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(José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz; Oaxaca, 1830 - París, 1915) Militar y estadista
mexicano que fue presidente de México. En 1845 comenzó sus estudios en el
Seminario y posteriormente trabajó como profesor en el Instituto, como armero y
como carpintero. Fue discípulo del liberal Benito Juárez, futuro presidente, quien
impartía Derecho Civil en el Instituto de Ciencias.
Cuando esta institución se clausuró por orden del presidente Santa Anna en 1854,
Díaz inició su carrera política. En 1858 luchó contra los conservadores en la
Guerra de la Reforma y tras ascender a general en 1861, luchó contra la
intervención francesa. Fue jefe de brigada en Acultzingo en abril de 1862, participó
en la batalla de Cinco de Mayo al lado de Ignacio Zaragoza, y en 1863 tomó parte
en la defensa de Puebla.
En esta misma localidad protagonizó poco después una brillante acción militar,
cuando realizó un asalto sangriento y rápido contra sus enemigos de esta ciudad,
que se refugiaron en los cerros de Loreto y Guadalupe. Sin perder tiempo, avanzó
hacia la Capital de la República y la tomó el 2 de abril de 1867, hecho que fue de
gran trascendencia militar pues adelantó la caída del Imperio de Maximiliano y el
triunfo de Juárez.
Con una política de mano dura, Porfirio Díaz trató de eliminar las diferencias de
opiniones sobre asuntos de política, y se dedicó a mejorar el funcionamiento del
gobierno. "Poca política y mucha administración" era el lema de ese tiempo. La
paz no fue total, pero Díaz consiguió mantener el orden mediante el uso de la
fuerza pública. Policías y soldados persiguieron lo mismo a los bandoleros que a
los opositores. Con una política de orden, aumentó la demanda de trabajo y se
hizo posible el desarrollo económico, pues el país contaba con recursos y los
empresarios podían obtener buenas ganancias.
Sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo se hizo evidente que la prosperidad era sólo
para unos pocos, creció el descontento por la miseria en que vivía la mayoría de la
gente y grandes sectores sociales tomaron conciencia de que Díaz llevaba
demasiado tiempo en el poder. Cada vez fue más difícil mantener el orden. En los
últimos años del Porfiriato se vivía en un clima de represión, en el cual la fuerza de
las armas se utilizó con violencia creciente. De ello dan muestra la torpeza con
que se negociaron y la dureza con que se reprimieron las huelgas de Cananea
(1906), en Sonora, y de Río Blanco (1907) en Veracruz, así como la manera en
que se persiguió a los periodistas que criticaban al régimen y a cualquiera que
manifestara una opinión que no fuera la oficial.
México tuvo un crecimiento económico nunca visto, pero, como poca gente tenía
dinero para invertir o podía conseguirlo prestado, el desarrollo sólo favoreció a
unos cuantos mexicanos y a los extranjeros. La desigualdad entre los muy ricos,
que eran muy pocos, y los muy pobres, que eran muchísimos, abrió una profunda
brecha en la sociedad mexicana. Se formaron enormes latifundios, los indígenas
perdieron muchas tierras, y la mayor parte de los habitantes del campo tuvieron
que ocuparse como peones en las haciendas.
Con todo, se hicieron grandes esfuerzos por extender la educación pública, lo que
permitió que se educaran más niños; cada vez más mexicanos pudieron seguir
estudios superiores y se empezó a formar en todo el país una clase media de
profesionales y empleados públicos. Se enriqueció la vida cultural con nuevos
periódicos, revistas y libros escritos e impresos en México, se multiplicaron los
caminos, puentes, edificios y escuelas, los teatros presentaban compañías y
actores europeos, y se extendió el cinematógrafo. La vida intelectual tuvo hitos
importantes. Un grupo de historiadores publicó ³México a través de los siglos´ y
otro ³México y su evolución social´. Justo Sierra inauguró la Universidad Nacional.
José María Velasco plasmó en cuadros maravillosos el esplendor del paisaje
mexicano; Saturnino Herrán pintó una impresionante serie de cuadros con gente
del pueblo y con alegorías a la mexicanidad y José Guadalupe logró vigorosos
grabados con escenas de la vida diaria.
El ejército de Porfirio Díaz, que había mantenido la paz durante treinta años,
parecía muy fuerte, pero en realidad era débil frente al descontento general. En
sólo seis meses las fuerzas maderistas triunfaron sobre las del viejo dictador. La
acción definitiva fue la toma de ciudad Juárez, por Orozco y Villa. En esa misma
ciudad, en mayo de 1911, se firmó la paz entre el gobierno de Díaz y los
maderistas. Porfirio Díaz renunció a la presidencia y salió del país rumbo a
Francia, donde murió en 1915.
L L
1830 Nace José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz en el estado de Oaxaca
1845 comenzó sus estudios en el Seminario.
1854 Cuando esta institución se clausuró por orden del presidente
Santa Anna, Díaz inició su carrera política
1858 luchó contra los conservadores en la Guerra de la Reforma
1861 Luchó contra la intervención francesa.
1862 participó en la batalla de Cinco de Mayo al lado de Ignacio
Zaragoza
1863 Tomó parte en la defensa de Puebla.
1867 Sin perder tiempo, avanzó hacia la Capital de la República y la
tomó el 2 de abril
1872 Designado candidato a la presidencia por el Partido
Progresista, fue derrotado por Juárez y a la muerte de éste, en
1872, se sublevó contra el sucesor Lerdo de Tejada.
1880 La Cámara lo declaró Presidente Constitucional.
1884 Posteriormente, se hizo reelegir; tomó posesión del cargo de
nuevo el 1 de diciembre
1890 Publicó una nueva reforma al anterior artículo para hacer
posible la reelección indefinida, todo lo cual le permitió
permanecer en el poder hasta 1910.
1906 se negociaron y la dureza con que se reprimieron las huelgas
de Cananea
1907 Represión a las huelgas de Río Blanco
1908 Porfirio Díaz concedió una entrevista al periodista
norteamericano James Creelman, en la cual afirmó que México
ya estaba preparado para tener elecciones libres.
1910 fue detenido en Monterrey y encarcelado en San Luis Potosí.
1911 La acción definitiva fue la toma de ciudad Juárez, por Orozco y
Villa. En esa misma ciudad, en mayo de 1911, se firmó la paz
entre el gobierno de Díaz
Porfirio Díaz renunció a la presidencia y salió del país rumbo a
Francia
1915 Murió en la ciudad de París Francia
c
(José de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz, Oaxaca, 1830 - Paris, 1915) Military and Mexican
statesman who was president of Mexico. In 1845 he began his studies at the
seminary and later worked as a professor in the Institute as a dealer and as a
carpenter. He was a disciple of liberal Benito Juarez, the future president, who
taught civil law at the Institute of Science.
When this institution was closed by order of President Santa Anna in 1854, Diaz
began his political career. In 1858 he fought against the conservatives in the War
of the Reformation and after rising to general in 1861, fought against the French
intervention. He was brigade commander in Acultzingo in April 1862, participated in
the battle of Cinco de Mayo by Ignacio Zaragoza, and in 1863 took part in the
defense of Puebla.
Starred in the same location shortly after a brilliant military action, when he made a
quick and bloody assault against their enemies in this city, who took refuge in the
hills of Loreto and Guadalupe. Wasting no time, advanced toward the capital of the
Republic and took the April 2, 1867, a fact that was of great military importance as
it advanced the fall of Maximilian's empire and the triumph of Juárez.
Subsequently, it was re-elected, took office again on December 1, 1884, and three
years later he published an amendment that was passed by Congress, Article 78 of
the Constitution, which he credited for re-election in 1890 published a new reform
of the previous article to allow indefinite re-election, all of which allowed him to
remain in power until 1910. Prior to "improve" this system ordered the elimination
of all possible political opponents and the press was submitted or pursued while
trying to remain independent. The Mexican people were tired of lawlessness and
war, and Diaz proposed to impose peace at any cost, but Mexico did not have
funds or credit standing because he had not paid their debts on time, so I had to
attract foreign capital, the problem was that no one would invest in Mexico if there
was stability and peace.
With a tough policy, Porfirio Diaz attempted to eliminate the differences of opinion
on policy issues, and devoted himself to improving the functioning of government.
"Few great political and administration" was the motto of that time. The peace was
not total, but Diaz was able to maintain order through the use of public force. Police
and soldiers chased the bandits same to opponents. With a policy of order,
increased the demand for labor and economic development made possible
because the country had the resources and entrepreneurs could get good profits.
However, over time it became clear that prosperity was only a few, grew discontent
with the misery of living most people and large segments of society became aware
that Diaz took too long in power. Became increasingly difficult to maintain order. In
recent years the Porfiriato are living in a climate of repression in which the force of
arms was used with increasing violence. It shows the clumsiness they were
negotiated and how hard it is repressed strikes at Cananea (1906), in Sonora, and
Rio Blanco (1907) in Veracruz, as well as how they were persecuted journalists
criticizing the regime and anyone who express an opinion other than the official.
During the long time it ruled Diaz important works were carried out at various ports,
and lay 20,000 km of railways. Rail lines were drawn to the most important ports
and towards the border with the United States to facilitate trade. They also served
to facilitate the movement of goods between different regions of Mexico, and as a
means of political and military control. Mail and telegraph spread across much of
the country. Some banks were founded, organized the finances of the government
regularized the tax bill and, little by little they were paying the debts. Agriculture
progressed dramatically in Yucatan, Morelos and La Laguna, with vast production
of sisal, sugar cane and cotton.
Mexico had an economic growth never seen, but as few people had money to
invest or I could get paid, development favored only a few Mexicans and
foreigners. The inequality between the very rich, who were few, and the very poor,
which were many, opened a deep divide in Mexican society. Large estates were
formed, the Indians lost much land, and the majority of rural dwellers had to deal
as laborers on the estates.
However, great efforts were made to extend public education, allowing more
children to be educated and increasingly Mexicans were able to attend college and
began to form around the country a middle class of professionals and employees.
Cultural life is enriched with new newspapers, magazines and books written and
printed in Mexico, has increased the roads, bridges, buildings and schools,
theaters and companies had European players, and spread the cinema. Intellectual
life was important milestones. A group of historians published "Mexico through the
centuries" and another "Mexico and its social evolution." Justo Sierra opened the
National University. José María Velasco wonderful pictures captured in the
splendor of the Mexican landscape, Saturnino Herran painted a stunning series of
pictures with people in the village and allegories of Mexican and José Guadalupe
achieved strong prints with scenes of everyday life.
But the success of his campaign made him a danger to the Diaz government, and
shortly before the 1910 elections, was arrested in Monterrey and imprisoned in San
Luis Potosi. He received the news that Diaz had become a re-election. By the bail
out of jail, but should remain in the city. However, in early October Madero fled to
the United States, where he published the Plan de San Luis Potosi.
In that document, Madero denounced the illegality of the elections and refused to
Porfirio Diaz as president. It declared himself interim president until new elections
were held, promised that land would be returned to those who had been
dispossessed; requested defend effective suffrage and no reelection of presidents.
He also called the people to rise up in arms on November 20, 1910, and threw the
power of the dictator.
The army of Porfirio Díaz, who had kept the peace for thirty years, looked very
strong, but it was really weak against the general discontent. In just six months the
Madero forces triumphed over the old dictator. The final action was taking of
Ciudad Juárez, by Orozco and Villa. In the same city in May 1911, peace was
signed between the government of Díaz and Madero. Porfirio Díaz resigned the
presidency and left the country bound for France, where he died in 1915.
L
1830 Jose de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz was born in the state of Oaxaca
1845 began his studies at the seminary.
1854 when this institution was closed by order of President Santa
Anna, Diaz began his political career
1858 fought against the conservatives in the War of Reform
1861 fought against the French intervention.
1862 participated in the battle of Cinco de Mayo by Ignacio Zaragoza
1863 took part in the defense of Puebla.
1867 Wasting no time, advanced toward the capital of the Republic
and took on 2 April
1872 Appointed 1872 presidential candidate for the Progressive
Party, was defeated by Juarez and his death in 1872, rebelled
against the successor Lerdo de Tejada
1880 The President declared the Constitutional Chamber.
1884 After 1884, it was re-elected, took office again on December 1.
1890 published a new reform of the previous article to allow indefinite
re-election, all of which allowed him to remain in power until
1910
1906 was negotiated and the harshness with which the strikes were
repressed Cananea
1907 Suppression of the White River strikes
1908 Porfirio Díaz gave an interview to American journalist James
Creelman, in which he said that Mexico was ready to hold free
elections.
1910 was held in Monterrey and imprisoned in San Luis Potosi.
1911 The final action was the taking of Ciudad Juarez, by Orozco and
Villa. In the same city in May 1911, peace was signed between
the government of Díaz
Porfirio Díaz resigned the presidency and left the country bound
for France
1915 Died in Paris France