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CHAPTER-01
INTRODUCTION
HVAC stands for “heating, ventilating, and air conditioning.” A HVAC system may
do all these tasks or primarily focus on doing one of them. These systems are designed to
create optimal indoor temperature and improved air quality, creating environments that are
comfortable to work, live, and play in. Installing and maintaining these systems is vital for
buildings to be safe and energy efficient.
One of the main reasons why HVAC systems are so important, particularly for building
managers, is that heating/cooling costs are likely to be one of the biggest ongoing costs for
any building. This means having inefficient systems that are wasting energy, or alternatively,
having complex features that are unnecessary can mean buildings aren’t optimized for what
they need.
Air conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an
occupied space to improve the comfort of occupants. Air conditioning can be used in both
domestic and commercial environments. This process is most commonly used to achieve a
more comfortable interior environment, typically for humans.
In a chilled water central air conditioning system, water is pumped throughout the building to
coils. Since the water needs to be at a cold temperature, these systems use a cooling plant.
Chilled water systems are generally used to cool smaller systems for homes are becoming
increasingly popular because they’re cost effective and there’s no hazard of using refrigerant
like in other air conditioning systems.
This book is an attempt to show with a concrete example backed by facts and figures how
this extra burden on the power-starved metropolis could be reduced by half or more by
overhauling and simplifying our cooling and heating systems. On a national scale the saving
in our peak load capacity may be as high as 25000 MW or even higher.
Nowadays, the supermarket is a high-volume food sales outlet with maximum storage
turnover. Most food products need to be kept under certain ambient temperature and relative
humidity during operation hours. These foods are displayed in highly particular and flexible
refrigerated display cabinets. Most of the retail food can be spoiled unless refrigerated.
These foods include meat, dairy products, frozen food, ice-cream and frozen desserts, and
different individual items such as bakery and deli products and cooked meals. When a
refrigerated display case operates in the supermarket environment, it exchanges heat and
moisture within its environment.
The moisture exchange between the display case and the store environment is the most
troublesome part of this event due to an increase in energy requirement to maintain a
satisfactory temperature within the display case. Nevertheless, maintaining a low relative
humidity in the store environment requires an air-conditioning system with satisfactory
performance characteristics.
This may be quite expensive with high operating cost. On the other hand, the operating cost
of the display cases will be lower due to less latent load on the refrigeration coil, fewer
defrosts to be required and less anti-sweat heater operation.
Higher store relative humidity will result in lower operating cost of the air- conditioning
equipment resulting in higher condensation on the display case walls, products and further
frost on the evaporator coils.
rooms under 500 Sq. Ft. These units are a solution to those stubborn hot rooms that may exist
even with central air conditioning. Like the window air conditioner, the portable unitary
system has all the refrigeration components on one compact box. It also ejects heat out one
end and blow cooled air out the other end.
a) Direct expansion coil and supply fan combined with a remote compressor and condensing
coil
b) Direct expansion coil, supply fan, and compressor combined with a remote condenser,
cooling tower, or ground-loop system. These systems generally have lower first cost than
central systems but may have higher life cycle costs. If part load operation is anticipated for a
majority of equipment operating life, consider multiple unitary equipment for superior
operating efficiencies and added reliability. Refer to ASHRAE Handbook, Equipment for
size and selection criteria.
Sensor that can sense the existence of people in front of it and it will automatically
switch off if there is no people and it will turn on back if it detects people crossing or
standing in front of it. This will make people easier rather than switching on or off manually
especially in the busy event. It is also economizing the electricity when the usage is
continuously without people using it which lead to waste the energy. The present of air
conditioner is difficult to install specially to fit in outdoor environment.
This product is design with wheel which make it easier to move and install. With the
simplest installation procedure, anyone can easily install the air conditioner to wherever they
are desired. The evolution of an industry and its impact on society often make an interesting
study. Take portable air conditioning: Introduced to America in 1983 by Denso, a Japanese
manufacturer of automotive products, portable air conditioning was first designed to cool
workers on the assembly line. Initially distributed through the traditional air conditioning
wholesale supply channel, it achieved marginal success in the early years.
American industry had little interest in such an expensive solution, and only a handful
of companies adopted this method for worker comfort. Most sales in those first years
consisted of stock orders from the wholesaler. Few end user orders were placed. With excess
inventory in stock, wholesaler reorders were scarce. It wasn’t ‘t long before some
adjustments needed to be made to the distribution channel to jump start sales. The decision
was made to establish a network of direct-sales outlets that specialized in portable air
conditioning and sold directly to the marketplace.
In Air conditioner the only source of power is a 23-watt fan which needs less energy
than the electric bulb in your room and can be run for a virtually unlimited period on an
inverter or a car battery to bring down the room temperature by at least seven degrees
centigrade. Apart from being a permanent standby against power breakdowns in the homes of
the elite in metropolitan cities, it would be an ideal cooling device for small towns and
villages throughout the country that usually have an indifferent supply of electricity. Its
movability from room to room makes it most suited to small hotels, guest houses and nursing
homes that rarely have wall air conditioners or hundred percent occupancy.
A 1.5-ton room air conditioner consumes 1500 units of power in one hour, which is
sufficient to produce 30 kilograms of ice in an ice factory.1 With that much ice Air
conditioner can keep a room almost equally cool and dehumidified for eight hours. One
might say there are distribution losses in ice deliveries. Under Indian conditions electricity
transmission losses are no less, for which there are a variety of reasons including technical
deficiencies and massive “thefts”, committed in the open, mainly by the richer power
guzzling sections of society such as big factories and large bungalows and flats. Add to that
the colossal investments in the shape of electrical energy and finance to create the giant-sized
infrastructure of power houses and transmission lines for every additional megawatt of
power.
CHAPTER-02
LITERATURE SURVEY
Shahi Satyam et., al [1] Presented paper on Air conditioning. It is a simultaneous control of
temperature, humidity, cleanliness and air motion depending upon the requirement, air
conditioning is divided into summer air conditioning and winter air conditioning. Air
conditioner conditions the air, transport it, and introduce it to the conditioned space. It
provides heating and cooling of air. The portable Air conditioner system should satisfy the
need of user at the most economical cost. The selection of system depends upon many
factors. It could be only a relief in temperature or complete control of environment. It could
be lowest first cost or lowest running cost.
Franck LUCAAS et., al [2] Because of their low cost, small air conditioning systems (AC)
like split air conditioning systems are often installed without a proper study of building
envelope performance. They also take into account the climatic conditions and provide an
estimate of the annual electricity consumption related to the cooling of the zone. This global
analysis helps to qualify the entire system by assigning an energy label. In addition to the
tool, a diagnostic procedure is proposed, helping an auditor defining guidance to improve the
building envelope and to install and maintain the system. Guidance to improve the building
envelope and to install and maintain the system. Buildings account for over 42% of
consumption of final energy in France and between 20 and 40% in other developed countries.
Perez Lombard reports that the share of HVAC system for heating ventilation and air
conditioning has now become the largest energy end use in the residential and non-residential
sector. Wong estimates that its represents one third of the total energy consumption for
residential housings in Hong Kong.
Akusu O.M et., al [3] This project study is applicable to the field of heating, ventilation and
air conditioning. The design and construction of a split unit air conditioner was carried out to
achieve a suitable comfort in an office environment. After a study of existing air-conditioners
and survey for availability of materials, the design concept of the split unit air-conditioner
was achieved. The portable air conditioner is based on air water system, in this system the
room unit is supplied with both processed air and chilled water. Conventional Air
conditioners satisfies that need but they are not affordable to everybody. The solution on this
problem is portable air conditioner which is having very low manufacturing and maintenance
cost. Its cooling power is comparable to wall air conditioner. It provides transportability, can
be move anywhere easily. It is small in size; hence it would sit nicely in our bedroom,
drawing room and kitchen. It is completely non-polluting.
Garud Akhilesh Ravindra et., al [4] Presented paper on Heat as always been a problem in
every country such as India. Doing work in a hot summer day can be tiring and are prone to
make silly and unwanted mistakes. A proper mini air conditioner would be good item to have
during these times. When doing work or event, the place could become stuffy and
uncomfortable for technician or engineer. However, air conditioners are mostly marketed as
fix and hard to change places portable air conditioners are dime a dozen but somehow are
very expensive to have. In this project, we aim to make a portable air conditioner that is
affordable and reliably cool small confined for a limited amount of time and space.
Jaan Selg et., al [5] present paper on make a proposal for a mini air condition that uses
existing technology. We will also consider found opportunities according to user insight. So
why would you need an air condition and who uses it? In Sweden air conditioners are not as
common as in warmer parts of the world. In those areas, AC’s are a necessity for daily life.
It’s a guarantee for a comfortable indoor climate. What is good about portable AC’s is that
you can just take it away when you don’t have a need for it anymore. For example, here in
Sweden, you might only use it for some months and then store it away. A portable AC suits
people that rent their house or apartment, meaning they can’t do a permanent installation of
an AC. Some people don’t want to install a big AC that will be there all the time both inside a
room and on the outside on the facade. It’s a cosmetic issue. Some smaller stores and
restaurants might want to bring a portable AC up in their space when the heat gets to intense.
People with small children might also consider a portable AC if it gets too hot inside. People
with medical issues, elderly or others that are extra sensitive to heat should consider using an
AC.
CHAPTER-03
“To construct a portable Mini Air Conditioner for office table, study tables and small bed
room by using raw materials with minimal cost’’
CHAPTER-04
WORKING
Process chillers contain a chemical compound, called a refrigerant. There are many types of
refrigerant and applications depending on the temperatures required but they all work on the
basic principle of compression and phase-change of the refrigerant from a liquid to a gas and
back to a liquid. This process of heating and cooling the refrigerant and changing it from a
gas to a liquid and back again is the refrigeration cycle.
The refrigeration cycle starts with a low-pressure liquid/gas mix entering the evaporator. In
the evaporator, heat from the process water or water/glycol solution boils the refrigerant,
which changes it from a low-pressure liquid to a low-pressure gas. The low-pressure gas
enters the compressor where it is compressed to high-pressure gas. The high-pressure gas
enters the condenser where ambient air or condenser water removes heat to cool it to a high-
pressure liquid. The high-pressure liquid travels to the expansion valve, which controls how
much liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator, thereby beginning the refrigeration cycle again.
There are two types of condensers used in chillers; air-cooled and water-cooled. An air-
cooled condenser uses ambient air to cool and condense the hot refrigerant gas back down to
a liquid. It can be located inside the chiller or can be remotely located outside, but ultimately
it rejects the heat from the chiller to the air. In a water-cooled condenser, water from a
cooling tower cools and condenses the refrigerant.
A portable air conditioning unit extracts hot air from your room and exhausts it to the outside
to ensure that your space has the desired temperature. Just like central air conditioners or any
other type of air conditioners, this self-contained cooling system uses a refrigerant to cool the
air in your room. Most portable air conditioners have a filter that removes airborne particles
from the incoming air. The incoming warm air is blown over the cooling coils. These coils
contain a refrigerant that absorbs heat from the air making it cold. The heat absorbed from the
warm air causes the refrigerant to evaporate. The cooled air is released back into your room.
Block Diagram
CHAPTER-05
Following the transfer of heat, the refrigerant is sprayed into a small pipe, at which
time a thermodynamic reaction occurs. Because the refrigerant has a large surface area but
minimal volume in its current state, it cools and transforms into a liquid. Here, the evaporator
takes over. The liquid collides with the evaporator coils, and mixes with the hot air in the
building. While on the evaporator coils, the refrigerant sucks up moisture and heat. The
moisture becomes condensation and drips down a drain. What’s left is cool, arid air
circulating throughout the building.
Fig.5.1.2 Fan
5.1.4 Sensor
Sensor is device which is used to measure the temperature of the room.
Fig.5.1.4: Sensor
1. 12V AC fan
2. 12V AC motor
3. Copper coil
5. Water tube
6. Thermocol
7. Ice
8. Art paper
9. Hot glue
11. Knife
12. Pipe
2 Weight 2.8kg
7 Refrigerant Ice
CHAPTER-06
APPLICATIONS
• Window Restrictions
Sometimes a window air conditioner is not always the best cooling solution for your
room. The problem with window A/C’s is that they are made for a standard window type. If
you have anything other than the standard or any window restrictions, they won’t work for
you. A portable air conditioner can be installed in any size window no matter the shape and
size. You could also take windows out of the equation and use a ceiling vent. Also, if you
only have one window in your room, using a portable A/C won’t block out your view or
natural light like a window unit might.
If you work in IT you already know that the server room the nucleus of any company.
It is necessary to provide 24/7 cooling and ventilation to avoid any possible malfunctions or
the degradation of your computer equipment. A portable A/C is a great option for a server
room because it is cost effective and can provide spot cooling. You wouldn’t have run your
entire system overnight. Many office central air conditioning units are often turned off for
nights and weekends. A portable air conditioner can provide server room cooling during
those AC down times
• RV Cooling
The convenience and cost efficiency of a portable air conditioner is perfect for those
who love to travel the country by RV. All you need is a small window or top vent in order to
exhaust and you are ready to cool your entire RV.
• Room Additions
If you have recently added a room extension, sun porch, or made one room into two,
you may need to find a solution to cooling it. The duct work and added renovations to your
central air conditioning in order to cool your new addition can be a costly update. A portable
air conditioner, easy and inexpensive to set up, is an excellent alternative.
Some areas get more use than others. Your bedroom or whichever room you and your
family tend to congregate in are good examples. It is especially important to help provide a
comfortable environment for these areas. Increasing your home’s central unit for one space is
not cost effective and can wear on your cooling system over time. Utilizing a portable air
conditioner for this sort of spot cooling can decrease cost and provide some extra cooling for
spaces that need a little extra.
You may have a room in your home you are looking to cool, but the only opening to
vent through is a sliding glass door. That is no problem for a portable A/C. All you need is an
easy-to-use sliding door vent kit. The sliding door kit includes a long panel that can lengthen
to the height of a typical sliding door. When using a sliding door kit, it is important to
remember that, once set up, the glass door will need to be kept closed, but that is small price
to pay in exchange for a cool and comfortable room in the middle of a heat wave.
If you are a boating enthusiast and love taking it out for long periods of time, a
portable A/C would be great for cooling your boat cabin. For those days when there are high
temperatures and no break from the sun, providing cooling to your cabin can be simply
blissful.
Vacation homes or cabins for camping are sometimes not well insulated or not
installed with a central cooling system. Because it is portable like its name suggests, a
portable air conditioner can be a great cooling option in these situations. You can store the
unit at your vacation home or camping site or you can bring the unit with you when you go.
This gives you the option to use it as home, as well.
If you have a small or home office, you know that the heat generated by computer
equipment can make your office warmer than other rooms. A portable air conditioner is great
for managing this bothersome heat and can help provide a cool and comfortable working
environment. It can also help to lengthen the lifespan of computer equipment.
Portable air conditioners are an excellent source for supplemental cooling. Holidays,
birthday, and maybe a poker game with friends are a good time, but as the room gets
crowded, the temperature will rise. A portable A/C unit can help alleviate the situation and
cool down your room. Your home may already have a central air conditioning unit, but
instead of cranking up your whole house, use a portable air conditioner to cool your party
space.
CHAPTER-07
FUTURE SCOPE
After a discussion about this project, I have set up a few limitations that must be attention for
this project. There are a few things that can be improvised this portable air conditioner in the
future development. The electrical energy consumed can be reduced by setting the smart
portable air conditioner to operate automatically. The air conditioner should place near and
direct to people in order to get full function of the air conditioner. And user need provide
power supply to plug in the electricity to the air conditioner.
CHAPTER-08
RESULTS
A portable air conditioner is a cooling system that you can port around from place to place or
room to room. Homeowners or renters can purchase it for their personal use.
A portable air conditioner can be used for economic reasons as well, and they can be quite
expensive to run, a spot cooler saves much more energy, and they cool down your wallet in
the process.
Many of the consumers living in one bedroom or studio apartments have admired its ability
to fit in perfectly to their needs. It doesn’t require installation
Air conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an
occupied space to improve the comfort of occupants.
Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an occupied space such as
a building or a car to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
CHAPTER-09
• Mobility
As opposed to the traditional window air conditioner, a portable one is easier
to move from one place to another with the help of casters mounted to the unit, or
wheels attached to the base. Being mobile, it can be used in a home office during the
day and moved to the bedroom at night.
• Easy installation
What could be better if you can use a home appliance right out of the box?
Well, a portable air conditioner will enable an extremely easy, hassle-free installation
without any screws and other fixing materials. The only thing you have to do is
create an exhaust vent for the condensed air to pass out of the room.
• Cost-effective
Portable air conditioners are smaller units and hence, cost less as compared to
large window units and central air conditioning systems. Since they are available at
cheaper rates, you don't have to cut down on your other expenses and can easily get
one for your home.
• Convenient for rental apartments
There are too many limitations on everything when it comes to a rented house,
one of them being the equipment in your house. In such a situation a portable AC is
the best equipment because of its mobility and easy installation. Your trouble is
lessened with this type of AC and you can focus on the transportation of other heavy
appliances and gadgets while shifting.
DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER-11
CONCLUSIONS
The portable Air conditioner system satisfies the need of user at the most economical cost.
The portable air conditioner is having very low manufacturing and maintenance cost. Its
cooling power is comparable to wall air conditioner. It provides transportability, can be move
anywhere easily. It is small in size; hence it would sit nicely in our bedroom, drawing room
and kitchen. It is completely non-polluting. The process of diagnosing small air conditioning
installations as presented in this paper proposes a performance assessment of building
equipped with small room air conditioners. This approach is based on a dynamic simulation
tool, which provides figures and label guiding the auditor to reduce energy consumption of a
building. The thermal description of a zone is simplified thanks a dedicated interface and the
time for the simulation over a one-year period is less than forty seconds. The figures help the
auditor quantifying the performances improvement between the actual and the modified
building. The labels are intended to provide to the owner, simple information on the energy
quality of his building. The implementation of the tool on real case buildings have shown that
the prediction of the energy consumption provided by the audit is in good agreement with the
experimental measurements and with the electricity utility bills. Audits of existing building
highlight that some improvement may be implemented, leading to an average reduction of
20% of the energy consumption.
REFERENCES
[1] Shahi Satyam, “International Journal for Research in Engineering Application &
Management (IJREAM)” ISSN: 2494 – 9150, Volume -02, issue 07, Oct-2016.
[3] Akusu O.M, “International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology”
Volume 6, Issue 6, 2018, PP 17-24.
[5] Jaan Selg, “Exploring new possibilities in portable air conditioning together with
Electrolux and KTH” Volume 3, Issue 5,2016, PP 16-18.