g/m3 at 60 oC relative humidity 25%,
while the humidity was 19.5 g/m3 at 26 oC relative humidity
80%). This high humidity led to the specific curve
characteristics of current-voltage at 60 oC.
The current-voltage characteristics at different relative
humidity and temperature were calculated with the corrected
Peek formula equation (10) and compared with the
experimental results, which are shown in Figure 7 and
Figure 8.
The results calculated with the corrected Peek formula
gave the correct trends and were in acceptable agreement
with the experimental results. The inception electric field
calculated with the Peek formula without humidity
correction was constant. The decreased ion mobility led to a
monotonic decrease of corona current and could not reflect
the increasing trend at the low applied voltage. Meanwhile,
the discrepancy at the high applied voltage increased with
the Peek formula without humidity correction.
1724 X. Wang and C. You: Effect of Humidity on Negative Corona Discharge of Electrostatic Precipitators

Exp RH=25% Cal RH=25% a

Exp RH=40% Cal RH=40% 300
Exp RH=60% Cal RH=60% RH=25%
100 Exp RH=80% Cal RH=80% RH=40%
RH=60%
250
RH=80%

Electric Field (kV/m)

Current (A)

10 200

150
1
100

0.1 50
10 14 18 22 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Voltage (kV)
Normalized Position
Figure 7. Comparison of corona current between calculation and experiments
at 26 oC. b 400
RH=25%
Exp RH=25% Eq(10) RH=25% Peek RH=25%
380 RH=40%
300 Exp RH=40% Eq(10) RH=40% Peek RH=40% RH=60%
Exp RH=60% Eq(10) RH=60% Peek RH=60%
360 RH=80%

Electric Field (kV/m)

250
340
200
Current (A)

320
150
300
100

280
50

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0
Normalized Position
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Voltage (kV)
c 300
Figure 8. Comparison of corona current between calculation and experiments RH=25%
at 60 oC. RH=40%
250 RH=60%
4.3 EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON THE DISTRIBUTION
Electric Field (kV/m)

OF ELECTRIC FIELD AND CHARGE DENSITY 200

The electric field and charge density in the ESP were
affected by the humidity, which are shown in Figure 9 and 150
Figure 10. Only half of the distribution was presented due to
the symmetry of the ESP. The abscissa is the normalized
position which is the position divided by the distance between 100
the corona wire and the collecting plate. For the purpose of
clarity, the electric field in the vicinity of corona wire is not 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Normalized Position
plotted in Figure 9 because it is extremely high.
Figure 9 shows the electric field near the collecting plate d 440
increased with the increase of relative humidity, which could 420 RH=25%
RH=40%
be beneficial to the removal of particles. The trend of electric 400 RH=60%
field was independent of the gas temperature and the applied
Electric Field (kV/m)

380
voltage.
360
Figure 9 also indicates that the shape of the electric field
340
distribution curve depended on the applied voltage. The
electric field was monotonically decreasing with the increase 320

of distance away from the corona wire at a low applied 300

voltage. However, the electric filed decreased and then 280
increased at a high applied voltage. When the applied voltage
260
was low, the corona current was small and the effect of ion 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
charge was not obvious. At a high applied voltage, the current Normalized Position
increased significantly and the effect of ion charge became
important. The distributions of electric field at different gas Figure 9. Distribution of electric field in the ESP. a - t=26 oC U=10 kV; b -
temperature had shown the same characteristics. t=26 oC U=22 kV; c - t=60 oC, U=10 kV; d - t=60 oC, U=22 kV.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 20, No. 5; October 2013 1725

The distribution of charge density in the ESP is shown in Figure 10 shows that the charge density increased with the
Figure 10. increase of relative humidity. The range and degree of change
in charge density were related to the applied voltage. The
11
a charge density increased in the whole region of the ESP and
10 RH=25% the degree of change was significant when the applied voltage
RH=40%
RH=60% was low, as shown in Figures 10a and 10c. However, the
9
Charge Density (C/m )

RH=80% increase of charge density mainly occurred in the vicinity of

3

8 corona wire and the degree of change in other regions was not
obvious when the applied voltage was high. The increase of
7 charge density could be helpful to the collection of particles.
6 The gas temperature had an important effect on the magnitude
of charge density but had little effect on the trends of charge
5 density with the relative humidity and applied voltage.
4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Normalized Position 5 CONCLUSION
b The present study experimentally and numerically
350
RH=25% investigated the effect of humidity on the characteristics of
300 RH=40% electrostatic precipitators. The results showed that the
RH=60%
inception electric field decreased with the increase of
Charge Density (C/m )

RH=80%
3

250
humidity. The Peek formula was modified to include the
200 effect of humidity. The current-voltage characteristics of the
150
ESP were significantly affected by the humidity. The corona
current decreased with the increase of humidity at the high
100 applied voltage and increased at the low applied voltage. The
50 current calculated with the modified Peek formula gave the
correct trends and showed acceptable agreement with the
0 experimental results. The distribution of electric field and
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Normalized Position charge density in the ESP were affected by the humidity and
the applied voltage. The electric fields near the collecting
c plate increased with the increase of humidity. The charge
35
RH=25% density increased with the increase of humidity in the whole
RH=40%
30 RH=60% region of the ESP at a low applied voltage. When the applied
Charge Density (C/m )

voltage was high, the charge density in the vicinity of corona

3

25 wire significantly increased with the increase of humidity

while the improvement of charge density in other regions was
20 negligible.
15
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
10
This research was supported by the Special Funds for Major
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 State Basic Research Projects National 973 Project (No.
Normalized Position 2013CB228503).
500
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Xiaohua Wang was born in Shandong, China in
1978. He received the B.S. degree from the Tianjin
University in 1998, the M.S. degree from the Tianjin
University in 2005. He is a Ph.D. degree candidate in
Thermal Engineering at Tsinghua University, Beijing,
China. His research interests are in the fine particle
removal, electrostatic precipitators and numerical
simulation.
Changfu You was born in Heilongjiang, China in
1969. He received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from
the Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, China, in 1992 and 1996
respectively. His major research fields are coal
combustion and pollution control, multiphase flow
theory, and new energy.