Amit M. Agarwal - Vector & 3D Geometry - 1 Ed.

Skills in
Mathematics for
JEEMAIN &
ADVANCED
.....
_,. ,. •.
•
~
3D Geom~try
With Sessionwise Theory & ·Exercises
EI
•••
Practice ali Objective Questions from
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Detalled lnstructions lnside
Amit M. Agarwal arihant

Skills in
Mathematics for
JEEMAIN &
ADVANCED
Vector &
3D Geometry
With Sessionwise Theory & Exercises
Amit M. Agarwal
*arihant
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT
~ Skills in Mathematics for
@V JEEMAIN &ADVANCED
PREFACE
"YOU CAN DO ANYTHING JF YOU SET YOUR MIND TO JT, 1 TEACH GEOMETRY
TO JEE ASPIRANTS BUT BELIEVE THE MOST L'rfPORTANT FOR.JWULA IS
COURAGE + DREAMS = SUCCESS"
It is a matter of great pride and honour for me to have received such an overwhelming
response to the previous editions of this book from the readers. ln a way, this has inspired
me to revise thi~ book thoroughly as per the changed pattern of JEE Main & Advanced. I
have tried to make the contents more relevant as per the needs of students, many topics
have been re-written, a lot of new problems of new types have been added in etc. All
possible efforts are made to remove ali the printing errors that had crept in previous
editions. The book is now in such a shape that the students would feel at ease while going
through the problems, which will in tum clear their concepts too.
A Summary of changes that have been made in Revised & Enlarged Edition
• Theory has been completely updated soas to accommodate ali the changes made in JEE
Syllabus & Pattern in recent years.
• The most important point about this new edition is, now the whole text rnatter of each
chapter has been divided into small sessions with exercise in each session. ln this W'3)" the
reader will be able togo through the whole chapter in a systematic " "ªY·
• Just after completion of theory, Solved Examples o f ali JEE types have been gi,-en, pn:l\;ding
the students a complete understanding of ali the formats ofJEE questions & the levd of
difficulty of questions generally asked in JEE.
• Along with exercises given with each session, a complete cumulatiw exerc.iscs ha,~ becn
given at the end of each chapter soas to give the students complete pmctice fur JEE ,uons
with the assessment ofknowledge that they have gained with the study ofthe chtipter.
• Last 10 Years questions asked in JEE Main &Adv, IJT-JEE & AIEEE haw bcen c-own."<.I in t\ll
the chapters.
However I have made the best efforts and put my ali teaching experience in l'\!,ising this
book. Still I am looking forward to get the valuable suggestions and critidsm from my
own fraternity i.e. the fraternity of JEE teachers.
I would also like to motivate the students to send their suggestions o r lhe ch(m~es 1lrnt
they want to be incorporated in this book. Ali lhe suggestions giwn by )'t•u ali will be
kept in prime focus at the time of next revision of the book.
Amit M. Agnrwnl
@V JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
CONTENTS
1. VECTOR ALGEBRA 1-62
LEARNING PART • Section Formula
Session 1 s'ession 3
• Scalar and Vector Quantities • · Linear Combination of Vectors
• Representation ofVectors • Theorem on Coplanar &
• Position Vector of a Point in Space Non-coplanar Vectors
• Direction Cosines • Linear Independence and
• Rectangular Resolution of a Vector Dependence ofVectors
in 2D and 3D Systeins
PRACTICE PART
Session 2 • JEE Type Examples
• Addition & Subtraction of Vectors • Chapter Exercises
• Multiplication ofVector by Scalar
2. PRODUCT OF VECTORS 63-166

LEARNING PART • Area of Parallelogram ,u,J Tri.11\gk
Session l • Moment of a Force and Co\1pk
• Product ofTwo Vectors • Rotation About an Axis
• Components of a Vector Along and Scssion 3
Perpendicular to Another Vector • Scal,1r lripl<' Pro,hKt
• Application of Dot Product in
Scsslon 4
Mechanics
• Vector Tripie Pmdu,t
Session 2
PRACTICE PART
• Vector or Cross Product of Two
• JEE 'l)•p<' Ex,1mplcs
Vectors
• Chaplcr Ex<'t'l:lscs
@.JI JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
3. THREE DIMENSIONAL
COORDINATE SYSTEM 167-282
LEARNING PART Session 3
Session l • Plane
• lntroduction • Equation of Plane in Various Form
• Position Vector of a Point in Space • Angles between Two Planes
• Shifting of Origin • Family of Planes
• Distance Formula • Two Sides of a Plane
• Section Formula • Distance of a Point from a Plane
• Direction Cosines and Direction • Equation of Planes Bisecting the
Ratios of a Vector Angle between 1\rn Planes
• Projection of the Line Segment • Line and Plane
Joining Two Points on a Given Line Session4
Session 2 • Sphere
• Equation of a Straight Line in Space PRACTICE PART
• Angle between Two Lines • JEE Type Examples
• Perpendicular Distance of a Point • Chapter Exerciscs
from aLine
• Shortest Distance between Two Lines
@J; JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
SYLLABUS FOR JEE MAIN

Three Dimensional Geomet.ry
Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula,
direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew
lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations ofa line and
a plane in different forms, intersection ofa line anda plane, coplanar lines.
Vector Algebra
Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two
dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and
vector tripie product.
SYLLABUS FOR JEE ADVANCED

Locus Problems
Three Dimensions Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a
straight line in space, equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane.
Vectors
Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, scalar products, dot and cross
products, scalar tripie products and their geometrical interpretations.
CHAPTER
01
Vector Algebra
Learning Part
Session 1
• Scalar and Vector Quantíties
• Representation of Vectors
• Position Vector of a Point in Space
• Direction Cosines
• Rectangular Resolution of a Vector in 2D and 3D Systems
Session2
• Addition & Subtraction of Vectors
• Multiplication of Vector by Scalar
• Section Formula
Session 3
·• Linear Combination of Vectors
• Theorem on Coplanar & Non-coplanar Vectors
• Linear lndependence and Dependence of Vectors
Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Ex~rcises
Arihant on Your Mobile !

Exercises with the é) symbol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page ta activate for free.
Session 1
Scalar and Vector Quantities, Representation of Vectors,
Position Vector of a Point in Space, Direction Cosines,
Rectangular Resolution of a Vector in 2D and 3D Systems
Vectors represent one of the most important mathematical A directed line segment with initial point A and terminal
systems, which is used to handle certain types of problems -+
in Geometry, Mechanics and other branches of Applied point Bis denoted by AB or AB. Vectors are also denoted
Mathematics, Physics and Engineering. by small letters with an arrow above it or by small bold
➔ ➔ ➔
letters, e.g. a, b, c etc. or a, b, e etc.
Scalar and Vector Quantities

Physical quantities are divided into two categories-Scalar
quantities and Vector quantities. Those quantities which
have only magnitude and which are not related to any
A
/'
Here, in the figure a = AB and magnitude or modulus of
fixed direction in space are called scalar quantities or
a is expressed as Iai =1ABI =AB (Distance between initial
briefly scalars. Examples of scalars are mass, volume, and terminal points).
density, work, temperature etc.
A scalar quantity is represented by a real number along Remarks
with a suitable unit. Second kind of quantities are those 1. The magnitude of a vector is always a non-negat ive real
which have both magnitude and direction, such quantities number.
are called vectors. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, 2. Every vector AB has the following three c haracterist ics
momentum, weight, force etc., are examples of vector
Length The length of AB will be denoted by IAB Ior AB.
quantities.
Support The line of unlimited length of whlch AB is a
1Example 1. Classify the following measures as segment is called lhe support of the vector AB.
scalars and vectors Sense The sense of AB is from A to B and that ofBA is
(i) 20 m north-west (ii) 10 Newton from B to A Thus, the sense of a directed tine segment is
(iii) 30 km/h from its initial point to the terminal poi•n t.
(iv) som/s towards north
(v) 10-19 coloumb 1Example 2. Represent graphically
(i) A displacement of 60 km, 40° east of north
So/. (i) Directed distance -Vector
(ü) Force-Vector (ii) A displacement of 50 km south-east
(ili) Speed-Scalar Sol. (i) The vector OP represent the required vector.
(iv) Velocity-Vector N
(v) Electric charge·Scalar p
Representation of Vectors W'+----- -=1'::---.-4-5-

,- - -E
Geometrically, a vector is represented by a directed tine
segment. Só.+_,,
o
For example, a = AB. Here, A is called the inilial point and
Bis called the terminal point or tip. s
(ii) Toe vector OQ reprcscnt lhe rcquired vcctor.
Chap 01 Vector Algebra 3
12. Equality of vectors Two vectors a and b are said to

Types of Vectors be equal, if
1. Zero or null vector A vector whose ~anitude is zero
(i) la 1=lbl
is called zero or null vector and it is represented by O.
(ii) they have· the sarne or parallel support.
The initial and terminal points of the directed line
(iii) they have the sarne sense.
segment representing zero vector are coincident and
its direction is arbitrary. Two unit vectors may not be equal unless they have
2. Unit vector A vector whose modulus is unity, is the sarne direction.
called a unit vector. Toe unit vector in the direction of 1Example 3. ln the following figure, which of the
a_vector a is denoted by â, readas "a cap'. Thus,
vectors are:
lal=l
(i) Collinear
A a Vector
a = - = -- - - -- (ii) Equal
1ai Magnitude of a
(iii) Co-initial
3. Like and unlike vectors Vectors are said to be like
when they ha,·e the sarne sense of direction and (iv) Collinear but not equal
unlike when they ha,·e opposite directions.
4. Collinear or parallel vectors Vectors having the a e
sarne of parallel supports are called collinear vectors.
5. Coinitial vectors Vectors having the sarne initial
point are called coinitial vectors. b
~ scale
6. Coplanar vectors A system of vectors is said to be uni!
d
coplanar, if they lie in the sarne plane or their
supports are parallel to the same plane.
7. Cotenninous vectors Vectors ha,ing the same Sol. (i) a,c and d are collinear vectors.
terminal points are called coterminous ,·ectors. (ü) a and e are equal veclors
8. Negative of a vector Toe vector which has the same (ili) b,c and d are co·initial vectors
magnitude as the given vector a but opposite {iv) a and d are collinear bul they are not equal, as their
direction. is called the negative of a and is denoted directions are nol sarne.
by-a. Tous, if PQ= a, thenQP= -a.
9. Reciprocai of a vector A vector having the same
direction as that of a given vector a but magnitude
Position Vector of
equal to the reciproca! of the given vector is knO\vn as
the reciproca! of a and is denoted by a -t . Thus. if
a Point in Space
Let O be the fixed point in space and X' OX, Y' OY and
lal =a. then la- I =Ua.
1
Z' OZ be three lines perpendicular to each other at O.
Then, these three tines called X-axis, Y·axis and Z-a.'<is
Rem.ark
A unit vector is sei! recicrocal.
which constitute the rectangular coordinate system. The
planes XOY, YOZ and WX, called respectively, the
10. Localised vector A vector which is drawn parallel to XY·plane, the YZ·plane and the ZX-plane.
a given vector through a specified point in space is z
called a localised vector. For example, a force acting
P \J<, y, z)
on a rigid body is a localised vector as its effect
depends on the tine of action of the force.
11. Free vectors lf the value of a vector depends only on
its length and dircction and is independent of its
position in the spacc, it is callcd a free vcctor.
Ronark
U nless other-M se stated ali vectors v..11 be cons c:ered as free '"ectors X
4 Textbook of Vector & 30 Geometry
Now, let P be any point in space. Then. position of P is Sol. (d) Let a= 3i +4] +sfc Lhen Ia 1
given by triad (x, y, z) where x. y. z are perpendicular
ctistance from YZ-plane, ZX-plane and XY-plane = ,h' +4' +52 = .J9+16+25 = s.12
respectively. Thus, lhe length of a sidc of square = 5✓2
T~e vectorOP is called lhe position vector ofpoint.P Hence, area of square =(5✓2 )2 =25 X 2 =50
w11h respect to lhe origin O and written as
OP = ri+~ +zfc
Direction Cosines
where i. Jand Íc are unit vectors parallel to X-axis, Y-axis
Let r be the position vector of a p oint P(x, y, z ). Then,
and Z-axis. We usually denote position vector by r.
direction cosines of r are the cosines of angles ex. 13 and y
Remarks lhat lhe vector r makes with the positive direction of X, Y
· and Z-axes respectively. We usually denote direction
1. li A and B are any two points in space having coordinates
( x,, Y, , z,) and ( x2, Y2, z2) respectively, then distance between
cosines by /, m and n respectively.
lhe points Aand B = ✓(x 2 - x,) 2 + (y2 _ y1) 2 + (z2 _ z, )2. ln lhe figure, we may note that l:iOAP is right angled
triangle and in it we have
2. Using distance formula, l he magnitude oi OP (or r) is given by
IOPI = ✓(• -0) + (y- 0) 2 + (z - 0) 2 = ✓•• + y 2 +
2
1
2 cos a = !.. (r stands for I r D
r
3. Two v~ctor~ are e_qual il they have sarne components. í.e. if
a =d\i + llii + a/< and b =bii + bii + bj,. are equal, then Similarly, from the right angled triangles OBP and OCP,
d\ = bi. ili = bi and 33 = b_i.
we gel
cos j3 = 1:'.. and cos y = ~

1 Ex_ilmP,_le 4. Find a unit vector parallel to the vector r r
- 3i+4j. Thus, we have the following
X X
Sol. Leta = - 3i + 4j cosa = I = x - =-
.Jx2 +y2+z2 !ri r
Then. 1ai = ./~
( --3-)2_+_ (_4_)2 = 5
y y y
cosj3=m
:. Unit vector parallel to a = â = _!_ · a .Jx2 +y2 + zz =ftj=-;-
=-
-3i+4j
-5 - =5 1 +5)
-3~ 'ª'4~ and cos y = n
z z z
.Jxz +y2 +zz = ftj=-;:-
1Example 5. Let a =12i + nj and Ia 1=13, find the Clearly, 12 + m 2 + n 2 = t.

value of n. Here, ex = L. POX, j3 = L POY, y = L POZ and i, J and fc are
the unit vectors along OX, OY and OZ respectively.
Sol. Here. a = 12i + nj
z
!ai = ✓122 + n 2 = 13
144+n 2 = 169
n 2 =25 or n =±5
1Example 6. Write two vectors having sarne
magnitude.
Sol. Let a =2i + j +fc and b = i + j + 2Íc p
Then, 1a 1= 1b 1= J2 2
+ 1 + 1 = ✓6
2 2 '
A' -------·--- -····- ·-· -
o
1 Example 7.• lf o.ne stde of a square be represented by X
the vectors 3i + 4 j + Sk, then the area of the square is
(a) 12 (b) 13
X
(e) 2S (d) 50
Chap 01 Vector Alçebra 5
R,11uarh The scal11.rs x and y are called lhe componcnts or resoh·ed

, . 11'1,>\'\'>N11i" ilt.,s of p,, 1111 fl 111~\' 111~(\ bQ t'\Pf0$S('(i IIS pnrls of r in tJ1e directions of X-a.tis and r-a.us,
(/1,m1,111).
respectively and tl1e ortlered pair (:r, y) is known as
2. nwl\llllll,>t:I Ir, 1111 .11111 nr. p111p,,1liOt1ill l<l lho dlt\'Ctlon coordinntes of point wh ose position vector is r.
1'\'Shh'>S, M >\'.lllltXl lho cth\'CIÍt'I\ mtlo.s of wctor f and IUO
d,,,,.,t,, 1bv ,\ ll ~nci e t\'\Sl}<JCtiwly. y
3. 11 r ~ ., i ~ bl +· ck, th<ln" b <1m1 e- 1111, ditt>etlon mtios oi lho

l)iwn " "'t,,r.
,\ ls,l, li .i'' + ti" + ,.,· .. t. tlw1q b ,mci cwlll Nidil'l'clion
cc:slnt'<l of º''" n 1,)('\or.
1Example 8. lhe dlreclion cosines of lhe vector

3i-,~]+Skare
(,\) ~ -1
5' 5 '5
.!. tl>) _ 3_ -=- _!_
sfi' sfi' li
(e) '.' -1 1
Also, tlie magnitude of r = .j....= + y= and if8 is lhe
(d) .2._ _ 4_ _!_
fi ' fi ' li sfi' s-n' l i inclinntion of ndtJ1 the X-nxis.. then 8 = tan -i ( ~).
Sol. (h) r ,. 31- 4J +Sk
~
ln three Dimensional System
H ~11<.' C:, \1.tn'Ch011
' .
L'\ISlll~S 111"\' ~ •~
-1 5
• --,.
Sv~ Sv2 s,12 Any wctor r in three dimensional systt"m C'.\Il ~
. :1 - 1 l éXpréSSéd ns
l.~. ~ - --r- , -r.,
S":? S,t:! V~ r = .ci + _,j +:k
y
1Example 9. Show lhat lhe vector i+ j + kis equ:illy
inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ.
So/,LctAci+j +k
lfn 11111kc:s 1111sl~s Cl, ~ . y with X.)' 11111I Z-11x~s r,·~p~cth·d )•,
r--rc---- -,,,;
o ~--------···
~r
thcn X
/k /
z
, j :1111\ :.k :\rc l':\\ll,\ tht r\__1::ht <\t\1::kd
Tlw Vl'l'lor:1 si, _
l',l111pm1c11ts of r.
,111J
Thc srnl:1rs x, y mui : :\l'l' l':1\l~ \ thl' ,'('11111,'\11l".11t:a rn-
11ms, wc: hnvc cosC't == cos P = rosy, i.c. n " ll " Y l't'SOIV(,\ p:1rts ,,f I' in th,• 1lil't'\'.tio11s ,,r X-:u:ii\.. r-a.·•ds :1.nd
H~nrc:, n is equnlly indlncd to th,· nxcs. Z-:nds. l't'Spt•ctiwly :111,\ ('>l\km.\ tripl('t l-",Y• : ) i~k.tmwn
ns l'<ll1t\li11:1h.•s of /l wh\\sc \\\'l..~iti,,11 \ttl1'\I' \$ r. r\l~\°, the
111:1!l11it111k or 111oil11l11s ,,f
Rectangular Resolution of a r • l•i • / ,.: +y~ +::,
Vector in 2D and 3D Systems 1Example 10. Lei i\ll bl' ;1 ,w tor ln \\\X) dimt•n..,itm ..11
pi.mi' wllh thl' 111.~ nitud,1 li unll~ .111d tn;\~it\~ ;\11 ;ln_sl~
ln Two Dimensional System of 30° wlth X-.1:-.ls .111d lyh\~ ln tht' l'ir:-t q11,1Clr.1nt.
Any vector r ln two dimcnslonnl s~strm cnn hc l'Xtm·sscil Flnd tlll' co111po1wnts oi l\ll .,lrn\~ tht' '"" ;1,,,s ()f
ns r =xi+ yj. The vcctors xi nml yj nn• cnllt·,1. tho:- coordln,lh'S. l lt'lll'1\ l'l.'1)1\'~•'lll l\ll in h'(11l1' of unit
pcrpcmlicult,r compolll'III Vl'Clors or r. veclors i .md j.
Sol. Let us consider A as origin. From the diagram, it can be =AB cos 30° =4 cos 30°
seen that the component of AB along X-axis
y = 4X ./3 =2✓3
2
D B ánd the component of AB along Y -axis
4 =AB sin 30° =4 x -1 =2
2
30"
A-l'--'--'-----X Hence, AB =2✓
3i + 2j
Exercise for Session 1

1. Classify lhe following measures as scalars and vector :
(i) 20 kg weighl (ii) 45º
(iii) 1O m south-east (iv) 50 m/sec2
2. Represent lhe following graphically:
(i) A displacemenl of 40 km, 30º west of south (ii) a displacemenl of 70 km, 40• north of west
3. ln lhe given figure, ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. which veclors are:
E d
A a B
(i) Collinear (ii) Equal
(iii) Coinitial (iv) Collinear but not equal
4. Answer lhe following as true or false

(i) a and a are collinear.
(ii) Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude.
(iii) Zero vector is unique.
(iv) Two vectors having sarne magnitude are collinear.
5. Find lhe perimeter of a triangle with sides 31 +4j +Sk, 4i - 3j-Sk and 71 + j.
6. Find lhe angle of vector a =61 +2j - 3k with X -axis.
7. Write lhe direction ratios of lhe veclor r = i - j + 2k and hence calculate its direction cosines.
Session 2
Addition & Subtraction of Vectors, Multiplication
of Vector by Scalar, Section Formula
Addition of Vectors 3. Polygon law of addition

[Resultant of Vectors) If the number of vectors are represented by the sides of a
polygon taken in order, lhe resultant is represented by the
closing side of the polygon taken in the reverse order.
1. Triangle Law of Addition
E D
If two vectors are represented by two çonsecutive sides of
a triangle, then their sum is represented by lhe third side
of the triangle, but in opposite direction. This is known as
the triangle law of addition of vectors. Thus, if AB = a, F e
BC = b andAC= e, then AB+ BC = AC i.e. a+ b = e.
A B
ln the figure, AB + BC+ CD+ DE + EF= AF
4. Addition in Component Form

If the vectors are defined in terms of i ,} and k, i.e. if
a=a 1 i + a 2 }+a 3 k and b =b1 i+b2 } +b 3 k, then their
2. Parallelogram Law of Addition sum is defined as
a + b =(a 1·+bi)i+(a2 +b2 )}+(a 3 +b 3 )k .
If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their sum is represented by the
diagonal of the parallelogram whose initial point is the Properties of Vector Addition
sarne as the initial point of the given vectors. This is
known as parallelogram Jaw ofvector addition. Vector addition has the following properties
(i) Closure The sum of two vectors is aiways a vector.
Thus, ifOA= a, OB= band OC= e
Then, OA + OB = OC i.e. a+ b = e, where OC is a diagonal (ii) Commutativity For any two vectors a and b,
of the parallelogram OACB. ~ a+ b = b + a
(iii) Associativity For any three vectors a, b ande,
·t21
~ a +(b + e) =(a+ b) +e
(iv) Identity Zero vector is the identity for addition. For
any vector a. ·
~ o+a=a=a +o
O a A
(v) Additive inverse For every vector a its negative
Remarks vector-a exists such thata +(-a) =(- a) +a= O
1. The magnitude oi a + b is not equal to lhe su m oi the i.e. (-a) is the additive inverse of the vector a.
magnitudes of a and b.
2. From the figure, we have OA + AC = OC (By trlangle law oi 1Example 11. Find the unit vector parallel to the
vector addition) resultant vector of2i+4j -Sk and 1+2j+3k.
or OA + 0B = OC (·: AC = OB). whlch Is lhe parallelogram
law. Thus. we may say that lhe two laws of vector addition are Sol. Resultant vector, r = (21 + 4]- Sk) + (i + 2J + 3k)
equivalent to each other. = 3j + 6j- 2k
8 Tcxtbook of Vcctor & 30 Gcomct,y
lJnlt vrrlor p11mllrl lo r . 1.. r
'®'
ri 1
• J,:,• + 6',1+ (-2)', (:JH• r,j• - ZI<)•

A IJ
1 • • •
• - (:li +6j - Zl1) • /\ 11+0 ➔ 0 1 i\11+ 2/\U • 1/\IJ
7
(·: m>• /\li, l'C = Z/\11)
1 Example 12. lf a, b anel e are lhe vcclors rcprcscnlcd llcncc provcd.
by lhe sldcs of a lrlangle, taken ln order, then prove
that a+ b+ e =O.
Sol: Lct A/JC bc n tri1111glc such thnl Subtraction of Vectors
llC= n, CA = b 11ml Ali = e lf'n nrnl 1, nrc lwo vcclors, lhcn lhcir s ubtraction a- b is
J clincd as a - h = a +(- b), whcrc - bis thc ncgalivc of b
6
hnvinl.,( magniludc cqual to lhat of b and dircction
oppositc to b.
8
a II e
Thcn,n+ b + e = nc + CA + AD
= DA+All (·: n c+ CA= DA)
= -AD+All
a+b+c =O Hcncc provcd.
1 Example 13. lf S is the mid-point of side QR of a

tl.PQR, then prove that PQ+ PR=2PS.
Sol. Clearly, by triangle law of addition, wc have e
~
lf a =a 1 i+a2 )+a 3 k
and b = b1 l+b2 )+b 3 k
Then, a- b= (a 1 -bi)i+(a 2 -b2 ))+(à 3 -b,)k
PQ+ QS= PS ...(i)

Properties of Vector Subtraction
(i) a- b ;t b - a
and PR + RS = PS ... (ii)
(ii) (a - b )-c;t a -(b - e)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), wc gel
(PQ+ QS)+(PR + RS)=2PS (iii) Since, any one side of a triangle is Iess than the sum
and g reater than lhe difference of the o ther two sides,
⇒ (PQ + PR)+(QS+ RS)=2PS
so for any two vectors a and b, we have
⇒ PQ+ PR + O= 2PS
(a)la+bl5 lal+lbl (b) la+bl~lal-lbl
[·: S is lhe mid-point of QR :. QS = - RSJ
Hcncc, PQ + PR = 2PS Hence proved.
(c)la-blSlal+ lbl (d)la-bl ~lallbl
1 Example 14. lf ABCDEF Is a regular hexagon, prove Remark

lf A and B are two points in space having coord,nates (x,. y,. 1 ,)
that AD+ EB + FC = 4AB. and (x,, r,,
z,). lhen
Sol. Wc ha·: ., AB = Position Vector of B - Pos,tion Vector of A
AD + EB+ FC = (AB+ BC + CD)+(ED+ DC+ CB) + FC = (x,i + r,i
+ z,f,.) - (,,i +r,i+ z, k)
= AB +(BC+ CU) +(CD+ DC)+ ED+ FC =<•, - x,)i + (r, - r,>i + (z 1 - z1)k
1 Example 15. lf A= (O, 1),B = (1, O), C = (1, 2) and

D= (2, 1), prove that vector AB and CD are equal.
Sol. Herc, AB =(1 - O)i + (O - 1) J=1- j
and CD=(2-l)i +(1-2)J= i-J
Clearly, AD= CD Hence proved.
2 2
1 Example 16. lf the position vectors of A and B Now, IAB 1 = -/CP-a)2 +(y-P) +(a - y)
2 2
respectively i + 3]- 7k and Si -2j+4k, then find AB. Similarly, BC= CA = -/CP - a)~ + (y - P) + (a - y)
Sol. Let O be the origin, then we have :. ,iABC is an equilateral triangle.
OA = i+3J -7 k
1 Example 20 .• tf t~e ppsition yectors of ~h~ ~ertiçes of
and on = Si-2J+4k a triangle be 2i+4j- k, 4i+Sj + k and ~i +6 j- 3k,
Now, AD = OB-OA =(Si-2J+4k) - (Í+3J-7k) then the triangle is
= 4i-SJ+llk (a) right angled (b) isosceles
(e) equi lateral (d) None of these
1 Example 17. Vectors drawn from the origin o to the Sol. (a, b) Lei A, B, C be lhe vertices of given triangle with
points A, B and C are respectively a,b and 4a - 3b. Find
AC and BC.
position vectors, 2i + 4J - k, 4i + sj + k and 3i + 6J - 3k
respectively.
Sol. We have, OA = a, 0B = b and OC = 4a -3b Then, we have
. Clearly, AC = OC-OA = (4a - 3b )-(a)
OA =2i +4 J- k, 0B = 4 l + 5J+ k
= 3a -3b
and BC = OC - 0B = (4a -3b)-(b)= 4a - 4b and OC =3l + 6J - 3k
Clearly, AB= OB-OA = 2i + j + 2k
1Example 18. Find the direction cosines of the vector BC=- i + }-4k
joining the points A(1, 2, - 3) and B(-1, -2, 1), directed
and AC = i + 2} - 2k
from A to B.
2 -+ 12_+_2_
Now, AB= IABI = ✓r2- 2 =3
Sol. Clearly, AB = (-1 - l )i + (- 2- 2)J +(1 + 3)k = -2i- 4j +4k
Now,IABI = -/(-2)2 + (-4)2 + (4) = ✓36 = 6
2 BC =I Bq =-/(- 1)2 +(1) 2 +(-4)2 =3✓2
2 2 2
AB -2i-4 j+4k and AC=IACl=-/1 +2 +(-2) =3
.·. Unit vector along AB= IABI = 6 AB = AC and BC' = AB 2 + AC 2
:. The triangle is isosceles and right angled.
=-!1-~j+~k
3 3 3
1 Example 21. The two adjacent sides of a
1 Example 19. Let ex, p and y be distinct real numbers. parallelogram are 2i +4 ]- Sk and i+2j+3k. Find the
The points with position vectors unit vectors along the diagonais of the parallelogram.
ex i+ PJ+ yk ,Pi+yj+cx k and y i+cx j+pk Sol. Lei OABC be the given para!Íelogram and let the adjacent
sides OA and 0B be represented by a= 2i + 4J- Sk and
(a) are collinear
b = Í + 2j + 3k respectively.
(b) forrn an equilateral triangle
· Now, the veclors along the two diagonais are
(e) forrn a scalene triangle
(d) forrn a right angled triangle • e
Sol. (b) Let the given points be A, B and C with posilion vectors
ai + J}j + "(k, pi + "6 + ak and yi + aj + Pk,
As, a, p and y are distincl real numbers, therefore ABC
forma triangle.
Clearly, AB = OB- OA = <Pi+ "6 + ak)- (ai+ pj + "(k) o •
= (P -a)Í +(y-p)j +(a -y)k
d, =11 + b =3i + 6J - 2k
10 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry
The required unit vectors are It is given that, Jâ! = 1bJ = Jâ + Í,J = 1
. d, 3i + 6j -2k ⇒ IOAl+IABl=IOBl= l
n , = - =---;=;2~===~ -
ld,I ,/3
+ 62 + (-2)2 óOAB is equilateral triangle.
3, 6, 2. Since, IOAI =lâi = 1 = 1-h!= jAB'I
=1•+1J-7k Therefore, óOAB' is an isosceles triangle.
• d, -i - 2j + 8k ⇒ LAB'O = LAOB' =30°
and Dz =- =-,=,=~==-~~
ld, I .J<-1 ) 2 +(-2)2 + 82 ⇒ LBOB' = LBOA + LAOB' =60° + 30º = 90°
-1 , 2 , 8 • (since, t.BOB' is right angled)
= ../69'- ✓69 J+ ✓69 k :. ln t.BOB', we have
2 2
IBB'l 2 = IOBl + JOB'l
1 E_xample 22. lf a and b are any two vectors, then
g1ve the geometrical interpretation of the relation =lâ+ í.l' +jâ- í. l'
la+ bl =la- bj . 2 2 =t' +lâ - Í.I'
Sol. Let OA = a and AB = b. Completíng the parallelogram lâ - Í.1= ✓3 Hcncc provcd.
OABC.
' -- ~ , ! e Multiplication of a
:' --...... a+ b
c
bÍ ---
:
a- b
..........
b
Vector by a Scalar
'
o'
----- A If a is a vector and m is a scalar (i.e. a real number), then
a m a is a vector whose magnitude is rri times that of a and
Then, OC= b and CB= a whose direction is the sarne as that of a, if m is positive
From 6 OAB, wc have and opposite to that of a, if m is negative.
OA+AB=OB ⇒ a+b=OB ...(i) :. Magnitude ofma =lmal => m (magnitude of a) =m Ia 1
From &OCA. we have Again, if a = a, i + a2 ] + a 3 k,
OC+CA= OA then m a = (ma 1 ) i + (ma 2 ) ] + (ma 3 ) Íc
⇒ b + CA'." a ⇒ CA= a- b ...(ii)
Clearly, la+ b l = la- bJ ⇒ IOBI = ICAI
Diagonais of parallelogram OABC are equal. Properties of Multiplication
OABC is a rectangle. of Vectors by a Scalar
⇒ OA.L OC ⇒ a .l b
Toe following are properties of multiplication of vectors
1Example 23. lf the sum of two unit vectors is a unit by scalars, for vectors a, b and scalars m, n
vector, prove that the magnitude of their difference is (i) m (- a) =(-m) a =-(ma)
✓3. (ii) (-m)(-a) =m a
Sol. Let â and Í, be two unit vcctors represented by sides OA and (ili) m(na) = (mn) a =n(ma)
AB of a .6. OAB.
(iv) (m +n) a =ma +na
B
(v) m(a + b) =ma +m b
a+b/ \ b 1Example 24. lf a is a non-zero vector of modulus o

and m, is a non-zero scalar, then ma is a unit vector, if
~A (a) m = ± 1 (b) m = 1a 1
O -- -~~: 120· \
(c)m = .2. (d)m = ± 2
--------- 30:\ -b
a- b
·---i:\ e·
'ª'
So/. (e) Since, ma is a unit vector, lmal = 1
Then, OA = â, AB = Í, ⇒ !mll• l= l
OB = OA+ AB = â+ Í,
(using triangle law of vector addilion)
⇒ lm l=...:_ ⇒ m=±2...
l•l la 1
1Example 25. For a non-zero vector a, the set of real Proof

numbers, satisfying i(S- x)a l<l 2a I consists of ali x Let O be the origin. Then OA =a and OB =b. Let r be the
such that position vector of P which divides AB internally is the
(a)O < X< 3 ratio m: n. Then
(bl 3< x< 7 AP m
(C) -7< X<-3 PB n
(d) -7 < x < 3 O[ nAP=mPB
SOi. (b) We have, \(5 - x) a\<\ 2a\ O[ n(PV of P - PV of A) = m (PV of B - PV of P)
\5- x\\a\<21 a\ O[ n(r - a) =m(b - r)
⇒ \5- x\< 2 0[ nr - na = mb-mr
=> -:-2<5-x<2 r(n +m) =mb + na
0[
=> 3< x<7 mb+na
O[ r = -- -
1Example 26. Find a vector of magnitude (5/2) units m +n
which is parallel to the vector 31 + 4). mb+na
OP= - -
or
m+n
SOi. Here, a= 3i + 4j
Then, \a\= ,/32 + 4 2 = 5 Externai Division
:. A unit vector parallel to lf P divides AB externally in the ratio m : n. Then, the
a = â = .!:.. . = !(3i +4j) ...(i) position vector of P is given by
\a\ 5
Hence, lhe required vcctor of magnitude (5/2) units and
parallel to a
AV'+::_~_-:;p
..---- m,---➔
B /
=~-â = ~-!(3i + 4J) a b ,,'

2 2 5
= !(3i +4j)
2 o
mb-na
OP = - - -
Section Formula m-n
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b Proof
respectively. Let P b~ a point on AB dividing it is the ratio Let O be the origin. Then OA = a, OB = b. Let r be the
m :n. position vector of point P dividing AB extemally in the
.ratio m : n.
AP m
Internai Division Then, -= -
BP n
lf P divides AB intemally in the ratio m : n. Then the
or nAP=mBP
position vector of P is given by
or nAP = mBP
m n
.0 4 'a
A or n (PV of P- PV of A) = m (PV of P- PV of B)
'' or n(r-a)=m(r-b)
'
a
t. b or nr-na=mr -mb
.' or r(m -n) =mb - na
mb -na
o or r =---
m-n
mb+na mb-na
OP= - -
m+n or OP=- -
m-n
Remarks
1 Example 28. Find lhe posilion veclors of lhe points
1. Posilion vector oi m id-point oi AB is ª • b_ which divide lhe join of points A(2a - 3b) and
2
2. ln A ABC. having vertices A(a ). B(b) and C(c ) 8(3a -2b) inlernally and exlernally in lhe ralio 2: 3.
Sol. Let P be a poinl wh.ich divide AB inlemally in the ratio 2: 3.
Then, by seclion formula, posilion vector of P is given by
li
2(3a -2b) + 3(2a -3b)
OP
2+3
= 6a -4b +6a -9b =~a-~b
5 5 5
B(b) C(c) Similarly, lhe position veclor of lhe poinl ( P') wh.ich
divides AB exlernally in lhe ratio 2 : 3 is given by
(i) Position vector oi centroid is ~ - OP' = 2(3a -2b)-3(2a -3b)
3
(ii) Position vector oi incentre is 2-3
BCa + ACb+ ABc =6a - 4b - 6a+9b Sb= - Sb
AB+ BC+ AC . -1 -1
(iii) Position vector of orthocentre is
lan A a + tan 8 b + tan Cc
1Example 29. lhe posilion vectors of lhe vertices A,8
tan A+ tan B + tan C and C of a lriangle arei-]- 3k, 2i + ]-2k and
(iv) Position vector of circumcentre is -Si+2] - 6k, respeclively. lhe lenglh of lhe bisector
sin 2A a + sin 2Bb + sin 2Cc AD of the L BAC, where D is on lhe segmenl BC, is
sin 2A + sin 28 + sin 2C
(a) ~ ,[lo (b) 2
4 4
1 Example 27. lf o, E and F are lhe mid-points of the
(e) .!..! (d) None of these
sides BC, CA and AB respectively of lhe AABC and o be 2
any point, then prove lhat
.&·:
Sol. (b)
OA+ OB+ OC = OD+OE + OF
Sol. Since, D is lhe mid-poinl of BC, therefore by seclion
formula, we have
~
(2i + j - 2k) (-si+ 2j - 6k)
(al IABI = 1(2i + J- 21<)- <i - j - 3k)I

=1 i +2j + kl
8 D C =J12+22+12 = --✓6
OD = OB +OC IACI = 1(-si + 2}- 6k) - (i - ] -31<~
2 = l-6i + 3]- 3kl
⇒ OB + OC=2OD ...(i)
= ✓<-6) 2 + 32 + (-3)2 = ,Í54 = 3--✓6
Similarly, oc+ OA= 2OE ...(ii) --✓
6 1
and OB+ OA =2OF ...(iü) BD : DC = AB : AC = 3J6 =
3
On adding Eqs. (i), (ü) and (iii), we gel
:. Posilion vector of D= 1 (- si+ 2J- 6kl + 3 (Ú + j - 2k)
2(OA + OB + OC) = 2(OD + OE+ OF)
1 +3
OA+ OB+ OC = OD+ OE + OF
Hence proved. = .!. (i + sj - 121<)
4
AD = l'osilion vcclor of D -l'osilion veclor of A Magnitude of Resultant of Two Vectors

I • +5j-12K}-(i
AD = -(i • l' •
- j• - 3k)=
• 1 • •
-(-3i+9J) Lei R be the resullant of two vectors P and Q. Thcn,
4 4
R= P+ Q
=!(-i +3j)
4 \R\=R= ✓P' +Q2 +2PQcos0
JAD\=!..J(-1}2 +32 =!.Jíõ Qsin0
4 4 where, \P\=P, \Ql=Q, tancx= p + Q cos 0
1Example 30. The median AD of the t::.. ABC is bisected

at E.BE meets AC in F. Then, AF: AC is equal to
3/4
(a) (bl 1/3
~ 1n ~1~
Sol. (b} Let position veclor of A w.r.t. Bis a and lhal of C w.r.t. B
is e. Deduction When \PI =IQI, i.e. P =Q
A(a) Psin0
tancx
P +Pcos0
F sin0 0
1 = - --=tan-
1 +cos0 2
8 (O) D C(c) 0
(C/2) cx= -
2
Posilion veclor of D w.r.t. Hence, the angular bisector of two unit vectors a and b is
B=O+c=_<: along the vector sum a+ b.
2 2
Position veclor of Remarks
e 1. The internai bisector oi the angle between any lwo vectors is
a+ -
...(i) along the veclor surn oi l he corresponding unil vectors .
E= - -2 =~+.':
2 2 4 2. "fhe externai bisector of lhe angle between tw o vecto rs is along
Lei AF : FC = 11. : 1 and BE : EF = µ : 1 the vector difterence oi lhe corresponding unit vectors.
11.c+a B(b)
Posilion vector of F = J+i" µ(â - h) µ(â + b )
Externai Internai
Now, posilion vec~o(r_À:_f+_ a)+ l ·O bisector bisector
""----A(a)
1+ À ...(ii}
E = --'---'----
µ +1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we gel
1 Example 31. The sum of two forces is 18 N and
a e µ 11.µ resultant whose direction is at right angles to the
- +- = -- ' - - - a + e smaller force is 12 N. The magnitude of the two forces
2 4 (l + À)(l+µ} ( l +À}(l +µ)
are
1 µ
(a) 13, 5 (b) 12, 6
2= (1 + 11.)(l + µ )
(cl 14, 4 (d) 11 , 7
and .: = 11.µ
4 (1 + 11.)(1+µ} Sol. (a) We have, JPI + IQI = 18N;I RI = IP + QI + 12 N
ex = 90°
À= !. P + Qcos8 = O
2
1 ⇒ Qcos0= - P
AF _ AF - À - 1- 1 Now. R2 = P1 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos0
AC AF + FC l + À ~ 3 ⇒ R2 =P2 +Q 1 + 2P(- P)=Q 1 - P2
2
2 7t
d 2 = /4a/ 2 + /5b / + 2 /4a/ /5b / cos-
Q . 4
= ✓16 X 8 + 25 X 9 + 40 X 2../z X 3 X*
=✓593
:. Length of the longer diagonal = ✓593
p
1 Example 33. The vector e, directed along the internai
2
⇒ 12 =(P+Q)(Q -P)= 18(Q - P) bisector of the angle between the vectors
⇒ Q - P = 8 and Q + P = 18 a =7i-4]-4 k and b=-2i- J+2k with lei= s./6, is
⇒ Q=l3,P=5 5 • 7j• +2k)
(a) -(i- • 5 •i +S •j + 2k)
(b) -(S •
:. Magnitude ~f two forces are 5 N and 13 N. 3 3
5. • • 5 •• •
1Example 32. The length of longer diagonal of the (c)-(i +7j +2k)
3
(d)-(-Si+S j +2k)
3
parallelogram constructed on 5a+2 b and a - 3b, when
=
it is given that I ai 2✓ =
2, 1b 1 3 and angle between a Sol. (a)Let a = 7i- 4j-4k
and b is 2:, is and b=- 2i - j + 2k

4
(a) 15 (bJ ✓113 Now, required vector e= Â (~ + ~)
/a/ /b/
(d),/369
(c).Js93
Sol. (e) Length of the two diagonais will be ="-(7i - 41-4k+ -2i-:+ 2 k)
d 1 =/(Sa+2b)+(a-3b)/
Â • • •
and d 2 = /(5a + 2b) - (a - 3b)/ = -(i -7 j +2k )
9
⇒ d1 =/6a - b/,d2 = /4a+5b/
Â2
Thus, /c/ 2 = - X 54 = 150
81
d, = ✓l6a /2 + /- b/ 2 + 2 /6al/- b/cos(7t - 7t/4)
⇒ Â = ± 15
36(2✓2)2 +12·2✓2·3-(-72)=15 5 • • •
3(
e= ± i - 7j + 2k)
= +9 ⇒

---- -- - -- ----- --
1. lf a =21- j+2kand b =- i + 1- k, then finda+ h Also, finda unit vector alonga+ b.
2. Finda unit vector in the direction of the resultant of the vectors i + 21 + 3k. - i + 21 + kand 3j + j.
3. Find the direction cosines of the resultant of lhe vectors (1 + j + k), (-i + j + k), (1- j + k) and ( i + i - k).
4. ln a regular hexagon ABCDEF, show that AE is equal to AC+ AF- AB
5. Prove that 300+ DA+ DB + DC is equal to OA+ OB- OC.
6. ln a regular hexagon ABCDEF, prove that AB + AC+ AD+ AE+ AF=3AD.
7. ABCDE is a pentagon, prove that AB + BC+ CD+ DE+ EA =0.
8. Toe position vectors of A B, C, D are a, b, 2a + 3b and a -2b, respectively. Show that OB = 3b - a and
AC = a +3h
9. lf P(-1, 2) and 0(3, - 7) are two points, express the vector PQ in terms of unit vectors i and j. Also, find
distance between ·point P and O. What is lhe unit vector in the direction of PQ ?
10. lf OP =21 +3J - kand OQ = 31-4J +2k. find the modulus and direction cosines of PQ .
11. Show that the points A B and C with position vectors a =3J-4J -4k, b = 2i- j + kande= i-3i-5k
respectively, form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
12. lf a = 21 +2J-k and jxal = 1, then find x.

13. lf p = 71-2J + 3k and q =31 + j+ 5k, lhen find the magnitude of p- 2~
14. Find a vedor in the direction of si - j + 2k, which has magnitude 8 units.
15. lf a = i + 2j + 2k and b = 31 + 6j + 2k. then find a vector ín the direction of a and havlng magnitude as I b 1-
16. Find the position vector of a point P which divides lhe line joining two points A and B whose posltion vectors are
i+2i-k and -Í + j + krespectively, in the ratio 2: 1.
(i) intemally (ii) extemally
17. lf the position vector of one end of lhe line segment AB be 2i + 3Í- kand the posillon vector of lts mlddle polnt
be 3(1 + j + k~ lhen find lhe position vector of lhe other end
Session 3
Linear Combination of Vectors, Theorem on Coplanar
& Non-coplanar Vectors, Linear lndependence
and Dependence of Vectors
Linear Combination of Vectors Now, Lisa scalar, beca use x and y are scalars.
X
A vcclor r is said to bc a linear combi~ation of vectors a, b
and e. .. etc., if there exist scalars x, y and z etc., such that Hence, Eq. (ii) expresses a as product of b by a scalar, so
r =xu+yb+zc+ ... that a and b are collinear. Thus, we arrive a t a
For examples Vcctors r1 =2a + b +3cand •contradiction beca use a and b are given to be
r2 =a+ 3b + ✓2c a re linear combinations of the vectors non-collinear.
a, b a nd e . Thus our supposition that x ;éO, is wrong.
Hence, x = O. Similarly, y = O
Collinearity and Coplanarity of Remarks

Vectors
Relation between Two Collinear Vectors
1. xa + yb = O ⇒ 1: : ;r:::
or
[or Parallel Vectors) ali b
2. lf a and b are two non-collínear (or non-parallel) vectors. then
Let a and b be two collinear vectors and let x be the unit x1 a + y1 b =x2 a + y 2 b
vector in the direction of a. Then, lhe unit vector in the ⇒ x, = x 2 and y1 = y 2
direction of b is i or -x according as a and b are like or Proof x1a + y1 b= x2 b + y2 b
unlike parallel vectors. Now, a = 1ai x and b = ± 1bl x. ⇒ (x, - x2)a + ( Y1 - Y1)b = O
⇒ x, - x2 = Oand y, - y1 = O
a = C::)lblx ~a =±G:\) b [·: a and b are non-collinear]
⇒ x, = x2 and y, = y 2
la l lfa = a, i +a., i + a:ik and b= b, i + bii + ~k. then a li b
~ a= Àb,. where À =±Íb/
⇒ ~=~=~
b, bi ~
Thus, if a and b are collinear vectors, then a = Ãb or
b = Àa for some scalar À i.e, there exist two non-zero Test of Collinearity of Three Points
scalar quantities x and y so that xa + yb = O (i) Three points A, B and C are collinear, if AB = ).BC
An lmportant Theorem (ii) Three points with position vectors a, b ande are
collinear iff there exist scalars x, y and z not ali zero
Theorem : Vectors a and b are two non-zero,
such that xa + yb + zc = O, where x + y + z = O
non-collinear vectors and x,y are two scalars such that
Proof Lei us suppose that points A B and C are
xa+yb=O
collinear and their position vectors are a, b ande
Then, x = O, y = O respectively. Let C divide lhe join of a and b in the
Proof li is given that xa + yb = O ...(i) ratio y: x. Then.
Suppose that x ;é O, thcn dividing both sides of (i) by lhe e= + }b
.r.i
scalar x, wc get x+y

...(ii) or xa + } b -(x + y)c =O
or xa + }b + zc = O, where z = -(x + y )
Chap 01 Veclor AIQ<'ilro 17
Also, x + y+= = x +y -(x +y) =O :. A. B dlld e1\1'(' ~nllinrar.
Con\"ersely, let xa + )b + zt: =O. whe.re x + \" + ==O. N,>w, lei C dh·ide , \ll in lhe mlh> k : 1, lhrn
Therefore, • OC = WI\ + 1· OA
k+ I
xa+Jb=-zc= (x +y)c (·:x + y=-=)
.n+)b ⇒ - Ji -~j-sk = !.(31+·iJ +11< 1+<i •~2j +:11;1
o.r c=- - ·- k· + 1
x +y
Tois relation shows that e dhides the join of a and b
⇒ -'.'i- ~j-sk = ('.\1-· +
k·+ l
')i + (•tk -~2)j-,-(1kk ·'2)k
l.+ 1 +1
in the ratio y: x. Hence. the three points A 6 ande ⇒ '.lk· + t =-3: •lk+~ =-~11111171: + :1 ,., _ 5
are collinear. l:+1 l:+1 k- + 1
(üi) Ifa =a1i + azJ. b =b1i+ b2 ) and c=c,l +c 2 t then -~
From. nll rd:1tfons. w,, f:d I: = __:
the points "'ith position \"ector a, b ande \\ilibe 3
ª1 ª2 1 Hence. C dh~des AB exl~m~lly in lhe rntio 2: 3.

collinear iff bL b2 1 =O. 1 Example 36. lf the position vectors of 1\ B, e ,tnd o
C1 Cz 1 are 2i + J. i - 3]. 31 + 2j and i + ÀJ, respectively and
Proof Toe points 'l\ith position ,·ector a. b ande \\ili AB li CD, then À will be
be collinear iff there e..tist scalars x , y and =not ali (a)-8 (bl-6
zero such that. •
(d) 6
(e) 8
x{a1 i + ª zJ} + y(b1 i + b2 )) + ::(c1 i + c: J) =O and Sol. (b) AB = (i - 3j)-(2i + j) = - i- 4j;
x+y+ z =0
CD= (i + Àj)- (3i + 2J ) = -zi + (À. - z)j ;
⇒ •
xa 1 +yb1 +zc 1 =0
ABIICD ⇒ AB=xCD
xaz +yb: + =e: = O -i - 4j = x {-zi + (À. - 2)j}
x + y + z=O ⇒ -l = - 2x, -l =(À. - 2)x
Thus, the points wil.l be collinear iffthe abo\"e system
⇒ x=2-and À.= - 6
of equation's haYe non-trhial solution 2
Hence, the points wil.l be collinear
ª1 b1 C1 ° 1 ªz 1 1Ex~mple ~7. T~e poinJs wit~ position vectors
60i + 3j, 40i - 8 j and oi - 52j are callinear, if o is
iff a 2 b2 c2 =O or b 1 b: 1 =O.
equal to
1 C1 Cz 1
(al ---40 (bl 40
1Example 34. Show that the vectors 2i - 3J+ 4k and (c)20 (d) None of these
Sol (a) The three points are collinear if
-4i + 6] - 8k are collinear.
60 3 1
Sol. Let a=2i-3j+-lk and b =-4i + 6)-s k 40 -8 1 =O
Conside.r, b =-'li +6j - s k =- 2(2i-3)+4k)=-2a a - 52 t
:. Thc \'"cctors a and b are collincar. ⇒ 60 (-8 +52) - 3( 40 - a)+(-2080+811) =O
⇒ 26.\0- 120 +3a - 2080+ 8a = O
1Example 35. show that the points A(l,2, 3),8(3,4,7)
lla = -410
and C(-3,-2,-5) are collinear. Find the ratio in which ⇒ a= - 40
point e divides AB.
Sol. Clearly, AB = (3-t)i +(4-2)j+(7-3)k 1 Example 38. Let a, b ande be three non-zero vectors
=2i+2j+-tiê such that no two of these are collinear. lf lhe vector
and BC= (- 3 -3)i +(- 2-4)j+(-5-7)k
a+ 2b is collinear with e and b+ 3c is collinear with a
(À being some non-zero scalar), then a+ 2b+ 6c is equal
= 6i-6} - 121< to
= - 3(2i +2}+ 41<)= -3AB (a) O (b ) ).b
BC = -3AB (e) À.e (d) ).a
Sol. (a) As a+ 2b ande are coUincar a + 2b = Àc ...(i) Test of Coplanarity of Three Vectors
Again, b + 3c is collincar wilh a. (í) Three vcctors a, b, e a re coplana r iff any onc ~f t~cm
b +3c = µa ...(ii)
is a linear combination of thc rcmaining two, 1.e. iff
Now, a +2b+6c=(a+ 2b)+6c=Àc+6c a= .xb + yc whcrc x and y are scalars.
=(À +6)c ...(iii)
(ii) Jf three points with positi~n vccJors •
Also, a+ 2b +6c =a +2{b +3c)= a + 2µa
a=ª• i + a2J + ai<, b = b, i + bzj + b, k
= (2µ + ! )a ...(iv)
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we gct and c = c 1i + c2 ) + c,k are coplanar,
(À +6)c =(2µ + !)a
But a and e are non-2ero, non-collinear vectors, ª• ª2 ª'
then b1 b2 b 3 =0.
À +6 = 0 = 2µ + 1
Hcncc, a +2b +6c= 0 C1 Cz C3
Jf vectors a,b and c are coplanar, then there exist

scalars x and y such that e = xa + yb.
Theorem of Coplanar Vectors. Hence, c1 i +c2 ) + c 3 k = x(a 1 i + a2J + a,_ic) • •
Let a and b be two non-zero, non-collinear vectors. Then +y(b 1 i + bzj + b 1 k)
any vector r coplanar with a and b can be uniquely
expressed as a linear combination xa + }'b; x and y being Now, i,) and ic are non-coplanar and hence
scalars. independent.
Proof Let a and b be any two non-zero, non-collinear Then, c 1 =xa 1 +yb1 ,c2 =xaz +yb2
vectors and r be any vector coplanar with a and b. and . c 3 = xa3 +yb3
We take any poínt O in the plane ofa and b The abóve system of equatíons in terrns of x and y is
tL
consistent. Thus,
ª1 b, C1 ª• ª2 03
a2 b2 c2 =O or b1 b2 b 3 =O.
O Ma A
Let OA=a, OB=b and OP= r Remark

11 vectorsx,a + y 1b + z, c , x2 a + y2 b+ z 2 c and x3 a + y 3 b+ z 3 c
Clearly, OA, OB and OP are coplanar. are coplanar(where a. b ande are non-coplanar).
Through P, we draw lines PM and PN, para\lel to OB and
OA respeetively meeting OA and OB at M and N
respectívely.
Then, 1:~;~ :~1
X3 Y3 Z3
=O
We have, OP = OM + MP
= OM +ON [·:MP= ON and MP li ON) ...(í) Test of Coplanarity of Four Points
Now, OM and OA are collinear vectors (í) To prove that four points A(a), B(b), C(c) and D(d)
OM=xOA=xa, where x is scalar. are coplanar. ít is just sufficient to prove that vectors
Similarly, ON = yOB = yb, where y is a scalar. AB, AC and AD and coplanar.
Hence, from Eq. (í), OP = xa + }'b or r = x 'a+ y' b (ii) Four points with posilion vectors a, b , e and d are
Uníqueness: If possible, let r = xa + }'b and r = x' a + y' b coplanar iff there exist scalars x, y, z and u not ali
zero such that x a + y b + z e + u d = O, where
be two different ways of representing r . X +y +z + u =O.
Then, we have xa + }'b = x' a+ y' b
(iü) Four points with position vectors
⇒ (x-x')a+(y-y')b = 0 a=a 1 i +a 2 )+a 3 ic,
But a and b are non•collinear vectors
b =b 1 i +b 2 )+b 3 k
x - x' =O and y - y' = O
c=c 1 i+c2 j+c3 ic
⇒ x' = x and y' = y
Thus, the uniqueness in established. and d=d 1 i+d2 j+d 3 k
a, ª2 a3 Here, the three Jines OA, OB, OC are not coplanar. Hence,
they determine three different planes BOC, COA and AOB
b, b2 b3
will be coplanar, iff =O when taken in pairs.
e, Cz C3
Through P, draw planes parallel to these planes BOC, COA
d, d2 d1 and AOB meeting OA, OB and OC in L, E and N
d1 - a1 d2 -a2 d3 - a3 respectively. Thus we obtain a parallelopiped with OP as
or b 1 -a 1 diagonal and three coterminous edges OL, OE and ON
b2 -a2 b1 - a 3 =O
along OA, OB and OC, respectively.
c 1 -a 1 C2 -a2 C3 -a3
8b
Theorem on Non-coplanar
Vectors
Theorem 1 a A
lf a, b, e, are three non-zero, non-coplanar vectors and

x, y, z are three scalars such that e
xa +yb +zc = O. :. OL is collinear with OA
Then x =y=z =O. :. OL = xOA = xa, where x is a scalar.
Proof lt is given that xa + yb + zc = O ...(i) Similarly, OE = y b and ON = zc,
Suppose that x O * where y and z are scalars.
Then Eq. (i) can lie written as Now, OP = OR + RP = (ON + NR) + RP
xa = - }'b - zc =ON +OL +OE [·: NR= OL and RP = OE]
a= - 2'..b - .:.c ...(ii} =OL + OE + ON = xa + yb +zc
⇒
X X Thus, r = xa + yb + zc
Now, 2'.. and.:.. are scalars becaus~ x, y and z are scalars. Hence, r can be expressed as a linear combination of a, b
X X ande.
Thus, Eq. (ii) expresses a as a linear combination ofb ande. Uniqueness If possible let
Hence, a is coplanar with b ande which is contrary to our r=xa + yb+zc
hypothesis because a,b ande are given to be non-coplànar.
and r = x' a + y' b + z' e
Thus, our supposition that x *Ois wrong. be two different ways of representing r, then we have
Hence, x =O xa +yb +zc = x'a + y ' b +z' c
Similarly, we can prove that y = Oand z = O ⇒ (x- x '}a+(y-y')b+(z-z')c=0
Theorem 2 Now a, b ande are non-coplanar vectors
If a,b and e are non-coplanar vectors, then ~ny ~ector r x-x'=O,y-y' = O and z - z' = 0
·can be uniquely expressed as a linear combmal10n . ⇒ x = x', y = y' and z = z'
xa + yb + zc; x, y and z being scalars. Hence, the uniqueness is established.
or
Remark
Any vector in space can be expressed as ª linear
lf a, b, e are any three non-coplanar vectors in space, then
combination of three non-coplanar vectors.
~ a+ ~ b+ ~ C•½a+ h b+ ~ c
Proof Take any point O. => x, • X2, Y, • Y2, z, • l 2
Let a, b, e be any three non-coplanar vectors and r be any Proof x1 a + y, b + z, c • x2a + y2 b + z2 c
vector in space. => (x, - x2 )a + (y1 - y2)b + (z, - z2 )c • O
Let OA= a, OB = b, => x, - x2 • O, r, - y2 • O and z1 - z2 - O
OC=c,OP = r
=> x, • X7, Y, • Y2 and
Since, a. b ande are non-coplanar ,,ecto.rs.

1 Example 39. Check whether the given three vectors
are COJ)lanar or non-coplanar. Therefore.
-21-2)+4 1<,-21+4}-21<, 41-2}-21< 3:r + y =3. - 2:c + }' = - 1
and :r+2y=-4
Sol. Lei a = -2Í-2]+4k Sohing fust two. we find lhat :r = 2 and__v =- 3. These
b= - 2Í+4J - 2k and c=4i-2]-2k values of x and y satisfy lhe third equallon as well.
Now, consider So, x + 2 and y = - 3 is lhe wúque solution for lhe abo,-..,
- 2. -2 4 system of equation.
-2 4 - 2 =-2(-8- 4)+2(4+8)+4(4-16)
= a=$-3J
Hence. lhe ,·eclors a. 13 and '( are coplanar, because a is
4 -2 -2 uniquely written as linear combination of olher two.
= 24 + 24 - 48 = O Trick For lhe vectors a. 13, '( to be coplanar. we must ha,-e
:. Toe .veclors are coplanar. 3 -7 -4
3 -2 1 =O. whlch is true
1 Example 40. lf the vectors 4i + 11}+ mk, 7i+2}+6k
1 1 2
and i + 5} + 4 kare coplanar, then m is equal to
Hence, a, 13, '( are coplanar.
(a) 38 (b) o
(e) 10 (dl -10 1Example 42. The value of À for which the four
Sol. (c) Si.nce lhe lhree vectors are coplanar, one will be a linear points 2i + 3}- k. i + 2} + 31<, 3i + 4} - 2k and
combination of lhe other two.
4i + 11] + mk =x(7i + 2} + 61<)+ y(i +s} +4k )
i - ÀJ+ 6k are coplanar
(a) 8 (b) o
:;) 4 =7 X + y ...(i)
r:,:n~:-
(c) - 2 (d) 6
11 =2x + Sy ...(ü)
m=6x+4y ...(iii) Sei.
From Eqs. (i) and (ü), we gel (c) Toe given
x = 2...andy = ~
From Eq. (iii), we get
11
m=6 x2...+4x~= IO
11
2 1
li 3
1 1 O
11 . li
O O O -{À+2)
Trick Since, veclors 4i + llj + mk, 7 i + 2} + 61< and = - 1 3 -2 6 =O
i+ s} + 4k are coplanar. 1 1 l 1
4 li m
=
7
1
2
5
4(8 - 30) - 11(28 - 6) + m(35 - 2) = O

6 =O
4 ~ra::(·:2J~~z1 ~ ~:: l 1 1
=
À = -2
= -88 - 11 X 22 + 33m =0
= - 8 - 22+3m=O
1Example 43. Show that the pointsP(a+2b+c),·
= 3m =30 ⇒ m = 10
Q(a - b -c~ R(3a + b+2c) and S(Sa + 3b+ Se) are
1Example 41. lf a, b and c are non-coplanar vectors, coplanar given that a,b and e are non-coplanar.
prove that 3a - 7b -4c, 3a -2b+c and a + b+ 2c are Sei. To show that P, Q, R. Sare coplanar, we will show that
coplanar. PQ. PR. PS are coplanar.
Sei. Le1cx = 3a -7b - 4c.P = 3a -2b + e PQ=-3b -2c
and J=a+ b +k PR=2a - b +e
PS= 4a + b +-lc
Also, lei C1 =xP + y - 1
lei PQ = rl'R + )i'S
⇒ 3a - 7b - 4c = x(3a - 2b+c) +y(a + b +2c)
= {3x + y)a +(-2x + y)b +(x +2y)c => - 3b- 2c = x{2a - b + e) + )~4a + b + -lc)
= - 3b -2c = (2:r+ 4y)a +(-:r+ y)b +(:r + -ly)c
Chap 01 Vector Algebrn 21
As thc _vectors a, b, e are non-coplanar, we can equatc t.heir (vii) Three vcctors n =a, i + a 2 j + n :1k. b = /, 1i + bij + /,Jk
coeffic1cnts.
ande =c 1 i +c 2 ) +c 3 k will hc lincnrly dcpcnclcnt
0:c 2r+ 4y
-3:c - r+y
a, 112 a3
::) -2:cr+4y vectors ifT b1 b2 b3 = O.

r "'2._y"' - 1 is the urtique solution for the above system of c1 c2 c3
equations.
(viü) Any four vectors in 3-dimensionnl spacc nrc llncarly
::)
PQ :c2PR-PS dependent.
PQ ,PR, PS are coplanar because PQ is a linear combination
of PR and PS 1 Example 44. Show that the vectors
::) The points P, Q, R, Sare also coplanar. i-3]+21<,21-4)-k and 31+2]-k and linearly
Trick For lhe vectors PQ, PR and PS to be coplanar, we independerit.
O -3 -2
Sol. Let a= i -3j+2k
must havc 2 -1 1 "'O which is true
4 4 P=2i-4j-k
:. The PQ, PR, PS are coplanar. and y=3í+2}-k
Hence, lhe points P, Q, R, Sare also coplanar. Also, let ..-a + )i! + ry = O
x(i - 3j+21<)+ y(Ú-4}- kl+ z(3i +2j- k) = o
Linear lndependence and or(x + 2y + 3z)í +(-3r - 4y + 2z)j+(2r- y- :)k = O

Equating the coefficient of i, j and k, we gel
Dependence of Vectors r + 2y +3z =O
-3x-4y+2z =O
1. Linearly lndependent Vectors 2r -y- z =O
A set of non-zero vectors a 1, a 2 .... , ª• is sa.id to be linearly 2 3
independent, if Now, -3 -4 2 = 1( 4 + 2)-2(3 - 4) + 3(3 + 8) = 41 o< O
x 1a 1 +x 2 a 2 + ... +x 0 a 0 =O 2 -1 -1
x 1 =x2 = ... =x. = O. :. Toe above system of equations have only trivial solution.
Thus, r = y = z = O
2. Linearly Dependence Vectors Hcncc, thc vectors a,p and y are linearly independent.
A set of vector a 1 , a 1 ••••• ª• is said to be linearly Trick Consider the determinant of coefficienls of i, j and k
dependent, if there exist scalars x,, x 2 , ••• , x • not all zero 1 -3 2
such that x 1a 1 +x 2 a 2 + ....+x.a. =O i.e: 2 -4 - 1 = 1(4+2)+3(-2+3)+2(4+12)
3 2 -1
Properties of Linearly lndependent
and Dependent Vectors =6+3+32= 41 "º
:. Toe given vectors are non-coplanar. Hence, the vectors
(i) A super set of a linearly dependent sei of vectors is are linearly independent.
linearly dependent.
(ii) A subset of a linearly independent set o f vecto rs is
1 Example 45. tf a= i+]+ k, b=41 +3]+4k and
linearly independent. e= +a]+ ~k are linearly dependent vectors and
i
(iii) Two non-zero, non-collinear vectors are linearly lcl = ✓3, then
independent. (a)a=\P=- 1 (b)a = \P = ± 1
(iv) Any two collinear vectors are linearly dependent. = - \ p= ±1
(e) a (d) a = ± \ p= 1
(v) Any three non-coplanar vectors are linearly Sol. (d) The i;iven vectors nre linear!)• d~pe1Hlt"nt. hence there
independent. cxist scnlars x, y nnd: not ali zero, ~uch thnt
(vi) Any three coplanar vcctors are linearly dcpendcnt. ·' " + )b +.:e= o
i.e. r(i+j+ k )+){~i+Jj+4k)+:(i+aj+~k)=O
i.e. (x + 4y + z)i + (x + 3y + az)j + (x + 4y + Pz)k = O

⇒ x + 4y +z = o, x + 3y + az = O, x + 4y + Pz = O
1 4 1 1 1
For non· trivial solution 1 3 a =O⇒ p =1 a, b ande are linearly dependent, hence 4 3 4 =O
1 4 p 4 a P
lei' =3 ⇒ l+a +P 2=3 2
=) p=1
1 2
a =2-P =2- l = I a2 = 1 ⇒ a =± 1
a =±I

1. Show that lhe poinls A (1, 3, 2), 8(-2, O, 1) and C(4, 6, 3)are collinear.
2. li lhe posilion veclors of lhe poinls A 8 and C be a, b and 3a -2b respeclively, then prove lhat lhe points A 8
and C are collinear.
3. The position vectors oi lour poinlsP, O, R and S are2a + 4c, Sa + 3.J3b + 4c, -2.J3b + e and 2a + e
respeclively, prove thal PQ is parallel to RS.
4. _li three points A 8 and Chave position veclors (i x,3i (3,4, 7) and (y, - 2, - si respectively and if they are
collinear, lhen find (x, y).
5. Find lhe condition thal lhe lhree poinls whose posilion veclors, a = ai+ bj + ck, b = i + cj and e =_ [ _ j are
collinear.
6. veclors a and b are non-collinear. Find for whal values oi x veclors e = (x - 2)a + b and d = (2x + 1)a _ b are
collinear?
7. Lei a, b, e are lhree vectors oi which every pair is non-collinear. li lhe veclors à + b and b + e are colllnear with e
and a respectively, lhen find a + b + e.
8. Show thal lhe vecl ors i - j -k, 2i + 3j + k and 7i + 3j-4k are coplanar.
9. li l he veclors 2i - j + k, i + 2j -3k and 3j + aj + 5k are coplanar, lhen prove lhal a = 4.

10. Show thal lhe vectors a -2b +3c, -2a + 3b -4c and - b +2c are coplanar veclor, where a, b,c are non-coplanar
vectors.
11. li a, b and e are non-coplanar veclors, lhen prove lhal lhe lour polnls 2a+ 3b -c. a - 2b +3c. 3a + 4 b -2c and
a -6b +6c are coplanar.
JEE Type Solved Examples :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
• Ex. 1 The non-zero vectors a, b ande are related by P 1 + 3PQ-2PQ-6Q2 = O
a = 8b ande= -7b angle between a ande is P(P + 3Q) - 2Q.P + JQ) = O
(a)~
4
(b)~
2
= (P - 2Q)(P + 3Q) = o
P - 2Q =O or P + 3Q =()
(e) 7t (d) o
From P-ZQ=O ⇒ !'__=2
Sol. (e) a and b vectors are in the sarne direction, b and e are in Q
the opposite direction.
= a and e are in opposite directions. • Ex. 4 A vector a hru the components 2p and 1 w.r.t. a
:. Angle between a ande is 1t. rectangular cartesian system. This system is rotated through
a certain angle about the origin in the counter clockwise
• Ex. 2 A unit vector a makes an angle ~ with Z-axis. lf sense. lf with respect to a new system, a hru components
• • 4 (p + 1) and 1, then
a + i + j is a unit vector. then a is equa/ to
(a) p = O (b) p = 1or p = - .!.
i j k
(a)-+- +7':" í 1 k 3
2 2 ,12
(b) -+- -7':"
2 2 ,12
(e) p =- 1 or p =.!. (d) p = 1 or p = - 1
3
i j k
(c)- - - - +7':"
Sol. (b) We have, a = 2pi + J
(d) None o f these
2 2 ,12 On rolalion, lei b be lhe vector with components (p + 1) and
Sol. (e) Lei a =1i + mJ + nk. where 12 + m2 + n 2 =t. a makcs an 1 so that,
angle ~ with Z-axis. b =(p + l)i + J

4
1 z 1
Now, !ai= lbl = a'= b 1
n =72,I 2
+m =2 ...(i) = 4p +1=(p+l) +1 ⇒ 4p2=(p+l)2
2 2
r ": k = 2p=±(p+1) ⇒ 3p=-1 or p= I

a =la+mJ+ ✓2 1
p=- or p=I
3
~ .. .. ": iê
a + 1 + j = (/ + l)i + (m + l )J + ✓2
• Ex. 5 ABC is an isosceÍes triangle right ang/ed at A.
lts magnitude is 1, hence (/ + 1)2 + (m + 1)
2 1
=-2 ...(ü) Forces of magnitude 2✓ 2, 5 and 6 act along BC, CA and AB
respectively. The magnitude of their resultant force is
From Eqs. (i) and (ü), we gel (a) 4 (b) s
2/m=!
2·
= l=m=-!2 (e) 11+ 2-v'i (d) 30
Sol. (b) Rcos8 =6cos0º + 2✓2 cos(l 80º - B) + Scos270º
Hence, Rcos8 =6 -2✓2 cosB ...(i)
Rsin8 =6sin0° + 2✓2sin(l80º - B) + 5sin270º
• Ex. 3 lf the resultant of two forces ofmagnitudes P and Q
acting ata point at an ang/e of60' is ✓
(a) 1
(e) 2
Sol. (e)
7Q, then P I Q is
(b) !
2
(d) 4
R1 = P' + Q1 + 2PQ cos 8
:~
A 6 8
Rsin8 = 2J2sin 8 - 5 ...(ü)
(✓
7Q)' = p' + Q2 + 2PQ cos 60º
From Eqs. (i) aml (ii). wr s•t
= 1QI = pi + QI + PQ 1
R a 36 + 8cos' ll - 2~J2 ros B + Ss,n' 8 + 25 - ZOJ2sinB
= pi+ PQ -6QI = o
~61 + 8 (cos' ll + , in' D)-2~ J2 cos 8 -WJ2sinB
·: A/IC is n ri~hl nn~lt•d isosc.·,·i,·s trian~lr. Ci\ '"!fJ - 1)1 1• (1 - ·l)J 1 (- 1 1- !l)Í<
i.e. ,li e ,e= 45º = 1- ~J - ~((
11' =6 1 •H(1) - 24J2~ - wk~ = zs 1 An 1 = F T: •í 1 -:1- / 1I
.;2 .;2
R =5 111c 1 = fi + ~,, ., ht, ;:/ti
ln,. e
ICA l=J1"í'7i .:i ~ J'j:j

• Ex. 6 A li11e scgment has length 63 ,md directio11 m tio.~ Su, 1AIII 1 11\ CI = 1IICI n11d ,1111(1~ hr1wrr11 , IIJ mui JJC Is 1110·.
are 3, - 2 anel 6. Thc components of li11c wctor ari:
o
;\O, j'1l Ill I"
" / \,
JI nud e ,·,1111wl fo11111111 bm~t·d c!t lrlnnl,llr.
(n) -27, HI, 54 (b) 27, - llt, 54
1lt•un-. A, li nnd (' 111·~ l'olllnrnr,
(e) 27, - 111, -54 (tl)-27, - llt, -54
S ol. (b) Lt•t thc compon,·nts of lint.• St"t;nlt'nt o n nxrs tu"t' x, y • Ex. 9 T!1CJ posltion v<Jctor of a poinf e, witl, n:sp~~I to Bis
nnd :.
1+ J 11111/ that of /J w/t/, rcs,,cct to A Is i -
j . Thc pos1t,011
So, x' +y'+ , '=63'
"~ctor ofC wit/1 rc~pccl to A is
Now. ~
3
=L-2 =:.6 "'k (n) 21 (h) 2j
2
(3k)' + (-2k) + (6k)' = 63' (e) - 2j (u) - 2i
Sol. (n) Slnce, posltio n vcclors of II poinl C wllh r cspcct to D Is
Ã:=±~=±9 uc ~ i+J ...(i)
7
:.Componenls nre(27, - 18. 54) or(-27, 18. -54). Similnrly, AU = ! - ) ...(ii)
Now, by Eqs. (i) nnJ (li),
• Ex. 7 lf thc vectors6i - 2j +3k, 2i +3j -6k anel AC = AD+ UC =21
3i + 6 j - 2k form a trianglc, then it is
• Ex. 10 ln a óABC, if 2AC = 3CB, then 20A + 30 B is
(a) rig ht angled (b) obt use ang led equa/ to
(e) êquilateral (d) isosceles
(a) soe (b) - oc
S ol. (b) AB = Posilion veclors of B _Positio n vector of A
(c) OC (d) None o f t hese
=(21 + 3)-6kl - (6l -2) + 3k) = - 4l + s) - 9k Sol. (n) 2OA + J OB = 2(OC + CA) + 3(OC + CB)
=> 1 AB 1 = J 16+ 25 + 81 = ✓122 =soe+ 2CA + JCB = soe (·: 2CA = -JCB)
BC = i + 3) + 4k
• Ex. 11 lf a , b, e and d be lhe position veclors of the
=> 1 BC 1 = J1+ 9 + 16 = -/26 and AC = -3i + 8)-Sk points A, B, C and D respectively, referred to sarne origin O
=> 1 AC 1 = .,(9ã such that no three of these points are collinear and
Therrfore, AB 2 =122. BC'= 26 and AC' =98 a +e = b +d, lhen quadrilateral ABCD is a
(a) square (b) rhombus
=> AB' + BC' =26 + 122 = 148
(e) rectangle (d ) para lle logram .
Sincc, AC' < AB' + BC', therefore ó.ABC is an obtus, angled Sol. (d) Given, a + c =b + d
triangle.
!(a+ e)= !(b + d )
2 2
• Ex. 8 The position vectors of the P?,ints A, B anel C are
Here, mid-points of AC and BD coincide, where AC and BD
(2 i + j-k), (3 i -2j +k) and(i + 4J -3k) respectively. These are diagonais. ln addition, we know that, diagonais of a
poinls. parallelogram bisect each other.
(a) form an isosceles triangle Hence, quadrilateral is parallelogram.
(b) form a right angled triangle
(e) are collincar • Ex. 12 P is a point on lhe side BC of lhe óABC and Q is
(d) form a scalene triangle • a point such lhat PQ is lhe resullant of A P, PB and PC.
Sol. (e) AB =(3 -2)1 + (-2 -1)) + (1 + l )k Then, ABQC is a
(a) sq uare
= i-J)+2i<
(b) rectangle
BC = (1 -J)l + (4 + 2)] + (-3 - l)k
(e) parallclogram
c- 2! +6) - 4k (d) trape zium
Sol. (e) AP+ PB+ P C = PQ or AP + PB = PQ+ CP

=> AB = CQ
PA + PB = 2PC
• Ex. 16 JfO be the'Circumcentre andO' be the

Hcncc, it is a parallclograrn. orthocentre of the t.ABC, then O' A + O' B+O'C is equal to
(a) OO' (b) 20'0 (c)200' (d)0
• Ex. 13 lf ABCD is a parallelogram and the position Sol. (b) O' A = 0'0 + OA
vectors ofA, B andC are 1+3) +Sk, i + j+k and7i +7J +7k. O' B = 00' +OB
then the position vector of D will be O' C = O'O + OC
(a)7i +5}+3k (b)71+9}+11k => O' A +O' B + O'C =30'0 + OA + OB +OC
<e> 9i+11J + 13k (d)si+sj +sk A
Sol. (b) Lei position vcctor of D is .ri + »+ zk, thcn AB = DC.

=> - 2) - 4k = (7 - x)i + (7 -y)) + (7 - z)k
=> x= 7, y = 9andz=ll
Hcncc, position vcctor of Dwill bc7i + 9) + llk.
• Ex. 14 P is the point of intersection of the diagonais of Sincc, OA + OB + O C = 00" = - 0'0

the parallelogram ABCD. lf O is any point, then
O' A + O' B + O 'C =20' 0
OA + 08 + OC +OD is equal to
(a) OP (b) 2OP . • Ex. 17 Five points given by A, B, C, D and E are in a
(e) 3OP (d) 4OP plane. Three forces AC, AD and AE act at A and three forces
Sol. (d) Wc know that, P will be thc mid·point of AC and BD. CB, D8 andEB act B. Then, their resultant is
o (a) 2AC (b) 3AB
(e) 3OB (d) 2BC
Sol. (b) Points A, B, C, D and E are in a plane.
Rcsultant =(AC+ AD + AE) + CB + BD + EB)
=(AC + CB) +(AD+ 0B) + (AE + EB)
= AB + AB + AB = 3AB
Ali!::..----~
• Ex. 18 lf the vectors represented by the sides AB and BC
OA+OC=20P ...(i)
of lhe regular hexagon ABCDEF be a andb , then lhe vector
...(ü)
and 0B + 00 =20P iepresented by AE will be
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ü), wc gct (a) 2b- a (b) b - a
OA + OB + 0C + 00 = 40P (e) 2a - b (d) a + b
Sol. (a) As in figure, AB = a, BC = b,
• Ex. 15 lf C is the middle point of AB and P is any point So. AD = 2b and ED = a
,@,
outside AB, then
(a) PA+PB = PC
(b)PA+PB=2PC
(e) PA + PB + PC = O
(d) PA + PB +2PC=0
Sol. (b) PA + PB =(PA +AC)+ (PB + BC) -(AC+ BC) A B
= PC + PC -(AC-CB) "2PC -O Now, AE+EO = AD
(·: AC =CB)
=> AE = AO - EO =2b - a
• Ex. 19 ifa +b +e =O andlal =3. lbl =S,lcl = 7, then the Thercfore. ICD l=JIOB I
ang/e between a and b is ⇒ CD=3b
(a)~ (b)~
2
⇒ 0D= OC+ CD=~a+Jb
3 3
(e)~ (d)~ Hen~. AD = 0D - OA = ~a + 3b - a
4 2
6
Sol. (b)
A =3b -~a
3
• Ex. 22 lf position vectors of a point A is a + 2b anda

divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3, then the position vector of8 is
(a) 2a - b (b) b - 2a
3 (e) a - 3b (d) b
Let 8 be lhe angle between a and b. Then, LC = 7t -8. Sol. (e) lf x be lhe position vector of B, lhen a divides AB in lhe
2 ralio 2: 3.
cos(1t -8) 3 + s' - 1'
2(3)(5) a =2x+3(a+2b)
2+3
-cose= -l
2 ⇒ Sa-3a-6b=2x
⇒ x =a -3b
8 = 60º=~
3
• Ex. 23 ifD, E and F are respectively, the mid-points of
• Ex. 20 ifa and b are the position vectors of A and B AB, AC and BC in t.ABC, then BE + AF is equa/ to
respedively, then the position vector ofa point C on AB
(a) DC (b) .!eF
produced such that AC =3AB is 2
(a)3a-b (b)Jb-a
(e) 2BF (d) ~BF
(c)3a-2b (d)3b-2a 2
Sol. (d) Since, given lhat AC =3AB. lt means lhat point C divides Sol. (a) BE+AF= OE-0B+ OF-OA
AB extemally.
A
Thus, AC : BC = 3 : 2
Hence,
o ~
OC=3 · b-2· a=3b-2a
e _ OA+OC
2
A .---•· D ---,,, B
- - - - -0B+--OA
OA+OB
= OC - - - -
OB+OC
2
= 0C - 0D =DC
3-2 2
• Ex. 21 Let A and B be points with position vectors a and • Ex. 24 ln a quadrilateral PQRS, PQ =a, QR =b,
b with respect to the origin O. Jf the point C on OA is such SP =a - b. JfM is t~e mid-point ofQR and X is a point of
that 2AC =CO, CD is parai/e/ to 08 and Coj =3iOBI, then I SM such that, SX =- SM, then
AD is equa/ to s
(a)3b-~ (b)3b+~ (a) PX = _!PR
2 2 5
(c)Jb-~ (d)Jb +~ (b) PX = ~ PR
3 3 5
Sol. (e) Since, OA = a. 08 = b and 2AC = CO
(e) PX = ~PR
By section formula, OC = ~a 5
. 3 (d) None oí lhe above
Sol. (b) lf wc take point P as thc origin, thc position vcctors of Q Sol. (e) Lct G bc ccntroid and I bc inccntcr.
and Sare a and b-a respectivcly.
ln t.PQR, wc have R IG~=IOI-OGl-12a+3:+4c a+:+cl
,
s -~---
'\, ........... ,, , =l-a9+cl=~=;
',,, //-- M
, -:.. . . . b • Ex. 27 let position vector ofpoints A, B and C of trian-
, '
,,.,, ''-·\, gle ÃABC respedively be i +] + 2k. i + 2] + k and
2i + J+ k. let 11, 12 and 13 be the lengths of perpendiculars
,,,, 'Q
➔
P a drawn from the orthocenter 'O' on the sides AB, BC and CA,
PR = PQ + QR => PR =a+ b then (11 + 12 + 13 ) equals
:. Position vector of R =a + b 2
(a) ✓6 (b) 3
=> PVofM=a+(:+b) _ (a+ib) 7i
(e) ✓6 (d) ✓6
Now, SX=~SM 2 3
s Sol. (e) A (1 , 1, 2)
=> XM =SM -SX =SM-~SM= .!_SM

s s
+ SX: XM=4: 1
+ ib) + l(b-a)
=> PV of X= ~ - ~ ' - - - - -
4+ I B e
2 (1. 2. 1) (2. 1. 1)
=3a+ b => PX=~(a+b)
5 5
Clearly, triangle formed by the given points i + j + 2k.
PX=~PR i + 2) + k and 2i + J+ k is equilateral as AB =BC= AC= ✓2. .
5
:. Distance of orthcentre •a from the sidcs is equal to inradius
• Ex. 25 Orthocentre of an equilateral triangle ABC is the of thc trianglc.
origin O. lf OA = a, OB =b,OC = e, thenAB +2BC +3CA -/\✓2>2
is equal to :. 11 =1 =1 = inradius = r =~ = _4_
2 3 _ = .2...
(a) 3c (b)3a s ~(✓2) ../6
2
(e) O (d)3b
Sol. (b) For an equilateral triangle, centroid is the sarne as
orthoccntrc
OA+OB + OC =O
3 • Ex. 28 ABCDEF is a regular hexagon in the XY -plane
OA + OB+OC = O with vertices in the anticlockwise direction. lf AB = 2i, then
'.Now, AB+ 2BC +3CA CD is
= OB - OA + 20C - 20B + 30A -30C (a)i+3} (b)i+2j
=- 0B +20A - OC (c) - i +3} (d) None of thcsc
=- (0B + OA + OC) + 30A = 30A = 3a Sol.
E
• Ex. 26 1fa, b, ande are position vector of A, B and C
respectively of MBC and if Ia - bl = 4, 1b - cl =2,
lc - ai= 3, then the distance between the centroid and F
incentre of6ABC is
(a) 1 (b) 2,
2
A 2i
(e) 2. (d) 3,
3 3
28 Textbook of Vector & 30 Geomet ry
AB is along lhe X •axis and BD is along lhe Y·axis. • Ex. 31 ln a trapezium, the vector BC=ÀA D. We will then
AB =2i =>AB=BC=CD= ............ =2 find that p =AC+ BD is col/inear with AD. /fp =µ AD, then
From lhe figure, BM = BCsin60º = 2sin60º = ✓3 (a)µ=À+ l (b)À=µ+ l
BD=2✓3) (c)À+µ=l (d)µ=2+À
BC= BCcos60°i + BCsin60º] = i + ✓3) Sol. (a) Wc have, p = A C + BD = AC + BC + C D
CD = B D - BC =2✓3)-(i + ✓3j)= - l + ✓3J = AC + U D + C D

=À.AD+ (AC+ C D )= À AD + AD =(À+ t)AD
• Ex. 29 The vertices of triangle are A(l, 1, 2), 8(4, 3, 1) and Thercfore, p = µAD => µ = À + 1
C(2, 3, 5). A vector representing the internai bisector of the
L A is • Ex. 32 ff the position vectors of the points A, B and C be
(a) f + j + 2k (b) 2i-2] +k
i + j, i - j andai+ b] + ck respectively, then the points A. B
<e> ú + 2] +k and C are col/inear, if
(d) None of these
(a) a= b =e= 1
Sol. (e) From lhe figure, wc have
(b) a = \ b ande a re arbitrary scala rs
b = AC = i + 2] + 3k (c)a = b =e= O
and e= AB = 3i + 2J + k . (d) e= O, a= 1 and bis arbit rary scalars
A(1, 1,2) Sol. (d) Hcre, AB = -2j. BC =(a - t )f + (b + l )j + ck
The points are coUincar, then AD = k{BC)
-2] =k{(a - t )l + (b + 1).l + ck}
On comp:1ring, k{a - 1) = O. k(b + 1) = -2, kc = O
Hencc, e =O.a = 1 ond bis arbitrary srabr.
8 e • Ex. 33 Let a, b and c be distinct 11011·11egati1·e number..

(4, 3, 1) (2. 3, 5)
and the vectors ai + a] + ck, i + k. ci +c] + bk lie in a plnne,
:. Unit vector along lhe bisector of LA is given by then the quadratic equation ax 2 + 2cx + b =O has
b+ e (i + 2] + 3k) + (3i + 2) - k) (a) real and cqual roots
=-2- ✓14
(b) real and uncqual roots
21+2J+íê (e) unreal roots
✓14 (d) both roots real nnd posit ive
:. Any vcctor along lhe angle biseCl(?r of Sol. (n) al + a) + ck, 1 + k :111d d + <J + bk :u~ <'\lpbnnr
LA =21+2)+ k
• Ex. 30 Let a = (1, 1, - 1), b =(5, -3, -3) ande =(3, - 1, 2). /f
:: :· 1 =0 ⇒ ,·• -~1, -0
1e e b
·. · la +bl For, cquntion <1x2 + k\' + b ,. O
r is collinear with e and has length - - , then r equa/s
2
D = 4c' - 4<1b = o
3
(a) ±3c (b) ±2c So, roots :ire rc:tl nml e<junl.
(e) ±e • Ex. 34 Thc numbcr of distin(t rc.1/ m lll<'S c!f À fiir 11'/rkl,
the vcctorsi-..3i +k. i->..Jj andi +(2À-sin>..)J - >..kw"
Sol. (e) u i r = Âc
coplanar is
Given Jrf = JÀJJ cJ
(a) O (b) 1
Ja + bJ = JÀJ JcJ•
2 (c)2 (d).l
Sol. (a) Put ó ~ o ⇒ 1
À + À'+ JÀ - ,111 À • o
161 -2)- 4Ícl = 2JÃll3i -J + 21<J
1
✓
56 = 2JÀJ ✓J4 L<t j'(À) a À + Ã' + ~À - slnÀ
=> I'(À) • (7À•+JÀ1 +l - N<).) :,, 1\ V · I(
À=± 1
r=±c ;, f(>.) a Ohns onl)' onr 1Tal ,-,lutll'n). p 1\
ctu,p ol vcc1or fllgcbro 29
• Ex. 35 The points A(2 - x, 2, 2), 8(2, 2 - y,2), On solving lhrs,, Wf Jlt'I x = º· y =_ z,:
~
Q I
5
C(2, 2, 2 - z) and D(l, 1, 1) are coplanar. then locus of
P(x, y,z) is -2a + 3b - ,· = (- 7, -~ r)
5
(a)..!.+ 2. + 2. = 1 (b) x + y + z =1 Trick Cherk altrrnnles onr,hy-0110
X y Z
i.e. (a) p - ~q = -211 + Sb - 4c
1 1 1
(e) - - + - - + - - = 1 (d) None of these
1-x 1-y 1- z (h) - 7q+r =-211 t 3b - e
5
Sol. (a) Hm, AB =xi - y J
AC = .ri - zk; AD = (x-l)i-}-k • Ex. 37 lf a 1 and a 2 are two va/11cs ofa for which lhe unit
As, these vectors are coplanar • • 1• • •
1•ector ai + bj + - k is lincarly dcpcndenl with i + 2j and
2
= \ : -:
X-1 -1
~zl=O
- 1
⇒ -'-+-'-+-'-= 1
X y z
• •
j - 2k , then - + -
a,
1
ª2
1
is equal to
(a) 1 (b) _.!_ (e)~ (d).:!.!

• Ex. 36 p=2a-3b,q=a-2b+candr = -3a+b+2c, 8 11 16
where a , b, e being non-zero non-coplanar vedors, then the Sol. (e) ai+ til+ !ic = l(i + 2}) + m(}-2k)
2
vedor-2a +3b - c is equa/ to
(a) p -4q (b) -7q+r
⇒ a=l,b=2I + mandm= -l
4
5
(e) 2p-3q+r (d) 4p-2r ai + til + .!. k is unil vcctor
2 .
Sol. (b) Lei -2a + 3b - e = xp + }"I + zr
a 2 + b2 = ~ ⇒ 5a2 - a - _I_.!. = O
⇒ - 2a+3b-c=(2x +y-3z)a +(-3x - 2y+z)b 4 16
+(y + 2z)c a, and a2 are roots of above equation
2x+ y - 3z =-2,-3x - 2y + z = 3 ⇒ 2-+2.=ª•+ªz=-~
and y+2z= - 1
ª1 ª2 ª1ª2 11

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
• .Ex. 38 The vector i + x] + 3k is rotated through an angle • Ex. 39 a,b ande are three coplanar unit vectors such
8 and is doubled in magnitude. /t now becomes that a + b + e = O. /f three vectors p, q and r are parai/e/ to
a, b ande respective/y, and have integral but different magni-
4l +(4x-2)J +2k. The valuesofxare
tudes, then among the fo/lowing options, 1p + q + ri can take
2
(a) 1 (b) - a value equa/ to
3
(a) 1 (b) O (e) ✓3 . (d) 2
(e) 2 (d)~ Sol. (e.d) Lei a, b and e Ue in lhe XY-plane.
3
Sol. (b.c) Let a = i + .x3 + 3k, 1

,. = - '1 +
Lel a = 'b ./3,J nnd e = - 1 1- .Jil
~ = 4i + (4x -2)) + 2ic
2 2 2 2
Thercfore, IP + q + ri= IÃR + (lb + ,oe 1
Given, 21a 1= 1~I
⇒ 2✓1o+x2 = ✓20+4(2x-1)2 = IÀI + ,{- i1- ~ ))1
ii + ~ )) + ,{-
=l(À -~ -f)t+ ~(1,-v,1!

2 2
10+ x =5+(4x - 4x+ 1)
2
3;r - 4;r - 4 = O
x=2.-;
2
• ( 2 i
v)' ~
À - ~1 - - -3 (11 - v)1
41
= ✓).2 +µ' + v' - 4 - J..v - µv lb l +---1!.Lb = ~ ( ~ + ~)

Now. la 1+ lb lª la 1+ lb l l•I + l•I l•I lbl
= +z ✓o. - µ)' + (µ - v)' +(v- J..)'
*
lb l +_É.]_ b = ~ ( ~ + ~)
Also, 21• 1+1 b lª 21•1+ 1b l 2jal+l bl lal lbl
= ,Jl+l+4 =.fj
=> 1p + q + r i can tal« a value equal to ./3 and 2.
Other two vectors cannot bc written in the from ,(1 ~ + 1~J
• Ex. 40 A, B, C and D are four points such that • Ex. 42 The vectors xi+ (x + l)J + (x + 2 )k,
AB =m(2i-6) +2k),BC =(i-2)) and (x+ 3)i +(x+4)J +(x+ S)k and
CD= n(-6i + 15J -3k). /f CO intersects AB at some point E, (x + 6)i + (x + 7)) + (x + 8)k are coplanar ifx is equal to
then (a) 1 (b) -3 (e) 4 (d) O
(a) m 2 2 (b) n :2: 2 (e) m = n (d) m < n Sol. (a, b, e. d) •
2 3
Sol. (a. b) Lei EB = p AB and CE = q CD ri+ (x + t )J + (x + 2)k. (x + l )i + (x + 4)) + (x + S)k and
:::~:f7:,::::.::n:•.:o,:I: ·::•t:•: :1
Thtn O < p and q S 1
B
D
x+6 x+1 x +8
Applying e, -+ C2 - C, and C,-+ C, - C,, we havc
A
x: 3 : : 1= O. Hence, X E R.
1x+6 1 2
Since, EB +BC+ CE = O
p~2l -6J + 21<) + (l-2J) + qn(-6i + ISJ-31<) = O • Ex. 43 Given three vectors a, b, ande are non-zero and
=o(2pm + t - 6qn)l + (-6pm -2 + ISqn)) + (2 pm - 6qn)k = O non-coplanar vectors. Then which of the following are
coplanar.
=> 2pm-6qn + 1 = 0,
(a) a + b , b +e. e + a (b) a - b , b + e. e + a
-6pm-2+ I Sqn = O
(e) a + b, b - e. e+ a (d) a + b , b + e. e - a
2pm-6qn = O
Sol. (b. e, d) e+ a =(b + c)-4: (a - b)
Solving thcse. we gel a + b = (b - e) + (e + a)
1 1
and q = (ln) a+ c = (a+ b)+(c-a)
p = (2m)
So, vectors in options (b), (e) and (d) are coplan ar.
1 O<__!_S I
0<-- S I and
(2m) (ln)
• Ex. 44 ln afour-dimensional space where unit vectors
=> m 2-
1 and
1
n:2:- a/ong the axei are i.),k and 1, and ª " a 2 , a 3 , a 4 are four
2 l
non-zero vectors such that no vector can be expressed as a
• Ex. 41 lf non-zero vectors a andb are equally inclined to linear combination of others and(À.- 1)(11 1 - a 2 ) +
coplanar vector e, then e can be µ(a2 +n3) +y(a3 + a 4 -2a 2) +a 3 +6a 4 =O. then
la 1 + lb l b (a) ). =1 (b) µ = - ~ (e) y,= ~ (d) 6 = 2
(a) la 1+ 2jb Ia la 1+ lb 1 3 3 3
b)- lb_l_ a+ _ la_l_ b
Sol. (o, b, d)
( lal+lbl lal+l bl (À-l)(a1 -n 2 ) + µ(a 1 + n,)+)<a, + n, - 2:t,) ~n, +6a, = O
l.e. (À - 1~,, +(1-À + 11 -2y)R 1 + (Jl + y+ l)ft,+ (y+Õ)a, = O
la 1 + lb l b
(e) la 1+ 2jb Ia la 1+ 2jb 1 Slncc, R1, a ,. 11, ond n, nrc lln,11rly l11,l,p,11,lr111, wr hn,·c
lb l + la I b
À - 1• º·1 - À ~ 11 - ~y • O,
(d)21al+lblª 21al+lb l 11 +y+ 1 • o 111ul y +6• o
l.r . À • 1, 11 • 2y, 11 + y +- 1 • o. y + li • o
Sol. (b.d) Since, a and b ar< c~ally inclincd to e. lhtrrforc e must ')
bt of lhe form 1 (~ + ~J Mr ncr, À • 1, li • - =
]
,y • - -]1, li • -31
Chap 01 Veo1nr Afgnl}fll 31

Statement I and li Type Questions
Directions (Ex. Nos. 45-51) This section is based on
Statement I and Statement II. Select the correct a11swer between them, then x = ~ .
. ll
from the codes given below. 2.5111 2
(a) Both Stateme.n t I and Statement II nre correct nnd
Statement li 1s the correct explanntion of Statemcnt I Statemenl II 1/ /\OC Is nn isnsc;J/Ps lr/n11Jt/H• w///i
(b) Both Stateme.nt I and Statement II nrc correcl but AB =AC =1, lhen veclors represP11//11f! h/se(lnr r,fllflf,/1: /\ ft
Statement II 1s not t h e correct explnnation of . AB + AC
Statement I grven by AO = - -- .
2
(e) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
Sol. (d) We know lhnl lhe 1111it v•ctor along hlsr ,•tor oi 111111
(d) Statement II is correct but Statement I is incorrect li + V
vectors li • nd V is - -o· wl1rrr o Is thr •1111lr l1etwrr11
2 cos-
• Ex. 45 Statement I /fia 1=3, lb 1= 4 and la + b l = 5, 2
then Ia - b 1= 5. ve-clors u nnd v.
Stat ement II The length of the diagonais ofa rectangle is Also, in an lsoscele, AARC ln whlch
thesame. AD = AC, lhe 111e,ll011 and bisector írom A mu, t l>< ..me: linc:.
So/. (a) We have, adjacent sides of triangle lal = 3. 1bl = 4
The length of lhe diagonal is la + bf = 5 • Ex. 49 Statement 1 /fa = 2i +k, b =3] +4k and
Since, it satisfies the Pythagoras lheorem, a l. b e= Àa +µ b are coplanar. then e = 4a - b.
So, lhe paralJelogram i~ a rectangle. Statement II A sei vectorsa 1,a 2 ,a 1 , •••• a 0 is said to be
Hence, lhe length of lhe olher diagonal is Ia- bl = 5. linearly independent, if every relation of lhe form
l,a1 +l2a2 + l1a1+ .....+l0 a 0 =O implies that
• Ex. 46 Statement I /fl a + b 1= 1a - b ~ then a and b 1, =/2 =l1 = ... = l0 = O(scalar).
are perpendicular to each other. Sol. (b) a, b and e are coplanar e =Àa + µb => À =4 and µ = - 1
Statem e nt II /f the diagonais of a parallelogram are equal
in magnitude, then the parallelogram is a rectangle. • Ex. 50 Statemen t I let A(a), B(b) and C(c) be three
Sol. (a) a + b =a - b '!"• lhe diagonais of a paralJelograrn whose points such that a =2 i + k, b =Jl - ] + Jk and
sides are a and b.
e= - i + 7] - Sk. Then, OABC is a tetrahedron.
fa + bf = fa - bf
Thus, diagonais of lhe paralJelograrn have lhe sarne lenglh. Statement II l et A(a), B(b) andC(c) be three points such
So, lhe parallelogram is a rectangle, i.e. a l. b.
that vectors a, b ande are non-coplanar.
Then OABC is a tetrahedron.
Sol. (a) Given vectors are non-coplanar.
• Ex. 47 Statement I lf I is the incentre ofMBC, then
Hence, the answer 'is (a).
IBCIIA +ICA 11B +I AB I IC = O
Statement 11 The position vector ofcentr:Jid ofô.ABC is • Ex. 51 Statement I l et a, b, e anda be lhe position
OA+OB + OC vectors offour points A , B, C and D and
3 Ja - 2b + Se - 6d = O. Then points A, B, C and D are
Sol. (b) We know lhat. coplanar.
OI _ 1CB I OA + f CA f 08 + 1AB I OC Statement II Three non-zero linearly dependent co-initial
I BC l+I CA l+ IAB I veclors ( PQ, PR andPS) are coplanar. Then
OG = -=
º .c.
A:....+
.:......:
O..:B_+_o_c
_ PQ = À.PR +µPS, where À. andµ are scalars.
and
3 Sol. (a)
3a - 2b + 5c - 6d = (2a -2b) + (-5• +Sr )+ (6:a -6d)
• Ex. 48 Statement I lfu and vare unit vectors inclined =-
2AB + SAC - 6AD O =
at an angle a and x is a unit vector bisecting the angle Therefore, AD, AC nnd AD 11« linenrly drp,ndrnt.
Hrnce, by Statemenl li, Stntr111rnt 1 is trur.

Passage Based Ouestions
Passage I 53. (b) Hence, P divides AL in the ratio 3: 1 and P divides DB in lhe
ntio 1 : 3 Simil:uly Q divides DB in the ntio 1 : 3.
(Ex. Nos. 52 to 54)
ABCD is a parallelogram. Lisa poinl on BC which divides Th us, DQ =!_DB
4
BC in lhe ralio 1:2 AL inlersects BD ai P. M is a poinl on
DC which divides DC in lhe ralio l :2 and AM inlersects and PB=!_DB
4
BDinQ.
54. (b) :. PQ=!..oa.
2
• Ex. 52 Points P divides A L in the ratio
{a)l : 2 {b)l :3 i.c. PQ:DB= l :2
(e) 3: 1 (d) 2: 1
Passage II
• Ex. 53 Point Q divides DB in the ratio (Ex. Nos. 55 to 56)
{a) 1: 2 (b) 1: 3 Ler A, B , C, D, E represent vertices o/a regular penlagon
(e) 3: 1 {d) 2: 1 ABCDE. Given lhe posilion vector o/lhese verlices be
a, a + b, b, Âa and Âb respectively.
• Ex. 54 PQ : DB is equal to
. AD .
• Ex. 55 The rat,o - 1s equa/ to
(a)~ (b) !.. BC
3 3
3 3 2
{a) 1- cos 7t: cos 7t (b) 1 + 2cos 7t : cos ~
{e)!.. {d).! 5 5 s s
2 4
Sol. {Ex. Nos. 52-54) {e) 1 + 2 cos~: 2cos ~ (d) None of these
s s
52. (e)
• Ex. 56 AD divides EC in the ratio
2
{a)cos 7t : 1 (b)cos 3 7t: 1
s s
(e) 1: 2cos~ (d) 1: 2
s
a Sol. (Ex. Nos. 55-56) Given ABCDE is• n:gubr pentogon
BL =!.. b A
3
AL = a+!..b
3
Let AP = À.AL and P divides DB in lhe ratio µ : 1 - µ
Then. AP =).a+ ~b ...(i)
3
Also, AP = 112 + (1 - µ)b ...(ii)
From Eqs. {i) and (il),
D
À
Àa + b =112 + (1 -µ)b
3 Let posilion vector polnt A nnd C bc, a nnJ b. n'Sp«th~ly.
À=µ AD is pnrallcl to BC nnd Ali is p1m1lld to EC.
À Therefore,
and 3=1-µ
AOCB ls a pamlldogmm nnd position vector of B isa + b.
À=~ The posltion vectors of E nnJ D nre Àb nnd ;l.:i resprctively.
4 Also, DA a IJC = AB = OC = 1 (let)
Thercforc, AOCB is rhombus.
and
Furthcr,
LABC = LAOC = J1t
LOAB=LBC0 = 1t- 31t =Z1t

5 5
OA = AE = 1 andOC =CD = l
5
So/. (Ex. Nos. 57-58)
t!SJ.,
Thus, ó.EAO and liOCD are isósceles. O A (a)
ln liOCD, using sine rule we get. Let the position vector of A and C be a and c respectively.
OC OD Thcrefore,
-:--Tn=~
sm- sm- Position vector of
5 5 ...(i)
B=b=a+e
1
⇒ OD=--=0E Also, position vcctor of
2cos.!:. ...(ii)
5 E= b+2e = ~
3 3
1
⇒ AD=OA+ OD=l + --
it
Now, point P lies on angle bisector of LAOC. Thus,
2cos-
5 Pôsition vector of point
55. (c) AD =1 + _ l_
1 + 2cos.!:.
5 p = "(j;t ,:,) ...(iii)
BC 2cos.!:. 2 coss1t Also, let P divides EA in ration µ : 1. Therefore, Position vector

5
of P
56. (c) OE =_ 1_ a+ 3c
OC 2 cos.!:. _ µa+ - 3- _ (3µ + l)a+3c
...(iv)
5 - µ+1 - 3(µ + 1)
Passage III Comparing Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we gel

(Ex. Nos. 57 to 58) À(~ lai
+-5..)
lei
(3µ + l)a + 3e
3(µ + 1)
ln a parallelogram OABC veclors a, b, e respectively, lhe
position veclors ofvertices A, B, C wilh reference to O as ⇒
~ = 3µ+1 and~= - 1-
origin. A poinl E is laken on the side BC which divides it in lai 3(µ + 1) lei µ + 1
the ratio o/2: 1. Also, lhe fine segmenl AE intersecls lhe Jle l - lal
⇒
/ine bisecling lhe angle LAOC internally ai poinl P. IJCP ~=µ
when exlended meets AB in poinl F, lhen
⇒
À
⇒ À=~
lei 31cl--lal + 1 3lcl + Zlal
• Ex. 57 The position vector of point P is Jlal
(a) 3l!~ll;~ 1(1

:1 +~) 57. (b) So, position vcetor of p is
.
3
la li ci (~ + -5..).
3 lcl+ ;>1ai la! l<l
(b) 3ja I lc 1 (~ +~) 58. (d) Let F divides AB in ratio t : 1, thcn position vcctor of F is
tb+ a
Jlel + 2jal la l lei
t+l
(e) 2ja I le 1 ( ~ +~) Now, points C, P, F are collinear, Then, CF = mCP
3lel + 2la I lal lei
l(a + e) { 3la li el ( a e) }
(d) None of the above ⇒ ---i+t-c=m Jlel+Zlal fai+R -e
• Ex. 58 The ratio in which F divides·AB is Comparing eoefficients, we get
( ) 2 la 1 (b) la 1 _t_=m 31cl

a ja 1 - 3I cll Ia 1- 31 e j 1+ 1 3lel+ Zlal
e 3lal (d) ~
and 2 = m ln 1 - 31c 1
t+l 31c l +2la l
() jal - 3lc li 3jcl - la li
r=~
3le I - la 1

Matching Type Questions
• Ex. 59 ln the Cartesian plane, a man starts at origin and (C) Toe position vector of Q is given by
walks a distance o/ 3 units of the North-East direction and OP+ PQ = OP+ OR = ✓
1 • •
2(-i + 7j)
reaches a point P. From P, he walks a distance o/4 units in
y
the North-West direction to reacha pointQ. Construct the
paral/elogram OPqR with PO and PQ as adjacent sides. Let o
M be the mid-point o/ PQ.
Colwnnl Column II
A Toe position vector of P is (p) 3 • •
7i_(i + J)
B. Toe position vector of R is (q) 1 • •

Jz(i + SJ)
e. 2✓2(-i + 3)
(3)(i + • + (1), •
Toe position vector of M is (r)
✓2 1 J) ✓2 (-1+7J)
D. If the linc OM meets lhe diagonal PR (s)
in the point T, then OT equals
✓2(i+5)) OM
3 2
Sol. A➔ p, B ➔ r, C ➔ 'l• D-+ s

2i + 10J i + s]
= 2✓ 2 = ✓2
i
(A) Let and j be lhe unit vectors along OX and OY (D) Now, PT: RT = 1 : 2
respectively.
Therefore, OT = l(OR) + 2(0P)
Now, OP = 3 and LXOP = 45° implies that 3
O P = (3 cos45°)1• + {3s,n
. 45º)'J = ✓
32(1• + ·,
J 41, · . Í(3)• ·]
= (Ti ri + J> + 2l Ti (i + J>
(B) Again, LXOR = 135° and OR = 4 implies that
OR = ✓ • r.(-1• + J·,
42(-1• + J)=2v2

Single lnteger Answer Type Questions
• Ex. 60 P and Q have position vectors a andb relative to • Ex. 61 lf A(l, - 1, - 3), 8(2, 1, - 2) and C(-5, 2, -6) are the
the origin O and X, Y divide PQ internal/y and externally position vectors o/ the vertices o/llABC. The length o/ the
respectively in the ratio 2 : 1. VectorXY is Âa +µb, then the
value o/1 Â + µj is
.
b,sector oif 1.ts interna/
. 11../w
angle at A i s -- , then va lue oif'11. 1s.
.4
Sol. (O) Since, X and Y divide PQ intemally and externally in the Sol. (3) We ha:ve, AB = i + 2J + k. AC= -6i + 3)-3k
2
rati~ 2: 1, lhen X = b + ª and y = 2b-a => !ABI = ✓6 and IAC 1= 3✓6
3
:. XY = Position vector of y-Position vector of x Clearly, point D divides BC in lhe ratio AB: AC. i.e. 1 : 3
= 2 b-a-2b+a = 4b - ~ .. e-si + 2J - 6k) + 3(21 + 2k) J-

:.Pos1hon vector of D= !.....:.:....C.-"-'--"'-'----'---'-------'
3 3 3 1+ 3
0n comparing it wilh Àa + µb, we gel =.!.e;+ sJ-12k)
4
À = - !andµ =!
AD= 1 (i• + SJ• - 12k)
4 -,
3 3 • -(i• - •J -3k)
• = 3 ( , + 3J')
4
\À+µ\=~+~=O => \ADI= AD= ~.Jiõ
4
À =3
Chop 01 Vcctor Alyebra 35
• Ex. 62 l.1•/ A/1( ' /111 ,, tt/111111111 wl,mn t'í111troltl J, O, • Ex. 64 F/111/ //,e /,:a,f / pu.t /1/vc lnlcgral va/11c of x for
,111/,,,r,•11111· lf /1,1111/ 1•/m1111cm1/r11 ,,. 1/111 lll'l}!/11 ·o·.
/f O,., ? J •
whli:/1 t/Jc cmglc /Jctwccn vcclors 11 = x • - 3 - k and
111111 />0/111 /11 I/J1111/,1111• 11/ t/w trlrmp,111 .1111'/1 1/1111 1111 //1rn11 uf b • 2x1 + xJ - k Is 11w/c.
(), A, C' "'"' /l ,1r11 c111//1111flf ~111/•..fy/11}! 1/111 ru/111/,m Sol. (i) Lei 11 " _.t -3) - li 1111d h • Zxl + x)- .li bc lhe adjaccnl
AI) + Ili) + CI 1+ :li 10 .. Ã.111), //,c11 w/1111 /J //rn va/111111/ 1/w
•Ide• oi' lhe pnrnllcloV,rnm,
,<Cllfrll' ',\'
Now 11111.11c hclwcc n II uud 1, l• uculc, l.c, la + bl > la - bl
Sol, 1,1IS - ,1 - 11 1 ,1 - h ,,, h - e., :~,< - h)
a:> 1,~1 + (x -3)) - zlil' > 1- xi -(x + 3))1'
Mi,l - (11 , h , ,•), :, (" 1' h I e) - zh 1
:1 or 'Jx 2 +(x -J) 2 + 4 >x' +(x+3)
., 1.,1 - i h .. i(,I - h) ,. 21111 o ). ., 2
• Ex. 63 /,e/ n, h a11c/ e /J<J 1111/1 vcdur,ç .rnd, 1/1111

" + h - e • O, lf tlw arca 11/ trh11111t.: f urm,:d J,y vcctors II um/
h /.• A, 1/11•11 w/1111 Is //,e: v11/11c o/lC1A 7 ?
Sol. ('.I) Ulvrn 11 ,, h .. e
or
/??:l ll
Hx 2 - 12x + 4 > O or 2.-' - 3x + 1>O
Nuw, vrrlur e I• 11lu111( lhe .1111111111111111' lhe pnrnllrlngrnrn whlch or (2x - 1)(x - 1) > o ~ x·< ~2 o r x > 1
hn!i ndj11l'r11t shl,• vrdor~ n 11ml l.t. Slm:c1 e l.1_1 nlHo 11 1111H vcclor,
Hcncc, lhe lcusl po•ltlvc Integral valuc ís 2.
lrlnnttlr furm,·tl hy v,•ctunt n 11ml h 1/,1 1111 rq111lntcrnl trinnt,tlc,
1 "-) /\ • ttJ
1 1 • .fj
'l'IICII, /1 rr1111 f' (r1111f1C ' :i => 16/\• • J • Ex. 65 lf//1epoints a(cosa.+Ísiny),b(cosl3+Ísinl3)
andc(cosy + i siny) are collinear, lhen lhe value o/lzl is ...
(whcre z =bc sin(l3-y) + ca sin(y -a)+ ab sin(a + 13) 7 3i)
acoscx aslncx 11
Sol, (3) bcosl} bs'.nl} 1 =O
l c cosy cs1ny 10
=> bcsln(y- I}) + a sin(cx - y) + a bsin(I} - ex) = O
=> lzl =3
Subjective Type Questions

• Ex. 66 A par/ic/c in cq11ilib~ium is s11bjected to four 4u 4v
=> - - - + wcosO = O ...(i)
13 13
forces
- ~ u-~v+wsin8=0 ...(ii)
F, =-lOk, 13 13
3 3
- u +-v -10=0 ...(ili)
13 13
130
From Eq. (iü), WC gel u +v = -
3
· From Eq, (ii), we gel
Find the values of u, v and w in terms of 8.
Sol. 5111cc, thc pnrticlc is ln cqulllbrlum. - ~(u + v) + wsinO = O
13
1\ + P, + P, + P, = O
- 12
- ( -130) + ws,n8=0
,
-~
=>
- IOÍc + u(2-I ) + 2-ii) + v(-2.i - ~) + 2-ic) 13 3
13 13 13 13 13 13
+ w(cosOi + slnO)) = o => w = ~ = 40 coscc 8
sinO
12
=) ( ~ - ~ + w coso)l + (- u - ~ V + wslno)J On subslltuling the valuc of w ln Eqs. (i) and (iJ), wc gel
13 13 13 13
u-v= -l30cot8
+ (2.u+ 2.v - rn)li •
13 13
O nnd
130
u+v = -
3
On solvlng, wc gel On adding these

u+ ~ -65cot8 AA' '+ 88' + CC' = JGG' + (AG + BG + CG)
3 +(G' A'+ G'B' + G' C')
v+ ~ + 65cot8 and w = 40 cosec 8 =JGG' +(AG + 2DG) + (G' A'+ 2G'D')
3
(using AD and A' D' as the medians of MBC and
M ' B' C', r espectively)
• Ex. 67 Findai/ values of 'À.' such that x, y, z "# (O, O, O) = 3GG' +(AG + GA) + G' A'+ A'G'
and(i + j +3k) x +(3i -3j +k) y +(-4i +Sj )z =JGG' + O+ O
= À.(xi + yj + zk), where i, Jandk are unit vectors along the :. AA' + 88' + CC' = JGG'
coordinate axes. Aliter
Sol. Hcre, We know by triangle law
(i +J+ 3k)x + (31 -3) + k)y + (-41 + 5))z = À(.xi + »+ zk) AA'=OA'-OA
On comparing Lhe coefficlcnls ofi, Jand k, we gel 88'=08' -08
CC' = OC'-OC
x + 3y -4z = Ã.x
⇒ AA' + 88' + CC' =(OA'. + 08' + OC')
⇒ (1 - Ã.)x + 3y - 4z = O ...(i)
x-3y + 5z = Ã.y -(OA + 08 + OC)
= 30G' - 30G' = JGG'
x -(3 + À)y + 5z = 0 ...(ii)
3x + y = Ã.z
• Ex. 69 lf D, E and F are lhe mid-points of the sides
3x + y - Ã.z = O ...(iii)
The Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) will have a non-trivial solution, if
BC, CA and AB, respectively ofa 6ABC and O is any point,
show that
1~ À -(3: À) ~41 = o (i) AD + BE+CF =O
1 3 1 -À (ii) OE + OF +DO= OA
[:. (x, y, z) ;<(O, O, O):.ô = O] ("') 2 1 1
111 AD +-BE +-CF = - AC
⇒ (I - Ã.){Ã.(3 + Ã.)-5}-3{-Ã. - 15}-4{1 + J(Ã. + 3)} = O 3 3 2
Sol. Consider the poinl O as origin, we have,
⇒
2
(1 - Ã.){Ã. + 3Ã. -5} - 3{- Ã.-15}-4{3Ã. + 10} = O
Ã.3 + 2Ã.2 +À= O A(a) O
2
Ã.(Ã. + 2Ã. + 1) = O
Ã.(Ã. + 1)2 = O --- ,:-::::/\
.. ..
À= O or À= -1 ,,,, E(e) / \
,,- ,,
,
' 1
• Ex. 68 lfG is the centroid of the 6ABC and ifG' is the ,,'
- ,'
\
\
centroid ofanother 6A' B' C', then prove that B(b) O(d ) C(c)
AA' + BB' + CC' =3GG'.
Sol. Here, (i) AD + BE+ CF ==(d-a)+ (e -b) + (f-c)
G is centroid of óABC and G' is centroid of M' B' C', shown as =(d + e+ f ) - (a+ b +e) = O [using Eq. (i)]
in figure. ⇒ AD+ BE + CF = O
A'
(ii) Here, OE + OF + OD = e + f - d
_.,,,-,.
--b-- = ~ + a+ b _ b + e = a = OA
A ,/ <' /,>-~:::: C'
2 2
OE+OF+OD=OA
2
,, .....---
-- 8' ---
(iii) Here, AD+ ~BE+ !CF =(d -a)+ ~(e - b) + ! (f- e)
3 3 3 3
B C
= b + e -a+~(~ -b) +!(a + b - e)
Clearly, AA' = AG + GG' + G' A' (polygon law) 2 3 2 3 2
~
8 8' = BG + GG' + G'B'
= a ( - 1+ ! + .!.) + b (.!. - + .!.) + e(.!.+ ! - .!.)
CC' = CG + CG' + G'C' 36 23 6 233
1 = rros A ros« C
•- a1! , . !(r - a)
l ., -.
= _r_ • ros A= 2RcosA
1 sinC
• ; AC
(·:-ª = - b =- ' =2R)
,\1) t : llli • I cr: • ! AC sinA sin 8 sinC
J ' ~ AO' =2(0D) ...(iii)
Now, ru\GO' anel ô.OGDnrc simihu.
• Ex. 70 / A 11111/ n h1· two vt'ftors and k be any sra/ar 0G GD 0D 1
q111111tiry ,;n·r11u t/t1111 1,•,o, t/11·11 prol'e 1/tal [using Eq. (iii)]
O-G-GA-A0'-2
1
1A + o 1 s <1+ k )1A1 1
(, +} )i n 1 1
=> 20G = O'G
(i) \Vc hnvc, SA + SD + SC = Si\ + (S8 + SC)
Sol. \Vr know, (1 • l)I AI' • ( 1 ➔ f) n1' = SA + 2SD
2(1 + 2)SG = JSG
(·: D is lhe mid•poinl ofBq
• IAI' • l.li\1 1 • 11~' + !1 111' ...(i) (ü) On rrplncing S b)' O in Eq. (i). we gct
1.
OA + OD + OC = JOG
' = 20G + 0G = GO' + 0G
"''º· "1"1' + f1 1~• .-:i(l.1Al'·fllll'l =21 Alllll ...(il) = 0G + GO' = 00'
n
(•lnrr. Arhhmrllc mrim ~Grlllnrlrlc mran) (iii) O' i\ + 0'8 + O'C = 30'G [from Eq. (i))
s... (1 + k)I AI'+ ( 1 + li I' ~ IAI' +1111 1 + 21 " 1· 1111 =20'G+ O'G
=20'G + 2GO (·.· 20G = O' G)
• (IAI + 11~)1 [using Eqs. (i) nnd (ii)] =20'0
,\nd nl<n,IAI + l i~ ~I A+ l~ (iv) AO + O'D + O'C = 2A O' + (O' A+ O'B + O'C)
llrnrr,(l f
+ l.·)I Al'+(1 + } 1~' .-:I A+ UI'
= 2AO' + 20' O
= 2(AO' + O'O)= 2AO = AP
[l'rom Eq. (iii))
(·: AO is the circwnradius of MBC)

• Ex. 71 tfO is t/11: rirc-umre111re and O' lhe orthocenler of
ÁABC prove lhal • Ex. 72 /fe= 3a + 4b and 2c = a - 3b, show lhal,
(i) SA+SB +SC =3SG, wherc S is any point in the plane (i) e anda have lhe same direction and lc1>la ~
of MBC. (ii) e and b have opposile direclion and Ie 1 > 1b ~
(il) 0A + 0B+0C = 00' Sol. We havc,
(iii) 0 'A+0'B +0 'C =20'0 c=3a+ 4band2c = a-3b
(iv) A0'+o'B+0'C = AP => 2(3a + 4b ) = a -3b
=> Sa = -l lb
where, AP is diameter of the circumcircle.
Sol. Lrt G li<- thr crntroid of ru\BC. first wr shall show that => a =-!!b :,.nd b =- l..a
circumrrnlrr O, orthorc,ntrr O' and c,ntroid G ar, collin,ar S 11
and O' G = 20G.
(i) e =la+ 4b=3a + ◄(-~•)
=la - ~a= .!2a
11 11
which shows lhat e ,md a ha,·r thr samr dir..-tiol\.
Ande = .!2a
li 13
=> 1<1• 111al => lc l>l•I
Lrt AL and /JAI br l"'l'JlC"ndkulon on 1hr sidrs /JC and CA,
,,.,,..c11v,ly. Lrt A/) bc 1hr m,Jl1n tmd 01) li<- thr
llC"tprndirulu fronr O on ,lolr /lC. lf R la th, rlrnrrnraJius of
(ii) \1/r ho,·r, e • :la + 4b ,u,,I a • - .!.! b
s
rrrrurnrlrdr of I\AIIC. th<n 0 /1 ° <>C • R.
ln I\OBIJ, w~ lr1vr 0/) • R co, A .. .(i) c•:{-\~b) ·• 4b •-~b-+ 4b
ln âMJM. AAI " A/1.-osA • rro,A ...(li)
íorm MO' M , ACI • AAIM'<'(90" -C) e• - ~ b
s
Tiús shows e and b have opposite directions. where, k and I are scalars.
BD =I and BF =k
Also, lei= - 13 b 1= 13 1b l ⇒ lcl>lbl ...(i)
1 5 5 BC BA
i.e. BC: BD = 1 : 1
• Ex. 73 A transversal cuts the sides Ol, OM and diagonal BC -l=~-t ⇒ DC = ~
ON ofa paral/elogram at A, B and C respectivcly. BD I BD /
OL OM ON BD = -1- and BA = ~
Prove that- + - = -. DC t-1 BF k
OA 08 OC
Sol. We have, 1 _BA = I -~ ⇒ AF = ~ ...(ü)
BF k BF k
ON = OL + LN = OL + OM ...(i)
Now, Iet E divide the line AC in lhe ratio of x: y
Let OL = .,O A, OM = y OB ...(ii)
BD BF
and ON =::OC xc+ ya x·,+y.k
So, that BE = - - - = -~-~~ ...(ili)
So, IOLl =xlOAl,I OM l =yl OBI and IONl=z1oc 1 x+y x+y
x= Ol,y = OM andz=ON
OA OB OC BE - - -x- BD - - -
y- BF=O
l(x+ y) k(x+ y)
:.From Eqs. (i) and (ü), we have
Since, D, E and F are collinear.
M
0------••·
', .., ..""
,/ N
Sum of coefficients must be zero.
Hence t - __x_ - _ _Y_ = o
' l(x + y) k(x+ y)
B ,., -•'
0
O À•,, L
zOC = AOA + )OB

⇒ xOA +yOB-z OC=O
_l_ . r _ ~ = l
.-.Points A. B and C are collinear, the sum of the coefficients of 1- 1 x k
their PVmust be zero.
BD CE AF
x+y-z=O DC · AE · BF = 1 [using Eqs. (i}, (ii) and (ili}]
Ol OM ON
i.e. -+-= -
OA OB OC
• Ex. 75 Let A(t) = / 1(i)i + / 2 (t)] and
• Ex. 74 lfD, E and F be three points on the sides BC, CA · B(t) = g,(t)i + g 2 (t )] te [O, 1], where / 1, / 2 , g 1 and g 2 are
and AB, respectively of a ti.ABC. such that the points D, E continuous functions. Th en show that A(t) and B(t) are
BD CE AF parai/e/for some t.
and F are col/inear then prove that- · - ·- =1 Sol. If A(t) and B(t) are non-zero vectors for ali t
CD AE BF
and A(O) = 2i + 3J, A(t) = 6i + 2J. B(O) = 3i + 2J.
(Menelau 's theorem) and B(l) =2i + 6}.
Sol. Here, D, E and F be the points on the sides BC, CA and AB ln ordeí- to prove that A(t) and B(t) are parallel vectors for
respectively of i1ABC. Such that points D, E and F are some values of t. lt is sufficient to show that A(t) = ÀB(t) for
collinear, be Shawn as the adjoining figuece. some À.
Let B as the origin, BA = a and BC = e ç,o {t.(1)1 + f , (t)3l = Ãfg,(1)1 + g,(tl)l
Then, BF = ka and BD = lc ç,o f.(t) = Àg,t and f 2(t) = Àg2(t)
F ç,o f.(t) = g,(t)
f ,(t) g,(t)
ç,o f.(t)g2(t) - f , (t)g,, = o for some t e [O, 1]
'Let f(t ) = .fi(t)g2(1) - f,(t)g1(t), t E [O, 1]
Since, J., / 2, g, and g 2 are continuous functions.
E
:. F(t) is also a continuous function.
y Also, f(O) = J.(O)g2(0) - g 1(0)/,(0)
e = 2X2 - 3X3 = 4-9 = -5<0
and [(1) = f,(l)g,(l) - g 1(t)f2 (1)
Chop OI Vt:clor Alqt:hrn 39
= 6 X 6 - 2 X 2 ., 3i > 0 X g ), ➔• 11, 1 " Ày -t 11, 1 g À. + Ili

Thus, f(t) Is,, ,·onthmous function ou {o, I] such thnt 1- 1 1- À
X'- À, I· li, y a ), , Z a - -
f(ll)• f(I) < O. 11
:. By l11tcrmrdl11te vnluc lhcorem, thcrc cxlsts sunw I e (O, t ) ), - 1 1- fl
snch thnt 1 -xa I - À - 11, 1 - y a - - À- - ,
J(I) ~ O
1-z • ~
⇒ f,(1)g,(1) - f,<t)g,t =< 0 11
⇒ A(I) ~ Àll(I) for some À. 1_ + ___ ,.,__ + _e__
_ 1_ + - ' - + _ 1_ ,. _ _
Hcn,-e, A(I) nnd ll(t) nrc pnrnllcl v,•ctors. 1- X 1 - y 1 - Z 1- À. - 11 ), i · li - 1 ), + jl - 1
• Ex. 76 Prove that ifcosa 7-1,cosp 7-1 andcosy 7-1, thcn • ~• 1

À+p - 1
the vectors n = \cosa + j + k,b = i + j cos p + k,
_ 1_ + _ 1_ + - l- - 1
e= i + j +kcos y cnn ncvcr bc coplanar. 1-x 1-y 1- z
Sol. Supposc thnt, a, /1 1111d e nrc coplnnnr.
j Alllcr
cosa
l l
1
I
cosi}
1 cos
On npplying R2 -+ R, - R1 11ml R, -+ R, - R,
l
1 =O
~ . .r:·r:·:'1~it;·~.~·:i:1~,
(using 111 -+ 111 - R, and /12 -+ R, - R,)
1::::a cos~-1 : i"'º o -1

11- cosa O cosy-1
⇒ (x - l)(y - l)(z -1) o 1 -1 =O
⇒ cosa(cosl} - 1) (cosy - 1) - (1 - cosa )(cosy -1 ) -1 -1 -z
-(1- cosa)(cosl}-1) = O 1-x 1-y 1-z
On dividing thronghout by(I - cosa)(! - cosl})(l - cosy), wc 1 1 1
gct ( using R1 -+ -x-1
- /11, /12 -+ -
y-1
-R,, R
1 -+ -
z-1
-R,)
~+-- 1- + __l _ =O __!,_(1)+- 1-(-1)--z-(l)=O
⇒
1-cosa !-cosi} 1-cos y (1-x) (1-y) (1-z)
-{1- cosa)+I + - -1-+ __1_ = 0 (cxpanding along R3)
⇒
1- cosa ! -cosi} 1-cosy ⇒
--2._ __1_+ (1-z) - l = O
(1-x) (1-y) (1-z)
⇒ -1 + __1__ + __1__ + __1__ = O
⇒
1 1 1
(!-cosa) (!-cosi}) (1-cosy) - - +--+--=\
1- x 1-y 1-z
__1_+ __ 1_+ _ _1_,.I
! -cosa ! -cosi} 1-cosy
• Ex. 78 lf a, b ande be any three non-coplanar vectors,
⇒ cosec' ~ + cosec 2 ~ + cosec' 1 = 2, which is nol possiblc. then prove that the points 11a + m1b + n 1c, 12 a + m 2 b + n1 c,
2 2 2
/3a + m3b + n3c and 14a + m 4b + n 4c are coplanar, if
,a ,p
A S, cosec -2 ,: 1. coscc -2 2: 1 11 m1 n1 1
12 m2 n2
and coscc 2 1.: 1 =O
2 /3 m3 113
·: Thcy cannot bc coplanar. l4 m4 114
Sol. Wc know that, four points having position vcclors. a, b,c nnd
• Ex. 77 lf the vectors xi + j + k, i + yj + k and i + j + zk d are coplanar, if there exists scalars x, y, z and I such that
are coplanar where,x ~ 1 • y ~ 1 and z ~ 1, then prove that xa + ~ + zc + td = O whcre, x + y + z + t = O
_ 1_+_1_+ _ 1_ =1 So, the givcn points will be coplanar, iftherc cxists scalars
1- x 1-y 1- z x, y, z and t such that
Sol. Thc vcctors are coplanar, if wc can find two scnlors À and µ >.il,a + 11~b + n1c) + y(l,a + m2b + n2c) + z(l,a + m1b + n,c)
such thot + 1(1,a + m,b + n,c) = O
<xi+ J + kl = Ã(I + >' + kl + µ(I + J + :k) whrrc, x + y + z + t = O
~ (l,x + 1,y +· l:,l! + /4 r)a + (n;x + m,y + m:,l! + m,t)b Now, if A, B and C are colinear points. then AB and AC are in
+ (n1x + n,y + n:,l! + n,t)c = O lhe sarne line and BC = À (AC)
=> (r, - r ,)= À(r2 - r1 )
where, x+y+z+ t =O
/ 1x + l,y + l:,l! + 14 r = o ...(i) => r, = -À.r1 + (À + 1) r,
...(ii) => r3 = -Àr1 + mr2
n;x+ m,y+ m:,l!+ m,t=O
...(üi) where, 1=-Àandm =À +I
n1x + n,y + n:,l! + n, r = O
...(iv) => 1 + m =- À+ (À+ 1) = 1
and x +y+z+t=O
Eliminating x, y, z and r from above equalions, we gel
• Ex. 80 Show that points with position vectors
1, ,, ,, 1,
a - 2b + 3c, - 2a + 3b - e and 4a - 7b + 7c are co/lineizr. /e is
given that vectors a, b ande and non-coplanar.
Sol. The lhree points are colli.near, if \\"C can fin~ À1• À, anJ ,.,.
such that
À1 (a -2b + 3c) + À 2 (-2a + 3b - e)+ À,
• Ex. 79 Jfr,. r 2 andr3 are the position vectors o/ three (4a - 7b + 7c) = Owith À1 + À,+ À, = o
collinear points and scalars I and m êxists such that On equating thc coefficicnts a. b and e scp.1r:1tcly to ~""'- "'"
r3 = i r 1 +mr 2 , then showthatl + m=l get À1 -2À 2 + 4À1 = O. -2À1 + 3À 2 - 7À, = Oa nd
e
Sol. Let A, B and be lhe three points whose position vectors- 3À, -À,+ 7À, = O
referred to O are r1, r1 and r,, respechvely. On solving wc gct À1 = - 2. À, = 1, À,= 1
AB = OB - OA = r2 - r, So that, À1 + À2 + À3 = O
BC =OC - OB =r3 - r1 Hencc, lhe g iven vectors are collincnr.
Vector Algebra Exercise 1:
1. Ifa =3 i-2}+ k , b = 2i- 4}- 3k ande= -i +2}+2k, 9. If O is the origin and the position vector of A is 4i + sj,
then a + b + eis then a unit vector parallel to OA is
(a) 31 - 4j (b) 3i + 4j 4.
(a)-i
(b)5.
r:= •
(e) 4i - 4j (d) 4i + 4j ..f.ii ✓ 41
1 • ,
2. What should be added in vector a = 3 i + 4}-2 k to get (e) =(4i + SJ) (d) ~(4i -Sj)
v41 v41
its resultant a unit vector Í?
W-d-~+~ W-d~~-~ 10. Toe position vectors of the p oints A, B and C are
(e) 2i + 4j - 2k (d) None of thes'e Í + 2}- k , i + j + k and 2i + 3} + 2k, respectively. If A is
chosen as the origin, then the position vectors of B and
3. If a= 21 +} - 8k and b= i + 3}- 4k, then th~ magnitude e are
ofa +bis equal to (a) l + 2fc. l + j + 31< (b) J + 2k, i + J + 3k
(a) 13 (b) ~ (cl -3 + 2fc. 1 - J+ 3fc (d) -j + 2fc, l + J + 31<
3
(b) 2_ (d)~ 11. The position vectors of P and Q are Si+ 4} + ak and
13 13 - i + 2} - 2k, respectively. If the distance between them
4. If a=:' 2i + sj and b= 2i - }. then the unit vector along is 7, then the value of a will be
a+ bwill be (a) - 5, 1 (b) 5, 1
(a) 9i (b) i + j
(e) O, 5 (d) 1, O
12. Ifposition vector ofpoints A , B and C are respectively i,}

(e) ✓2(1+ 3) and Jê and AB = CX, then position vector of point X is
(al - i + 3+ fc (b) l - j + fc
5. Toe urút vector parallel to the resultant vector of (e) i + J- k (d) i + j + k
2i + 4}- Sk and i + 2} + 3k is
13, The position vectors of A and B are 2i - 9} - 4 k and
(a) ! (3t + 6j - 21<) 61 - 3} -i· 8k respectively, then the magnitude of AB is
7
(a) 11 (b) 12
(b) i + J+ k
✓3 (e) 13 (d) 14
( ) I + J + 21< 14. If the position vectors of P and Q are (i + 3}- 7k ) and

c-r- (Si - 2}+ 4ki then IPQI is
1 • , •
(d) --,;;:'(-i - J + 8k) (a) ✓158 (b) ✓16Õ
✓69
(c)M (d) ✓l62
6. If a = i + 2} + 3k, b = - i + 2} + k and e= 3i + } , then the 15. If the position vectors of P and Q are i+ 2j - 7k and
unit vector along its resultant is
Si -3} + 4k respectively, the cosine of the angle between
• , • 31 + 5J+ 41<
(a)3i + SJ + 4k (b) PQ and Z-axis is
50
11
(a) - 4-
(e) 31 + 5) + 4k (d) None of these ✓162 (b) ✓162
5✓ 2
5 -5
7. If a = (2, 5) and b = (1, 4i then the vector parallel to (c)Jit2 (d) ✓162
(a + b)is 16. If the position vectors of A and B arei+ 3)- 7k and
(a) (3, 5) (b) (1, 1)
Si - 2} + 4k, then the direction cosinc of AB along Y-ax.is
(e) (1, 3) (d) (8, 5)
is
8. ln the MBC, AB = a, AC = e and BC = b, then . 4 5
(a) a + b+ e = O (b)a + b - c=O (a) ✓162 (b)-M
(e) a - b + e = O (d)-a+ b + c = O (e)- 5 (d) 11
17. The direction cosines of vector a= 31 + 4j + Sk in the 24. The posltlon vector oflhe polnls whlch dívldu ,
direction of positive aicis of X, is ínternally in lhe ralio 2 : 3 lhe Join of thc poinU 2a - Jb
(a)± }o (b)Tsõ nnd 3a - 2b, Is
(b)~a-~b
(o)~.+~b
3 4 5 5 5 5
(e) ✓SÕ (d) - ✓SÕ
(c)~a -!b (d) Nonc of theac
5 5
18. The direction cosines of the vector 31 - 4j + Sk are
341 3-41 25. If O is origin and C is lhe míd•poínt of A (2, - l) and
(a) s' -s· s (b's✓2· sJi• ✓2 B (-4, 3). Then, value ofOC Is
3-41 341 (a) l +) (b) l -)
(e) ../2' ../2' ✓2 (d) 5..fi.' 5..fi.' ✓2 (e) -1 + J (d) - l-)
19. The point having position vectors 21 + 3j + 4k, 26. If the position v~ctors of lhe points A and B are ..
· 31 + 4j + 2k and 41 + 2j + 3k are the vertíces of
i + 3j - k and 31 - J- 3k, then what will be lhe pos11Jon
(a) right angled triangle vector of the mid·point of AB •
(b) isosceles triangle (a) l + 2)-k (b)2l + J-2k
(e) equilateral triangle (e) 21 + j- Jê (d) l + j - 2Jê
(d) collinear
27. The position vectors of A and B are j -+ 2k and J
20. If the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C of a J
3i - + 3k. The posilion vector of lhe núddle point of
6.AflC are?j + lOk,- i +6j +6k and- 41 +9j +6k, the line AB is
respectively. The trianglc is
(a)! l - ! j + Jê (b)2l - j+ ~Jê
(a) equilateral 2 2 2
(b) isosceles
(c):3.i-!J+:3.Jê (d) Nonc of thcsc
(e) scalene 2 2 2
(d) right angled and isosceles also
28. If the vector bis collinear with the vector a = (2✓2, -1, 4)
21. If a, b ande are the position vectors of the vertices A, B and I bJ = 10, then
and C of thc 6.AflC, then the centroid of àABC is
(a) a + b +
3
e (b) H• + b; e)
(a)a±b=O
(e) 2a¼ b = O
(b)a±2b=O
(d) None of thesc
29. If a= (1,-1) and b= (-2, m) are two collinear vectors,
(c)a+b+c (d)a+b+c
then m is equal to
2 2
(a) 4 (b) 3
22. If in the given figure, OA =a, OB = b and AP: PB =m: n, (e) 2 (d) O
then OP is equal to
30. The points with position vectors !Oi+ 31121 -sj and
ai + 1lj are collinear, ifa is equal to
A~' (a)-8 (b) 4
(e) 8 (d) 12
31. The vectors i +2j + 3k,Â.i + 4] +7k, -31 -2]-Sk are

o collinear, if À is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 4
(a) ma+ nb (b) na + mb
m+n (e) 5 (d) 6
m+n
(c)ma-nb (d) ma -nb 32. If the points a+ b,a - banda+ kb be collinear, then k is
m-n equal to
23. lf a and bare position vcctor of two points A, B and C (a) O (b) 2
divides AB in ratio 2: 1, thcn position vector of C is (c) -2 (d) Any real number
a+ 2b
(a)-3-
(b) 2a + b
-3-
33. If the position vectors of A, B. C and D are
• +2 (d) a+ b
21+li-313j + 2j nnd i + Àj respectively and AB 11cn
(c)-3- 2 then À. will be
(a)-8 (b)-6
(e) 8 (d) 6
Chnp 01 Vector Aloehrn 43
3'. If the vectors 3i + 2j - k and 6i - 4.lJ + )k are parallel, 43. lfOP = SnmlOI' mnk<'s anf(lts -1~" n11tlMº wllh O.\'•nxls
Md o r -nxis respN,ll\'rly, lhr n 01' i~ f1111nl 111
then the value of :r and y "'ill .be
(a)-1.-2 (b)l. -2
(a)S(JzI + J ± k) (h) •1(/:!l ·t) 1: lt)
(c)-1.2 (d) 1. 2 (c).!.(_8 + J ±

4
k) (d) ~(J:il
R
d J; k)
35. If a and b are two non-collinear vectors and .tll + ) b = O
(a) :r = O. but y is not nettssarily zuo
,U. Le-t a. b and t h<' thre<" unils v,•1·1ors such tlrnt
(b) y = O. but :ris not nettssarily zero 3a + 4h +SI."=(\ Thrn w h irh of thr followlu~ sl11tr111cnts
(c) :r = O. y = O is trne?
(d) None of the above (n) a is paralld to b
(b) a i• prrptndir ular to b
36. Four non-zero vectors wi.ll alwaYS be (r) a is nrilh<r l'•ll'llllr l n o r p <'Tl'<'"'lirnlnr tu h
(a) linearly de~ndent · •
(d) Non<' of thr aho\'t'
(b) linearly independent
(c) either (a) or (b) 45. A. B. C. D nn,1 E 1m· th•r coplnn,u points. th1·11
(d) None of the above DA+ D8+ OC+ AF. + IHi+CEis cqunl to
37. Toe vectors a, b and a + b are (a) DE (h) 3DE
(e) 2DE (,1) 4ED
(a) collincar (b) coplanar
(c) non--coplanar (d) None of these 46. Ifthe vectors n nnd b nrc linenrly indcpcndcnt snlisfying
(✓3 tnn8+ l)n +(✓3sec 0- 2) b =O. thcn thc mosl
38. If(:r,y,z) oe(0.0.0)and(i+ J+ 3k)x+(3i- 3J+k)y
general value of8 nrc
+(- 4i + Sj)z = À(xi +>,+zk). then the ,'l!lue oH.
(a) nlt -~.n e Z (b)2111t±~.11eZ
will be 6 6
(a)-2, O (b) 0.-2
(c)nir±~.neZ (d)2nll+~.n E Z
(c) - 1, o (d)0, - 1 6 6
39. Toe number of integral values of p for which 47. The wúl vector bisecting OY and OZ is
(p +l)i-3J + pi.pi +(p + l)j -3k and (a) ; + .l + k (b) J- k
- 3i + ~ + (p + l)k are linearly dependent vectors is ./3 ✓2
(a) O (b) 1 (e) J + k (d) - J+ k

(e) 2 (d) 3 ✓2 ✓2
40. Toe vectors AB =3i + 4kand AC = Si-2] + 4k are the 48. A line passes through the points whose position vectors
sides of a õABC. Toe length of the med.ian through A is are i + J - 2k and i - 3j + k. The position vector of a
(a) ✓!S (b) .fi2 point on it at unit distance from the first point is
(c) ✓
33 (d) ✓ 288 (a).!.(5i+.)-7k) (b).!.(4i+9]-1Sk )
s s
41. ln the figure. a vectors :r satisfies the equation .r- w = v.
Then, x is equai to
(e) (i - 4] + 3k) (d) .!.ct - 4] + 3k )
5
A
m
49. If D, E and f are the middle points of the sides BC, CA
and AB of the ó.ABC, then AD + BE + CF is
(a) a zero vector (b) a unit vector
(c) O (d) None of these
B w D v C 50. If P and Q are the middle points of the sides BC and CD
(a) 2a + b + e (b) a+ 2b + e of the parallelogram ABCD, then AP + AQ is equal to
~a+b+k ~aib+c (a) AC (b) ! AC
2
42. Vectors a = i + 2] + 3k. b = 2i - J + k and e = 3i + j + 4 k
(d) ~ AC
are so placed that the end point of one vector is the 2
starting point of the next vector. Then the vectors are
51. Toe figure formed by the four points i + j - k, 2i + 3j .
(a) no! coplanar
(b) coplanar but cannol fonn a triangle 3i + Sj - 2k and k - j is
(e) coplanar and form a trianglc (a) rectangle (b) parallelogram
(d) coplanar and can forma righl angled triangle (c) trapezium (d) None of lhcse
52. A and B are two points. The position vector of A is (a) a= b =e= O
6 b- 2a A point P divides the !me AB in the ratio 1 : 2. If (b) any two of a,b ande are zero
a - bis lhe position vector of P, then the posilion vector (e) any one of a,b ande is zero
of Bis given by (d) a+ b +e= O
(a) 7a - IS b
61. If a and b are two non-zero and non-collinear vectors,
(b) 7a + 15b
then a + b and a - b are
(e) 15a - 7b
(a) linearly dependenl veclors
(d) 15a + 7b
(b) linearly independent vectors
53. If three poinls A, B and C are collinear, whose position (e) linearly dependent and independent vectors
(d) None of lhe above
vectors arei - 2J- 8k, Si - 2k and lli + 3j + 7k
respectively, then the ratio in which B divides AC is 62. Ifla + b I< la-b 1, then the angle between a and b can
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 3 lie in the interval.
(c)2:J (d)l:1 (a) (-11/2, 11/2) (b) (O, 11)
(c)(11 / 2, 311/2) (d)(O, 211)
54. If in a triangle, AB = a, AC= b and D, E are the
mid-points of AB and AC respeclively, then DEis equal 63. The magnitudes of mutually perpendicular forces a, b
to ande are 2, 10 and 11 respectively. Then the magnitude
(a).!. - ~ (b) .! - ~ of ils resultant is
4 4 2 2 (a) 12 (b) IS
(e)~ - _! (d)~ - _! (e) 9 (d) None of these
4 4 2 2
64. If i - 3j + k bisecls the angle between a and - i + 2j + 2k.
55. If ABCD is parallelograrn, AB = 2i + 4] - Sk and where a is a unit vector, then
1 ,. "1 ...
AD = i ·+ 2j + 3k, then the unil vectors in the direction of (a) a = /4li _+ 88J - 40k)
10
BD is
1 - - - (b) a= -2...c41i + 88} + 40Jê)
(a) =(i + 2j -8k) (bl _!_(i + 2J -sJêJ 105 .
--169 69
1 (e) a= -2._(-41i + 88} - 40k)
(cJ-- (-i -2J
+ sJê> (d)_!_(- i - 2} + 8k) !OS
../69 69
(d) a = -2...(4li -88}- 40k)
56. If A , B and C are the verlices of a triangle whose position 105
veclors are a, b and e and G is the centroid of the ~C. 65. Lei a= i be a vector which makes an angle of 120º ,vith a
then GA + GB + GCis unit vector b. Then, the unit veclor (a+ b} is
(a) o (b) A+ B + C 1, ✓ 3, ✓3- J.
(a) --1 + - J (b)- - i+-j
(e) a + b + e (d) a + b - e 2 2 2 2
3 3 () 1, ✓ 3, ✓3, ).
57. If ABCDEF is regular hexagon, then AD + EB + FC is e 2 +2J
1
(d) 2 1 -2j
equal to 66. Given three vectors a= 6i - 3], b = 2i - 6] and
(a) O (b)2AB
(d) 4 AB
e= - 2i + 21j such that a = a+ b + e. Then, the resolulion
(e) 3AB
of the vector a into components with respect 10 a and b
58. ABCDE is a pentagon. Forces AB, AE, DC and ED act ai is given by
a point. Which force should be added to this system to (a)3a-2b (b)Jb-2a
make the resultant 2AC? (e) 2a - 3b (d)a-2b
(a)AC (b)AD
67. •I • is the incentre of t.ABC whose corresponding sidcs
(e) BC (d) BD
are a. b, e respectively. a IA+ b 1B + e IC is always equal to
59. lf ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and (a) O (b) (a+ b + c)BC
AB + AC+ AD+ AE+ AF = ÃAD, then À is equal to (e) (a+ b + c)AC (d) (a+ b + c)AB
(a) 2 (b) 3
(e) 4 (d) 6
68. lf x and y are two non-collinear vectors and ABC is u
triangle wilh side lengths a,b nnd e snlisfying (20a- tSb)x
60. Let us define the length of a vector ai + ~ + ck as +{!Sb-12c)y+(l2c-20a)(x x y) = O, then ilABC is
1a 1 + 1b 1 + 1e 1- This definilion co~ncid_es wjth the usual
(a) an acule nngled lriongle(b) on obtusc anglcd trlnnglr
defmition of length of a vector ai + bj + ck if and only if (e) a rtght angled trinngle (d) n scnlcne triangle
Chup 01 Vector Algebra 45
69. lí x 111111 y 11re two non•(•olllncnr veclorN 11111111, /1111111 ,. 78, 11'11, h 111111 cure thrcc nori•coplunar vcctnr~ •uch that
rrpn·Ncnl lhe •ld,•s of II t\A/JC Nnllsl'yh1f1 11 + h + e • wl 111111 h + e I· ) ltll
(w),..rc x >< y Is P•'l'l"'IIIIIC11l11r lo lhe pl11111, of x 1111,l y)
(n) nn nnlll' n11glnl I rlnnHlr (e) llh (cl)(n + ll)c
(h) nu ol,111.11c n11µ.ll·1l trl1111J,tlc 77. 'l'lw poslllon vcctorn of lhe poinls /' and Q wilh rcspcct
(e) 11 rl11ht 1111111,·.1 lrl111111lc•
lo lhe orlgln () are n = i + 3j .. 2Í< und b = 3i .. j - 2k,
(11) li Xl'lliCIIC I rlllllf\lC
rcspccl lvcly. lf M Is II polnl 1111 l'Q, such thal OM is thc
70. IC lhe resullnnl of lwo ínrc,·s Is oi' 11111µ11l111cl1· /' 11111I 1·1p111l hlscclnr of /'OQ, lhen OM is
lo onc oí lhcm nnd perpen,liculnr ln li, lht•n lhe olhcr (11)2(1 - ) ➔• f,) (b)2l + ) - 2Ít
force Is
(e) 2(- 1 + ) - Í,) (h) 2(1 + ) + Í<)
(11) t•,/i (1,) ,.
(e) 1•.fj (11) N1111c ui' th,·•r 78. AIJCI) is II q1111clrllnlcrnl. B Is thc point of inlerscction of
lhe line jolnl111; lhe micl•polnts of' lhe opposilc sidcs. lf O
71. líb ls_n vcclor whosc lnlllnl polnl ,livicl<-s lhcjoln oísi is uny poinl anel 0/\ +.011 + OC + 00 = xOE. lhcn x is
nnd Sj in lhe rnllo k: 1 nncl whosc lcn11l1111l polnt ln lhe
equnl lo
origln nnd \ b \S m,
lhcn k lics ln lhe lnlervnl (11) '.I (h) ')
(11) (-<,. - 1 /<,] (h) (-~. - 1,J u J- t/<,. - 1 (e) 7 (d) 4
(e) (0,6] (d) Nonc ol'thc•c
79. ln lhe t,OA /1, M is lhe micl-poinl of All. Cisa poinl on
72. lf 1j+1j+s1ê.2i+3j+ 1 Í< nnd 2i +5j +7Í< nre lhe OM, such lhnl 2OC = CM. X is a poinl on lhe side OD
posilion vcclors of lhe vcrliccs A, li 11ml C respccllvcly such lhal OX = 2Xll The linc XC is procluccd to mecl
oí LIA/JC. The posillon vcclor of lhe polnl whcrc lhe OA in Y. Then, OY Is cqual to
biscclor oi' LA mccls /JC is YA
(11) ~(61 + 13) + IHÍ,) (1,) ~(<,1 + 12)-Hk) (n)'!. (I,) ~
3 3 3 7
3
(e) ~(-61 - 8) -9k) (d) ~(-<,i - 12) + 8k) (c) - (d)~
3 3 2 5
73. lí a and b nrc two unil vcclors und Ois Lhe nnglc 80. Points X and Y are takcn on lhe sides QR and RS,
belwcen thcm, lhen thc unit veclor ulong lhe nngulnr rcspcctivcly of a parallclogram PQRS, so that QX = 4XR
bisector of a nnd b will bc given hy and RY = 4 YS. The linc XY culs lhe linc PR ai Z.
(n) -n-b
-- (l, ) n+b Thcn, PZ is
2cos(0 / 2) 2cos(0/2) 21
(n) - l'lt (b)~l'R
(e) ~
25 25
(d) Nane ofthcsc
cos(0 / 2) (c).'21'tt (d) Nonc of thcsc
25
74. A, D, C and D havc posilion vcctors a, b, e nnd d,
81. Find the value oí À so that lhe points P, Q, R and S on the
respeclively, such that a -b = :>i; d- e~ Thcn,
(a) A/J and CD bisccl cnch oi hcr sicles OA, 0B, OC aml AD, respcclivcly, of a regular
(b) /JD and AC hisccl cnch olhcr letrahcdron OABC are coplanar. \t is g iven that
(e) A/l nnd C/J trisccl cach othcr
OP 1 OQ I OR 1 OS
- = - , - = - . - = - and - = À
(d) /JD nnd AC trlsccl cach olhcr OA 3 OD 2 OC 3 AD · .
75. On the xy plane whcrc O is lhe origln, givcn poinls, (n) À = ~ (b) À= -1
2
A(I, O), !1(0, 1) and C( 1, 1). Lei P, Q anel R bc moving point (e) À = O (d) for no value of À
on thc linc OA.08,0C rcspcctivcly such thnt
OI'= 15l(OA), OQ = <,0t(Oll),on =(1-t)(OC) with 82. OABCDE is u rcgulnr h cxngon of siclc 2 units in th<·
t > O. lf thc thrcc points /', Q oncl /1 nre collincnr, thcn lhe XY ·plnnc. O bclng lhe origin und OA lakcn nlong lhe
X·nxis. /\ poinl f' is tukcn on n linc purnllcl to Z·axis
vuluc of I is cqual to
through lhe cenlrc of lhe hcXll!(On 111 n dislnnce of
(a) .2... (b) }_ 3 units from O. Thcn. thc vcclor AI' is
106 IH7
(R) - i + Jj + -.ÍSk (~) i - .f:i j + Sk
(e) .2... (d) Nonc of llt<K<'
100 (e) - i + .fj j + fs k (d) i + .f:i j + -.ÍSk
Vector Algebra Exercise 2 :

More than One Option Correct Type Questions
83. Ifthe vectors i-1J + k anda fonn a triangle, thena (a)!(3i+6J-2Íc) (b) !aí-6j-2Íc)
7 7
maybe
Cal- l - ié (b)i -2)-k Ccl-1- <í + 2) ... BÍc) <dJ ~ -l -2:, - ~Jé>
,169 , !H
(c)2]+J+ ié (d) i + k
87. If A(-4,0,3)and 8(14.2,-5). then -,.-bidJ ~.e c :ti::e
84. If lhe resultant of three forces foIJo,.,'Íng points lie on lhe ~ r o f lhe =:sfe f:d,,.,=:,
F, = pi + 3j - k, F2 = 6i - k and F3 = - Si+ j + 21< OA and 08 (O is the origin of refrreccef?
acting on a particle has a magnitude equal to 5 units, (a)(2. 2. 4) (b) (2. l U )
then lhe value of p is (c)(-3, - 3, -6) (d)(I. L2J
(a)-6
(e) 2
(b)-4
(d) 4
88. Ifpoint i + 1i - } and pi + qj~ rk = c:o!li:=r. ~
(a) p =J =
(b) r O
85. Lei ABC be a triangle, the position vectors of whose (e) q e R (d) q " 1
vertices are 1j + !Ok, - i + 6} + 6k and- 4i + 9} + 61<.
89. Ifa, b ande are non--coplanar ,·ec:tors .?.!:!d i. is a tt:a!
Then, .ô.ABC is number, then the vectors a + 2b -,- 3c, i.h-µc z::;Õ (i;. - l}c
(a) isosceles (b) equilateral
are coplanar wben
(e) right angled (d) None of these
(a) µ E R fo)i. =.!.
86. Toe sides of a para!Jelogram are 2i + 4} -51< and 2
i + 2j + 31<. The unit vector para!Jel to one of the , (e),. = O
diagonais is
Vector Algebra Exercise 3 ·

■ Directions (Q. Nos. 90-92) This section is based on 91. Statement I a= i + P.J + 2k and b = 2i 4-3} ~ ç:k 2.~
Statement I and Statement li. Select the correct answer parallel ,·ectors, if p = ~ and q = -t.
from the cedes given below. 2
(a) Both Statement f and Statemeol D are correct and Statementil a = ~ 1i + a:J ~ a , kami b = ~i-:-: J-:-Jk
Statemenl 11 is the correcl explanation ofStalemenl 1
(b) Bolh Statement I and Statement 11 are correct but are parallel ~ = 1 ª = ~b, -
Statement li is not the correct explanation of Statement 1 b, b 1
(e) 9tatement I is correct but Statement li is incorrect 92. Statement I If thrtt points P. Q ind -~ h.i,~ p..'\.s;:t:'..i:,
(d) Statement II is coriect but Statemeot I is incorrect vectors a, b ande resp«ti,~ly. ll!ld 2 :a -3b-x =n ü,.en
90. Statement J ln '1ABC, AB + BC+ CA = O the points P, Q and R must ~ rolline.ir.
Statement li lf OA = a. OB = b, th •" AB = a+ b Statement li li for thrtt points .-\. 6 .i.nd C. _tj3 = À AC.
then poinls A, B and C musl b<" rolline.ir.

Passage based Type Questions
Passage I 99. B divided AC in ratio
(Q. Nos. 93 and 94) (a) 2 :1 (b) 2 : 3
(e) 2: - 3 (d) 1 : 2
• Let OABCD be a pentagon in which the sides OA and CB
are parallel and the sides 0D and AB are pa ra llel. Passage IV
Also, OA :CB = 2 :1 a nd 0D : AB = 1 :3.
D0
.
(Q. Nos. !00 and ! OI)
• lf two vectors OA and OB are there, then their resultarit

XC B OA + OB can be fo und by completing the parallelogram
·- .. OACBand OC= OA +OB. Also, lf lOA l=I OBL then the
O ··········• ..... A resultant will bisect the a ngle between them.
100. A vector C directed along intemal bisector of angle

93. Toe ratio OX is between vectors A=7i -4] - 4k and B = - 2i - j + 2k
XC
(a) 3/4 (b) 1/3
with lCI =5✓6 is
(e) 2/5 (d) 1/2 5· · • 5 · · •
(a) (i - j + k ) (b) (i - 7 j + Zk )
3 3
94. Toe ratio AX is 5 • • •
(e) (si + 5j + 2k)
5 • • •
(d) (-5i + 5 j + 2k )
XD 3 3
(a) 5/2 (b) 6
(c)7/3 (d) 4 101. If intemal and extemal bisectors of LA of .ó.ABC meet
lhe base BC ai D and E respectively, then (D and E lie on
Passage Il sarne side of B)
(Q. Nos. 95 and 96) (a) BC = BD + BE (b) BC2 = BD x DE
4
• Consider the regular hexagon ABCDEF with centre at O
(origin). (c)2-= ....!... +....!... (d) None of these
BC BD BE
95. AD + EB + FC is equal to
(a) ZAB (b) 3AB Passage V
(e) 4AB (d) None of these (Q. Nos. 102 and 103)
96. Five forces AB. AC, AD, AE, AF act ai the vertex A of a
• Let C:r(t)=x(t)i+y(t)]+z(t)k be a differentiable
regular hexagon ABCDEF. Then, their resultant is
. . r(t + h)-r(h)
(a)3AO (b) ZAO curve, 1.e. ltm --'----'-----'-~ exist fo r a li t.
(e) 4AO (d) 6AO •-+ o h
J
r' (t) = x' (t) i + y' (t) + z' \t) k
Passage III lf r'(t) , is tangent t o t he cu rve C a t the point
(Q. Nos. 97 to 99) P[ x(t),!(t),z(t)] a nd r'(t) points in the direction of
1ncreas1ng t.
• Three points A, B a nd C have position vectors
- 2a + 3b + Se, a + 2b + 3c a nd 7a -e with reference to an 102. The point P on the curve r(t) = ( 1 - 2t)i + r ~J+ 2,_,:t,-nk
o rigin O. Answer t he following questions.
ai which lhe tangent vector r' (t) is pnrnlld to the md.ius
97. Which of the following is true? vector r (t ) is
(a) AC = ZAB (b) AC = -3AB (a) (- 1, 1, 2) (b) (1, - 1, 2)
(e) AC = 3AB (d) None of these (e)(-\,\, - 2) {d){l, 1, ~)
98. Which of the following is true? 103. The tangent vcctor to r (t ) = 2t 2 i + (1 - r)j + \31 ~ + ::)k
(a)ZOA -30B+ OC = O at (2, O. 5) is
(b)ZOA +70B+90C = O (n)4í + ) - 61< (bHl - J + ok
(e) OA + OB + OC = o
(d) None of the above
(cl 2i - ) + 61< c.11 ~: + J - ~k
Vector Algebra Exercise 5 ·

Matching Type Question ·
104. a and b form the consecutive sides of a regular hexagon ABCDEF.
Columnl Column li
-~ CD = xa + yb, then p. X =-2
- - -- -
b. IfCE = xa + yb, then q. x = - 1
e. lf AE = xa + y b, then r. y= 1
d. If AD = -xb, then s. y= 2

105. If the resultant of three forces F1 =pi + 3j - k, 109. Lei p be the position vector of orthocentre and g is the
F 2 =-Si+ j + 2k and F3 = 6i - k acting on a particle has position vector of the centroid of ó.ABC, where
a magnitude equal to 5 units. Then, what is differénce in circumcentre is the origin. If p = kg, then the value ofk is
the values of p? 110. ln a àABC, a line is drawn passing through centroid
106. Vectors along the adjacent sides of parallelogram are dividing AB intemally in ratio 2 : 1 and AC in À : 1
(internally). The value ofÀ is
a= i + 2j + k and b = 2i + 4j + k. Find the length ofthe
Jonger diagonal of the parallelogram. 111. A vector a has component 2p and 1 with respect to a
rectangular cartesian system. The system is rotated
107. Ifvectors a= i + 2j - k:b = 2i - j + k and c = Ài + j +2 k
through a certain angle about the origin in the counter
are coplanar, then find lhe value of(À -4i clockwise sense. lf with to the new system, a h as
108. If a + bis along the angle bisector of a and b, where components (p + 1) and 1, where p take the values p , and
1a 1= À I b l, then the number of digits in value of À is P2 • Then, the value of31 p 1 + p 2 1is

112. A vector a has components a,, a 2 and a3 in a right 114. Lei OACB be a parallelogram with O at the origin and
handed rectangular cartesian system OXYZ. The OC a diagonal. Lei D be the mid-point ofOA. Using
coordinate system is rotated about Z-axis through angle vector methods prove that BD and CO intersects in lhe
sarne ratio. Detem1ine this ratio.
~- Find components of a in the new system.
2 115. àABC is a triangle with the point P on side BC such that
113. Find the magnitude and direction of r1 - r2 when Ir 1I = 5 38P = 2PC, the point Q is on lhe line CA such that
and points North-East while I r 2 1 = 5 but points 4CO = QA. _Find lhe ratio in which the line joining lhe
common pomt R of AP and BQ and the point S divides
Nórth-West. AB.
116, ln n li.ABC internai nnglc biscctors AI, 81 ond C/ are 118. Let OABCD be a pentagon in which lhe sides OA and CB
p roduccd to mcct oppositc sidcs in A', IJ' nnd C', are par allcl and the sides OD and AB are parallel as
rcspcctivcly. Prove thnt thc mnximmn vnluc of shown in figure. Also, OA : CB = 2 : 1 and OD : AB = 1 : 3.
Al · Bl ·Cl , 8 lf the diagonals OC .and AD meet at x , find OX : OC.
I S -,
M' · BB' · CC' 27 119. Jfu, v and w is a linearly independent system ofvectors,
117, Let r,, r2, r,, ..... , r" bc thc positlon vectors ofpoinls examine the system p,q and r, where
P1 , P2 , P, , .... ,, P" rclntivc to nn origin O, Show lhat if lhe p = (cos a)u + (cos b)v + (cos c)w
q = (sin a)u + (sin b)v + (sin e )w
vectors equntion a 1r1 + a 2 r 2 + ,,. + a"r" = Oholds, thcn a
r = sin(x + a)u + sin(x + b)v + sin(x + c)w for linearly
similar equation w ill nlso hold good wilh rcspcct to any
other origin O', if a 1 + a 2 + a3 + .... +a,, = O. dcpendent.
(:] Vector Algebra Exercise 8 :

Questions Asked in Previous Vears Exam
120. lf lhe vectors AB = 31 + 4 k and AC = si- 2j + 41< are 125. Ifa, b, e are non -coplanar vectors and À is a real number.
lhe sides of a MBC, then lhe length of lhe median then the vectors a + 2b + 3c, Àb + 4 e and (2À - l)c are
through A is UEE Main 2013, 2003] non-coplanar for [AIEEE 2004)
(a) ali values of À
(a) ✓18 (b) ✓72
(b) ali cxcept one value of À
(e) .,ffj (d) ✓45 (e) ali except two values of À
121, Let a, b ande be three non-zero vectors wh ich are (d) no value of À
pairwise n on -collinear. Ifa + 3b is collinear with e and 126. Consider points A, B, C and D with position vectors
b + 2c is collinear with a, then a + 3b + 6 e is [AIEEE 2011] 7l - 4j +7k , l- 6j + 10k, -l- 3j + 4k and Si- j + 5k,
(a) a+ e (b) a
respectively. Then, ABCD is a [AIEEE 20 03]
(e) e (d) O
(a) square (b) rhombus
122. The n on -zero vectors a , b ande are related by a = 8b and (e) rectangle (d) None of these
e = - 7b. Then, the angle between a and e is a ª2 l + a3
[AIEEE 2008]
127. If b b 2 1+ b
3
= Oand vectors (1, a, a 2 ~ ( 1, b, b2 ) and
(a) 7t (b) O 2 3
e c 1+ c
(e)!: (d) !:
4 2 2
(1, e, e ) are non-coplanar, then the p roduct abc equal to
123. lf C is th e mid-point of AB and P is any point outside AB, [AIEEE 2003)
lhen [AIEEE 2005) (u) 2 (b) - 1
(a) PA+PB+PC = 0 (b) PA + PB +2PC= 0 (e) 1 (ti) o
(c) PA + PB = PC (d) PA + PB =2PC
128. The vcctor l +.tj+3k is rotated through an anglc8and
124. Jf a, b ande are three non -zero vectors such that no two doublcd in magnitude, thcn it bccomcs
of lhesc are collincar. If the vector a + 2b is collinear 4l + (4x -2)j+2k. The valuc of x are [AIEEE 2002]
with e and b + 3c is collinear with a (À bein g some
non-zero scalar), th en a + 2b + 6 e is equal to
(a) ).a (b) Ãb [AIEEE 2004]
<•>{-i.2} (b)G.2)
(e) À.e (d) o (e) H•O} (d) 12, 7}
Answers
Exercise for Session 1 Exercise for Session 3 •
1. (i) vcctor (ii) scalar (iii) vcctor (iv) scalar 4. (2,-3) 5. a - 2b: 1
2. N 6 . .r: .!_ 7. O
3
Cbapter Exercises
1. (e) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (e)
7. (e) 8. (b) 9. (e) 10. (d) li. (a) 12. (a)
13. (d) 14. (d) 15. {b) 16. (b) 17. (e) 18. (b)
19. (e) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b)
s
25. (e) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (e) 29. (e) 30. (e)
3. (i)a, d ; b,s,z; c, y (ii) b, s ; a,d; c,y
(iii) • ' y ' z (iv) b, z; s , z 31. (a) 32. (d) 33. {b) 34. (a) 35. (e) 36. (a)
4. (i) Truc (ii) Falsc 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (b) 40. (e) 41. (b) 42. {b)
(iii) False (iv) False 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. {e) 48. (a)
49. (a) 50. (d)
5. .J45Õ 6. cos- • ~
51. (e) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (d)
7 55. (e) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (e} 59. (b) 60. (b)
. . . 1 -1 2 61. (b)
7. Dircctioo ratios are l, -1, 2 and Drrcct100 coswcs are /6, /6, . 62. (e) 63. (b) 64. (d) 65. (e) 66. (e)
16 67. (a) 68. (e) 69. (a) 70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (a)
73. {b) 74. (d) 75. (b) 76. (a) 77: (b) 78. (d)
79. (b) 80. (a) 81. (b) 82. (e) 83. (a,b,d) 84. (b,c)
85. (a,c) 86. (a,d) 87. (a,c,d) 88. (a,b,d) 89. (a,b,c) 90. (e)
91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (e) 94. (b) 95. (e) 96. (d)
97. (e) 98. (a) 99. (d) 100. (b) 101. (e) 102. (a)
103. (b) 104. a-+ q, r; b-+ p, r
105. (2, - 4) 106. (7) 107. (2)
12.±.!.
3 108. (1) 109. (3) 110. (2) 111. (2)
13• ../66 u. !,, csi -i + 2k)
v30
112. (a2, - a,. a
1) 113. S../s, Wcst 10 East
114. 2 :1 115. 6: 1 118. 2: S
15. 7/3, ci + 2j +2kJ 120. (e) 121. (d) 122. (a) 123. (d) 124. (d) 125. (e)
I· 4· l · • ·
16.(i)- 1 + J + k (ii)-Ji +Jk 126. (d) 127. (b) 128. (a)
3 3 3
11. 4i + JÍ+ 7k
15. PQ=OQ-OP = 4i - S)+llk
Solutions PQ
IPQI =
4 , s,
Jli;2 ' - ./162J+ Ti6i.
llk
cosy= ~ - whcre yis the angle of PQ with Z-axis.

v l62
1. • + b + e =(3+~ - 1)1+(-2-4+ 2)j+(l-3+2)k 16. AB= ◄i-s.J + 11k

- 5 - 5
= 41- 4] Dittction cosine along l'•axis = Ji + + ✓162
6 25 121
2. l~ b shou!J b.e add«i. thcn a + b =1 17. 3 = 3
=> b=f-a=f-(:lt+ 4]- 2k) ,}3:+42 +5' Jsõ
=-2t-4j + ~k 18. Vector A = 3i - 4) + 5k. We know lhat. direction cosines of
3 -4 5
3. 1• + bl= P l + 4}-1214
= ,, ~~--
. +-
4-,-+-(1_2_)'1=13
A= J 3' + 4
2
+ 52 • J3 + 4
2 2
+ 52 • J3 + 4
2 2
+ 52
3 -4 1
4.. a+ b = 4[ + 4J. =sJi.' 5✓2 •✓2
Thettfutt. unit , ~ =~ = l + J 19. Hcre, OA=2i +3]+ 4k
, '3l ,12 OB=3f+4j+2k
5. R~ultunt \"tttor=(:!f + 4]-Sk)+(1 + 2) + 3k)
and OC = 41 + 2) + 3k
= 31 +6j-2k So, AB = i + j - 2k. BC= i -2) + k. CA =2Í - 3- k
Unit \ -.Ctnr = 3{, '9++6j -+2k 1 • • • Oearly,I ABI = IBq = ICAJ = ✓6
36 4 7(31 + 6j -2k) So, these points are vcrtices of an equilateral triangle.
6. R = 3t +sj+ 4k 20. Gi,-en_positionvectors of A.Band C are7) + IOk.
R • 3t +sj + 4k - : +6) + 6k and - 4 i + 9) + 6k. respectivdy.
s-'2 IA.BI =1-i -]-4k 1= ✓18
7. a+ b = 3( + 9j = 3({ + 3J). Hcn~ it is par.illd to (1. 3). 1BC I =l-3 i +3) 1 =✓18
8. AB+ BC + CA =O 1ACI = 1-1 i + 2)-4kl = ✓36
=> a+b-c=O Oearl)•, AB = BC and (AC) 2 = (AB) 2 + (BC) 2
. 4i + sj 1 <, , Hence. triangle is right angled isoscd es.
9• Urut ,-«tor par.,.lld to OA = ~ = -:r:;; 41 + SJ)
, 116+25 ,41
2'. Position , ·ectors of lhe points wlúch divides intcrnally is
10. OA = t +2)-Íc.OB=1 + J + k 3(2a - 3b) + 2(3a - 2b) 12a -13b
5 = --5- -
and OC=~f+3)+2k
25• _,,__ f Cu
e OOnwlllleo . (2
- --4,
-1+3)
-- =(- 1,1)
Position ,-«tor of B w.r.t origin 31 .-t at
2 2
AB = 0B - OA = - + 2k J
OC = -i+J
Position ,-.ctor of C w .r.t. origin nt A is
AC = OC - OA = l + j + 3k 26. 3i-) - 3iê+J+3J-iê
2i + J - 2iê
2
11. 7 = ✓cs+ 1)2 +(4-2)2 +(o+ 2)' 27, -a+-=
b • • 5.
2i- j + k
=> o + 2 = ± 3 => " =-s. 1 2 2
12. AB = ex => j - r = position ,-«tor of point x - k 28. lt is givcn lhat b is collinear with lhe vector a.
b= À.a
... Position \-.Clor of point X= -r + j + k ...(i)
13. AB=(6 -2){ + ( -3+ 9).l + (S H)k

=2✓2)j - ÀJ + 4Àk
Also. l b(= I0
=d+ 6) + 1~ => .J,-(2-
✓ 2-=
2À_)..,
,-+-
(-
-À-)_ )2
2 _+_(4_À_ = 10
I AB l= ✓l6+2S+H4 =U
2
=> 25À = 100
14.. PQ =(S- l)f+ (- 2-3).l +(H7)k => À=~ ... (ü)
=4{-sj+ 11k From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we hnve
IPQl = ✓l6+ 2S+l21 ,..f162 b =± 2a = 2a + b =O
- 3
29. Condition for collinearity, b = À. a
=> (-2i + m)) = À (i - )) = 2(p-1)1~ p+4 -3:p/=O
' O p+3
Comparison of coefficient , we get
=>
So,
À = -2 and -À. = m
m =2
=
=>
2(p - l)(p+ 4+(p + 3)') = O
(p-l)(p' + 7p + 13) = O
30. lf givcn points be A, B and C, lhen AB = k(BC) or Roots of p' +1p+ 13 = Oare (imaginary)
21-8} = k((a -12)i + 16}] p=l
=> k = -_!. Only integral value of p is 1.
2
{3+sJi +co -2JJ +(4+4Jk
Also, 2 = k (a - 12) 40• PVof AD = 2
=> a =8
= 41 - J +4k
~
i
31. ,~ ~ I ADl = ✓l6+16+1 = ✓ii
1= o
-3 -2 -5 A
~
=> À =3
32. (a - b)-(a + b) = ((a+ kb )-(a - b))
=> -2 b =(k+l)b
Henc<', k e R
33. AB = - i- 4).CD = - 2i + (À.-2))
AB JICD 41. v = b+ e
- 1 -4 w= b + a
So. - = - - => À - 2 =-8
-2 À.-2 Wehave, x = v+ w = a +2b+c
=> À. =-6 42. Note that a + b = e
2
34.
6 -4x
!
Obviously, = - - = _.!_
y 43. Here is the only vector 4(.,ÍZi + J ± k), whose length is 8.
=> x=-! andy = -2 44. 3a + 4b + Se = O

35. lf a and bare tw o non-zero, non-collinear vectors and x and y Hence, a, b ande are coplanar.
are two scalars s uch that xa + yb = Olhen x = Oandy := O No other conclusion can be derived from it.
because one will be a scalar multiple of lhe olher and hence
collinear which is a contradiction.
45. A, B, C, D and E are five coplanar points.
36. Four or more lhan four non-zero vectors are always Jinearly DA+ DB + AE+ BE+ CE
dependent =(DA+ AE) + (DB + BE) + (DC + CE)
37. These are coplanar because 1 (a) + 1 (b) = a + b = DE+ DE+ DE = 3DE
38. Comparing lhe coefficients of i, } and k. and lhe corresponding 46. ./3 tan9 + 1 = Oand Jj sec9 - 2= o
9 = l17t
cquations are
...(i)
= 6
x +3y - 4z =À.X or (I - À)x+3y- 4z = O
x -(À. + 3)y + Sz = O ... (ii)
= 9 = 2n7t + .!..!..!:.,n e Z
=0 ... (iii) 6
These Eqs. (i). gi~ :t

3x+y - À.z
(iii) ~ave a ':':-!trivial solution, if
47. } and k are unit vectors along Y and Z-axes, thcn unit vector
bisccting OY and OZ is Jí
J k.
1 - (À. + 3) 5 =O => À. =o,- 1
1 3 1 - À. 48.
39. The vectors are Jincarly dcpendent
=> lp;I-3
p-:1 !3 /= 0
p p+ 1
=> (2p-il: p~I .:3 1=0 o

11 p P+ 1 We have, A(i + J -2k ) and B(l - 3) + k)
Chnp OI Vcctor Algchra 53
On llnc /\li polnts C 0111I C' nrr nt tll•tnnc,· 1 unll frum A. /\ (Ob-2e)
OC • OA + AC, whcrc AC Is unll vrclor ln dlrrctlon of Ali 1
oc a OA + ~
IAIII 2
Slmllarly, OC' a O A - ~
IAIII
49. AI) = OD-OA
:l(n - h) a OII + 12h-1•
b+c h + c- 211
= -- - n = - - - - ~ 011 = 7• - 15h
2 2
(whcrc, O Is lhe orlgln for rcfcrcncc J
53. Lct thc /J divide /\C ln rutln À : 1, thcn
, :\.(til +3) + 7k) + J- 2)- xi,
Slmilnrly, DE =OE-011=~- b 5J - 2k = -'--- ~ -c,.,c-
+- - -- -
2 1
c+n-2 b 3:i.-2 = O
2 À = ~. i.c. ratlo a 2 : 3
3
nnd CF=11 + b -2b
2 54, Wc know by fundamcnlnl thcorcm of proporlionality that,
DE = ! n c
~
2
A
Now, AD+ BE+c•·= b+ c-

8(b)
2
O
211
C(c)
+e+ a -2b +a+ b- 2c = 0

ln triongle,
Hencc,
BC= b-a
DE=!( b-a)
6
a e
2 2 2
1 1 55. Since, AD+ BD= AD
50. AP = AB+ BP= AB+ BC = AB + AD ...(i)
2 2 BD = AD-AB
1 1
AQ = AD + DQ = AD + - DC = AD + - AB ... (ii) ~ = 
2 2
,tl!J'
= -i -2) + si<
Hence, unit vector in lhe direction of BD is
-i-2J+ si< -i-2J+ si<
H -2)+ 8kl $9
56. Posilion vectors of vertices A, B and C of the ~ C = a, b and
e We know that, position vector of centroid of thc triangle,
By Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get G = a + b+ e_
3
AP + AQ = ~(AB + AD) Therefore, GA + GB + CC
a_a+ :+ e)+(b _ a+ :+ e)+(e_ a+ :+ e)

2
=(
= ~(AB + BC)= ~AC
2 2
51, Lct A • (1, 1, -1), B ■ (2. 3, O), C B (3, 5, -2) and D s (O, -1, 1). =!(2a - b - c+2 b - o - c +2c - a - b) = O
3
So, AD= (1, 2. 1), BC= (1, 2, -2),CD = (- 3, -6, 3) 57. A regular hexogon ABCDEF.
,@,
ond DA = (1, 2, - 2).
Cl,arly, DC 11 DA but AD in not parallel to CD.
So, it is a trnprzium.
52, OP = 1 (OB) + 2 (6b-2a)

1+2
A B
We know from lhe hexagon lhat AD is parallel lo BC or Lei a =xa+yb =>6x+2y=6

AD = 2BC is parallel lo FA or EB = 2FA and FC is parallel 10 and - 3x-6y = 12
AD or FC = 2All x=2,y=-3
Thus, AD + EB + FC= 2BC + 2FA + 2AB a =2a-3b
=2(FA+ AB+ BC) =2(FC) =2(2AB) =4AB
67. Lei lhe incentre be ai lhe origin nnd be
58. AE + ED + DC + AB A(p),D(q )andC(r) . Then,
= AD + DC + AB = AC+ AB IA= p.lB = q and IC = r
Obviously, if BC is added to this system, then it will be Jncentre I is ap + bq + cr. where p = BC, q = AC and r = AB
AC+ AB + BC = AC+ AC= 2AC. a+b+c
59. By triangle law, AB = AD - BD.AC= AD -CD Jncentrc is at the origin. Therefore,
ap +bq +cr =O,
a+b+c
or ab+b q +cr=0
=> a IA + blB +clC = O
68. Since x, y and x x y are linearly indcpendenl. we have
20a -!Sb = !5b - ! 2c = 12c-20a = O
Therefore, => ~ =~ =~ => c 2 = a' + b'

3 4 5
AB + AC+ AD + AE + AF Hence. dABC is right angled. ..
=3AD + (AE- BD) + (AF-CD) =3AD
69. As x, y and x x y are non-collinear vectors, vectors are
Hence, À = 3 r-c--- (·: AE = BD,AF = CD) linearly independent.
2 2
60. la l+lb l+lc 1= Ja + b + e' Hence,
= 2/abl+2lbcl+2lrai= 0 a - b=0=b-c=c-a
= ab = bc = ca = O = any two of a,b ande are zero ora= b = e
61. Since, a and bare non-collinear, soa+ b anda - b wiJI also Therefore, lhe lriangle is equilateral.
be non-collinear. 70. IABl = I Ql = ✓P'+P 2 =PJi
Hence, a+ b anda - b are linearly independent veetors.
71. The point lhe divides si and s) in th ratio of
62. la + bl < la - b l
k: is (S))k + (Si)l
1
=> ~ < 8 < Jit k+I
2 2
b =Si+ SkJ
63. R=.J4+!00+ 121 = IS k+l
, , • 2k + 2J - i Also lb lS ✓37
64. We must have À(1 -3J + Sk) =a+
3 + \.._ / +
Therefore. 3a = 3À(i-3J + 5k) - (2k + 2] - i) ~/6
= i(3À + 1) - )(2 + 9À)+ k(ISÀ-2)
=>
1
- - Jzs + 25k 2 S ✓37
2 k+ I
31 a J= ✓(3À + 1)2 + (2 + 9À) + (ISÀ - 2)
2
or 2
2 2
or sJ1+ k s .Jfi(k + 1)
or 9 = (3À + 1)2 +(2 + 9À) + (ISÀ - 2)
On Squaring both sides. we gel
or 315À2 -18À =0=>À =O.~ 25{1 + k 2 ) S 37 (k2 + 2k+ 1)
35
2
or 6k +37k +62:0or(6k +l)(k+6) 2: 0
Jf}, =o.a= i -2J - 2k (nol acceplable)
k e (-oo, -6)v l -
í 1 , ooJl
For À= ~.a= ~i-~ J - ~ k 6
35 105 105 105
65. b = cosl20°Í + sin l 20°) 72. Lei lhe bisector of LA meets BC at D, then AD divides BC in
lhe ratio AB: AC.
1, .jj' :. Position vrctors of D
or b = -í' + J
2 = 1AB 1(21 + s) + 7k)+I AC/(2i + 3) + 4kJ
' 11 .jj, 1,1 .jj,
Jª IAB l+IACI
Thrrefore, a+ b = • -
2 2 +
2 +2 J
Here, IABl=l-21-4)-4kl=6
66. a=a+ b +c=6l+ 12J
nnd IACl=l-21 - 2)- kl=-3 d=~ a
:. Position vcclor of D f..t+I
a+b+c = o,d
= 6(21+ s) + 7k) + x2l + 3) + 4kl
6'1-3 a-. b-.c :,, (~-l )a
fl - 1
= 18i + 39)+ s4Íc
9 => rl_uffht)lJª" b-.c :(J
1 •
= (6i + 13) + 18Í<l
l u.+ 1
3 •• band e are copL>nar which i• c,,ntr..díctímJ v, tht: gín n
conditíon.
73. Vcctor in the direclion of angular bisector ofa and b 1, ª + b. u. = -1
2
and so a + b + e+ d = O
Unil vcclor in lhis dircclion is ª +b
la+ bl n. SíncelOP l=J OQ! = ✓14 . õ Of'Q i, an ootcc!n.
D Hcnce, lhe internai bit.c:ctc,r 0.\,/ u pcrp<-náirular lo f'Q and .•,!
i.1 lhe mid-poínl of P and Q. Thm:forc,
oM =.!.cor+ OQ>= 2i - ) - 2í.:

2
a
From lhe figure, posilion veclor of E is ª +2 b .
Now in lriangle AEB, AE = ABcos~ 78.

P
~ M O
74.
Iª t
a+2c b+2d
2+1 2+1
l =cosi
Hcnce, unil vcclor along lhe bisector is
a - b = 2(d-c)
ª+b .
2cos (8 / 2)
Lei
and OD= d
td
A P
OA = a.08 = b, OC = e
B
Hence, AC and BD trisect cach olher as LHS is lhe position Therefore, OA + 08 + OC + 0D

vcclor of a poinl lrisecting A an C, and RHS lhal of 8 and D.
=a+ b+c+d
75. Again. il is given thal lhe point P, Q and R are collinear.
P, Ih~ mid-poínl of AB, i, a + b _
=> PQ = ÀQR 2
=> 151(4)-3i)=À[(l - /)(i+))-60/)] Q, lhe mid-poinl of CD. i• e+ d .
⇒ = À[(J-t)i + (1 -611))1 2
⇒
451
-/ - 1 =--
601 Thereforc, lhe míd-poínt of PQ ís ª + b + e+ d .
1 -611 4
3/ 41 Similarly, lhe mid-point of RS ;, ª + b + e+ d
=> - = --
1-1 1-611 4
=> 3(1-611)=4(1- 1) l.e. OE = a + b + c + d
=> 3 -1831 = 41 - 4 => 1871 = 7 4
7 => X = 4
l =- o
187 79.
~
16. We have, a+ b+ e •rui
and b+ e+ d = ~•
a + b+ e+ d2 (O + 1)d
and 1+b+c+d a (fl+l)a

=> (a+ l)d =-(li+ l)a A(e) M O(b )
lfa ,e - 1, lhen(a + l)d =(li+ l)a OA • • . 011 • b

OM =a+ b - ~ = ~ PR
2 - 25 25
OC=a+b 81. Lei OA =a,O8 = b and OC = e,

6 1
1hen AD = b -a and OP = a .
OX=~b 3
3 1 1
OQ= b, OR =3 c.
Let OY =},, 2
YA Since P, Q, R and Sare coplanar, lhen
OY= - },,-a PS =aPQ +PPR
},,+ 1 (PS can be wrillen as a linear combinalion of PQ and PR)
Now poinls Y, C and X are collinear. =a(OQ -OP)+P(OR -OP)
YC = mCX a a p
i.e. OS-OP = -{a +P) +
a+ b },, 2b
- - - - - a = m- -m- -
a+ b 3 2 h + 3c
6 À+! 3 6 a a p ... (i)
Comparing coefficienls ofa and b => OS =(1-a -P)- +-b+ - c
. 3 2 3
1 },, m ...(ii)
Given OS= À.AB ,;, J..(b-a)
6-À+l= -6 1-(l . (l
1 2m m From Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii). p O, - =
3
- =-},, and
2 =},,
and -=---
6 3 6 z},, = 1 + 3},, or },, = - 1
=>
m=~andJ..=~ 82.
3 7
5a + 4b) a +5b
4( - -- + - -
80. 3 5 = 21(a+b) =~ PR
f:?:lffl•.OJ
4+ 1 25 25
2
,'()
E B
P(o) Q(a)
Here, coordinate of Q are (2 cos60º, 2sin60º )
4(a + b)+a 5a + 4b
PV of X is =- - => Q (!, ✓3, O)
5 5
4b +a+ b a +5b P(l, ✓3 , z)
PV ofY is
5 5 OP=3 ·
Now, PZ = mPR => ✓1 + 3 +z 2 = 3 or z 2 = 5
PZ = m(a+ b ) z =✓5
Lei Z divided YX in lhe ratio },, : 1 P(I, ✓3, ✓5) => OP = i + -J3j + ✓Sk
},,OX + OY
PVof Z - },,+J Now, AP = or - OA = i + $J + Jsic - zi
= -i + $J + Jsic
(~)+T Ín(a + b) 83. a = C±<l - J>±ô + icJJ
PZ = J.. + l
Comparing coefficients of a and b = ± <i + ic). ± <i - 2J - ic)
5},, + 1 84. Lei R be lhe resultant. Then
m = S(J.. + 1) R=fi+F, +F,=(p+l)i+4)
4J..+5 Given, 1RI = 5 . Therefore, (p + 1)2 + 16 = 25
and m = S(Â. + 1)
or p + 1 = ±3 or p = 2,-4
},, = 4 85. We have, AB = -i -:-)-4k,BC = :_3i + 3}
5a + 4b) a +5b
4 ( - 5 - +-5- and CA = 4i - 2) + 4k.
PZ = ~ ~ =-4-+!...l ---'--
Therefore,IAB l = IBCl=3✓2 and ICAI = 6
Clearly, IABl'+J BCl'=IACI' Now, X divides OC in the ratio À : 1. Therefore,

Hence, the triangle is right angled isosceles triangle.
PVofX = ~ ...(iii)
86. Leta =Zi + 4] - 5kand b =i +2]+3k. À+l
X also divided AD in lhe ratio µ : 1. Therefore,
Then, the diagonais of the parallelogram are
p =a+ b PVof X= µd +a ...(iv)
µ+t
and q = b - a,
From Eqs. (ili) and (iv), we gel
i.e. p =3i + 6} -zic, q =-l - zJ + 8k
~ = µd +a
So, unit veclors along the diagonais are
À+l µ+t
1 t -, ,. 1 .. ~ ...
7(31 +6J -2k)and~(-i-2J+ 8k) or
(À ~ J =C~,} + C : }
87. zJ - 5k
oA = -<1l + 3k; OB = 141 +
a=- 4I + 3k; b _ 14l + 2] - 5k
5 15
or (À~ J =(µ~ J-b;2c)+(µ: J z(b-c}
[using Eqs. (i) and (ü) ]

r=
À • J + 14i. + 2j• -5k]
•
15 [-IZi + 9 or
(Ã~J = ( ~~ Jb +(3(µ~ 1)- µ : J
À • , • 2À • , •
= )5[2i + 2J + 4k] = lS[i + J + 2k ]
or
( À~J= ( ~ ~ , } + ( z: ~ J
88. Points A(l + J ), B(l - ] ) and C(pi + qj + ,k) are collinear
Now, AB= -2]
or (~-:,)}+(z::)-À~J=o
and BC =(p- 1)1 + (q + 1)] + ,k
Veclors AB and BC musl be collinear or ~ =O
t
3(µ+ t)
1
and 2µ-6 - ~ = O
89. : r coplanar~:~~: =1~ O q ; - 1= O 3(µ+1) Ã+ l
O O 2À- 1 (as b ande are non-collinear)

1 or µ =6,À=!
or (2À -1 )À = O or À = O, 5
2
Hcnce, OX: XC • 2: 5 andAX/ XD=e_ =~
90. ln õ.ABC, AB + BC = AC = - CA 1 1
or AB + BC + CA = O 93, (e) 94. (b)
OA + AB = OB is the triangle law of addition.
Solutions (Q.Nos. 95-96)
Hence, Statement 1 is true and Stalement 2 is is false.
Consider lhe regular hcxagon ABCDEF wilh centre ai O
91. ! :E=~ => p=~ andq = 4 (origin).
2 3 q 2
'®C
92. 2a+3b -5c = 0
3(b-a) =S(c-a)
AB = ~ A C
3
Hence, AB and AC must be parallel since there is a common
point A Toe points A, B and C musl be colhnear. A B
Solutions (Q.Nos. 93-94) AD + EB+ FC =2AO +2OB +2OC

Lei the position vectors of A, B, C and D be a, b, e and d , = 2(AO + OB) + zoe
respectively. Then; = 2AB +2AB [·.-OC = AB]
OA :CB=2 : I =4AB
=> OA =2CB => a =2(b-c) ... (i) R = AB + AC + AD+AE +AF
and OD : AB=l : 3 =ED+AC + AD+ AE +CD
3OD = AB [·: AD = EDand AF- C D)
3d =(b-a) = b -2(b-c) [using Eq. (i)) =(AC+ CD)+(AE+ ED) + AD
=-b +2c ... (ii) = AD + AD+ AD =3AD= 6AO
Lei OX : XC = À : 1 and AX : XD = µ : 1 95, (e) 96. (d)
Solutions (Q.Nos. 97-99) __ ...,,

•~,•IH)•CX =_!2
97. AB=OB - OA = 3a-b -2c . fi,cs ali th.rtt -»riens is t = L
Thc only valuc of t which sabs ~-.-
AC= OC - OA =9a-3b -6c=3AB ' So, r{I) is thc requircd point (-I, 1· 2>· . . .
98. 2OA -3OB + OC
103. (2, O, 5) corresponding to r{I) and r'(t ) = 41i - j + 6~
= 2(-2a + 3b + 5c)-3(a + 2b +3c) +(7a - c) = O 0
4i - J + 6k.
So, thc required tangent vector ·,s r'(I) --
99. ·: 2OA -3OB+ OC = o
104. D
o a
OB 2OA+OC AB = a.BC = b
3 AC =AB+ BC =a+ b - Ci)
=> B Divides AC in 1 : 2. AD = 2BC =2b - fn1
Solutions (Q.Nos. 100-101) (becausc AD is parallel to EC znd
r....ioeisl=gt!,)
100• .>
Here, e= t(a• + b = 1(1i - 4J - 4k + c-2i - j + 2k) CD = AD-AC = 2b-(a + b)= b - a
9 3 FA =-CD = a - b -- [ ili)
=> e =t i -1J+2k) DE = - AB =-a --r~>

( 9 EF=-BC=-b --M
AE = AD+ DE =2b-a ·- (,;)
Also, /c/= 5✓6 => !._,../1 + 49+4= 5✓6 CE = CD+ DE =b - a - a = b -:!:t. ... (,iij
9
15 • • • 105. Let R be the resultant. Then,
t = l 5 => c = (1 -7j +2k)
9 R =l)+ F,+F, =(p+ 1)! + 4}
Given, / R/= 5, Therefore R2 = 25
or = ~<i - 1j + 2k) 2
3 (p + 1) + 16 "'25 or p + 1 = ±3 or p = 2. - 4
AB _ BD and AB = BE
101' Here, AC - DC AC CE 106. Vectors along to sides are a = ! + 2j + k and b "'1! + 4j + k
Clcarly the vcctor ttlong the longcr diagonal is
a+ b =31+6)+2k
Hencc, length of the longcr di;\bTOMI is
/a+ b! = 13! +6) + 2kj = 7
107. Vector a = l +2)-k. b =2! -J+k. c : ,J+J+ ~k .tt-<·
coplanar.
B D
BD = BE => _!!Q_ = ~
E
=> 1~
À.
~I
1
~lt=O or À. - 3+:X-S) • ll \Ir À. • I ~
2
DC CE BC - BD BE - BC
Numbcr of diglts in value of À. is 2.
BD-BE - BD· BC= BC·BE-BD·BE
2BD·BE =(BD+ BE)· BC 108, Since, angle bisector nfa Al\ll h
or ~ = ....!.... + ....!....
BC BD BE
h(â + •b) = h ( - a ~ -
I• I Ih/
h)
Solutions (Q.Nos. 102-103) glvcn, a + b b nlong au11-lc bis<'<'l\lr,
102.r'(t) = - 2i + 2g + 4,•<•-l)k
Since, r'(t) is parallel to r{t),
=> 11(...!...+~)za+b
/ a/ /h/
so r{t) =cxr'(r) only, whcn l • 1=1b /e lt
1-21 =-2ex,1' =cxt. 2, 2<•-•>
1•I = 1h / ~ >- = 1
109.
~
Now, if it is tumed through an angle ~- As shown in adj~ining
2
figure.
:. Now components are (a2, - a 1, a 3 ).
113. Here, r1 =OA pointing North-East and r2 = OB pointing
B E North•West. Where IOAI =IOBI =5.
Here, O is circum centre = O, G is centroid = g As shown in figure,
H is orthocentre = p N
OG 1 a~······ ······1A
Since,
GH =2 ;2,~s· 4s:,;; ,
...... ;'
g 1
p - g =2 => 2g = p- g w o E
or p =3g
k =3
110. XG=kGY s
LBOA = 90°
b+c_2b=k(~-_b+c) k=l
3 3 l+À 3 ' => . r 1 - r 2 = BA (using triangle law)
Clearly, LBOA is right angled at O.
BA 2 =OA 2 + 0B 2 =5 2 + 5 2 =?0
=> IBAI = 5✓5
or Ir, - r,I =5✓5
i.e. r1 - r 2 has magnitude 5✓5 and points from West to East.
8/b) C(c) 114. Let OACB be a parallelogram shown as
8(b) C(c)
z
2c À
-=--e
3 l+À
À 2
l+À =3
=> À=2
111. We have, •=2pl+J O D A(a)
Lct b be tlie vector obtained from a by rotating the axes. Then,
the components of b are p + l and 1. Therefore, Here, OD=~BC
2
b=(p+l)â+~
=> OP+ PD =~(BP+ PC) [using 6. law]
where â and ~ are unit vectors along the new axes. 2
Butibl =1•1 => 2OP+2PD= BP+PC
2
4p 2 + 1 =(p+ 1) + 1 -2PO+2PD = -PB+ PC
1 => PB + 2PD = PC + 2PO
3p'-zp - 1=0 => p=l,-
3 =>
P~+ 2PD PC +2PO
1 1 +2 1+2
=> p, = l and p2 = -
3 The common point P of BD and CO divides each in the ratio
2: 1.
3lp,+p,l = 311-~l = 2 115. Let S be the point of intersection of AB and CR. Lei A be the
origin and the position vectors of the points B, C, P. Q, R and S
112. Here, a is rotated about Z•axis, lhe Z·component ofa will be b,c,p,q,r and• respectively.
remain unchanged namely a3 3b+2c
y'(x) p=-5-
A',. -•· -•• _ A 4c
and q=- ...(i)
' 5
8
''' Sp -3b = Sq
8 : => l0p -6b =5q
' ' 2 4
····;,'"<;j O 81
Lei thc posilion vcctors of /\, P,. l',, ....... 1:, wlth rcspccl lo (j nJ
i.e. I0p = Sq + 6b ⇒ I0p =Sq+6b = r
li li u,e origin be R ,. n,....., ll. rcspcctlvely. 11,cn. ll , = o' .
A 1l = r, _a,/ = 1. 2....... n [uslng Eq. (i)]
'
'
: _ 0(4 : 1~
Now. a 1R 1 + a 2 R 2 + ..... + a,,R . = O
± a,R,=O ⇒
.
I,a,(r, - a)=0
s ---~-1----- ⇒
,., ,.,
B ....
,, ........... : -....__
;
e ⇒
. .
I,a,r I,a,
1- a= O
(2: 3)
l•I I• 1
[·: ,.,±
llr 3b + 2c
w=p=-s- [using Eq. (ü))
a1r1 = O(given)]
llr =6b + 4c
⇒ O -a(±a,) = O
,.,
llr - 4c =6b
⇒
llr -
4
c= ~ b = s . thus s divides AB in lhe ratio 6: !. ,_,
7 7
116. Since. angle biscctors divides oppositc side in lhe ratio of sides
containing lhe angle.
Thus. ± a,R, = Owill hold good, if Í a, = O.
1• 1 ' ,• •
=> BA'=~andCA'=~ 118. Lei Obe lhe origin ofrcfercnce.

b+c a+c Lei lhe position vectors of A, B, C and D be a, b, e and d,
Now, BT is also angle bisector of LB for õABA'. respectively.
AI b+c AI b+c Then, OA:CB=2: I
AI' =-a- ⇒ AA' = a+b+c
A ⇒ OA = ~ ⇒ OA + 2CB
CB 1
''
' c------iª
C'. '' 8'
' ,
_,,.)t(--____ e
8 D .. ../x
A' :-- ....
Bl a+c .'' -- ........
Similarly, -= - - - .......................
BB' a+b+c
CI a+ b o·~-- - -- - ~A
and
CC' = a+b+c
⇒ OA =2CB
AI · Bl · Cl (b + c)(a + c)(a + b) ...(i) ⇒ a =2(b -c) ...(i)
=> AA'. BB' . CC' - (a+ b + c)(a + b + c)(a + b + e)
and OD:AB=l:3
As wc know AM ~ GM . we get 0D 1
b+c c+a a+b , - = - ⇒ 3OD=AB
AB 3
~ + ~ + ~ ~ Íl(a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) T,
3
3
(a+ b + c) J ⇒
⇒
3OD = AB
3d = (b - a) = b- 2(b - e) [using Eq. (i))
2(a + b + e) [(a+ b)(b +c)(c + a)JV' ⇒ 3d = -b + 2c
⇒ -'-- - - ~ ...(ii)
3(a + b + e) a+ b + e Lei OX : XC = ),, : 1 and AX : XD = µ : J
⇒ (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) S .!_ ...(ii) Now, X divides OC in lhe ratio À : J. Therefore,
(a+ b +c) 27
PVofX= ~ ...(iii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we gct À+ 1
AI·Bl·CI s.!. X also divides AD in the ratio µ : J
AA' · BB' · CC' 27 PV of X = µd+ a
117, ut lhe position vector of <1 with rcfcrcnce to O as lhe origin µ+1
bca. Prom Eqs. (iil) and (iv). we gel
Then. 00' = a À.e 11d + a
Now, o' fl = Position vcctor À+I=~
or fl - Position vcctor of (f = r1 - a
i = 1. 2......., n
1 Also, AB + BM + MA =O
À )e = ( - µ )(- b+2c)+ ( -
( _À+l µ+1 3 µ+1
) 2 (b-c)
[by properties of a triangle]
[using Eqs. (i) and (iv)] AB+ AC-AB = AM (·: AM =-MA]

2
AM = AB+AC
(À:i)c=C:1 -3(/+li)b
2
3 i + 4k +si-zJ + 4k
+C(u~l)- µ : i)c 2
(À: i) c=C~-: 1)} + (Z:~J =4i - J+4k
1 AM1= ✓4'+1' +4'=m

121. As, a + 3b is collinear with e.
( 3~ ~ \i)b+ ( : : ~) - ,À: } =o
a+ 3b = Àc ...(i)
~ = O a n d 2µ - 6 _ _ À_=O Also, b + 2c is collinear with a .
3(u + 1) J(u + 1) À+ 1 ... (ii)
⇒ b+ 2c = µa
(since, b ande are non-collinear) From Eq. (ii), we get
⇒ µ = 6andÀ=~ a+3b+6c=(À+6)c ...(iii)
5 From Eq. (ii), we gel
Hence, OX: XC =2: 5 a+ 3b + 6c = (1 + Jµ)a ...(iv)
119. lei/, m and n be scalars su ch thal From Eqs. (iii) a nd (iv), we get
/p+mq+nr = 0 (À+6)c = (1 + Jµ) a
⇒ (l(cosa)u + (cosb)v + (cose)w} + m((sina)u Sincc, a is not collinear with e.
+ (sinb)v + (sine)w) ⇒ À+6=1+3µ=0
+ n{sin(.r + a)u + sin(.r + b)v + sin(x + e)w) = O From Eq. (iv), we get
⇒ (/cosa+ msina + n sin(.r + a)}u + (/sinb + msin(x + b))v a + 3b + 6c =O
+ (/cose+ msine + n sin (x + c)}w = O
122. Since, a = Bband e= -7b
⇒ 1cosa + msina + nsin(x + a)= O ...(i)
So, a is parallel to b and e is anti-parallel to b.
1cosb + msinb + nsin(x + b) = O ...(ii)
⇒ a and e are anti-parallel.
1cose+ msine + nsin(x + e)= O ...(iii)
So, the angle between a and e is lt.
1bis is a homogeneous syslem of linear equations in /, m and rL
The delerminanl of lhe coefficienl matrix is 123. Let P be the o rigin outside of AB and C is mid-point of AB,
then
'W'
t.= 1: : : : : ::::::1=1:::: : : : ~1=0
cose S1ne s1J1(.r + e) cose s1J1e O
(using e, ➔ e, - sin X e, - eosx CJ
⇒ So, lhe above syst em of equations h as non-trivial solutions
also. 1bis means lhal /, m and n may attain non-zero values
also. p
Hencé, the given syslem of vectors is a linearly dependent
PC = PA + PB => 2P C = PA + PB
rystem of v eclors. 2
120. We know that. the s um ofthne veclors o f a triangle is zero. 124. lf a + 2b is collinear wilh e, then a + 2b = te ...(i)
~
Also, b + 3e is collinear with a, then
b+3c=Àa
⇒ b = Àa-3e ... (ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a+ 2(Àa-3e) = te
B M C (a -6c) = tc - 2Àa
AB+ BC +CA =O O n eomparing the coefficients o f a and e, we gel
BC = AC - AB [·:AC= - CA] 1 =-2À => À = -~
2
AB = AC - AB [·: AI is a mld-point of BC]
2 and - 6 = t ⇒ t = -6
From Eq. (i), we gel and DA= .J<s-7)'+(-l + 4)'+(5- 7)'

a+ 2b = -6c =../4+ 9 + 4
⇒ a +2b+ 6c=O =✓17
125. The three veclors(a + 2b + 3c), (Àb + 4c) and (2À-l)c are Hence, option (d) is correcL
,~~ : '"º
non-coplanar, if a ª2 1 + al a ª2 l a a=: a .,
127. Since, b b' 1 + b' =b b
2
1 + b bº b' =O
2
e c2 1 + c3 e c
O 2À- l
(2À-l)(À) ;t O a a2 1 a a=
b b 2 1 = abc b b' : J=O
:>.. .. o..!-2 e c2 t
'i
126.
So, these three vectors are n on-coplanar for all except two
values ofÀ.
Giventhat, OA =7i-4] +7k
OB = i -6] + !Ok
a a2 l
⇒ (1 + abc) b b 1 = O
2
e c2
r
t--:
1
.: .:·
/,
C
:-=
,..
l
l ,,]
oc = -i -3] +41< 1 + abc = O
abc = -1
0D =5i -] +5k
2 2 128. Since, the vector 1+ ~j + 3k is douhlro in =\.,::nitu~. thro i1
Now, AB =.J(7 - 1)2 +(-4+6) + (7 - 10) Qecomes
=../36+4+9 41 +(4x-2l3 + ~k
=./49=7 211 + ~ + 3k 1= 4l +(4x-: \J +:!.k 1
BC= .j(I + 1) 2 +(-6+3) 2 +(10-4)
2
⇒ 2 ,J1 + x' + 9 = ✓1<>+ (4x-~)' - 4
= ../4+9+36 ⇒ 40 +4x 2 =20+(4x -::)'
=./49 =7 ⇒ 3x2 -4x-4 = O
2 2
CD= .j(-1-5)2 +(-3+ 1) +(4- 5) ⇒ (x-2)f.lx+2) = 0
= ,/36+ 4+ 1
=.m
CHAPTER
Product of Vectors
Learning Part
Session 1
• Product of Two Vectors
• components of a Vector Along and Perpendicular to Another Vector
• Application of Dot Product in Mechanics
Session 2
• vector ar Cross Product of Two Vectors
• Area of Parallelogram and Triangle
• Moment of a Force and Couple
• Rotation About an Axis
Session 3
• Scalar Tripie Product
Session 4
• Vector Tripie Product
Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises
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Session 1
Product of Two Vectors, Components of a Vector
Along and Perpendicular to Another Vector,
Application of Dot Product in Mechanics
Product of Two Vectors

Product of two vectors is processed by two methods.
When the product of two vectors results in a scalar ·
quantity, then it is called scalar product. lt is also known
as dot product because we denote it by putting a dot (.)
between two vectors.
When the product of two vectors results in a vector
quantity, then tlús product is called vector product. It is
O & a i_ . A
From triangles OBL and OAM, we have OL = OB cos 8

and OM = OA cos 8. Here, OL and OA are known as
also known as cross product because we denote it by projection of b on a anda on b respectively.
putting a cross (x) between two vectors. Now, a·b=lallblcos8
=l al(0B cos8) =lal(OL)
Scalar or Dot Product of Two Vectors = (Magnitude ofa) (Projection of b on a) ...(i)
If a and b are two non-zero vectors and 8 bé the angle Again, a . b =l al lb l cosa
between them, then their scalar product (or dot producl) is = lbl(lal cos8) = lbl {0Acos8) =1 bl (OM)
denoted by a • b and is defined as the scalar Iai l_bl cos 8,
a · b = (Magnitude ofb)
where !ai and I bl are modulii of a and b respect1vely and
(Projection of a on b) ...(ü)
0 S 8S1t.
B Thus, geometrically interpreted, the scalar product
L.
of two vectors is the product of modulus of
either vector and the projection of the other in
its direction.
O a
Remarks
f. Projection of a on b = a -b = a-b
Jbl
Remarks 2. Projection of b on a = ~ = a -b
f.a -b eR JaJ
z. a -b sJa llbJ 3. Angle between two vectors it a and b be two vectors inclined at
3. a -b > O =0Angle between a and bis acute. an angleB, then a, b = JaJ · lbl cos 9
4. a -b < O =0Angle between a and b is obtuse. => . COS9= ~
s. The dot product of a zero and non-zero vector is a scalar zero. la l •lbJ
Geometrical interpretation of scalar product =>

9
=coÇ' (ia~:f
bJ)
Let a and b be two vectors represented by OA and OB lf a = a, i + a2i + a3k and b = b1i + b 2 j + b 3k
respectively. Let 8 be the angle between OA and OB. Draw
BL .l OA and AM .l OB. B =coç' ( a,b, + a2b2+ a3b3 )
Ja,2 +a~+ agJb,2 + b~ + b]
Chap 02 Product of Vectors 65
Sol. (a) Angle between a and b is given by

Properties of Scalar Product
(i) Commutativity The scalar product of two vector is cos8= ~
lal lbl
commutative i.e., a • b = b •a.
(ii) Distributivity of scalar product over vector
c21 + 2j - kl ·(6i - 31+ zit>
= .j22 + 22 + <,- 1)2. ,/62 + (-3)2 + z2
addition The scalar product of vectors is distributive
over vector addition i.e., 12-6-2 4
= - -- =-
(a) a · (b + e) = a · b +a· e (Left distributivity) 3 .7 21
(b) (b + e).- a= b · a+ e · a (right distributivity) 1 Example 2. (a-i) i + (a -j)) + (a -k)kis equal to
(ili) Let a and b be two non-zero vectors a •b = O~ a .l b. (a) a (b) 2 a
J
As i, and k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors (c) 3a (d) O
along the coordinate axes, therefore
Sol. (a) Lei a = ai' + a2 j + a,k
i . J= J.i = O, J.k = k .J=O; k · i = i . k =O
a •i = (a1i + a 2J+ a3 k) i = a,,
(iv) For any vector a,a · a= lal2.
a • j =a 2 ,a · k =a3
J
As 1, and k are unit vectors along the coordinate
So, (a · Í )i + (a · i) j +(a· k) k
axes, therefore 1-1= 1112 = 1, J·) = 1)12 = 1 and
=a1l + a2 J+ a3 k =a
fc -fc =1 kl2 =1.
(v) Ifm is a scalar anda and b be any two vectors then 1Example 3. lf I a i = 3,1bl =4, then a value of À. for
(ma)· b = m(a · b) = a ·(mb). which a + Ã.b is perpendicular to a - Ã.b.
(vi) lf m and n are scalars and a and b be two vectors, then (a) 9 / 16 (b) 3 / 4
(ma)• nb = mn(a · b) = (mna) · b = a · (mnb) (cl 3 / 2 (dl 4 / 3
(vii) For any vectors a and b , we have Sol. (b) a + Àb is perpendicular to a - Àb.
(a)a·(-b) =-(a · b ) =(-a)· b (a+ Ãb )·(a -Àb)=O
(b)(-a) ·(-b ) =a · b => la 2 j - À(a ·b )+ À (b ·a ) - Ã2 lbl2 =O
2
(viii) For any two vectors a and b, we have lal - Ã2lbl2 = o
2
(a)la+ bl2 =l al2 +lbl +2a · b
2 À=±~ = ± ~
2
(b)l a-bl= lal +l bl - 2a · b Jbl 4
2 2
(c)(a + b) ·(a - b) =l al -l bl 1 Example 4. The projection of a = 2i + 3j - 2k on
(d) la+bl=lal + lb l ⇒ all b b =i+2j+3kis
(e)la+bl2 =lal2 +l bl2 ⇒ a .i h
(a)-1- (bl-2-
(!)la+ bl= la - bl ⇒ a .l b ✓14 ✓14
Scalar Product in Terms of Components (e) ✓14 (d)-2-

✓14
lfa=a 1i +a 2)+a 3 kand b =b 1i +b 2) +b,k. then
a -b =a 1b1 +a 2 b2 +a, b1. Sol. (b) Projcction of a on b
Thus, scalar product of two vectors is equal to the _
-a . b (2i+3j-2k)·(l+2j+3k)
sum of the products of their corresponding Jbl Ji +2j+3kl
2
components. ln particular, a •a= lal = a; + a~ +a~. 2+6-6 2
=~= ✓ 14
1Exal!,lple_1. }f e is the <!.ngle_bet~een the vectors
a = 21 + 2 j - k and b = 61 - 3 j + 2k, then 1Example 5. lf a= SI - j + 7k and b = i - j + Ã.k, then
4 3 find À. such that a + b and a -b are orthogonal.
(a) cose = - (bl cose = -
21 19 Sol. Clcarly, a+ b =(si - j + 7k) + (i- j + Àk)
5
(c) coso = I. (dl coso= -
21
= 6i - 2j + c1 + À iit
19
and a - b = (si - j + 7k) - (i - j + Ã.k) 1 Example 8. lf the vectors a = (e log 2 x) i - 6 j + 3k

= 4i +<1 - À) k and b = (log 2 x) i+2 j+ (2clog 2 x)k make an obtuse
Since, a + b anda - b are orthogonnl angle for any x e (O, oo ). Then, determine the interval to
(a+b)·(a-b)=O which e belongs.
⇒ [6i-2j +(7 + À) k)(4i +(7 -À) k )=O So/. For tlle vectors a and b to be inclined at an obtuse angle. we
⇒ 6 X 4 - 2 X O+ (7 + À)(7 - À)= 0 must have
li• b < o, v' X E (O. OO)
⇒ 24+49-À 2 =0
c(log 2 x) 2 -12 + 6c log 2 x <O , v' x E (O. 00 )
⇒
2
À =73
cl + 6cy - 12 < O, v' y e R, where y = log 2 x
⇒ À=± ✓73
⇒
. e< Oand36c 2 + 48c < O,
1Example 6. lf a,b ande are unit vectors such that (using ax 2 + bx + e < O,
a+b+c =O, then find the value of a-b+b•c+c•a. v' x E R iff a < Oand D < O)
Sol. Consider, a+ b +e= O ⇒ c<Oandc(3c+4)<0 ⇒ ce(-1,o)

On squaring both sides, we get
(a+ b + c) 2 = 02 1 Example 9. lf a+ 2b + 3c = 4, then find the least
⇒ (a+ b + e) •(a+ b +e)= O·O 2
value of a 2 + b 2 + e .
⇒ lal 2 + 1h12 + lcl2 + 2a · b+2b•c + 2c•a =O
⇒ 1 +1 + 1 +2(a·b+b •c+c ·a)=0 Sol. Consider vectors p = ai+ bJ + ck and q = i + 2j + 3k
Now, cosO= a+2b +3c
⇒ a•b+b•c+c·a= -~ 2 2 2 2
2 .Ja 2 +b' +c .J1 +2 +3
2
1Example 7. lf a, b ande are mutually perpendicular ⇒
cos 2 8= (a+Zb+Jc)
2 2 2
<1 [·.·cos 2 8Sl)
vectors of equal magnitudes, then find the angle · 14 (a + b + c )
2
between the vectors a and a+b+c.
⇒
a'+b 2 + c'~(a+2b+3c) ~=~
Sol. Let 8 be the angle between the vectors a anda + b + e. 14 14 7
a •(a+ b + e) 2
Hence, least value of a + b + c is ~. 2 2
Then, cos 8 7
!alia+ b+c
a•a+a·b+a·c
1 Example 10. Find the unit vector which makes an
!ai la+ b + cf
2
angle of 45° with the vector 2i + 2j - kand an angle
!al
!alla+b+cl
of 60º with the vector j - k.
[·:a -b = a •e= Oasa,b,c are mutually Sol. Lct the unlt vector be e = c1i + c 2 j + c 3 k so that; it makes
perpendicular vectors]
an angle of 45' with 2i + 2j - k.
la 1 ...(i) Zc, + Zc, - e, = cos 45º
⇒ (':lê!= 1)
ja + b+ cf 3
Now consider, 3
la+ b + e 12 =(a+ b + e) •(a+ b + e)
⇒ 2c1 + 2C2 - C3 = ✓2 ...(i)
2
=laj 2 +lbl' +lcf +2.(a·b+ b •c+ c•a) Also, it makes an angle of 60' with j - k.
= 3lal' + 2.(o) = 3/ aj 2
[·:!ai= lbl = lcf anda · b = b •c = c·a = O)
⇒ Cz 'j/3 = cos60º (·:jj-k 1 = .Ji and jêj = 1)
✓3 lal .)2
la+ b + cf = ⇒ c2 - e, = ...(ü)
2
From Eq. (i), wc get
1
cos8 = ✓3
⇒ e: + d + e~ = 1 ...(iü)
i
(using Icj = jc1 + c 2 + c 3 kj = 1) J
-1 1
8 = cos ✓3 From Eq. (li), c 2 = ~ + e, and from Eq. (i), c1 = -e, + -\ ::
..;2 2 2v2
On substituting in Eq. (ili), we get 1 Example 13. Using vector method, prove that in a
e~ 1 2c 3 1 e triangle, a = bcosC+ ccos B (projection formu la).
- +- + 7'= + - - ~ + c32 + c 32 = 1
4 2 ✓2 8 2-./2 Sol. ln a A ABC,
9 2 3c, 5 1 1
4C3 + M + 8= 1 ⇒ C3 = - ✓2 · 3✓
2 Let AB = e, BC= a, CA = b
a+b+c =O
Hence, the required vectors are ( }i, O, - }i) and A
1
( 3✓
4
2'3✓
1Example 11. Show

1 }
2,' 3✓2
that the median to the base of an

isosceles triangle is perpendicular to base.
Sol. Let ABC be an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC .
a
We have, !ai= 1-(b + c)I
a •a =-(b+c) •a
ffi II
e
Let A be the origin of reference and let

AB = b,AC=c A or lal 2 =-b·a-c •.a
fil
Let D be the middle point of BC. = - lb l I a i cos (7t - C)-lcl I a i cos (7t- B)
Then, AD = b + e Since, the angle between banda = ( 7t - C) and angle
2 between cand a = (7t- B)
Now, BC=c-b a2 = abcosC + accos'B
B D C ⇒ a=bcos C+ccosB
AD -BC= ( -b+c)
- ·(c-b)
2
= ~ (lcl2 - lbl
2
) = ~ (IAC 1
2
- IABl
2
) Components of a Vector Along and
2 2
= ~(O)=O
Perpendicular to Another Vector
2 Let a and b be two vectors represented by OA and 0B and
Hence, median to the base of an isosceles triangle is let 8 be the angle between a and b. Draw MBJ_OA,
perpendicular to base. shown as
b=OM+MB
1Example 12. Usin~ vector method, ~rove that in a
triangle, a 2 =b 2 + e - 2bccos A (cosme law). ⇒ OM =(OM)a =(0Bcos8) a =(l blcos8) a
Sol. ln a MBC, ·=(lhl(a-b))a

Let AB = e, BC = a, CA = b lal2
a+b+c=0
B
B
.'''''
b
''
'
''
'
o M a
A
e
i~~ i~~=\ ~:t)a

Wehave, a = -(b+c)
la l = 1-(b + c)I ⇒ lal = Ih+ cl
2 2
=( )a= =(
2 2
lal 2 =lbl +lcl +2b •c
2 b=OM+MB
⇒ la 2 1= 1bl2 +lcl +2lbllcJlcos(1t - A)I
Since, angle between b and e = The anglc bctween CA MB = b-OM = b - (~)" 2
produced and AB lnl
a 2 = b2 + c 2 -2bccosA
:us(~laJ
~i)c:::e~ts(ªo_f :):::7~7,dicular a
laJ2 .
to
Work done = lfJIOAJcos8 =f -OA
= f · d, where d = OA
.-. Work dane= (Force) · (Displacement)
1 Example 14. lf a= 41 + 6Jand b = 3J +4 k lhen find R.onarks

1. Toe work dane by l he resultantof a number of forces
lhe componenl of a along b. U 2• f, . ... f0 ín a dísplacem ent d of a partícle ís equal to the
sum of work dane by the forces separately
Sol. The component of vector a along b is (a · b)
í.e. Worl< dane= f, -d + f2 -d + ....+ fn -d
1h12
= (fi + f2 + ...+fnJ· d
= 18 (3j• + 4k)
•
= R ·d where. R = f1 + f2 + ...+ fn
25 2. Toe work dane by a force f when íts point of applícation
experiences a number of consecutíve dísplacements
1Example 15. Express lhe vector a= si - 2]+ Sk as d,. d2. d 3.... d0 • ís equal to lhe work dane by the forces ín síngle
sum of two ~eqors such that one is parallel to the dísplacement from the begínníng to end.
vector b = 3i + k and the other is perpendicular to b. i.e. Worl< dane= f- (d1 + d 2 + ....+ d n)
= Toe work dane by the force f ín lhe síngle dísplacement from
Sol. Required vectors are lhe begínníng to end
( ~)banda-(~) b 1Example 16. Two forces f1 =3Í-2j+ k and

1h12 1h12
f2 = Í + 3j - Sk acting on a particle at A move it to B.
Clearly, (i~f)b = 2(31 + k) = 61 + 2k and so, Rnd the work done if the position vector of A and B
are-2Í + Sk and 3l -7j+2k.
Sol. Let R be lhe resultant of two forces f 1 and f 2 and d be the
a - ( j :I~ )b = (s1- 2j + sk) - (6l + 2k) displacemenl
=-1 -2j+3k
Then, R = (31 - 2j + k)+ (l + 3] - Sk)
= 4Í + J- 4k
Note that (6í + 2k) + (-Í - 2j + 3k)
and d = (3l -7J + 2k)-(- Ú + sk) = si -7j - 3k
=SÍ - 2j + Sk =a
:. The total work dane = The work dane by resultant
= R·d = (41 + J- 4k) •(5l -7] - 3k)
Application of Dot Product in = 20 - 7 + 12 = 25 units
Mechanics (Work dane] 1 Example 17. Forces of magnitudes 5 and 3 units

acting in the directions 6Í + 2j + 3k and 3Í - 2] + 6k,
A force acting on a particle is said to do work. if the
particle is displaced in a direction which is not respectively act on a partícle whích is displaced from
perpendicular to force. lhe prnnt (2, 2, -1) and (4, 3, 1). Find the work dane by
Let a particle be placed at O and a force f represented by the forces.
08 be acting on the particle at O. Due to the application of Sol. Let R be the resultant of two forces and d be the
force f, the particle is displaced in the direction of OA Let displacement.
OA be the displacement. Then.
B R = 5 (6l + 2j + 3k) + 3 (31 - 2J + 6k )
✓36 + 1 + 9 J9
O
f_ .
.
A
and
=
1 • •
7(39i + 1j +33k)
d = ( 4i + Jj +
+ 4 + 36
•
k) - (2i + 2j - k)= 21 + j + 2k
Then. the component of OA in the the direction of force f :. Total work done = n .d = .!.c78 + 4 + 66)
7
is,l0Alcos8 148
= - units
7

1. Find lhe angle between lhe vectors i -2l + 3k and 3Í - 2l + k.
2. Find and angle between two vectors a and b wilh magniludes ../3 and 2 respectively such that a • b = ./6
3. Show that lhe vectors 2i - j + kand i - 31 - 5k are ai righl angles.
4. lf r • i = r -l = r -k and I ri= 3, lhen find veclor r.

5. Find lhe angle between lhe vectors a + b and a - b. if a = 2i - 1 + 3k and b = 3i + l -2k.
6. Find lhe projeclion of lhe vector i + 3l + 7k on lhe veclor 7i - 1 + 8k.

• • • • • • 1
7. lf the projeclion of veclor x i - j + k on veclor 2 i - j + 5k is ../3Õ , then find lhe value of x .
8. lf Iai + 1bl =Icl anda + b = e, then find lhe angle between a and b.
9. lf three unit vectors a, b and e satisfy a + b + e = O, then find lhe angle between a and b.
1O. lf a = xi+(~ - 1) j + kand b = (x + 1) i + l + ak make an acule angle, '<J x e R, then find lhe values of a
11. Find lhe component of i in lhe direclion of lhe vector i + 1 + 2k.
12. Find lhe vector componenls of a vector 2Í + 3 l + 6k along and perpendicular to lhe non-zero veclor 2 i + 1 + 2k.
13. A particle is acled upon by constant forces 4 i + j - 3k and 3 i + 1 - k which displace il from a point i + 2j + 3k to
lhe point 5i + 4j + k. Find lhe work done by lhe forces in standard unils.
Session 2 ----- ---------------------
Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors, Area of
Parallelogram and Triangle, Moment of a Force
and Couple, Rotation About an Axis
Vector or Cross Product (viii) The vector product of two non-zero vectors is zero
vector iff they are parallel (collinear) i.e. a X b = O
of Two Vectors (:) a 11 b, a and b are non-zero vectors.
Let a and b be two non-zero, non- parallel vectors. Then lt follows from the above property that a X a = O for
lhe vector product a x b, in that order, every non-zero vector a, which in tum implies that
is defined as a vector whose magnitude i X i = } X } = k X k = o.
is
(ix) Vector product of orthonormal triad ofwút vectors
lal lblsin8 i,} and k using the definition of the vector product
where 8 is the angle between a and b, obtain
whose direction is perpendicular to the i x } = ic.} xk = i,k x i=1
plane of a and b in such a way that a, b a
}xi = -k,kx} = -i,ixk =- }
and this direction constitute a right
handed system. (x) Lagrange's identity Ifa, b are any two vectors, then
2 2 2
In other words, a x b = 1a 11 b Isin8 n, where 8 is the angle laxb l2 = lal l b l -(a·b)
between a and b, n is a unit vector perpendicular to lhe or la x bl2 +(a· b)2 =l a l
2
1h12
plane of a and b such that a, b and n form a right handed
system.
Vector Product in Terms
Properties of Vector Product of Components
(i) Vector product is not commutative i.e., ifa and b are If a=a, i+a2 }+a3 kandb c=b1 i +b2 } + b 3 k
any two vectors, then a x b '# b x a, however Then, axb = (a 2 b 3 - a 3 b2 )i-(a 1 b3 - a 3 bi)}
axb =- (b x a). j ic
(ii) Vector product is not associative,
+(a,b2 -a2 b, )k = a, a2 a3
i.e. a x(bxc) '#(a xb) x c
b1 b2 b3
(iii) If a and b are two vectors and m is a scalar, then
ma x b =m(a xb) = a xmb 1Example 18. tf a = 2i + 3j - 5k and b = mi+ nj+12k
(iv) Ifa and b are two vectors and m and n are scalars, and a x b =O. Then, find the values of m and n
thenma x nb =mn{a x b) =m (a x b) =n(ma x b)
(v) Distributivity of vector product over vector addition. i j k1
Let a, b and e be any three vectors. Then, Sol. Clearly, a x b = 2 3 - 51
(a) a x (b + e) = a x b + a x e (left distributivity) m n 12
1
(b){b +e) xa = b xa +e xa (right distributivity) = i (36+5n)-j(24 +Sm)+ k(2n-3m)
(vi) For any three vectors a, b ande, we have Since, a x b = O
.-.(36 + 5n) i - (24 + 5ml j + (2n - 3m) k = oi + oj + Ok
a x(b - c) = a xb-a xc.
On comparing the coefficients of i. j and k. we gel
(vii) The vector product of any vector (zero or non-zero) •
with zero vector is a zero vector i.e. 36 + 5n =O. - (24 + 5m) =O and 2n - 3m =O
aX0=0Xa=0 = n=- ~ and m = -
24
5 5
1Example 19. Show that (a -b) x (a + b )= 2(a x b) 1 Example 23. tf a,b ande are three non-zero vectors
Sol. Consider. (a - b ) x (a+ b ) = ( a - b ) x a +(a - b ) x b such that a . (b x e) = O and b and e are not parallel
vectors, prove that a= Ãb+µc where À and µ are
[By distributivity of vector product over vector addition]
scalar.
=axa- b x a+ax b - b xb
(Again. by distributivity ofvector product over vector Sol. Wehave, a -( b x c)=O
addition] ⇒ a = Oor b x e = Oora .l (b x e)
=O+ a X b + a x b - O [·: a x b = - (b x a)] ⇒ a =Oor b ll c ora .l(b x c)
= 2 (a x b ) H en ce Proved But a ,. Oand b ,. c
a .l (b x c)
1Example 20. tf a is any vector, then ⇒ alies in the plane of b ande.
2
(a x i) + (a x j) + (a x k)2 is equal to
2
⇒ a , b ande are coplanar.
(a) ! a l 2 (b) O ⇒ a= Ãb + µ c
2
(c) 3 l al (d) 2 I a j 2 1 Example 24. tf a x b = a x c, a ;,e O, show that
Sol. (d) Let a = a 11+ a,j + a 3 k b = e+ ta for some scalar t.
a x i = (a11+ a,j + a 3 k) xi = - a 2k + a,j Sol. We have, a x b =a Xe
⇒ a x b- a x c = O
(a x 1) 2
= (a x i)· (a x 1) ⇒ a x (b - c) = O
= (- a 2k + a 3 j) · (- a 2k + a 3] ) = a~ + a~ => a =Oor(b - c)= Oora l l ( b - c)
Simila rly, (a x j)' = a~ + af => a l l(b-c) (·: a ,oOan d b ,oO)
=> b - c = ta (for some scalar 1)
and (a xk) = a~ + a~
2
⇒ b = e+ ta
(a x i)2 + (a x J)' + (a x k)'
1 Example 25. For any two vector u and v, prove that
=2(af +al +a~) = 2l a l'
(i) (u-v)2 +Iu x v 12 =lu12 1v 12
1Example 21. tf a -b = O and a x b = O, prove that (ii) (1+ lu l2 ) (1+ l v l 2 l = (l- u -v)2 +l u + v + (ux v)J 2
a =0 or b =0. Sol. (i) To show(u · v)' + 1u x v'I = 1u I' 1v I'
Sol. Given, a • b = Oanda x b = O Let 8 be the angle between u and v .
Now, a · b = O ⇒ a = O or b = Oora.l b ⇒ U ·V = UV COS 8
and a x b = O ⇒ a = Oor b = Oora 11b and I u x v 1= uv sin8
Since, a .L b anda li b can never hold simultaneously. ⇒
2
( u · v) + 1u x v 12 = u' v' cos 2 8 + u 2 v 2 sin 2 8
a . b = Oand a x b = O
⇒ (u • v )'+l u x v l' =u 2 v 2
⇒ a = Oor b = O
⇒ (u · v)' + 1u x v I' = 1u 12 1v I'
1Example 22. tf a, b ande are vectors such that (ii)Taking RHS ( I - u • v )2 + 1u + v + (u x v ) l2
a . b = a . e, a x b = a x e and a ;t O, then show that ⇒ l + ( u- v)2 - 2u - v + l [u + v + ( u x v)]
b=c
•[u + v + (u x v )]I
So/. a • b =a · e anda ;t O
⇒ 1 + 1u 1 1v I' cos' 8- 2 1u 11v I cos8 + u · u
2
=> a . b - a• e = Oanda ,. O
+ u - v + u (u x v )
=> a -( b- c) = Oanda ,oO
+ v - u + v-v + v •( u x v)+( u x v ) + (u x v)• u
=> a .l (b - c) or b = e ...(i)
+( u x v) - v +( u x v )-( u x v )
Again. a x b = a X e anda ,. O
⇒ 1 + 1u I' 1v I' cos' 8 - 2 1u 11v I cos8 + 1u I' + 1 u 11
=> a x (b - c) = Oanda,oO
v lcos O+o
=> a 11(b - e) = Oand b = e ...(ii)
+ 1u I V I cos 6 + 1v ' + O+ O+ O+ 1u + V I'
:. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), wc have
=> 1 + 1U 11 1VI I cos I O+ 1u 11 + 1V 11 + 1u 11 1v 11 sin 1 8
b=c
[as a cannot be both parallrl anJ => 1 + 1u I' 1V I' + 1 u I' + 1V I'
pcrpenJicular to ( b - e)] = ( 1 + 1u I' )( 1 + 1V I') .. LHS
Angle between Two Vectors Thus, ii = ª x b is a unit vector perpendicular to the

la xbj
If8 is lhe angle between a and b then sin8 = 1ª x b I_ axb ai .
' 1a li b 1 plane ofa and b. Note that - - - is so a urut vector
l a x bj
Expression for sin 8 perpendicular to lhe plane ofa and b. Vectors of
Ifa=a, i+a2 ]+a 3 k,b=b 1- i+b2 }+b 3 kand8be magnitude '')..' normal to the plane ofa and b are given by
angle between a and b, then +À.(axb)
2
sin2 8 = (a2b3 -a3b2 ) + (a, b3 -a 3 b1 ) 2 +(a 1 b2 - a 2b1 )2 - jbxbj
(a; +ai +a~)(b; +b: +b~)
1Exampl~ 2(!. Th!! unit -:ector perpendicular to the
1 Example 2f>. Ihe.sine of the. angte ~tween the vectors 6i +2j+ 3k and 3i - 6 j - 2k, is
vector a = 3i + j + k and b = 2i - 2 j + k is (a) 2i - J j + 6k (b) 2l - 3j - 6k
(a) {74 (b) {25 7 7
V99 V99 <e> 2f + JJ - 6k (d) 2Í + 3j + 6k
(e) {37 (d) - s- 7 7
V99 ✓41
Sol. (e) Lei a = 61 + 2j + 3k and b = 31- 6j - 2k
j
1d1 • • • i k
Sol. (a) a x b =3 1 1 =3i - j - 8k axb= 6 2 3
2 - 2 11 3 - 6 - 2
. 8 1axbl ✓
74 /74 = 141 + 21] - 42k = 1 cú + 3}- 6kJ
sm = ~ = .Jii ../9 = V99
1axb1=71 Ú .+ 3j - 6k 1= 7 · 7
1 Example 27. lflal=2.lbl=Sand ja x bj =8, then axb t • • •
find the value of a • b. 'ª
- -
x
= - (2i +3j-6k)
bi 7
wlúch is a unit veclor perpenrucular to a and b.
Sol. We have, 1a 1= 2, 1b 1= 5
and la x bl =8. 1Example 29. Find unit vectors perpendicular to the
Let 8 be lhe angle between a and b. plane determined by the points
Then sin8=1axb1=_8_ = i P (1, -1, 2), Q (2, O, -1) and R (O, 2, 1)
' iallbl 2xs s
Sol. Clearly, required unit vector is a unit vector perpenrucular
Now, cos8=± ✓J-sin 2 8 to lhe plane of PQ and PR.
Now,
= ±J1-* =±~
PQ = (2i - k) -(l - j + 2k)
a - b = 1a I b I cos8 = ± (2 -5-D = ± 6 = 1+ J -3k
PR=(2j+ k) - (i - J + 2k)
= - 1+3}-k
Vector Normal to the Plane
i k
of Two Given Vectors and PQ x PR= 1 1 - 3 =si+ 4] + 4k
Ifa and b are two non-zero, non-parallel vectors and let 8 - 1 3 -1
be the angle between them. a x b = 1ai! b I sin8 ÍI, where ii
is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b such .-. Required unit vectors
that a, b, ii form a right handed system. =± PQ X PR ± (81 + 4j +4k)
=> (ax b) = jaxblii 1 PQ X PR 1 4✓6
. a xb 1 • • •
n=- - = ±✓6 (2i +j + k)
la x b l
o
1Example 30. Let A, B ande be unit vectors. Suppose
A· B =A ·C =Oand ·the angle between B and e is ~-
4
Then,
(a) A=± 2 (B x C ) (b) A =± .J2 (B X C ) e
(e) A =± 3 (B + C ) (d) A=± .Jj (B x C )
sol. (b) Since, A . B = o 1Example 31. lhe vectors e, a =xi+ y] + z kand
⇒ A l. B and A ·C=O b = j are such that a ,c and b form a ríght handed
⇒ A .LC system, thén e is
A=± B xC (a)zi-xk (b) O
I B xCI
(e) yj (d)- zi + xk
[·: A is a unit vector perpendicular
to both B and C) SOi. (a) a,e and b forma right handed system.
Here, 1B x e 1= 1B 11 e lsin .!: Hence, bxa = e
4
⇒ e = j x (xi + y j + z k)
1 1
=1 · 1 · ✓z= ✓z =-xk+ zi =zi-xk
So, A=± (B x C) = ± ✓2(B xC) 1Example 32. lf a,b and e are three non-zero vectors
1
a x b = e and b x c = a, prove that a,b ande
such that _
Ti are mutually at right angles and I b 1= 1and I e 1=1a 1-
So/." a x b = eanda = bx c
Right Handed System and Left => e.La, c.Lb and a .Lb, a.Le => a .l b, b .l e ande .La
Handed System of Vectors ⇒ a , b ande are mutually perpendicular vectors.
Again,a x b = e and b x e = a
(i) Right handed system ofvectors °Three mutually
perpendicular vectors a, b ande from a right handed ⇒ l ax b l=lclandl b xcJ = JaJ
system ofvector iffa x b = e, b X e = a ,c X a = b.' ⇒ Ja Jl b Jsin .!:=l c l and lbJJcJsin..!:=Ja l
2 2
⇒ Jall b l= l c l
Ü·
and I b 11 e 1= 1a 1 (·: a .l b and b .l e)
⇒ Jb l'lc J=l e l
⇒ 1b I' = 1 ⇒ 1b 1= 1
e On putting in Ia 11b 1= 1e 1 ⇒ 1a 1= J e 1
For example, the unit vectors i, j and Íc forma right
handed system, i x j = Íc, j x k = i, Íc x i = j Geometrical lnterpretation
Y. of Vector Product
If a and b are two non-zero, non-parallel vectors
represented by OA and 0B respectively and let 8 be the
l---<--x angle between them. Complete the parallelogram OACB.
Draw BL.LOA
k
z " ;:Bc.___ _ ___..;C
(ii) Left banded system of vectors The vectors a, b and
e mutually perpendicular to one another form a left
handed system of vectors iff
e x b = a,a x c = b,b xa =e.
a A
1
lntl.OBL, sin8= BL Sol. Area of dA.BC = 1AB X ACI
0B
2
Now, AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A
~ BL=OBsin8 = JbJsin8
AB=b-a
Now, a x b =i a JJbJsin8 n
=(OA)(BA) n
= (Base x Height) n =(Area of parallelogram OACB) n
=Vector area of the parallelogram OACB
Thus, a X b is a vector whose magnitude is equal to the
area of the parallelogram having a and b as its adjacent B
sides and whose direction n is perpendicular to the plane AC =Position veclor of C - Position veclor of A
of a and b such that a, b and n form a right handed system.
AC=c- a
Hence, a x b represents the vector area of the AB x AC= (b-a) X (e-a)
parallelogram having adjacent sides alonga and b. = bxc - bxa-a xc+ax a (·:axa=O)
=axb+ b xc+cxa
Area of Parallelogram Hence • arca of t.ABC = !2 1 AB X AC 1
and Triangle =!Jaxb+bxc+cxaJ = O

2
(i) Toe arca of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a and
If the points A, B and C are collinear, then area of dA.BC = O
isJaxbJ.
(ii) Toe area of a parallelogram with diagonals d 1 andd 2 ⇒ !1axb+bxc+cxaJ=O
2
is.!Jd 1 xd 2 ~ ⇒ Jaxb+bxc+cxaJ=O
2 ⇒ axb+bxc+cxa=O
(ili) Toe area of a plane quadrilateral ABCD is Thus. axb+bxc+cxa=O
.! JAC x BD J, where AC and BD are its diagonals. is the required condition of collinearity of three poinls a, b
2 ande.
(iv) Toe area of a triangle with adjacent sides a and bis
1Example 34. Show that the perpendicular distance of
1
- Ja xbJ. the point e from to the joining a and b is
2 lb x c+cxa+axbl
(v) Toe arca of a óABC is .!.I AB X AC 1 Ih-a i
2
1
or - JBC x BAJ Sol. Lei ABC be a triangle and lei a ,b and e be the position of
2 ils vertices A, B and C respeclively. Lei CM be the
1 perpendicular from C on AB.
or JCB xCAJ
2 Thcn, arca of .ó.ABC = !(AB) · (CM)= ! I AB 11 CM I
(vi) Ifa, b ande are position vectois of a óABC, then its 2 2
1
Also, arca of .ó.ABC= - 1 a xb + b x e+ cxa 1
arca=.! J (a x b)+(b x c) +(e xa) 1 2
2 .
&
Remark
Three points with positlon vectors a, b and e are collinear. li
(a x b) + (b xc) + (c xa) =0
1Example 33. lf a,b ande are position vectors of the

A(a) M B(b)
vertices A,B ande of ~BC, show that the area of
1 1
.óABC is ~Ia x b+b x c+c x aJ. :. 2I ABIICMJ= 21a x b+b x c+cxaJ
2
oeduce the condltion for points a,b ande to be CM= 1 bxc+cxa+a x b 1
collinear. lb - aJ
1Example 35. rx F
(i) Find the areà of the quadrilateral whose diagonais o F

are given by
31 +)-2k,i-3)+4k
(ii) A, , A2, ... , An are the vertices of a regular plane
polygon with n sides. O is lhe centre. Show that
n- 1
I, (OA; x OA;+ 1l=(1-n)(OA 2 x OA 1)

1=1 If several forces are acting through the sarne point P
then the vector sum of the moment of the separate
Sol. (i) Arca of the quadrilateral = ~ 1 d 1 x d 2 1 forces about O is equal to the moment o f their
resultant force about O.
= .!. 3
lj - k:1 =-1 l- 2i• - 14j-tok
• •
J Remark
2 2
-3 4 • Moment of a force F aboul a point A = AB x F. where B is any
point on F.
1 r - - - - - 10✓ 3
=-.J4
2
+ 196+ 1 00=--=5✓
2
3 (ii) About a line The moment of a force F acting at a
point P about a Jine L is a scalar g iven by ( r x F) •â,
(ii) A,, A 2 , ... , A. are the vertices of a regular plane ~lygon
of n sides and centre O . • where a is a unit vector in lhe direction of lhe line
Let I OA1 1 = k, \;/ i = 1 < 2, 3 , ...., n and OP =r , where O is any point on the Jine.
Let ê, be the wút vector along OA, Thus, the moment of a force F about a Jine is the
OA 1 =kê1 resolved part (component) along this Jine, of the
OA1 X OA 1 + 1 = kê1 x kê1 + 1 = k
2
x1 m oment ofF about any point on the Jine.
where i 1 is a unit vector in the direction perpendicular to Remark

the plane of the polygon and 1 = 1 + 1 for x x The moment of a force about a poinl is a vector while lhe moment
i = 1, 2, 3, ..... , n - 1 about a straight line is a scalar quantity.
n- 1 n- 1
LHS= I (OA, X OA,. ,) = k' Li, 1 Example 36. Find the moment about (1, - 1, - 1) of the
I • 1 ,. = 1
= k' (n - 1) x1 =(n - l)(OA 1 X OA 2 ) force 31 + 4 j - Sk acting at (1, o, - 2).

= (1 - n)(OA 2 x OA 1) Sol. Let A = (l,-1,-1).Be(J,0,-2)
/F
and F =3i +4j- 5k
Moment of a Force and Couple A.____
Moment of a Force ----------

8
(i) About a point Let a force F be applied at a point P of
a rigid body then, the moment of F about a point O · Thcn, moment of force F about A is given by AB x F.
measures the tendency ofF to tum the body about Hcrc, AB =(i- 2k)-{i-j-k) = J-k
point O. lf this tendency of rotation about O is in
k
anti-clockwise direction, lhe moment is positive,
olherwise it is negative.
AB x F= O 1 -1
3 4 -5
Let r be th e position vector of P relative to O. Tiien,
the moment or Iorque of F about the point O is J
= j (- 5 + 4) - (O+ 3) + k (0 -3)
defined as the vector M = r x F.
=-i-3} - Jk
76 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geornetry
30 • • •
1 Example 37. Three forces i + 2]- 3k, 21 + 3] + 4k = -(4i +48J-8k)
13
and i - J+ kacting on a particle at the point (O, 1, 2). F
The magnitude of the moment of the forces about the 2i-2j +k M

point (1, - 2, O) is 12i - 4j- 3~
(a) 2../E (b)6✓10
(e) 4✓7 (d) None of these p
Sol. (b) Total force F = (i + 2J - 3k) + (21 + 3J + 4k)

+ d - j + k) = 4i + 4] + 2k Lei a be unit vector in lhe dircclion of2i - 2j + k . Then,
Moment of Lhe forces about
P=rxF=PAxF ª = ú - zj + k = ! <ú - 2J + kJ
PA = (O - 1) + (1 i + 2) j + (2 -0) k J4 + 4 + 1 3
. . . Thus, the moment ofP about the given line
=-i+3j +2k
=M·a =~(14i+48]-8k)
:. Moment about P= (- i + 3] + 2k) x (4i +4] + 2k) 13
1 : ~ • 760
J k · - (21-2J+ k)=- -
3 13
- 1 3 2 = - ú + 10] - 16k
4 4 2
F
Moment of a Couple
A system consisting of a pair of equal unlike parallel
··~
forces is called a couple. The vector sum to two forces of a
couple is always zero veclor.
~ (1, -2,0) F
p
Magnitude of lhe moment

= 1- ú + 10] - 16k 1
= 2✓1 2 +52 +82 =2.Jiõ =6✓!Õ
B -F
1Example 38. Find the moment a~out .ª li~e through
the origin having the direction of2i-2j+k dueto The moment of a couple is a vector perpendicular to the
30 kg forçe acting ata point (- 4,2, 5) in the direction plane of couple and its magnitude is the product of the
magnitude of either force with perpendicular distance
of 12i - 4 j - 3k. between the lines of the forces.
Sol. Lei F be the force. Then, M =r X F, where r =BA
30 (121 -
F - --'r==
4] - 3k) 30 (12: 4 ~ 3k.)
=a==-'- =- 1 - J- 1 M l =IBA XF l = IFI I BAlsin8
,/144 + 16+9 13
where 8 is the angle between BA and F
Suppose lhe force F acts ai point P (- 4, 2, ~) th~ m~me~I of
F acting ai P aboul a linc in the direction 2i - 2j + k is
=1 Fl(BN) =1Fia
where, a = BN is the arm of the couple and + ve or - ve
equal to lhe resolve pari along the line of momenl of F
about a point on lhe line.
sign is to be taken accordingly as the forces indicate a
counter clockwise rotation or clockwise rotation.
r= OP = (- 4i +2j+sk) - (O)
= - 4i + 2J + Sk 1Example 3,9. I he mom~nt 9f the couple formed by

Let M be the moment F about O. Then, the forces 51+ k and - 51- k acting at the points
k (9, - 1, ~) a~d (\- 2, 1) respectively, is
M = rxF=~ -4
13
2 5 (a) - i + i + Sk (b) i - j - Sk
12 - 4 - 3
(c)2i - 2J - 10k (d)- 2i + 2j + 10k
Sol. (b) Moment of the couple, and AP = (3i + 6j +4k)-(i + j + 2k)

= 2i + Sj + 2k
"_, t:-_J;::·:
- F (- 51-k)
= BA X F = {(9 - 3) i + (- 1 + 2) j
r
+ (2 - 1) k} x (Si+ k) A (1, 1, 2)
k
=(6i+j+k)x(Si+k)= 6 1 1 w = ~ (j - 4k) 2 and r
vl7
5 O 1 3 • • • • •
Now, v =wx r= ,.;;-0-4 k) x(2i+Sj+2k)
= i - j- Sk vl7
= ---b (22i - sj - 2k)

v l7
Rotation About an Axis 1 Example 41. A rigid body is spinning about a fixed
When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis ON with an point (3, - 2, -1) with an angular velocity of 4 rad/s,
angular velocity ro, then velocity v of a particle P is given the axis of rotation being in the direction of (1, 2, - 2) .
by Find the velocity of the particle at the point (4, 1, 1).
v =rox r, i + 2j - 2k) 4 (~ 2~ 2k.)
So/. = 4 ( .)1 + 4 + 4 = 3 1 + J -
were, r = OP (1)
and ro = 1ro 1( unit vector along ON) r = OP-OA

N = <4i +] + k l- (3i - 2]- k l
w
= i +3i +2k
4 • • • • • •
v =w x r =- (i + 2j - 2k) x (i + 3j + 2k)
- p 3
~ (!Oi - 4j + k)
3
o
1 Example 40. A particle has an angulár speed of

3 rad/s and the axis of rotat,on passes th~ough the
points (1, 1, 2) and (1,2,-2). Find the veloc1ty of the
particle at point P (3, 6, 4 ).
Sol. Clearly, OA = Í + j + 2k (3, -2, -1) A r
0B = i + 2j-2k
AB = i - 4k = IAB 1= ✓17

1. Rndla x b~ifa = i -7j + 7k and b=3i - 2j-2k.
2. Rnd the values ot ). and µ for which (2 i + 6 j + 27k) x ( i + ,.j + µk) = O

3. lt a = 2i + J j - k, b =- i + 2J - 4k. e= i + } + k, lhen find lhe value ot(ax b) -( a x ci
4. Provelhat(a - i)(ax í) +(a - })(a x }) + (a x k)(a x k) = O.
5. lf a x b = c x d and a x c = b x d. lhen show lhat a - d is parallel to b - c.
6. lf (a x b)2 + (a - b)2 = 144 and Ia 1= 4, lhen find lhe value ofl b ~

7. lf la 1: 2.1 bl = 7 and (a x b) =3i + 2j + 6k. find lhe angle belween a and b.
8. Lei lhe vectors a and b be such lhat Ia 1=3, 1b 1= ,fi. and a x bis a unit vector, lhen find lhe angle between a
3
and b.
9. ltJ a I = ,126,J bl = 7, andl a x bl = 35. find a -b.
1O. Rnd a unit vector perpendicular to lhe plane ot two vectors a = i - } + 2k and b = 2 i + 3 j - k.
11. Rnd a vector ot magnitude 15, which is perpendicular to bolh lhe vectors 4 i - j + 8k and - j + k.
12. Leta = i + 4J +2k.b=31-2} +7k and c = 2i-j+4k.
Rnd a vector d which is perpendicular to bolh a and b and e • d = 15.
13. Let a. b and e be unit vectors such lhat a · b = Ô= a · e. Ir lhe angle between b and e is f then find a
14. Rnd lhe area ot lhe triangle whose adjacent sides are detennined by lhe veclors
a = - 21-Sk and b= i-2}- k.
15. Rnd lhe area ot lhe parallelogram whose adjacent sides are represented by the vectors
Ji+ i -2k and i - 3} + 4k.
16. Show lhat lhe area ot lhe parallelogram having diagonals3i + l-: 2kand i - 3j + 4k isS/ 3.
17. A torce F=2i + j - k acts ai poinl A whose position vector is 2i - j. Find the momenl of force Fabout lhe origin.
18. Find lhe moment of F about point (2. - \ 3 ~ when force F = 3i + 2 j - 4k is acting on point ( \ - \ 2~
19. Forces2i + i2i - 3j + 6k and - i + 2j- k act ata pointP, ,,;th position veclor .S i -3j - k. Find tha momant oi
lhe resultant or these force about lhe point O whosa position voctor is 6 i + j - 3k.
Session 3
Scalar Tripie Product
Scalar Tripie Product Height of parallelopiped

The scalar tripie product is defined for three vectors and it Volume of parallelopiped
is defined as the dot product of one of the vectors w ith the Area ofbase
cross product of the other two.
If a, b,c are any three vector, then their scalar product is
defined as (a X b) •e. Properties of Scalar Tripie Product
We denote it by [a, b,cJ (i) If a, b ande are given by
It is also called the mixed or box product. a =a 1 i +a 2 ] +aJc
b = b1 i+b2 }+bJc
Remark
Result oi scalar tripie product is always a scalar. c=c 1 i+c2 j+c3k
ª1 ªz a3
Geometrical lnterpretation of Scalar Then, (a x b)- c = b1 b2 b3
Tripie Product
Let a, b and e be three ·vectors. Consider a parallelopiped (ii) (a X b) · c =a ·(b x c) i.e. position of dot and cross can
having coterminous edges OA, 0B and OC such that be interchanged without altering product. Hence, it is
OA = a, 0B = b and OC = e. Then, a x b is a vector also represented by [ a b e J
perpendicular to the plane of a and b. Let be the angle (iii)•[a b e] =[b e a] = [e a b]
between e and a x b . (iv) [a bc] = -[b ac]
If n is a unit vector alonga x b, then <!> is the angle (v) [ka b e] = k[a b cl [k1a k2 b k 3cl =k1 k2 k 3 [a b e]
between n ande.
(vi) [a + b e d] =[a e d ]+[b e d]
Now, [abc]=(ax b)·c
(vii) a , b ande in that arder form a right handed system, if
e F [a b e] >O.
,; ~ e
E .,, G
'
b
' B
a
o
A D
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) n · e (viii) The necessary and sufficient condition for three .
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) (n · e) non-zero, non-collinear vector a, b ande to be
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) (1 e 11n Icos ) coplanar is that[a b e] =Oi.e., a, b ande are coplanar
<=> [a b c] = O.
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) (1 e I cos<)>)
(ix) [x 1a + y 1 b +z 1c, x 2a ·+ y 2 b +z 2c, x 3a + y 3 b + z 3c]
= (Area of parallelogram OADB) ( OL)
X1 Y1 Z1
= Area of base X height
x2 y2 z 2 [a bc]
=Volume of parallelopiped
X3 YJ Z3
Remarks 1 Example 43. Let a= xi+ 12]-k, b =21 + 2xj +k and

1. Four poínts A. B, C, D are coplanar íf [AB, AC, AD] = O e= i + k. lf b,c,a in that order form a left handed
2. Four poínts a , b, e and d are coplanar, íf system, then find the value of x.
[dbc)+ [dca) + (da b]=[a bel
~ ~b aj+~ c~+~d~ = ~baj
[x,a + y 1b + z1c, x2 a + y 2 b + z2 c, x3a + y3b + Z3C]
3. (a a b] = [b b a] = (e e b] = O x, y, z,
í.e., íf any two vectors are sarne, then vectors are coplanar. = x2 y2 z 2 [a b e]
X3 Y3 Z3
Volume of Tetrahedron
[A pyramid having a triangular base) Sol. Since, b,c,a forma left handed system, three fore
If OABC is a tetrahedron as shown in figure, where [b,c,a]< O
OA =a , OB =b , and OC =e, then volume of 2 2x -1
1 1 O 1 <O
tetrahedron =- [a b e)
6 X 12 -1
o 2(0- 12} -2x(-1- x}+ 1(1 2-0}<0
- 24 + 2x + 2x 2 + 12 < O
2x 2 +2x - 12<0 ~ x +x-6<0
2
(x-2)(x+3}<0 ~ xe(-3,2)
1 Example 44. For any three vectors a,b ande prove

that [a+b b+c c+a] = 2[a b e]
Sol. We have, (a + b b + e c+a]
= {(a+ b} x (b x c)} •(c+ a)
Remarks
1. The síx míd-points oi the síx edges oi a tetrahedron líe ín a = {a x b +a xc+ b x b+ b x c}• (c +a)
sphere. if the pair oi opposite edges are perpendicular to each {·: b x b =O}
other.
2. Centre oi the sphere is the centroíd of the tetrahedron. = {a x b + a x e+ b x c} ·(c+ a )
3. GA2 + GB2 + GC2 + GO2 = 12r 2, Gbeíng the centroíd. = (a x b )·c+(a x c) •c +(b x c) ·c
,. l he angle between any two plane faces oi a regular +(ax b )·a +(a x c)·a +(b x c)·a
tetrahedron iscos-' i =[a b c]+o +o+o + o+ [b e a]
5. Angle between the any edge anda face not contaíning the [·: [a e e]= O, (b e e]= O.
angle ís coÇ1 J{ (for regular tetrahedron). [a b a]= O, [a e a]= O]
6. Any two edges oi regular tetrahedron are perpendicular to

= [a b e]+ (a b e]= 2[a b e]
each other.
7. The dístance oi any vertex from the opposíte face oi regular 1 Example 45. lf a,b ande are coplanar show
tetrahedron ís lk, k beíng the length of any edge. [a+ b b + e e+ a] are coplanar.
Sot: Since, (a b e] are coplanar
[abc]=0 ...(i)
1 Example 42. Find the volume of the_paraJlelo1,>iped
and shown in above example
whose edges are represented by a = 2i - 3j + 4k, [a + b b + cc+a] =2[a b c]=0 [usingEq. (i)]
b. = i +2] - kande= 31 - j+2k. which shows [a + b b + e e+ a] are coplanar, if [a b c] are
coplanar.
2 -3 4
Sol. Here, (a b e]= 1 2 - 1 = 2.( 4 - 1) + 3(2 + 3) + 4( - 1- 6) 1 Example 46. For any three vectors a,b and e prove
3 - 1 2 a•a a ·b a•c
= 6 + 15-28=- 7 that[abc] 2 = b•a b·b b•c
:. The volume of the parallclopiped =l(a b cJI= 7. c•a c•b c •c
Sol. Ld 1\ = a,i +11,j + a 3 k 1Example 49. lf a ,b ande are any three vectors in
b = b,i + bJ + b,k space, then show that
(e + b ) x (e+ a)•(c + b + a)= [ a b c]
e = r,i + c 2 j + c 3 k
Sol. Here, (c + b) x (e+ a )·(c+ b + a )
a, a, a, a,
⇒ (cxc+cxa+b><c+bxa) •(c+b+a )
Thcn, I" b e li" b e] = b1 b, b, b,
⇒ (c x a+b xc +b x a)·(c + b + a ) (':cxc=0)
C1 C2 C3 Ct C2 C3
⇒ (cxa)·c+(cxa)·b +(cxa)·a +( b xc)·c +( b x c) · b
r· · ·. . .
On nmh iplying row-by-row, we gel +(b x c) ·a +(bxa)·c+(b xa)·b+ (b xa)·a
[l\ b c]2 = ⇒ O+ [e a b] + O+ O+ O+ [b e a) + [b a e] + O+ O
a,b, + a 2b2 + a,b, ⇒ [abc]+ [abc)-[abc] (·:ca b =a bc)
ª1'1 + ª2'2 + ª1'1 ⇒ la b e] (·: [b a e) = - [a b e))
b,11, + b,a, + b,a, b1b1 + b2b2 + b3 b3 b,c, + b,c, + b,c,
1ª1 + '2" 2 + c,al c,b, + c,b, + c 3b3 C1Ct + CzC2 + C3C3 1Example 50. lf u, v and w are three non-coplanar
a •b a • c
ll · :1 vectors, then (u +v- w )• [(u -v)x(v- w )] is equal to
= b ·n b·b b · c (a) O (b) u · (v x w)
C •ll c•b C ·C (e) u • (w x v) (d) 3u · (v x w )
Sol. (b)(u + v-w) •[u -v x( v -w)]
1 Example 47. lf a,b,c, I and m are vectors, prove that ⇒ (u +v-w) •[(u x v) x(u x w)-0 +( v x w )]
a b e = [u u v] + [v u v) - [w u v]- [u u w] - [v u w ]
[a b cJ~xm) =a-1 b-1 c-1 + [w u w] + [u v w ] + lv v w] - [w v w)
a-m b-m c- m =0+0-[u v w)-0+ [u v w )+0+ lu v w] +0-0
=[uvw]= u- (v x w)
Sol. Lct a= a1i +a,}+ a,k, b = b1i + b,j + b3 k,
J
e = c1l + c2 + c3k, l = 11i + 1,) + 131< 1Example 51. lf a, b ande are non-coplanar vectors
and À. is a real number, then the vector a+ 2b + 3c,
llJld m = m,l + m,J + m3 k.
Ã.b + 4c and (2Ã. - l)c are non-coplanar for
k (a) no value of À
⇒ [a b e)( 1 x m ) = b, b2 b3 11 12 13 (b) all except one value of À
c1 c2 c1 m1 m2 m3 (e) all except two values of À
(d) all values of À
On multiplying row-by-row, we get
a 1i + a 2 } + a 3 k a,11 + a 2 12 + a 3 13 a,m, + a 2 m2 + a 3 m3 Sol. (e) Since, a , b ande are non-coplanar vectors.
[a b c) ;,,o
= b,i + b, j + b,k b,11 + b212 + b3 13 b,m, + b,m, + b3 m 3
Now, a+ 2b + 3c, Àb + 4c and (2À - l ) c will be
c,i + c 2} + c,k b,/1 + b2 12 + b3 13 c1m1 + c 2 m2 + c3 m3 non-coplanare iff
a ·l n •m a b e (a + 2b + 3c) • {( Àb + 4c) x (2À - 1) e} ,e O
" b•m = a· l b ·l c·1 i.e., (a + 2b + 3c) · {À(2À - 1) ( b x e) ,e O
b b ·l
c •I c •m a ·m b ·m C·m i.e., À(2À - !)[a b e]\ ;,, O
e
À ;<,Q ~
1 Example 48. lf a and b are non-zero and non- 2
collinear vectors, then show that Thus, given vectors w ill be non-coplanar for ull \"alu~s of À
a xb = [a b íJ i + [a b j]] + [a b kJ k except two values Oaml ~-
2
Sol. Lc,t a x b = xi + yj + zk ...(i) 1 Example 52. lf x, y and· z are distinct sc.1lars such
(a x b) •i = (xi+ y}+z k)·I
that [ xa + yb + zc, xb + ) C + za.xc + ya + zb) =O] where
(axb) •i = x a, b and e are non-coplanar vectors. then
Also, (a x b)· J" y ...(li) (a) x + y + z = O (li) xy + yz + zx = O
3
(e) x + y3 + Z J = 0 (rlh 1 + y 1 + Z
1
=0
(axb) •k =z
a x b = [a b 1] + [a b i J]j + la b k] k Sol. (n) a, b nml e 11r,• nun-rnplnn11r.
la b cl "o
Now, consider [.xa + .).b + zc, xb + yc + za,xc + ya + zb) = O Sol. (a) Sincc, thc volume oí tctmhcclrun wlt h rclgcs "• b nncl e Is
xy z xyz [n b ci
⇒ z x y [abc]=O ⇒ z x y = O [·:(abc],.O) Wherc, a ·n = h · b = c•c = I
y ✓:i (glvcn)
Z X y Z X Oll<I a •c = h •c = a •c =T
⇒ 2
(x + y + z)(x + y2 + z 2
- xy -yz - zx) = O
V= ~ [a bc)
⇒ !(x + Y + z)l(x - y) 2
} + (y - z} 2 + (z - x) 2 } = O 6
2 n·a n -b
⇒
But x, y and z are d istinct

x + y + z = O or x = y = z V 2 =..!..[abc]'=..!.. b ,n
36 36
t, . t, n·i·
t, .
c•n c• h C•C
x+y+z=O.
,fj ..fj
1Example 53. lf a , b and e are three non-coplanar 2 2
uni-modular vectors, each inclined with other ai an = ..!.. ..fj ..fj = ..!..(3✓3 - ~)
angle 30", then volume of tetrahedron whose edges are 36 2 2 36 1 4
a, b and e is ,fj ,fj
~
2 2
(a) (b) 3./3 - 5
12 12
(e) s..fi. + 3 (d) None of 1hese
12

1. lf a and b are two vectors such that I a x b 1= 2, lhen find lhe value of [ a b a x bi
2. 1f the veclors 21 - 3j, i + j - kand 31 - kform lhree concurrenl edges of a parallelopiped , lhe find lhe volume
of the parallelopiped.
3. lf the volume of a parallelopiped whose adjacenl edges are a = 21 + 3j + 4k , b = 1+ exi + 2k , e = 1+ 2j + exk is
15, lhen find lhe value of ex, where ex > O.
4. The position vector of lhe four angular poinls of a tetrahedron are A(i + 2k), B (31+ k), C (41 + 3j + 6k) and
D = (2Í + 3 j + 2k~Find lhe volume of lhe letrahedron ABCD.
5. Find lhe altitude of a parallelopiped whose lhree coterminous edges are vectors A = 1+ j + k, B = 21 + 4j - k
ande= i + j + 3k wilh Aand B as the sides of lhe base of lhe parallelopiped.
6. Examine whether the vectors a = 21 + 3j + 2k , b = 1- j + 2k and e = 31 + 2j + 4k from a left handed ora righl
handed syslem.
7. Prove lhat lhe four poinls 41 + sj + k, - {i + k) , (31 + 9j + 4k) and 4(-i + j + k) are coplanar.
8. Provethat(abc](uvw] =I : : ~
a -w
: :~
b·W
::~1
C· W
9. lf(a b e] =2, lhen find lhe value of[(a + 2b - c)(a - b)(a - b- c)l
1O. lf a, b and e are three non-coplanar veclors, lhen flnd lhe value of
a -(b x c) + b-(c x a) + c - (a x b)
b-(c x a) c -(a x b) a -(b x e)
Session 4
Vector Tripie Product
Vector Tripie Product Rrmark-s

li is defined for three vectors n. b ande as the wctor , . A , (b ~ e ) Is~ lll\1W rC'inhl11:1til'II o i \110,,,, '"'' \1'('1(11~ whlr h
a x (b x c). in h1,h'hl' t::..
ê\f\"'-\\tlh
2. lf r • n H b "- C\ tlwn r 1~ l'<'• l'<'lllll,111.11 tn n i\nil 1hr 1111111, pl:111,,
This vector being perpendiculnr to n nnd b x e. But b x e is oi b m,d c.
n vector perpendicular lo lhe plane of b nnd e. 3. a -< (b "- c l•(n •c ) b -(n •b) c
(n -< bl , c •(C·ll ) b -(c , b\a
Aid to 111~1110,y
lx\11"- 111) • (l , llll lf - (1 , llll lf
4. (11 x b\ x(c -< dl • ((n , b), d \ c - ((n ,bl-c ) d
~ ln b dl e - ln b e 1d
=> Tittl l\'Cll>I' (1\ ' pl,11\ll oi C nrnl d.
Al$O, (n x b) x (e :-. d ) a - (e '< d) '< (n . b)
= - {((e '< d l · b) n - ((e '< dl· (n b ))
= -lcdb) 11 +lcdn l b
:. a x (b x e) lie in the plane of b nnd e. i.e.. it is coplnnnr Which shows thnt (n x b) "(e x d) lit'S ln tho pln110 oi n nn<f b.
with bandc. n,us. the vector (n x b) x \e x d) lics olono th~ co11u11on
section oi the plnne oi e.d .,nd thnt oi lho pl;1110 oi " · b.
i.e .• nx(bxc)=lb+mc ...(i)
Taking the scalar product of this equntion with n. we gel Lagrange's ldentity
·: a x (b x e) is .l toª] (n x b) ·(c x d)= •n ·c n · d 1
O= l(a · b) +m(a·· c) [ :.(n x(b x c)·n=O l b · c b ·d
/(a· b) =- m(a ·c) Proof LHS =(n x b) ·(e x d)= 11 ·(c x li )
=>
where u=n x b = (uxc)•d
=> -'-=-~=À (say)
a ·C a ·b =((n x b) x c)·d
=> /=À(a·c) =((e ·a)· b-(c ·n ) · a) · d
and m =-À(a· b) = (e ·a) (b ·d) -(e • b) (a •d)
Substituting the value of I and m in Eq. (i), we gel =(a· e) (b · d) -(b · e) (a · d)
a x(b x c) = À [(a ·c)b-(a · b) e] = ln· c n · d1
Here, the value of À can be determined by tak.ing specific b ·c b ·d
values of a, b ande.
lf we choose the coordinate axes in such a way that, 1Example 54. lf a= i + j + k , b = i + } , e = i and
a=a 1 Í , b = b 1i +b2] (a x b) x e= Àa + ~tb , then À+ ~1 is equal to
(a) O (b) 1
and c=c1 i+c2J+ c1Í<. (cl 2 (d) 3
it is easy to show that À = 1. Sol. (u)(a x b) x e= Àn + 11b
Hcnce, a x(b x c) = (a ·e) b - (a · b)c ~ (a · c)b -(b · c) :t = Àll + llb
anda x(b xc) =(a x b) x c, if some of all a, b ande are ~ À = - b •c,11 = a ·c
zero vcctors ora ande are collínear. À+j.l = n •c -b · c = (a - b )·c
= {< i + j + kl - (1 + Jll = k -i = o
1Example 55. lf a ,b and e are three non-parallel unit 1Example 58. Show that the vectors
a x(b x c), b x (c xa) and e x((a x b) are coplanar.
vectors such that a x (b x e)= ~ b, then find the angles
Sol. Lei p = a x( b xc), q = b x(c xa)and r = ex (a X b ), then
which a makes with b and e. p + q + r=a x(b xc)+ b x(cxa)+ c x(a x b )=O
Sol. We have, a x (b x e)= !b ⇒ p =(-1), q =(- l) r
2 which shows p is linear combination ofq and r.
⇒ (a •c)b -(a · b )c=! b So, p, q are coplanar.
2 Hence, a x (b x e), b x (e x a ) ande x (a x b ) are coplanar.
a · e = ! and a • b = O (comparing e and b) 2
2 1Example 59. Prove that [a x b b x e e x a] = [a b c]
⇒ a •c= ! and a .l b Sol. Wehave,(a x bb xccx a ]
2
= {(a x b)x( b x c)l·(c xa)
Suppose a makes angle 8 with e. Then, a . e = ~ = {d x (b x e)}· (ex a) (where, d = (a X b )]
= ((d ·c) b - (d· b )c] · (c x a )
⇒ lall c l cos8=! ⇒ cos8=! (·:la ll c J>'O) = ({(a x b )· e) b - (a x b ) b} cl(c X a )
2 2
={[a bc] b -0).(cx a ) (·:(a bb)= O]
8=~ ={la bc]{b •(c x a )}
3
=[a b c][b ca ] {·:(a bc)= fbca )l
Thus, a is perpendicular to b and makes an angle ~ wilh e. 2
3 = (a b c)
1Example 56. lf a = - i + } + kand b = 2i + k, then 1Example 60. l f a,b and e are coplanar show
find the vector x satisfying the conditions. . [ a x bb xc c x a ]arecoplanar.
(i) that it is coplanar with a and b. Sol. Since, [a b e] are coplanar.
(ii) it is perpendicular to b. ⇒ [a bc)=O
(iii) a-x =7 and[a x bb x c c x a ) =[a b c) 2 =O
Sol. Since, x is in lhe plane of a and b and is perpendicular lo b. :. [a x b b x e e x a) are coplanar, ifn. b nnd c are
coplanar.
x = À {b X (a X b)}
⇒ x= À {(b · b) a - (b ·a )b} 1Example 61. lf A, B ande are vectors such that
= À 15(-i + j + kJ-(-1)(21 + kll 1B 1= 1e 1, prove that
= Ã {-si + sj + sk + ú + t~} {(A + B) X (A+ C)} X (B XC}•(B + C) = O.
So/. Let R 1 = A + D, R , = A + C, ll, = l\ + C
= À f-3i + sj + 6k}
:. LHS = {( A + D) x ( A + C)} X ( D x C)} X ( D x C) ·(D + C)
Now,a · X =7
⇒ {( ll 1 X ll 2) X ( li X C)} · ll,
⇒ - 3À + SÀ + 6À = 7
⇒ ((ll, ·(ll X C)} ll 2 - (ll 2 ·( ll x C) R ,lJ · R .,
⇒ 8À =7 ⇒ À=?_ ⇒ [A + 11 ll C)[ll 2 ·lld-[A + C II Cl( R 1 · R,)
8
⇒ ([A D CJ + [li D C]} [( i\ + Cl ·( ll+ C))- {[A li C)
Hence, x=?..(-3i +s]+6kl
8 + [C li Cl) [( A + ll) ·(ll + C)]
⇒ [A ll C](A •ll + A ·C+ C · II + C·C)-[A 1\ C)
1Example 57. Prove that ·
(A · li + A · C + ll •I\ + l\ ·C)
a x (b x c )+ b x (ex a) + c x (a x b ) = O
⇒ [AII Cl(A •ll + A · C+C •ll +ICll- ,\ , 1\
Sol. Wc have, a x (b x e)+ b x (e X a )+ e X (a X b )
- A • C + JI . 11 + li • C)
= {(a • c)b - (a· b )c} + f(b •a ) e -(b •c)a)
⇒ IA II Cl(I c1 2 - 111 J2 )
+ l(c· b )a -(c •a) b)
⇒ [A li Cl(O)
= [(a · c)b -(a • b)c + (a• b) e -(b · c)a (·: J 11 1• Ie ll
+ (b · c)n -(n • c) b J a O => fl • l!IIS
1Example 62. lf b and e are two non-collinear vector 1Example 63. Find the set of vectors reciprocai to the
such that a 11 (b x e), then prove that(a x b )-(a x e) is set of vectors 21 + 3j - k,i - ] - 2k,- i + 2j + 2k
2
equal to Ia 1 (b -e).
SOi. Lei lhe given vector be a, b, e.
Sol. Since, a li ( b X c), therefore a .L banda .L e 2 3 -1
⇒ a -b =Oand a -c=O Now, [a bc] = 1 - 1 -2
Now, consider (a x b )-(a x e)= Iªb "·aª a · c 1= la ·a

b -c O
O 1
b ·c
-1
= 2(-2 + 4) -
2 2
3(2 - 2) -1 (2 - 1)
=(a ·a)(b-c) =la 2 1(b · e). = 4-1 =3
k
bxc= 1 -1 -2 =2i+ k
Reciprocai System of Vectors -1 2 2
Thé two system of vectors are called reciprocai system of
vectors if by taking dot product, we get unity. k
Thus, if a, b ande be three non-coplanar vectors and if. cxa = -1 2 2 = -8í+3J-7k
2 3 . -1
a '= b x c , b'= c x a an.d e '= a x b
la be l la bel la b el
k
Then a', b' ande' are said to be reciprocai system of axb= 2 3 -1 =-7í+3J -5k
vectors for the vector a, b and e. 1 - 1 -2
Remarks , b xc Ú+k
Hence, a = -- = - -
1. li a , b, e and a ', b', e' are reci procai system oi vectors, then [a b c) 3
a -a'= a · (b x e )= [a bel = 1
(a be) [a bel b' = ~ = :--8i +3J-7k
Similarly, b-b' = e -e '= 1 [a b e) 3
2. a -b' =a -e'= b-a ' = b -a ' = e-a'= e -b' =0
3. [a bel•[a ' b' e 'l =1 and e, =--=
a xb - 7i+3j -5k
~-~--
[a b e] 3
Proof : We have.
bxe e xa a x b] 1 Example 64. Find a set of vector reciprocai to the
[a'b' e 'l = [ [a be] = [a bel= [a bel
1
vectors a, b and a x b.
= -1- [b x ee x aa x bl = -- 3 [a be]2
~ b ~J ~ b~ Sol. Let lhe given vectors be denoted by a, b ande where
1 e = a x b.
= [a bel [a bc) =(a x b )·c·=(a x b )=(a x b )2 •••(i)
:. [a ' b' e'] • [a b e] = 1 • • • and lei lhe reciprocai system of vector be a', b ' ande'.
4. The orthogonal triad oi vectors 1, j and k is self reciprocai. a '= b x c = b x(a x b)
Let i , j and k be the system oi vectors reciprocai to the system [a bc) [a x b ]2
i , j and kthen, we have, b ' = ~ = ( a x b )xa
'1 = ~i X k = 1" [a bc] [a x b] 2
[i jkl , a xb a xb
e= - - = - - -
Similarly, j· = j and k' = k [a bc) (a x b]2
5. a, b and e are non-coplanar itt a ', b', e' are non-coplanar. : , a ' , b ' ande' are required reciprocai system of vectors for
[a bel (a'b' e'l = 1 a, banda x b.
1
(a' b' e'l = - -
(a b el bx c cxa axb
So, (a bel ;tQ <=>[a ' b'e'l "º 1Example 65. lf a ' = [a b e]' b' = [a b e]' e' = [a _b cJ'
Thus,a, b and e are non-coplanar itt [a ' b' e 'l are non-coplanar.
then show that
&. lf a , b. e are non-coplanar vectors, then a x a ' + b x b' +ex e'= o, where a , b and e a re
r= (x bel a +[x e al b + [xa b] e
(a bel
non-coplanar.
Sol. Here,axa'=ax(b x c)
[a b e) Solving of Vector Equations
3
X , = (a · c)b - (a · b) e Solving a vector equa tion means determining an unknown
3 ...(i)
[a b e] vector (or a number of vectors satisfying. the given
Sirnilarly, conditions)
b x b ' = (b ·a) e - ( b · e) a Generally, to solve vector equations we express the
...(ii) unknown as the linear combination of three non-cop lanar
[a b e]
e X e' = (e •b )a - ( e • a) b
vector as; r = xa + yb + z(a x b); as a . b anda x b are
[a b e]
...(iii) non-coplanar and find x, y and ~ using given conditions.
a x a '+ b x b'+ c xc' · Sometimes, we can directly solve lhe given condition it
(a •c)b-(a · b)c +(b ·a )c-(b ·c)a would be more clear from some examples.
+ (c •b)a (c •a ) b 1Example 67. Solve the vector equation r x b =a x b,
[a bc)
r •c = Oprovided that e is not perpendicular to b.
(·.-a •b = b •a)
=O Sol. We are given,
rx b=a x b
1 Example 66. lf(e1, e 2 ,e 3 )and (e 1 ',e/, e3 ')are two ⇒ ( r - a )x b =O
Hence, ( r - a ) and b are para!Jel.
sets of non-coplanar vectors such that i =1, 2, 3,
⇒ r-a =tb
,
we have e1 •e1 =
{1, if i• = j• then show that and we known r ·c = O, ...(i)
o, i f i ;t,j' :. Taking dol product ofEq. (i) by e, we get
[e1,e 2,e3J, [e; e; e; J=l. · r -a - a · e= t( b ·c )
0 - a •C=l(b ·c)
Sol. We have, e1 · e; = O, e1 • e; = O
⇒ e,.l e; and e, .l e; /=-(~) b ·c
...{ü)
e 1 li (e; x e;) .'. From Eqs. (i) and (ü) solution of r is

e, = À (e; x e;) ...(i) r = a- -a •c) b
( b ·c
e, •e,'= À(e; x e;) , e;
l= À[e;e; e;J 1Example 68. Solve for x, such that·A · X =e and
A X X = B with e ;é o.
À=-
, -!- ,-
[e, e2 e3 ] Sol. We have, A x X = B
From Eq. (i), Taking vector product ofboth sides with A, we get
e 2 'xe3 ' A X B = A x (A x X)
t a= - , - ,- ,-
[e1 e2 e3] =(A ·X) A - (A ·A ) X
e, ' X t ' = CA -I Al 2 X
Sirnilarly, ez = - , - . -1,
[e, e2 e,] (using A •X = C andA · tA =1A I')
e,' x e 2 ' 1A 1 x = CA - A x B
2
and e,= -.-,-.-
[e, e2 e,]
or
[t1 t2 e )
1
- [e; x e; e; x e; e; x e;)
- • , ,
3
[e, e e 2 3)
⇒ [e1, e, ,e3 )[e; e; e; J' = [e; x e; e; x e; e; X e;) ...(ii) 1Example 69. Solve the vector equation r x a + kr = b,
Now, [e; xe; e; xe; e; xe;] = (e; e; e; ) 2 where a and b are two given vector and k is any scalar.
...(iiJ)
Sol. Slnce, a, b ru,d a x b ore two non-coplanar vectors.
.'. From Eqs. (ü) and (iii), we gd
r = xa + }b + :(a x b )
(e, e2 e1 )(e; e; e; J' = (e; e; e; ) 2 ...(i)
(e, e 2 e,)(e; e; e; )= 1 (where, x ,y and z scalars)

On putting r in r x a+ ler = b, we gel 1Example 70. Solve for vectors A and B, where
{xa + J,b + z(a x b )} x a + k {xa + J,b + z(a x b)} = b A+ B = a, A x B =b, A · a =1
=y(b x a)+ z{(a •a)b -(a •b ) a} + k{xa + J,b
Sol. We have, A + B =a
+z(a x b)}= b
= A •a + B •a =a- a
= {/ex - z(a •b )}a+ {ky + z(a • a)} b + {(y + zk)} (a x b ) = b
= t + B •a = a 2 (given A ·a = 1)
= kx-z(a •b )=O,ky + z(a -a)= l 2
D ·a =a - 1 ...(i)
-y + zk =O ⇒
On solving these equalions, wc gel Also, A XB= b

1 = a x( A x B)=ax b
z= - - -
k2 + 1a 1'' = (a·B)A '-(a •A )B =a x b
a •b = (a 2 - l )A-B =ax b
x= - ---
~I a I' + k 2 ) [using Eq. (i) and a •A = 1) ...(ü)
k and A + B=a
and y = -- -
k' + 1a I' From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we gel
On putting theses value in Eq. (i), we gel the solulion, A =(a x b)+ a and B=a-{(ax b )+a}
(a· b ) k · 1 ª2 ª2
T --é---'-- 2 + - 2
- - (b ) + - - - 2 (a X b ) 2
~k' + 1 a 1 ) k + 1a I' k' + 1a 1 (b xa)+a(a - 1)
⇒ B= a'
r =--
, - -2
1 í(a· b ) a
L--- l
+ (k) b + (a x b )Jis required solution. 2
k + I ai k Thus,
• A =(axb)+a and B ={b x a ) a (a - 1)
2 2
a a

1. Find lhevalueofcxx(l3 xy),wherecx=2i- 1oj +2k. l3=3i+ i +2k. y=2i+ j +3k.
2. Find l he veclor of fength 3 unil which is perpendicular to i + j + kand lies in lhe plane of i + j + kand 2i - 3 j.
3. Show thal{b x c ). a x d)+ (e xa)( b x d)+ (a x b)(c x d) =O
4. Prove thal Í x(a + i) + j x (a x j ) + kx (a xk) = 2a.

5. Prove that [a x b a x c d) =(a -d)[a b e)
6. lf a, b and e are non-coplanar unit vector such that a x (b x e)= b..:;e, b and e are non-parallel, then prove that
. 31t
the angle between a and b 1s .4
7. Find a set of vectors reciprocai to lhe sei of vectors -l + J+ k , l - J+ k , i + J+ k.
8. lf a, b, e and á , b' , e! are reciprocai system of vectors, then prove that
a + b+ e
á x b' + b' x c! + c! x á = - -- .
[a bc]
9. Solve r x b = a, where a and b are given vectors such that a • b = O.
1O. Find veclor r, if r · a = m and r x b = e, where a • b '# O.

Only One Option Correct Type Questions
• Ex. 1 ifl a 1 = 5, 1 a - b 1 =8 and I a + b 1 =1O, then I b I is

i 4} A
• Ex. 4 Let a b > o anda = - + - + bk and

equal to ' a b ·
1 A 10 ,
(a) 1 (b),/s'i A- bi + aJ + - k then the maximum value o J - --R is
.,- b • s+a- ....
(e) 3 (d) None of these
Sol. (b) We know lhal for any two veclors (a) 1 (b) 2
(d) 8
1a + b 12 + 1a - b l' = 2 (1 a l' + 1b I') (e) 4
b 4a (·: AM ~GM)
=>
2
(10) + (8) 2 = 2((5)2 + 1b 12 l Sol. (a) a·P= - + - + 1 ~5
a b
=> 100+64 =50+ 2 lbl' => l bl'=57
So, 10 ) - J
l bl= ✓S? ( 5+a •P,..,. - .
• Ex. 2 Ang/e between diagonais of a paralle/ogram whose • Ex. 5 if the unit vectors e, and e 2 are inc/ined at an
sides are represented by a= 2i +} + k and b = i - }- k angle 29 andl e, -e 2 1< 1, then for9 E [O, 7t ], 9 may lie in the
(a) cos-•G) (b) cos-'G)
interval
(a)[ o.~) (b)[~•%]
(c)cos- '(¾) (d)cos-'(%)
Sol. (a) Lei e and d be the diagonais of parallelogram.

(d)[%,s:]
Then, c = a + b andd = a - b Sol. (a) li is given lhat e1 and e2 are two urút vectors inclined ai
=> e= 3i and d = i + 2) + 2k an anglc 28 and I e, - e, 1 < 1.
2
1 e, - e, 1 < 1 => 1 e, - e, 1 <1
Lei 8 be the angle between e and d
2
e -d 31 ·(i + 2J + 2k) => 4 sin 2 8 < 1 (·: 1e 1 - e 2 I' = 4 sin 8]
Then, cos8 = ~ = Jrii'✓12 + 2, + 2
,
=>
3 1
=- = -
3 X3 3
8 = cos -,(1)3
• Ex. 6 if a =3i - } +Sk andb = i + 2]-3k are given
• Ex. 3 Let a , b,c, be vectors of /ength 3, 4, 5 respectively vector. A vectore which is perpendicular to Z-axis satisfying
e · a = 9 ande· b = - 4. if inc/ination ofe with X-axis and
anda be perpendicular to(b +e), b to(c + a) ande to
Y-axis isa andP respecti've/y, then which of thefollowing is
(a + b), then the value o/(a+ b+ e) is
not true?
(a) 2..Js (b) 2✓ 2
(e) 1o..Js (d) 5✓ 2 (a)a> ~ (b) P>~
4 2
Sol. (d) We havc, 1 ai = 3, 1 b 1 = 4 and I e 1 = 5. li is given lhat
(c)a> ~ (d)P< ~
a.i (b+c),b.i(c+a)andc .i (a+b) 2 2
=> a -(b + c)=O, b -(c+ a )= Oandc ·(a + b) = O Sol. (e) e lies in XY-plane
=> a-b + a-e = b · c +b·a = c·a + c · b = O e = xi+ y J
or a. b + b • e+ e •a = O (adding ali lhe above equations) From' the given conditions Jx - y = 9
Now, l a + b +cl'=lal'+lbl' + lcl' and x + 2y =- 4
+2(a· b + b · c+c· a) Solving, we get e = 2i - 3 J
Ja+ b + c l = 5✓2
= 3' + ◄' + 52 = 50 a = cos-
1
( F3). p= cos-•( FJ)
• Ex. 7 lf A is 3 x 3 matrix and u is a vector. lf Au and u are

orthogonal f or ali real u, then matrix A is a ~ ~ Ak
(a) singu lar (b) non-singula r
⇒
(e) symmetric
Sol. (a) Au· u = O
2
(d) skew-symmetric
1A 11u 1 = O, Since I u 1# O ⇒ 1A 1= O
A is singular.
?.1- 1
=5 ·3{- co{cos· D } = 5 ·3· ( - D= -9
• Ex. 8 Let the cosine of angle between the vectors p and q a · b + b ·c+ c ·a = 0 -16 - 9=-25
T rick ·: a + b + c = 0
be À such that 2p + q =i + ] and p + 2q =i - ]. then i,, is
On squaring both lhe sides, we getl a + b + e I' = O
equal to
2
⇒ 1 a I'-+ 1b 1 2 + 1 e 1 + 2(a · b + b · e+ e · a) = O
(a) ~ (b) -~
9 5 ⇒ 2(a · b + b -c+ c •a ) =- (9 + 16+ 25)
(e) ~ (d)~ ⇒ a -b + b •c +c·a =- 25
9 9
Sol. (b) lt is given that 2p + q = i + 3 • Ex. 10 Letu, v andw be such thatl ui = 1, 1 v 1 = 2,
and p + 2q = l - 3 Jw 1=3. /f the projection v along u is equal to that of w
along u and v, w are perpendicular to each other, then
⇒ p = .!. i + J and q = .!.i- J
3 3 lu - v+ w l equals.
Let 8 be lhe angle between p and q. Then (a) ✓14 (b) ✓7
(¼i+ ,)·(¼i-,)
cos8 = ~ = ---.==-.;_-...-,==- "'---
(e) 2
Sol. (a) We have,
(d ) 14
1p li q 1 (ff + (1)' (ff + (- 1)'

Projection of v and u = Projection of w along u
⇒
V ·U
~=Vi=> W·U
V · U= W · U ... (i)
Also, v and w are perpendicular to each other
= ✓~ + 1 ✓~+ 1
V· W =O ... (ií)
2 2
Now, I u -v+ w l =lu l + 1 v i' + 1 w I' -2(u · v )
).. = cos8 =- ~ '- 2 (v · w ) + 2(u •w)
5
⇒ 1 u - v + w 1' = 1 + 4 + 9
• Ex. 9 Let a, b and e be vectors with magnitudes 3, 4 and ⇒ I u -v+ w l= ✓14
5, respectively and a+ b + e= O, then the values of
a · b+ b ·c + c· a is • Ex. 11 lf a, b and e are unit vectors, then
(a) 47 (b) 25 1a- hl2 +Ib - e12 +l c- a12 does not exceed
(e) so (d) - 25 (a) 4 (b) 9
2 2 2 2
Sol. (d) We observe, 1 a i' + 1 h l =3 + 4 = 5 =1 c i' (c)8 (d) 6
2
a ·b =O Sol. (b) We have, 1a - b 1 + 1b - e I' + 1e- a!'
b -e = 1 b li e I· cos( 1t - cos- 1 4)
5
= t al+ lh l' -2 (a · b) + lh l' +lcl'-2 (b ·c)+ 1 c l2
2
+ l al - 2(c ·a)
2 2 2
= 2(1a 1 + 1h1 + 1 cl - (a· b + b · e+ c · a)]
= 2[3 - (a · b + b · e + c •a)]
= 6-2(a · b + b -c+ c · a ) ...(i)
_,3) Now, i a+ b + cl 1 ~ O
c·a = l c ll a l·cos 1t -cos( 5 ⇒ l • l' + lh l' +lcl' + 2(a· b + b · c+c · a) ~ O
90 T ~k of Vector & 30 Geometry
3+2(a · b + b · c+c·a) 20
Sol. (b) Ltt P(r) b< a point on lhe locus.
AP=BP
a·b+ b ·c+ c -a2-~
2 1r- a 1=1 r-bl =I r - a i' =1 r - bl'
⇒ -2(a-b + b·c+ c·a)Sl ...(ü) (r - a) •(r- a )=(r - b ) ·(r - b)
From Eqs. (i) a.nd (ü). ..,., obtlin
6
I a- b I' + 1b - e 12 + 1e - a 1' s 6 + 3
= l a-b l'+ l b-c l'+ l c-a l2 S9
• Ex.12 Thevedo~a=2t..2i+4t.]+kand
A(a) B(b)
b =7 i - 2J+ }.k make an obtuse angle whereas the angle
=> 2r ·(a - b) = a -a- b · b
between b andk is acute and /ess than rc 16,
r · (a- b) = .!.(a+ b) ·(a - b)
(a)0 < À. < _! (b)}.. > .Ji59 =>
2
2
(e) - .! < }. < o [r- ~(a+ b)J(a-b)= O
(d) null sd
2
Sol. (d) As angle b<twttn a and b is ob~ a · b < O 1bis is lhe locus of P.
= cz>.'i + üJ + i<J -<1l - 2J +ui < o • Ex. 14 ln cartesian coordinates the point A is(x., y, ),
= 14}.' - SÃ + À <0 where x, =1 on the curve y = x 2 + x + 10. Then tangent at A
= À(2À - 1) < O cuts the X-axis at 8. The va/ue of the dot product OA · AB is
o <À<.!.
= 2
...(i)
(a) -
520
3
(b) - 148
(e) 140 (d) 12

. k is acute and less than ~-
Angle b<twttn b and 6
Sol. (b) Given curve is y = x 2 + x + 10 ...(i)
b •k = I b H k lcos8 2
2 When x = 1, y = 1 + 1 + 10 = 12
À= .Js1 + À 1•cos8
= A= (1, 12)
=> cose= À
2
OA = i + 12]
.Js1 + Ã
From Eq. (i), dy = 2x + 1
8 < .'.:. => cos8 > cos~ dx
6
../3 À
6
../3 Equation oftangent at A is y -12 = (dy)dx
(x - 1)
(1. 12)
=> cos8> - = > ~ > -
2 ✓s1 + Ã' 2 ⇒ y - 12=(Zx l +l)(x - 1)
2
= 4}! - 3(53 + À
À
2
> 159
) >O ⇒ y- 12=3x-l
y =3(x+l)
=>
...(ü) This ·1 angent cuts X-axis (Le. y = O) ai (-3, O)
=> À<-./159
B = (-3,0)
From Eqs. (i) and (ü), À = C:,
OB = -li+ O·] = - li. OA·AB= OA-(0B-OA)
: . Domain of À is null seL
(i + 12J)-(-3i - i -12J)=(i + 12])-(- 4i -12))
• Ex. 13 The /ocus ofa point equidislant from two given = -4- 144 = -148
points whose position veclors are a andb is equal to

• Ex. 15 ln a tetrahedron OABC, the edges are of leng ths,
(a>[, - ~(a+ b>]-(a+ b) =O 1OA l=I BCI =a,J 08 J=l AC J=b, 1OC J=1 ABJ = c. l et G,
and G 2 be lhe cenlroids of lhe lriangle ABC and AOC such
(b) [• - ~(a+ b)]-(a - b) = O Ql + Cl
lhal OG, .L 8G 2 , lhen lhe va/ue o f - - - is
bl
(e)[, - ~(a+ b)]-a = O (a) 2 (b) 3
(e) 6 (d) 9
(d)[r-(a+b)]· b =O
Sol. (b) oc; · BG, = o. Sol. (b) Lct the requircd vcctor be r = li + zk. sincc r is a unit
a+b+c a +c-3b vcctor.
- - -· - - - =O
3 3 x' + y 2 = 1
=> 02 +c 2 -3b' +2a ·c -2b· c - 2a•b=O
lt is given that r makes 45• and 60º angles with a and b
2 respectivcly.
1c -0! = b ,I c- b 12 = a 2 and l a - b 12 = c2
2
Now,
· r ·a r· b
2a · c = a' + c - b2, 2b · c = b2 + c2 -a',
2 cos 45º = - - and cos60° = - -
1a íl r l · l r ll h l
2a · b = a'+ b2 - c2 1 2x - y 1 -y
✓ 2 = - 3- andz = - ✓ 2
Putting in the above result. we get 2a 2 + 2c2 -6b 2 = O
+ 3 1
=>
02
- - =3
c2
2x - y =✓2 and y =Tz
b'
1
x=7i
• Ex. 16 lf OABC is a tetrahedron such that OA 2 + BC 2
2 2 2 1 • •
=08 +CA = OC + AB2. then which of thefollowing is r= 7i (i - k)
not true?
(a) OA .l BC (b) 08 .l AC • Ex. 19 A unit vedor perpendicular to the vector
(e) 0C .l AB (d) AB .l AC - i + 2j + 2k and making equal angles with X and Y -QJCes
Sol. (d) Ld OA = a. OB= b, OC = e
can be
Thcn &om the given conditions 1 • • • 1 • • •
(a) (2i +2j-k) (b) (2i - 2j - k)
a ·a+ (b- c) ·(b- e)= b · b+ (e- a) ·(c - a) 3 3
=> - 2b · c=-2c · a 1 • • • 1 • • •
(c) (2i+2j+ k ) (d) (2i - 2j + k )
c •(b - a ) =0 => BA · OC=0 3 3
Hence AB .l OC. Similarly, Sol. (a) Lei thc rcquircd vector be r = lf + m) + nÍc. wbcre /, m, n
BC l. OA and CA l. 08 are the dircction cosincs of r sucb that 1 = m
Jt is given that ris perpendicular to - i + 2) + 2k. Thereforc,
•Ex. 17 lfa,b,candA,B,CeR-{0)suchthat r · (-i+2)+2k) = o·
aA+bB+cc+.J(a 2 +b 2 .+c 2 )(A 2 + 8 2 +C 2 ) =O, then => - 1+ 2m+2n=0
aB
value of- =-bC + -cA 1s. =>
=>
1+2n = 0
1 =- 2n
[·: l = m)
bA cB aC
1 + m' + n' =1
2
(a) 3 (b) 4 Now,
(e) s (d) 6 • 2
4n + 4n 2 + n2 = 1
Sol. (a) Lct r, = <ri + bj +. c:k and r, = AI + B) + Ck
=> n=±!_
r,·· r, =aA + bB + cC 3
1 r, li r, 1= ✓(o' + b' + c')(A' + B' + C') I ='l' ~. m ='l' ~. n ='l' !.
3 3 3
r1r2 = - 1 r, 11 r, 1
=> r1 and r, are anti-parallcl Henct. r = .: !.c2i+2J-k>
3
~ = ~ = .!.. ,;; /e, where k is any constant
=> A B C-
• Ex. 20 /f(a+3b) ·(7a-Sb)=0and
aB + bC + cA = 3
=> bA cB o·c (a - 4b) · (7a - 2b) =O. Then, the angle betwéen a and b is
(a) 60" (b) 30'
• Ex. 18 The unit vector in ZOX plane making angl!s 45' (e) 90º (d) None of these
and 60" respectively, with a =2i + 2j - k andb =J- k, is Sol. (a) We havc, (a+ 3b) ·(7a - Sb) = O
1 • • => 7 1• I' + 16a· b - 15 I b l2 =O ...(i)
(a)7i(-i + k) (b)rz(i-k)
and (a - 4b) ·(7• - 2b) = o
✓3 • • => 7 l •l'-30a · b+ 8 lb l'=O ...(ü)
(c)-(i +k) (d) Nonc of thcsc
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we gel • Ex. 22 lf a, b, e be non-zero vectors such that a is
2 2 perpendicular to b ande and I a 1 = 1, 1b 1 = 2, 1e 1 = 1, b ·e= 1
a. b _ 15 1b 1 - 7 1a 1
16 and there is a non-zero vectord coplanar with a+ b and
2b- e and d . a = 1, then minimum value ofl d I is
a · b = 2. (71 a I' + 81 b 12 )
30 2 (b) 3
(a)Jü Jjj
=> 151 b 1' - 71 a I' = 2. (7I a I' + 8 I b I')
8 15 4 (d) 4
(c)7s Jij
=> 15(151 b l'-7lal 2 )=8(71al' +S l b l')
Sol. (d)a · b = a · c=0, 1a 1=I cl = 1, 1b l =2 and b •c =1
2251 b I' - 105 1a 1' = 561 a 1' + 641 b I'
lei d = x(a + b) + y(2b - e)
1611b I' = 1611 a 1'
Bul d ·a = 1
1b l' =l al' => x(l + O)+ O= 1
From Eq. (i), we gel x=l
16a · b = 15 1bl' -7lal' =15 1b l2 -71 b l' => d = a+ b + y(2 b -c)
=> 16a·b=SI b l' => 1d I' = 1a I' + 1 b 1+ 2a. b + y'
(2b- c)2 + 2y(a+ b )·(2b- e)
a · b =!l bl'
2
=> 1d I' = 1 + 4 + y 2(16 + 1 - 4) + 2y(8 - 1)
2
1a 11 b I cose = ! 1b 1 = 13y 2 - 14y + 5
2
cose=! ld l . = 4Xl3X5 - 14Xl4 =-4-

2 m~ 4 X 13 M
e =60°
• Ex. 23 A groove is in the fo rm of a broken /ine ABC and
• Ex. 21 Let two non-col/inear vectors a and b inc/ined at lhe position vectors of lhe three points are respectively
an angle
2
1t be such that I a 1 = 3 and l b 1 = 2. lf a point P 2i -3] + 2k, 3i + 2j - k and i +] +k. A/orce of magnitude
3 24✓ 3 acts on a partic/e of unit m ass kept at the point A and
moves so that at any time t its position vectorOP (where O is
moves it a/ong the groove to lhe point C. lf the /ine ofaction
the origin) is given asOP = ( t +~)a +(,-~) b, then least of the force is parai/e/ to the vector i + 2j + k ali a/ong, the
number of units of work done by lhe force is
distance ofP from the origin is (a) 144 ✓2 (b) 144✓3
(a) J2-fm - 10 (b) J2-/m + 10 (e) 72✓2 (d) 72✓3
(e) Js+ -fm (d) None of these
Sol. (e) F =(24✓3) ! 2
+ ~+ = ~
24
'/!
(l + 2J + k)
2
2 2 I • + 2J + k I v6
Sol. (b) We have, 1OP 1 = (1 + ;)' 1a I' + (1 - ;) 1b 1
= 12✓2 (l + 23 + k)
+ 2( 1
2
-f;) 2
1a 11 b Icos( ; )
Displacemenl, r = Posilion Veclor ofC - Position Vector of A
= <l + 3+ k)- (21-3) + 2k )
2
1OP 1 =9( 1 + ff -ff
+ 4(1 -,1,) J -2 -(-/)
+ 2(1'
=<- l +4)-k)
Work done by lhe force
= 9( r' + ;; + 2) + 4(, + ,1, - 2) - { ' -f;) W= r · F=(- l + 4)-k) • 12 ✓2(i + 2]+ k)
2
= 1 2✓2 (-1 + 8 -1) =72✓2

=712 + ~ + 10
r'
• Ex. 24 For any vectors a, b; Ja x b 12 +(a• b) 2 is equal
=> IOPl'~2 - H + 10 (·: AM ~GM)
to
2
:. M.inimum value ofl OP J e J 10 + 2M (a) 1 a 1 1 b 12 (b) Ia + b I
2
(e) 111 1 - 1b I' (d) o
Sol. (a) We ha,·e. l a x b 1= 1a 11 b lsin8 • Ex. 28 /fa =2i-3)+ k,b=- i + k, c=2]- k. then the
~ la x bl' =lal' I b l' sin' e area (in sq units) of para/lelogram with diagonais a+ b and
b+ e wi/1 be
= 1 a l' I b 12(1 - cos' 8)
(a) ✓
21 {b) 2✓
21
= 1a I' 1b I' -1 a 1'1b 1' cos' 8
{e).! ✓
21 (d) None of lhese
= 1a l'I b I' -(1 a II b lcos8)' 2
=lal' l b l2 -(a · b)' Sol. (e) We have, a=2!-3j+ k
:. 1a X b I' + {a · b )' = 1a I' 1b I' b =- l+ k nnd c=2J- k

Since.(a+ b) and( b+ e) nr< 11,e diagonais of lhe parnllclogram
• Ex. 25 /f a= i + J+ k, b= i + )- k, then vectors perpen- Now. n+ b= i-3)+2k nnd b + e=- i+2J
dicular to a and b is/are
Aren ofparnllelogrnm = ! 1(n+ b) x(b + c)I
{a) À(i + j) {b)À(i+ ]+k) 2
{e) À{i- j) {d) None of lhese = ! 1(l-3) + 2k) X ( - l + 2)) 1

2
Sol. (e) Any ve-ctor perpendicular to both a and b = À(ax b)
j k
k ½ 1 _ - 3 2 =l ½(- 4i-2)-k)I
Now.axb= 1 1 - 1 2 O
1 1 -1
! (✓ - 4)' (-2)' + (- 1)-• = -..fjj sq un,ls.
=- .
= - 2i +2)= - 2
: .Rcquired vector = À(l - )) • Ex. 29 The coordinates of the mid-points of the sides of
õPQR are(3a, O, O), (O, 3b, O) and(O, O, 3c) rcspectivcly, then
• Ex. 26 lfa X b = b x e~ O, then the correct statement is the area oft,.PQR is
(a) 1 8 ✓,...b-2 c_2_+_
c 2_a_
2_+_a_2 b- 2 (b) 9Jb 2 c 2 + c 2a 2 + a 2 b 2
(a) b II e (b) a 11 b
(c)(a + e) li b (d) None of lhese 2 2 2
(e) 2.Jb' c' + c a + a b 2 (d) t8Jab + bc + ca
Sol. (e) We have. 2
axb= b x c Sol. (u) Lei L. A/, N be the mid-poinls of the sides of t.PQR.
a x b -bxc = O p
~ a x b +cx b = O
~ (a+c)x b=O
(a+ c)II b
[·: if veclor producl of two veclors is zero. then
both veclors are parallel lo each oU,er)
• Ex. 27 /fa= i +2)+3k, b=- i +2]+ kandc=Ji + J. /f M R

(0, 3b, O)
(a + b) .l. e, then tis equal to
(a) s 1
(b) 4 Aua of àLMN = - l l\lNx ML I
(c)J (d)2 2
Sol. (a) We have, a= l + 2) + 3k = -1 1(-31,j' + 3ck)

- X (3al -3'-!I) 1
2
b =- i + 2) + k 1 f' '\ ...
and c =3i+J
=
219(bà + mJ + t1bk) 1
Since, (a + 1b) is perpendiculnr to e =~ J<bc)' +(rol' + (a b)'
(a+ lb) · c = O 2
((1 -1)i + (2 + 21)) + (3+ l)k] -(3i + Jl = O Now. nren of à l'QR = ~ x (,\rea of àLMN)
~ = 4 x ~ lb'r: + r2,,1 + ,,:bi

3(1 - 1) + (2 + 21) = O
t =S
2"
• Ex. 30 ln a parallelogram ABCD. AB = i + ] + k and • Ex. 32 ffa 2 +b 2 +c 2 = 1 wherea,b, ce R, then the

2 2 2
diagonal AC = i - j + k and area of parallelogram is ✓B sq maximum va/ue of(4a - 3b) + (5b - 4c) + (3c -5a) is
units, then L BAC is equal to (a) 25 (b) 50
(e) 144 (d) None of these
(a) .:: (b).::
6 3 Sol. (b) Let r, = al _+ b] + ck, r, = 31 + 4) + 51< ...(i)
2 2
1r1 X r 2 1SI r, 1 1 r, 1
(~) sin- '( ~ ) (d) cos- •( ~ )
S_ol. (e) We have, AB= i+ J+ k and AC = l-J+ k Now, r1 X

l
r2 = a
J
b
ic 1
e
2'
3 4 5
= i(Sb - J
4c) + (3c - 5a) + k(4a - 3b)
So, from Eq. (i), we gel
2
(5b - 4c) 2 + (3c - 5a)2 + (4a -3b) S 50
A B
Let 8 be the LBAC. Then,

• Ex. 33 lf a,b ande are pth, qth, rth terms of HP and
sine _ 1 AB x AC 1 . . . i J k
u = (q-r) i +(r - p)j +(p-q)k, v = - + - + - , then
I AB II ACI a b e
(a) u and v are parallel vectors
Now, (b) u and v are orthogonal vecto rs
AB xAC=I: : : 1=2i -21<
1 -1 (c) u • v =1
(d)uxv=i+j+k
IABx·AC l=..ÍS
Sol. (b) Lei A bc the firsl term and D bc the common di.fference of
Hence, . 8
sm = J3..ís
x -./3
lhe corresponding AP. Then,
.!_=A+ (p - l )D, .!_=A+ (q - l)D, .!_ =A+ (r - l)D

a b e
=>
=> a· '(q - r) + b-'(r - p) + c-'(p-q) = o
=> V •U =O
• Ex. 31 Lei t.ABC be a given triangle. lf => u.Lv
1BA- IBC 1~ 1AC 1/or any te R, then t.ABC is Hence, u and v are orthogonal vectors.
(a) Equilateral (b) Right angled
(e) lsosceles (d) None of these • Ex. 34 /f lhe vector product of a constant vectorOA 1vith
Sol. (b) 1BA 12 + 1
2
1 BC I' - 28A · BC r -1 AC I' 2'. o, V t e R ...(i) variab/e vectorOB iri afixed planeOAB be a conslant vector,
Discriminante of the quadra tic equation S O then the locus of B is
⇒ 4{BA. BC)' - 1BC 121BA 12 + 41ac1' IACI' s o ...(ii) (a) a straight li ne perpe ndicular t o OA
2
(b) a circle with centre O radi us equal to I OA 1
2
Using (BA · BC) -JBCj IBAj' (e) a straight line parallel to OA
= - IBAxBC I' (d) None of thc above
= - 1(BC+ CA) x BCI' Sol. (e) Let A(a, ll) póint be givcn a nd O be tnken a s t he origin
<
2
=-1 CA x BCl (x,y)
Using Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i).
o
1 BC I' 1 AC I' s I AC x BC 12 (0, O
(n. P)
Bul I AC x BC 1= I ACI I BClsinC
=> sin 2 C 2'. I We havc, OA = ai+ pJ
=> sinC = ± 1 nnd on = ,{ + )J
LC =!:.. Now, 1OA X 081 = 1(ay - ~x) k 1= constunl
=>
2
u.y - lh = constant Since, r makes an obtuse angle wilh Y-axis. Therefore,

:.Locus of B(x. y) is a lírue paralltl to OA becau.oe ,Jope of À=-~
17
OA=.!!_
11. Hence, .r = -2 (2i + 3j -6k)
or r =2(-2i -3j + 6Íc)
• Ex. 35 Unit vector perpendicular to the plane ofóABC
with position vectors a, b , e o/ the vertices A, B, C is
• Ex. 37 l et a, b, e denote lhe /engths of the sides ofa
(a) a x b+ b x e+ e x a
t,. triangle such that _
(b) a x b+ b x e+ e x a ~ - ~ u +~-civ+~-~ ~ x ~=O
26 for ony two non-collineor vectors u ond v, then the
(e) a X b + b x e+ ex a triongle is
46. (a) right angled (b) equilateral
(d) None of lhe above (e) isosceles (d) scalene
Sol. (b) Toe req uired vcctor is gjven by Sol. (b) Since, u. v and u X b are non-coplanar vectors.
• AB x AC :. (a - b) u + (b - c)v + (e - a)(u X v ) = O
n= - - - -
I AB x ACI = a-b = O=b-c=c-a
AB x AC =(b x a)x(c-a) a=b=c
= b x e- b x a- a x e+ ax a So, lhe triangle is equilateral
= b xc+ axb+cxa [·: ax a= O)
We also know lhat, • Ex. 38 The value ofi •Üx k) +] ·(kx i) +k ·(i X J) is
Area of MBC = .!.1 ax b + b x e+ ex ai (a) 3 (b) 2
2 (e) 1 (d) o
• axb+bxc+cxa Sol. (a) We h.ave. 1-{jx k)+ j -(kx i)+ k -(l x j)
n=
lax b +bxc + c xal
= i- l+ j -J+ k-1< [·: ixj= 1<.J x k= l. i.:x l= JJ
ax b + b x c+c xa
26 =i l 12 + 1J12 + 1Íc 12 = 1 + 1 + 1 =3 [·: i. j, k are urut vectors)
• Ex. 39 For non-zero vectors a, b, e;

1(a X b) · e 1= 1a 11 b 11e I holds if and only if
• Ex. 36 The vedor r satisfying the conditions that (a)a· b= O, b·e=O (b) b ·e=O,e·a=O
(c)e · a =O, a·b=O (d)a· b = b ·e=e· a =O
1. it is perpendicular to 3Í + 2] + 2k ond 18Í - 22 J- 5k Sol. (d) We h.ave, l(axb)·<l = lall bll e!
li. it mokes on obtuse ongle with Y-oxis. = li a li b li e lsin0cosa 1= 1a li b li e 1
Ili. 1ri=14 = 1sin0 I I cosa 1= 1
'ª' 2(- 2í - 3J + 6k) 0=!!.anda=O
2
(b) 2(2i - 3J + 6k)
=> a .l bandc l l n
(e) 4i + 6} - 12k = a .lcandc .lbolha and b
(d) None of the above = a, b, e are mutually perpendicular.
Sol. (a) Let a = 3i + 2} + 2Íc and b =! Si -22} - 51< = a -c= b · c=c ·a = O
Then. lhe required vector r is gjven by
r = À(ax b) • Ex. 40 The position vectors of three vertices A, B. C ofa
s1J - tetrahedron OABC with respect to its vertex O arei, 6}. k.
= r = Ã.(341 + 1021<)
= l 7Ã(2l+3j -6k) then its volume (in cu units) is
Now. 1•1 = 14 = 1191),1=14 (a) 3 (b) ~
3
IÃI =~
17 (e)~ (d) 6
6
Sol. (d) We havc, A(6Í + oJ + Ok), B(oi + 6j + ok), C(oi + oj + k) • Ex. 44. Letr ,.. (a x b ) sin x + (b x c)cos y +(e X a),
and O(oi + oj + Ok ) where a , b ande are non -zero non-coplanar vectors. /f r is
orthogonal to 3a + 5b + 2c,then the value of
OA = 6Í + O + Ok J
sec 2 y + c0~ec 2 x + sec y cosec x is
OB = Oi + 6) + Ok
(a) J (b) 4
and OC =oi +o)+ k
\e) s (d) 6
:.Volume of telrahedron Sol. (a) r ·(3a + Sb + 2c) = O
=_!. [OAOBOC ] =.!.[6i 6) k ) ⇒ a ·(b x c)[2sinx +3cosy+5) =0
6 6
⇒ 2sinx + 3cosy + 5 = O
⇒ 2sin x + 3cosy = - 5 [·: a ·(b x e) "# O)
=~ 1~ ; ~1 = ~[6(6-0)] =6cu units
⇒ sin x=- 1,cosy= l
O O 1
⇒ cosec x = - 1,secy = - 1
• Ex. 41 A para/lelopiped is formed by planes drawn • Ex, 45 Let a, b, e be distinct non-nega__tive numbers. /f the
parallel to coordinate axes through the points A =(1, 2, 3)
vectors ai + aj + ck, i + k and ci + cj + bk fie in a plane, then
and B =(9, 8, 5). The volume of that parallelopiped is equa/
to (in cubic units) e is
(a) 192 (a) HM of a and b (b) O
(b) 48
(e) 32 (e) AM of a and b (d) GM of a and b
(d) 96
Sol. (d) Since, lhe given points lie in a plane
Sol. (d) Translating lhe axes throug~ A(!, 2, 3).
A changes to (O, O, O), B changes to (8, 6, 2).
:. Coterminous edges are of lengths 8, 6, 2.
Volume of parallelopiped = 8 ·6·2 =96 cu units.
I: ~
On applying C1 ➔ C1 - C2
~l = O
• Ex. 42 lfl a 1= 1, 1b 1= 3 andlcl=S, then the value of O a e 1

⇒ 1 O 1 =O
[a - bb-cc-a]is
(a) o (b) 1 1o e b
1 =O
bb-ee- r~ 21~o:il]::::;e
2
0 => - l(ab - c )
Sol. (::)[:- a] + (d => c

2
=ab
Hence, e is GM of a and b.
l-1. º 1
= [1(1 - O)+ 1(0 - 1) + 0(0 + 1)) (abc] • Ex. 46 lf a, b ande are non-coplanar vectors and À is a
=Ox[abc] =0 real number, then[À(a + b ) 1Ã2 bl Àc] = [a a+ e b ]for
(a) exactly t wo values of À
• Ex. 43 lf a, b, e are three non-coplanar vectors, then
(b) exactly one value of À.
3a - 7b - 4c, 3a - 2b + e anda + b + À.e will be coplanar, if (e) no value of À.
À is (d) exactly three values of À.
(a) - 1 (b) 1 Sol. (e) Given, p..(a+ b)À2 bÀc] = (a b + cb)
(e) 3 (d) 2
Sol. (d) Let a = 3a - 7b - 4c, f3 = 3a- 2b + e and y = a + b + Àc
À(a1 + bi) À.(a, +- b2 ) À(a 3 + b3 ) 1
2
=> À bi 2
À. b2 À.2b,
:ra, f3and ytolbi c=t~tl[: :)e~: 0

1 Àc1 Àc2
a1
Àc3
a2
1 1 À = bi + c1 b2 + c2 b, a,
~ e,
1
[3(-2À- t) + 7(3À - 1) - 4(3 + 2) (abc)) = O 1 bi b,
=> (15À - 30)[a b c]= O

a,+ bi a,+ b2
a,+ b, 1
Since, a, b, e are non-coplanar
=> À' bi b, b,
1SÀ - 30 = O ⇒ À = 2 1 e, e, e,
Minimum valuc occurs when AB = BC = AD = 6

= 1 b, :
b,
e, bz: b,: b,
Cz
b,
c3 1 Hence, AC= .JAB' + BC 2 -2AB · BC·cos30°
=6✓2- ✓3
[applying I~~ :,• -a~zlin LHI:, an:, \;IR, - R, in RHS]
R
4 • Ex. 49 lfa= i + J+ k,b= i - J+ k,c= i + 2) - k. then
À. b, b, b, = - b, b, b,
a ·a a·b a·c
C1 Cz e, C1 Cz C3
the value of b · a b · b b · e is
)..' = - 1
c·a c·b c·c
Hencc, no real valuc of À. exists.
(a) 2 (b) 4
• Ex. 47 ln a regular tetrahedron, let8 be angle between (e) 16 (d) 64
any edge anda face not containing the edge. The value of Sol. (e) We have, a= i+ J+ le
cos 2 8 is b = i - J+ le and e= i+ 2)-le
(a) 1/6 (b) 1/9
a·a a ·b a·c1
(e) 1/ 3 . (d) None of these Weknowthat, b·a b · b b,c = (abc] 2
Sol. (e) Lct OABC be the tetrahedron. Let G be the ccntroid of the
1 l c ·a c ·b c·c
face OAB. then GA = ✓3 AC.
=I :1 _\2 -:1 1·
=(1(1 -2)-1(-1-1) + 1(2 + 1))2
= (-1+2 + 3]2 = [4]2 =16
o~ '
GA 1
• Ex. 50 The value ofaso that the volume of
Then, cos8 = CA = ✓3 paralle/opiped formed by i +aJ + k, J+ak andai + k
becomes minimum is
cos 2 8 = ! (a)-3 (b)3
3
(c)l / ✓3 (d) ✓3
• Ex. 48 DABC be a tetrahedron such that AD is perpen- Sol. (e) Volume of the parallelopiped
dicular to the base ABC and LABC = 30º. The voiume of V = [i + a) + le) + aÍc ai+ le)
tetrahedron is 18. lf value of AB +BC+ AD is minimum, = (i +a)+ le)· {(l + ale) x (ai+ le)}
then the length of AC is
=(i +a)+ k) •(i + a ' J- ale) = 1 + a' - a
(a)6.J2 - ✓ 3 (b)3(✓6 - ✓2)
dV z d'V dV
(c)6.J2 + ✓3 (d)3(✓6 +✓2) Ta" = 3a - 1, d/1 = 6a, da =O
Sol. (a) Volume= AD 1 (12

3
AB-BCsin30 ··) ·z
Ja -1=0 =o a=± ..fj 1
18 = 2..(AD· AB · BC) At
12
=> AD ·AB ·BC=216 . . . 1
:. V 1s rmrumum ata = ..fj
Now, AB + BC + AD 2: 3(AD · AB · BC)"'
D~
(--A • Ex. 51 lf a, b ande be any three non·zero and
non·cop/anar vectors, then any vector r is equa/ to
(a) za + xb + yc (b) xa + yb + zc
A C (e) ya + zb + xc (d) None of these
h [rbc) [real [rab)
=o AB + BC+ AD 2: 18 w ere, x = [a b e]' y = [a b e]' z = [a b e)
Sol. (b) Since, a, b and e are three non-coplanar vectors, we may Toe greatest value of(a b e] = 3, which is obtained when 8 = O.
assume r =aa + l3b + yc
So, a=~=~Í+~j-.!.i,
[r bc) =(aa + l3b + ')'C)·(b x c)=a{a·(b x e)} lbxcl 3 3 3
=a[a bc]
=> a=(rbc) • Ex. 55 The vectors
[a bc) u =(ai +a 1/ 1)i +(am+a,m, )] +(an +a 1n 1)k
But x= [r bc]
v =(bl +b1/ 1)i +(bm +b1m1) ] +(bn + b1n 1 )k and
[a b e]
a=x
w =(cl + cif,)i +(cm+ c1m1 )J +(cn + c n )k1 1
Similarly, l3 = y, y = z (a) form an equilateral triangle

r =xa+yb+zc (b) are coplanar
(c) are collinear
• Ex. 52 The position vectors of vertices ofô.ABC are a, b, (d) are mutually perpendicular
e anda· a= b · b = e •e= 3. if[a b e] =O, then the position Sol. (b) We have,
vectors ofthe orthocentre oft.ABC is ai+ a1l1 am + a1m,, an + a1n1 1
(a) a+ b + e (b).!(a+ b+ e) (u vw] = bl + b,/1 bm + b,m, bn + b,n1
3
(c) O
1d+ c1/ 1 cm + c1m, cn + c,n1
(d) None of these
[uvw)=1: ~ ~11~
Sol. (a) Hence, [a b e) = O ,, .o 1
m, o =o
So, lhe points O, A, B and C are coplanar. Also, e c1 O n n1 O
OA = OB = OC = .Ji, hence origin O is lhe circumcentre.
Hence, the given vectors are coplanar.
Position vector of lhe centroid G is a+ b+ e_
3
• Ex. 56 l et a, b, e be three vectors such that[a b e] ;,, 2.
Now, orlhocentre divides 00 in lhe ralio of 3 : 2 extemally.
So, position vectors of orlhocentre is a+ b + e. /f r = /(b x e)+ m(cx a )+ n(a x b ) is perpendicular to
a+ b+ e, then the value of(/ + m +n) is
• Ex. 53 lfa. and pare two mutually perpendicular unit (a)2 (b) l
vectors {,u +rf3 + s(a. x P},[a. +(a. x P)J and (e) O (d) None o( these
{s a. + s p+ t(a. x P)} are coplanar, then s is equa/ to Sol. (c) 1t is given lhat r perpendicular (a+ b + e)
(a) AM of r and t (b) GM of r and t r -(a+ b +c)=O
(c) HM o( r and t (d) None o( these /[a b e]+ m[c a b] + n[a b e]= O
Sol. Since, a and 13 are two mutually perpendicular vectors and 2(/ + m + n) = O [·:[a bc) =2)
(,a+ rl3 + s(a x 131 [a + (a x 13)1 {sa + .lj} + l(a x 13)} are l+m+n=O
coplanar
• Ex. 57 if a, b ande are three mutual/y perpendicular
I: : :l=O vectors, then the projection of the vectors
a · b (ax b)
1 j-;j + m jbj + n I a x b I along the angle bisector of the
s' = rt
vectors a and b is
• Ex. 54 letb =- i +4] +6k ande= 2i - 7j-10k. if a be
a unit vector and the scalar tripie product[a b e] has the
<•>{Jr (b) ,Jt' + m' + n 1
greatest value, then a is equal to ,/1' + m'
(C)f"":'--=--- (d) Nonc o( thcsc
(a)Jj (Í + j + k) (b) 7s(./21- j- v'2k) ,/l'+m2+b2
1 • • • Sol. (a) A vcctor paro.Uel to the bisector of lhe anglc bctwcen lhe
cc> .!cú + 21- kl (d)-=(31 - 7j-k) vectors a and b is
3 v59
Sol. (c) b x e= 2i + 2] - k ....!...+~=â+b
1•I lb l
(a bc] = a -(21 + 2j-k),. 1·3· cos8 S3 :. Unlts vcctor along the bisector
â+ b 1 -
• Ex. 60 let r, a. b ande be four non-z:ero vectors such
= iâ+ bl = ,rz(â+ b)
thatr · a =O.
(â+ b)'=ial'+I b l +2à · b =l+ 1 + 0=2 lr x bl=lrllb~lrxel=lrllc~ then(abe] is
:. Rcquircd projection (a) 1a 11 b 11 e 1 (b) - 1a 11 b Ie 1
_r, f;ia + mlblb + nlaa xx bblJl ✓1i .(a+
-l • •
b)
(e) o
Sol. (e) Given, r · a = O
(d) Nane of thcse
1 lr x bl=lrllbl
= ✓2(1 + m) and l r xcl= lr llc l
Í _a·â b -b • • 1 This is
shows r perpendicular to both b and e.
l··i;i =Ih!= 1 and â-b= â-(ax b) = b ·(âx b) = ºJ ⇒ ris pe,pendicular to a, b and e
(abc)=O
• Ex. 58 lf the volume of paral/elopiped formed by the

• Ex. 61 lf a, b ande are any three vector forming a
vectors a, b, e as three coterminous edges is 27 cu uni/3, then
linearly independent system: then 8 E R.
the volume of the paral/elopiped have a =a+ 2b - e,
2
~ = a - b and Y = a- b- e as three coterminous edges is [acos8 + b sin8 +ecos 28, acos( 7t +8) + b sin( \7t +8)
(a) 27 (b) 9
3
(e) 81 (d) Nane of these
+ccos2(\7t +8)
Sol. (e) We have, l[a b c]I =27 cu units
Now, [aj3y] = I: ~!
1
-o l[abc]=3[a bc]
2
3
2
3
2
acos(8- 7t )+ b sin(8- 7t )+ccos2(8- ; }s
1 - 1 -1 (a) (a b c]cos8
.-.Rcquired volume= l[a 13 Yll (b) (a b c)cos 28
(e) [a b c]cos38
=3l[a b c]I
(d) Nane of lhe above
= 3 X27 = 81 CU units
Sol. (d) Since a. b and e are linearly independent.
• Ex. 59 lf V is the volume of the parallelopiped having [a b e)>' o
three coterminous edges as a, b ande, then the volume of \Ve know that,
paral/elopiped having three coterminous edges as [ax1 + bx2 + cx,ay1 + by2 + cy, az1 + bz 2 + cz3 ]
a =(a •a)a +(a -b) b +(a ·c)c, ~=(a· b)a +(b · b) b +(b ·e)e
and y =(a •e) a +(b ·c) b +(e ·e) e is =[abc) ·\;: ; : ;:1
(a) y 3 (b)3V %1 Zz %:,
(e) v2 (d) 2v Hence, the given systcm can be written as

Sol. (a) We have, l[a b c]I = V
Let Vj be the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the
vcctors a, 13 and y. Then, (a bc]
Vi = l[a 13 yJI
Now, (al3y] = 1:: : ::: : : :1(abc]

a •c b ·c c•c 0n applying R, ➔ R, + R2 + R1, we get
cosa sin8 cos28
⇒
2
[aj3y) = [abc] [abc] 2 2
⇒ [al3y]=(abc]'
(abc) cos( ; +a) sin(2; +a) cos2(a + ; )
o o o
Vj =i[a j3y]
= J[abc)'i=Y
3 ⇒ [abc)(O)=O
where, 8 is an acute angle bctween a and e.

• Ex. 62 Let a, b, e be three non-coplanar vectors andd be
../3
a non-zero vector, which is perpendicular to a + b + e. Now, cos8= -
2
ifd =(sin x)(ax b) + (cos y)(bx e)+ 2(c x a), then the
minimum value of(x 2 + y 2 ) is 8=~
6
2
(a) 7t 2 (b) ~
2 • Ex. 64 Let a =2i + J+ k, b =i + 2j - k ande is a unit
(c)-
7[2
(d)~
2
vector coplanar to them. lfe is perpendicular to a, then e is
4 4 equal to
Sol. (d) Given, d ·(a+ b + e)= O 1 • • 1 • • •
(a) ✓2 (-j+k ) (b)-".Jj(i +j+k)
and d= sinx(a x b)+cosy (b xc)+2(c xa) ...(i)
1 • • 1 • • •
a· d= cosy(a b e] ... (ii) (d) "Jj(i + j + k)
(e) ✓S(i - 2j)
b -d =2 [b e a] ... (iü)
e - d =sin x[a b e] . ... (iv) Sol. (a) a x (a x b ) =(a· e) a -(a ·a)b
0n adding Eqs. (ü), (ili) and (iv), we gel =3(l + 3 + k)-6(i + 23-:-k)=-9J+ 9k
a·d+ b · d + e -d = (cosy +2+sinx)[a bc] ax (a x b)
sinx + cosy + 2 = O :.Required unit vector Ia X (a X b )I
sinx + cosy = - 2
sinx=-1 =± ...!...(- j+ kl
h
(·: -1 <sinxS land - 1 ScosySI]
and cosy = - 1 • Ex. 65 Leta = 2i + j-2k andb = i + /fc isa vector J
Since, we have to find lhe múúmum value of such that a ·e= 1e~ 1e - a 1 = 2✓2 and the angle between
x2 + yz; x =- !.,y = 7t a x b ande is 30º, thenl (a x b) x c I is equal to
2
it' S1t' (a)~ (b) ~
xz + yz = - + 7tz = - 3 2
4 4
(e) 2 (d) 3
Sol. (b) 1 e - a 1= 2✓2
• Ex. 63 Let a, b, e be three vectors of magnitude 1, 1 and
2 respectively. lfa x(a x c) +b =O, then the acute angle = 2
1e 1 + 1a 1 -2a · e= 8
2
betwe!?n a ande is = 1 e 1 + (✓
2
9)
2
- 2J e 1= 8
(a) ~
3
(b)~
4
= 2
1 e 1 -21 e 1+ 1 = O
(d) None of these

= 2
(1 e 1- 1) = O = 1 e 1= 1
(e)~
6 Now, a x b = 2i + 2) + k
Sol. (e) Given, 1a 1= 1, 1 b 1= 1, and I e 1= 2 Jax b 1= ~ = 3
Also, a x (a x e)+ b =O 1(a X b) x cJ =1 a x bJ I e I sin 30°
= (a · c)a-(a ·a)c + b = O
=3X!X.!_=~
(a·c)a-c+ b = O [·.-a•a=l a l2 =1) 2 2
(a · c)a - e = - b
= l(a · c)a - c l= l -bl

2
• Ex. 66 Let â andb be two unit vectors such that â •b = !
3
= 1(a· c)a - e 1 = 1b I'
= =
and â X b ê. A/so F aâ + l3b + yê, where a, p, y are
= 2
1(a· c)a 1 + 1e I' -2{(a • c)a ·e} = lb 1
2
scalars. lfa = k1(F · â)- k 2 (F · b), then the value of

= (a · c) Ja 1 +Jcl -2(a·c)(a·c)=Jbl'
2 2
2(k1 + k 2 ) is
= (a·c)'llal'-2}+Jcl' = Jb l'
(a) 2✓ 3 (b) ,fi
-(a·c) 2 + 4 = !
= (e) 3 (d) 1
= 1a He lcos8 =
a- c = ± ✓J
../3
Sol. (e) F=aâ+~b+ 'fê
= F· (b xê)=a(â bêJ
í= -(b > ê) bxc

a=--. - Sol. (a) We h,m,, a x (b x e) = ~
[âbi ] ,,2
1 1
Now, Íi xê= b x(ã <b)=(b-b)ã -(b-ã)b
= (a· c)b -(a- b)c= ,lz b + -/z c
=ã-!i,
3
= (a-e)-
,2
'.-=O (·: a. b. e are non-coplanar)
[âbê) =(â X b)2 =lã 121 ~ 12 -(á -Í,)2
and a-b = - ~
=!-! = ! ✓2
9 9
1 1
1ali b lcos9 = - ,Fí. ⇒ cos9 = - ,Fí.
a =HF·â-i F· b}
3:I
9= -
k, =~.k2 =! 4
8 8
⇒ k,+k2 = ~=! • Ex. 69 The unit vedar which is orthogonal to the ,•edor
8 2 3i + 2J +6k and is coplanar with the vedors 2i + J + k and
2 (k, + k,) =3
1- :l + kis
• Ex. 67 Let a =i - J, b = j - k ande =k - i. lfd is a unit (a) 2i -6j + k (b) 2i-3j
. vedar such that a · d = O= (b e d), then d is equal to
,l;ii 7u"
(a)± (i +j-2k) (b)± (Í + j-k) (e) 3j =._k (d) 4i+3j - 3k
✓6 ✓ 3 -/10 5i
Sol. (e) Lct a= 3i + 2J + 6k. b = 2i + J + ic. e= i - J + k
(c)±(i+Ji"k) (d)± k lbcn, by de.finition. a , ·ector orthogonal to a and coplanar to b
and e is given by
Sol. (a) Wc have, a -d = O and [b e d) = o => ax(b x c)
⇒ a .l d and b, e, d are coplanar. = .a x(b x e) =(a-c)b - (a · b)c
⇒ d .la and d lies in lhe plane of b and e, wc know that lhe =,(21+ J + icJ - (14)(1-} + kJ=21J -1ic
vector r = a X (b x e) is perpendicular to a and lies in lhe plane
ofb ande Hcnce, a unit ,·ector ª X (b X e) = 3 J;.:/<
1a x (b x e) 1 v !O
d = ±-2:...
1ri • Ex. 70 Let a, b ande be non-zero vedors such that
Now, r = a x(b x e) . 1
(a xb) X c= 1b 11 e Ia. /f 0 is the acute angle between the
⇒ r =(a-e) b -(a- b)c 3
⇒ r = - ú - ic> + cic - 1> vedorb ande, then sin0 is equal to
=- i - J+2ic (a) 2✓2 (b) ✓2
• r c- 1- J + 2ic) 3 3
d=±j";°j = ± ~ (e)~ (d) _1_
3 3
1+ J-2ic
=± ✓6 So/. (a)(a x b) x e = !1 b li e la
3
• E: .1ll lf a, b ande are non-coplanar unit vedor.s such ⇒ (a · c)b -(b- c)a =!1 b li e la
3
that a x (b x e) = -
1
(b + e), then the angle between a andb ⇒ (a -c)b = {(b · c) + !1 bll e l}a
✓2 3
is => (a · c)b = 1b li e i{cosa + i f
(a) 31t
4
<ti>~4 As a and b are not parallcl. a · e = Oand cos9 + ! =O
3
(e)~ (d) 1t 1 . 2./i
2 ⇒ cos9 = - - => SJn9 = -
3 3
102 Textbook of Vcctor & 3D Gcornolry
• Ex. 71 Thc va/110:for(n x(b + e), b x (e - 2n}, (h '< ,·) (" · ••lh - (11 •h),·
li X I' la il '< ◄ -
(n lo,·) (11 1t •·1
e x (a +3b}) is cq11al to
111 , h)I• - (h 11)11
0
{a)lnbcJ1 Sl111il•lly, h x •I ~ \ - ·- •
(11 h,•J
(b) 7( n b c]1
(h , ,·~• - (11 •1·)h
01111 ,. >< r ~ ·-
(e) - 5[ n x b b x e e x a J (11 lt l')
(d) None of I he abovc
11 X 1' I ft X lj II' )( I'
Sol. (b) Lei n x h = /, b x e ., m mui e x n • 11,
•· I 1(11 •r )h - (11 • h)1• ~(11 •h)c - (b •c~1
(n ><(h + e~ b x(c - 2a), e x(11 + 3h)) (11 h I')
"' 1/ - li, Ili + 2/, li - '.11111 + (l1• c~1 -(n · c)b)
~ ~ -i' 1,,11111)
1
- - - xo• u
=I (11 h e]
O -3 1
=7(/mn) a7[n x bb x c cxn) • Ex. 73 Solvo n • r = x, b · r = y, e · r = z, whcre a, b, e are

=7(n h e)' J:iv.:11 11011-coplrmar vcctor.f.
Sol. Glv,•11 n , r • ,·, h , r • y, e • r "' :
• Ex. 72 lf a, b, e and p, q. r are reciprocai systcm of Lrl A', 1, , e', l,c lhe rcclprn1·ul vrclou o f n, b, e. rcsr eclivcly,
vectors, then a x p + b x c1 + e X r is cq11al to Th1•11, 11 = ~ . b' = e X n , e = ~
(a)[a bc] (b)lp + q + r) (11bc) (nbcJ (nbc]
(e) O (d) n + b + e Now, r =(r ·n~,• + (r · b)b' + (r · c)c'
e .,n' + yb' + zc'
Sol. (e) p = ~ . q = ~ . r = n >< b
(n b e] [o b e] [n b e)

• Ex. 74 lfz , =ai +b] andz 2 =cl +d] are lwo vec/ors in • Ex. 75 lf unit vectors i a11d] are at right ang/es to each
i and] system, where/ z 11=1 z 2/ = r andz 1 • z2 =O, then other andp =3i + 4], q =S~ 4r =p +q and 2s =p -q, then
w 1 =ai +e] andw 2 =bi +d] satisfy (a) 1r + ks( "'1 r - ks I for a ll real k
{a)I w 1 1= r (b) r is perpendicu lar tos
(b)I w, 1= r (e) r + s is perpendicular lo r - s
(c) w 1 · w 2 =O (d) 1ri "'1 s 1= 1P 1= 1q 1
( d) None of I he above Sol. (a, b, d) We have, p = 3j + 4) and p "' Si
=( =,
Sol. (a, b, e) ( z 1( z2 I ond z,, z2 =O Also, 4r =p + q =Ji + 4j + si
a' + b' =e'+ d'= r ... (i)
~
"'si + 4j ⇒ r = 2i + J
and ac + bd = O
and 2s = p - q = 3j Hj+ si "' - 2i + 4j
as, QC =-bd
⇒ s =- 1+ 2)
~= -=-= À ...(ii) Now, ( r + ks 1= 1r - ks 1
b -d
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), ~ 121 + J- i<l + 2"31' = 121 + J + ki - 2"31 2
a (1
1 2 2
+ À ) = d (1 + Ã. 2
) ~ (2 - k) 2 + (1 + 2k)' = (2 + k) 2 + (1 - 2k)2
2
a =d 2 and b 2 =c 2 Which is lrue for ali values of k,
1 Now, r •i :o(2l + ))(- 1 + 2))
Now, ( w1 1=a' + e'"' a + b' = h = (w1 1
=-2+2=0
w1 , w 1 ~ ab + bd = o
r .l s
Also,(r + s)-(r-s) = (i + 3))(31 - ])= 3 - 3 = O • Ex. 78 lf vectors b =(tana. -1, 2.,/sin a/ 2) and
:. (r +s) .L(r -s)
Also, 1 r 1= ~ = ✓5 e= (1ana, tana, - ~ ) are orthogonal and vectors
sina / 2
l•l= ✓C-1)'+(2)' = ✓5 a =(1, 3, sin 20.) makes an obtuse angle with the Z-axis, then
1p 1= ✓3' + 42 = 5 the va/ue o/a is
1
(a) a = ( 4n + l)n + tan- 2
lql= ✓s'=s 1
(b)a =(4n + l)!t- tan- 2
1r 1 = 1s I and I P 1= 1q 1
(e) a = ( 4n + 2)7t + tan - 1 2
• Ex. 76 a, b ande are three vectors such that (d)a = (4n + 2)n - tan _, 2
a·a=b · b =c · c=3andla-bl 2 +l b - cl 2 +jc- aj 2 =27, Sol. (b, d), Since, a = (1, ~. sin 2<X) makes an obtuse angle with the
then 2-axis, its z-component is negative.
(a) a , b ande are riecessarily coplanar. Thus, - 1 $ sin2a < O ...(i)
(b) a, b ande represent sides of a triangle in magnitude But b -c = O (·: orthogonal)

and direction tan 2 a -tana -6 =O
(e) a -b + b ·e+ e · à has the least value - 9 / 2
(tana - 3) (tancx + 2) = O
(d) a, b and e represent orthogonal triad of vectors
⇒ tana =3,-2
Sol. (a. b, e) Hcre,
Now, tana = 3.
1a - b l'+I b - e 1' + 1e - a 1' 2tana 6 3
Therefore,
= 2 (1 a I' + 1b 12 + 1e I' - a · b- b - b- e - e · e) sin2a= 1 + tan' a = ~ = 5
⇒ a-b+ b-c+ c-a=-2. (not possible as sin2a < O)

2 Now, iftancx = -2,
Now, 1a+ b + e I' = 1a I' + 1b 12 + 2(a · b + b· e+ e -a) 21ana - 4 -4
⇒ s i n 2 a = -2- - = -- = -
I + tan cx 1 + 4 5
=3+3+3 - 2(D = O
⇒ lan2a >O
a+b+c = O ...(i) Hence, 2a is lhe third quadrant. Also, ./sina / 2 is meaningful.
Also, 1a+ b + e 1
2
;,: O lf O< sina / 2 < 1, lhe
9 ex = (4n + l )rt - tan- 1 2
⇒ a -b + b •c+ c -a ;,: -- ...(ii)
2 and ex = (4n + 2)rt - ta.n- 1 2
Thus, least value is - 9 1 2
• Ex. 79 lfa and b are any two unit vectors, then the
• Ex. 77 lf a and b are non-zero vectors such that . t he range o,f- + b j + 2 ja - b
3 j a--
1a + b 1= 1a - 2b ~ then
poss,"b/e mtegers
. m ~ is/ are
2 .
(a) 2 a · b = 1b 1
2
(a) 2 (b) 3
(b) a ·b = 1b I' (e) 4 (d) 5
1 Sol. (b, e, d) We have, 1a 1 = 1b 1= 1
(e) least value of a · b + - -2- - is .fi.
lb l + 2 Lei 9 be lhe angle bctween a and b.
1
(d) least value of a· b + - -- is .fi. - 1 la+bl=2cos~
lbl+2 2
Sol. (a, d) 1a + b I = 1a - 2b 1 and Ia - b 1= 2sin ~

2
⇒ a·b = ~ - 3cos~ + 4sin~:9 e [O. n)
2 2 2
2
1 l bl + 2 1
Also, a · b + -- -= - --+ - - - -1 -5 S3cos~ + 4sin~ $ 5
l bl' +2 2 lbl'+2 2 2
;,: ✓2 -1 (using AM ~ GM) Toe possiblc range are 3, 4 or 5.
Sol. (a, d) Given, a · b = O

·• Ex. 80 Which of the following expressions are meaning- ... (i)
ful?
and pr + (r· b) a= e
(a) u ·(v x w) (b)(u •v)· w On taking dot producl by b, we get
(c)(u •v) w (d)u x(v·w) p(r· b) + (r · b)a· b = b · e
Sol. (a, e) (i) Since. v x w is a vector, therefore, u •(v x w) is a => p(r · b)=b·c
scalar quantity.
=> p( -e -.- P') =b · C
:. (a) is meaningful.
(ii) ( u · v) is scalar. pc-p2r=(b·c)a
:.(u •v) · w is not meaningful. p 2r = pc -(b· c)a
(iii) (u · v) is a scalar. e (b· e)
So, (u • v)w is a scalar multiple of w. r = p- 7 a
:.(u · v)w is meaningful.
[r a e)= O
(iv)(v , w) is a scalar.
So, u x (v · w) is not meaningful as cross product is taken for • Ex. 84 Jfa(a x b) +13(b x e) +y(c x a) =O. then
two vector quantity and not for a vector and scalar.
(a) a, b, e are coplanar if all of a, p, y >' O
• Ex. 81 Jf a + 2b + 3c = O, then a x b + b x e+ ex a = (b) a, b, e are coplanar if any one of a , p, y >' O
(a) 2(a x b) (b) 6(b x e) (c) a , b, e are non-coplanar for any a, P, y >' O
(c) 3(c x a) (d) O (d) None of the above
Sol. (a, b, e) a = - (2b + 3c) Sol. (a, b) We have, a(a X b ) + ll(b X e)+ "rtc xa) = O
a x b+bxc+c x a Taking dot product with e, we have

=-(2b + 3c) x b+ b x e+ e x {- (2b+ 3c)l a[abc) = 0
= - 3c x b + b x e - 2c x b = 6(b x e) Similarly, taking dot product with b ande, we have
Similarly, putting the values ofb ande in lerms ofa anda, b y[a b e]= O, p[a b e]= O
respectively in a x b + b x e + e X a, we get the desired results. Now, even if one ofa , p, y >' O, then we have [a b e] = O
=> a, b, e are coplanar.
• Ex. 82 LetCJ. =ai+ b] +ck,P =bi +e] + ak and
y = ci + a] + bk be three coplanar vectors with a 'F b and • Ex. 85 Jfa = i + j +k andb = i - then lhe vectors J.
v = i + ] + k. Then v is perpendicular to (a· i)i +(a· J+(a· k)k. (b · i)i +(b · j)j +(b · k)k and
(a)a (b)P i + J-2k
rrn~.-·"
(e) y (d) None of these (a) are mutually perpendicular
~⇒1
(b) are coplanar
(e) form a parallelopiped of volume 6 units
•~. : : : . : • ..." ,:: :,~
(d) forma parallelopiped of volume 3 units
J
Sol. (a, e) Givcn a = i + + k and b = i - J
or Jabc - a' .:, b 3 - e' = O (a· i)i +(a · ])] +(a • k)k = i + J+ k = x (say)
or a' + b' + e' - 3abc = O and (b · i)i + (b · ])] + (b · k)k =i - J=y (say)
or (a + b + c)(a 2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca) = O and i + J - 2k = z (say)
or a + b + e= O [·: a 2 + b 2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca >' O) Clearly, x · y = yz = z · x = 0
=> v·a = v · P = v •y=0 :. x, y and z are mutually perpendicular
Hence, vis perpendicular to a, P and y
Volume ofparallelopiped = 1 : _\ : 1
• Ex. 83 Jf a is perpendicular to b and p is non-zero scalar 1 1 -2
such that pr + (r · b)a = e. then r satisfy = 1(2 - O) - 1(- 2 - O)+ 1(1 + 1)
2
(a)[ra c) = 0 (b)p r = pa - (c·a)b = 2+ 2+ 2 = 6
(e) p'r = pb -(a ·b)c (d) p 2 r = pc - (b•c)a ·: x, y and x 11rc not coplanar, i.e., (x y z] >' o
:, Volume of parallelopipcd formed by x, y and z is 6 cu wúts.
• Ex. 86 Tire volume of lhe parallelopiped w/rose colcrmi- • Ex. 88 lf a, b ande are lhrce non-zero vectors, then
nous edges are rcprcscnlcd by lhe ve~lors 2b x.e, Jc x a and which of the following statemenl(s) is/are true?
4a x b wl,erc n =(1 + sin8)i +cos8j + sin 28k (a) a x (b x e), b x (e x a),c x (a x b)from a rig ht handed
system.
2 2
b=sin(e + 37t)i+cos(a+ 37t)J+sin(:ze+ 4;)k, (b) e, (a X b ) x e, a x b from a rig ht handed system
(c) a •b + b•c + c ·a < O, ifa + b + c = O
e= sin (e-
2
3
n)i + cos(a- n)J + sin(:ze- :n) k ,a
2
3
is (d) (n x b )·(b x c) =-1 , ifa + b +. c = O
(b x c)• (a x e)
cubic unils, thcn lhe value of8 in lhe intcrval (o.%} is/are Sol. (b, e, d)
(n)n x(b xc) + b x (c xa) + e x(a x b) = O
(n) !: (b) 27t = vector are coplanar. so do not form RHS.
9 9 (b)(a x b) x c, a x b, c in that order forrn RHS.
(e)!: (d) 41t = e, (a x b) x e, a x b also form RHS as they are in sarne cyclic
3 9 order.
Sol. (a, b, d) Volume z l[2b x e 3c x a 4a x b]I = 18 (c)a + b + c = O=Ia + b + e 1 = O
2
2
= 24[nbc) =18 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = - 2(a · b + b · c + c · a)
= l[a bc ll= ✓3 = a · b+b · c +c·a ·<O
2
(d)a + b +e= O
= ax b = b x c =cxa
(1 + sin8) cose sin28
2 2 4 • Ex. 89 ·Lei the unit vectors a andb be perpendicular and
Now,[nbc]= sin(e+ ; ) cos(8 + ; ) sin(e + ; )
unit vectorc is inclined at angle a to a and b. 1f
2
sin( 8 - ; )
2
cos(e - ; ) sin(28 - ~n) e = la + mb + n( a x b ), then
(a) 1 =m (b) n 2 = 1- 21 2
Applying R1 -+ R1 + R2 + R, and expanding
✓3 (c)n 2 =-cos2a (d) m' = 1+ cos2a
l[a b c]I = ✓3 lcos38 I = - 2
2
Sol. (a, b, e, d)
2 4
cos38 = ± ! = 38 = ~. 7t, 7t a ·b = O, c ·a = c ·b = cosa
2 3 3 3
Take dot products with a , b and c respectively.
e-!:~
- 9' 9 ' 9
4n
= 2
1 =m, 1 + m + n
2 2
=J
2
n = - cos2a,
• Ex. 87 /fa =xi +yj + zk, b=yi +zj +x~an~
m' = ~
e = zi + xj + yk, then a x (b x e) is/are 2
(a) parallel to (y - z)i + (z - x )i + (x - y)k

• Ex. 90 1f a x (b x e) is perpendicular to (a x b) x e, we
(b) orthogonal to i+ j + k mayhave
(e) orthogonal to (y + z)i + (z + x)J + (x + y)k (a)(a·c)l b l2 = ( a•b)(b·c) (b)a •b = O
(d) paralle l to i + j+k (e) a ·e = O (d) b ·c =O

Sol. (a, e)
Sol. (a, b, c) a x (b x c) =(a · c) b -(a · b)c
a x (b x e)= (a • c)b -(a · b)c
= (n + yx + yz) ()'i + %J + xk) and (ax b) x c= - (c·b)a+(a •c)b
- (xy + yz + zx)(zi + x3 + yk)
Wc have been given
= (xy + yz + zx)((y - z)I + (z - x)J + (x - y)k] (a x(b x c))-((a x b) x c) = O
Clearly, 1 to l + J+ k and also to ((a· c)b -(a· b)c)·((a • c)b -(c· b)a) = O
(y + z)i + (z + x)) + (x + y)k. as dot product are zero, clearly or (a · c)2 1 bl 2 -(a·c)(b •c)(a · b)
parallel to - (a· b)(a · c)(b· c) +(a· b)(b·c)(c·a) = O
(y - z)Í + (z - xÚ + (x - y)k
or (a·c) 21 b l2 =(a •c)(a · b)(b·c)
or (a· c)((a •c)(b· b) -(a• b)(b ·e))= O (a) tan- 1(✓

3) ci,> 1an- 1c11fJ>
a· c =O 1
(e) coC (0) (d) tan- 1(1)
or (a·c)I bl 2 =(a·b)(b· c) Sol . (a, b, e) Considcr V1 • V2 = O
~ A =90°
• Ex. 91 lf(a x b) x(c xd) ·(a x d) =O, then which of the
following may be true?
. 1b -(â•b)â
Using the sme law, sina
1-- ✓Jlâxbl
cose
(a) a, b, e and d are necessarily coplanar
A
(b) a lies in the plane of e and d
(e) b lies in the plane of a and d
(d) e lies in the plane of a and d
Sol. (b, e, d) (a x b) X(c x d)-(a X d )= O
or [acd) b -[b cd}a)·(axd) = O 1 lb - (â·b)âl
or [a e dl[d a d ) = O
or tane = ✓J ( â X i, (
Hencc, either e or b must lic in thc plane of a and d. 1 l{âxb)xâ(
= ✓3 jãxi.1
• Ex. 92 The angles of a triangle, two of whose sides are
1 ( â X b1(â (sin90° 1
represented by vectors ✓3(â X b) andb -(a• b)â, where bis
=✓3 (ãxi.1 ..fj
a non-zero vector and â is a unit vector in the direction ofâ,
are or 8=.'.:
6

Statement Type 1& li Questions
■ Directions {Q. Nos. 93-96) This section is based on • Ex. 94 p, q and r are three vector; defined by
Statement I and Statement II. Select the correct answer
from the codes given below.
p = a x(b +c),q = b x(c + a) and r =e x(a + b)
(a) Both Statement I and Statcment ll are correct and
Statement I p, q and r are coplanar.
Statcment ll is the corrcct explanation of Statement I Statement 11 Vectors p, q, r are linearly independent.
(b) Both Statement I and Statement ll are correct but Sol. (e) Statement l p+ q + r = a x(b + e)+ b
Statement ll is not the correct explanation of x(c+a)+ cx(a+ b)
Statement I =axb+axc+bxc+bxa+cxa+cxb
(e) Statement I is correct but Statement ll is incorrect
=axb+axc+bxc-axb-axc-bxc
(d) Statement ll is correct but Statement I is incorrcct
:. p = -q - r (a linear combination of q and r)
Therefore, p, q, r are coplanar and hence statement I is true.
• Ex. 93 Let the vectors PQ. O R, RS, ST, TU and UP
Statement ll p + q + r = O~ p, q, r are not lincarly
represent the sides ofa regular hexagon. independent. ·
Stat ement I PQ x (RS + ST) ;é O Therefore, statement ll is not true.
Statement li PQ x RS =O andPQ x ST #O
Sol. {e) Clearly, RS + ST = RT, which is not parallel to PQ.
• Ex. 95 Statem ent 1 /fina âABC, BC=~ - ...9.. and
PQx(RS+ ST) ,o O IPI 111
So, Statement I is correct. 2p
AC= fpj;l p l;tjq b then the value ofcos 2A +cos 28 +cos2C
Also, PQ is not parallel to RS.
PQxRS ,o O is-1.
So, Statement ll is not correct. St atement li /f in MBC, L C = 90º, then
cos2A +cos28+cos2C =-1
Sol. (b) Statement ll ln llABC,LC = 90º =2cos(I80º-B)cos(A-C)-1

cos2A + cos2B + cos2C =-2cosBcos(A-C)-1=-1 (·:8=90º)
= 2cos(A + B)cos(A-B)+ cosl80º Toerefore, Statement I is also true.
= cos (180° -C)cos (A-B)-1 Thus both Statemcnts are true but Statement Il is not lhe
= :-2cosCcos(A -B)-l correct explanation of Statement L
=0-1=-l [·: cosC = cos90º= O]
Toerefore, Statemcnt Il is true. • Ex. 96 Statement 1 /f a is perpendicular to b ande,
Statement IBC = p-q,AC =2p then a x(b xc) =O
AB = AC+ CB = 2p-(j,-q) = p+ q Statement 11 /fb is perpendicular to e, then b x e= O
Now, AB · BC= (j, + q).(j,-q) ={j,( 2-,cj\2 = 1-1 = o Sol. (e) lf a is perpendicular to b and e. then a li (b x e)
LB=90º a x(b x c)= O
• Now, cos2A + cos2B + cos2C Therefore. Statement I is true.
= cos 2A + cos2C + cos 2B But. ifb.l.c. thcn b xc e#- O
=2 cos(A + C)cos(A-C)+ cosJ80º Tberefore, Statemcnt Il is not true.

Passage Based Type Questions
Passage I Sol. (a) a 1 • b= - ~(2i - 3J + 6k)• (2l - 3J + 6k) = - 41
(Ex. Nos. 97-99) 49
Leta =2i +3J-6Íc, b =2i-3J +6k ande =-Ú +3] +6k.
• Ex. 99. Which ofthefol/owing is true?
Let a 1 be the projection of a on b and a 2 be the projection
(a) a and a 2 are collinear
ofa I and e. Then
(b) a 1 a nde are collinear
(c) a , a 1 and b are coplanar
• Ex. 97 a 2 is equal to
(d) a, a, and a 2 are coplanar
943 • • •
(a) - ( 2i - 3j - 6k ) (b) 943 (2i -
3J - 6k) Sol. (c) a, a 1 and b are coplanar because a 1 and b are co\linear.
49 492
943 • • • 943 • • • Passage II
(e)-(- 2i + 3j + 6k ) (d)-(-2i
2
+ 3j + 6k)
49 · 49 (Ex. Nos. 100-102)
Sol. (b) Let a. b be two vectors perpendicular to each other and
í , , .
(2i -3] + 6kJ] 2i -3] + 6k 1ai =2, 1bl =3 and e x a = b.
ª•=l(21 +3J-6k). 7 ?
• Ex. 100 The least value oflc - ai is

= -4 1(2i -33 + 6kJ
49 (a)l (b)..!_
-4l ( • , • c-2I + 3j + 6k)} c-2I + 3) + 6k) 2
a, =- (2i - 3J + 6k). 7
49 7 (c) ..!_ (d)~
4 2
= ± < - 4 -9 + 36)(-21 + 3j + 6k)
(49)2 • Ex. 101 When Ie - ai is least the value ofa (when a is
= 943 (2i -3} - 6kl ang/e between a ande) equals
492
(a) tan- • G) (b) tan·
1
(¾)
• Ex. 98 a 1 • b is equal to
(a)- 41 (b)-~
(c) cos ·• (¾) (d) None of these
7
(c) 41 (d) 287
• Ex. 102 \Vhenjc- aj attains /east value, then the value • Ex. 105 The /ength of the perpendicular from vertex D
of1cj is on the opposite face is
14 (b) 2
(a)..! (b)~ (a) ✓6 J;;
2 2
(e) ~ (c)2._ (d) None of t hese
(d) 4
2 ✓6
Sol. For (E.x. Nos. 100-102) Sol. For (E."<- Nos. 103-105)
Htre. lal =2.l bi =3 4 -.
Poinl G is ( -, 1 -
3 3 3
ª} Therefore.
e X3 = b => lcll3lsina = lbl
=> lcl = ~cosec a
2 1AGI' = (3s)' 91 (s)'
3 9s1
+ + =
2
Consider, lc - al' = 1cj' - 2(3 .' e)+ la 1
or IAGI= ✓51
= 9 ,
4 cosec-a + 4 - 2(2). (3)2 . cosec a . rosa 3
AB =- 4Í + 4J + Ok
25 9 ,
= - + -. co1 · a -6rota AC =2Í+2]+2k
4 4
= 25 + (3 cot a - 2)' - 4
4 2
=!+(~cota -2)\, !
4 2 4
1e - 31 ~ ~ and leasl possible when C{S.2,3)

2
~cota =2 => tana = ~ =>a= 1an· 1 ~

2 4 4
3 3 8 (- 1, 4, 1)
Also, lcl= - - = -- =~
2sina 2m 2 iê
100. (d) 101. (b) 102. (e)
ABXAC =- :
, li o
1 1
Passage m
(Ex. Nos. 103-105)
=S(i + J-2k)
1
Consider a triangular pyramid ABCD the position vectors Atta of 6ABC = - IAB x AC 1= 4./6
2
of whose angular points are A (3, O, 1), B (-1, 4, 1), C (5, 2, 3)
and D(O, - 5, 4). Let G be the point of intersection of the AD =-3i -sJ + Jk
medians of triangle BCD. The length of the perpendicular from the verte.'\: Don the
opposile fitce
• Ex. 103 The /ength of vector AG is =1 Projectionof AD on AB x AC 1

(a) ✓17 (b) ./si =/(-3i - sJ + ~ cI + J-2iê> j
3
(c)J;
3 (d) s/59
4 =1-J1- 1 6
H
• Ex. 104 A rea of triangle ABC in sq units is =Ji
(a) 24 (b) 8✓6
(e) 4 ✓
6 (d) None o ( t hese
103. (b) 104. (e) 105. (a)
Passage IV Sol. (b) t. =.!. IAN x BPI = .!.11(1 -a)b + cxc} x 1(1 -a)c - b} 1
2 2
(Ex. Nos. 106-108)
Let A, B, C represent the vertices of a triangle, where A is = .!. J(t - a) 2(b x e)+ a(b x c)J
2
the origin and B and C have position vectors b ande
respectively. Points M, N and Pare taken on sides AB, BC = .!.Jb x cJ(a' -a+ 1)
2
. AM BN CP
and CA respecttvely, such that - - =- =- =a
AB BC CA =~JbxcJ{(cx-ff +¾}
M~)
:.t. is least, ifa = .!.
2
B(b)
~ N C(c)
Passage V
(Ex. Nos. 109-110)
lf A P, BQ and CR are the a ltitudes of acute t.ABC and
[Now answer lhe following questions]
9AP+ 4BQ+7CR =O.
• Ex. 106. AN + BP +CM is
• Ex. 109. LACB is equal to
(a) 3a (b + e) (b) a(b + e)
(c)(l - a) (b + e) (d) O (a)~ (b)~
4 3
So/. (d) Since AM =a,
:.
AB
P.V. of M =a b
(e) coÇ 'L1) (d) cos- ' ( ~ )
Since, BN =a • Ex. 110. L ABC is equal to

BC
BN
-=--
a (a) cos·tJ;) (b) %
NC 1-a
:.Position vector ofN =(I -a)b + ac 1
. CP (e) cos· ( ~) (d)~
Since, - =a
CA Sol. For (Ex. Nos. 109-110)
AP 1-a
- =-- Since, sum of three vectors 9AP, 4BQ and 7CR is zero, lhe.re is
PC a a t. whose sides have lengths 9J API. 4J BQ 7J CRI and are
P.V. of p=(l - CX)c parallel to lhe corresponding vectors.
Now, AN = (1-a)b + ac H is orthocentre.
BP =(1 - a)c - b => L BHP =90º -LQBC = LACB
CM = a b-c => Angle between AP and BQ equal to LACB. si~arly angle
:. AN + BP + CM = O between BQ and CR be LBAC.
AB BC AC
• Ex. 107. The vectors AN, BP andCM are 7JCRJ = 9JAP\ = 4J BQI
(a) concurrent (b) sides of a triangle 2. ar. (t.ABC) =JAB X CRJ = JBC x API =JCA x BQI
2
(e) non-coplanar (d) None of these c a' b'
~ - = - =-
Sol. (b) Since AN + BP+ CM = O 7 9 4
Hence, AN, BP and CM from lhe sides of a triangle. a :b : c = 3:2 : ✓7
a 2 + b2 -c2 l
• Ex. 108. lft,. represents the area enc/osed by the three cose = - - - - = -
2ab 2
vectors AN, BP andCM. then the value ofa. for which t. is
least LC = 60º = ~
3
(a) does not exist (b) .!. nnd
a'+ b' - r ' 2
2 cosn = 2ar = -:/1
(e)..!. (d) None of these 109. (b) 110. (a)
4
Passage VI Now. we have

a x b+bxc =pa+ q b+rc
. (Ex. Nos. 111 to 113)
=> a. (a x b) +a . (b x e)= p(a. a)+ q(a. b) + r(a. e)
Lei a, b,c are non-zero unit vectors inclined pairwise with 2
lhe sarne angle 8. p, q, r are non-zero scalars satisfying => (a a b] + (a b e] = pla/ +q/al/b/cose + ,ja/lcfcos8
a x b + b x e= pa + qb + rc => [a b e]= p + qcos0 + r cos0 = p + (q + r)cos0
:. Volume ofparallelopiped = p + (q + r)cos0
• Ex. 111 Volume of parallelopiped with edges a, b ande is Taking dot products with a. b, e respectively with given
equation
(a) p + (q + ,)cose [a b e]= p + (q + r)cos0 . ..(i)
(b)(p + q + r)cose
(c) 2p - (q + ,)cose (d) None of these O =(p + r)cose + q ...(ü)
[a b c]=(p + q)cose + r ...(ili)
• Ex. 112 The value of(! + 2cos8) is Also,

1
[a b c] 2 = cose
cos0 cos0I
I cos0 .
(a) 1 (b) o 1cose cose l
(c) 2[a b e ) (d) None of these => [a b c] 2 = (l - cos0}'(1 + 2cos0)
• Ex. 113 Thevalueofl(p+q) cos 8+rlis v= /[a b c]I =/1 - cos01/.J1 + 2cos0/
(a) (1 + cos8)J1 - 2cose =2sin 2 ~ ./.J1 +2cos0/

2
2
(b) 2sin '!.1J1 + 2cos8/ From Eqs. (i) and (iii). p = r substituting in Eq. (ü), we get
2
2pcose + q = O
(c)(l - sin8JJ1 + 2cose
!l. + 2cos0 = O
p
S ol. For (Ex. Nos. 11 1- 113) 111. (a) 112. (e) 113. (b)
Volume of parallelopiped = (a b e]= a. (b X e)

2 2
• Ex. 114 Match the items of Column I with items of a + b + 2a · b = a 2 + 4b 2 + 4a · b
Co/umn li. or 2
2a · b = - 3b < o
Column l Column II Hence, angle between a and bis obtuse.
A. lf /a+ b /=/a + 2b /, then angle betwcen a p. 90° (B)la + b/ =/a-2bl
and b is 2
or a + b + 2a · b
2
= a2 + 4b: - 4a · b
B. lf/a + b / =/a - 2b/ , thcn angle betwcen a q. obtuse or 6a • b = 3b2 > O
and bis
Hence, angle between a nnd b is acute.
C. lf /a + b 1= la - b Ithen angle between a and r. Oº
bis
(C)la + b/ =/a - b/
a· b = o
o. Angle be1ween a x b and a veclor s. ocutc
Hence, a is perpendiculnr lo b.
perpendicular to lhe veclor e x (a x b) is
(D) e x (a x b) lies in lhe plane of vectorsa and b.
Sol. A -t q; B -t s; C -t p; D -t r A vector perpendicular to thls plane is parallel to a x b
(A) la+ b/ = /a+ 2b/ Hence, angle is o·.
Chnp O? l'roc h1c:1 oi v,•c:10111 111
• Ex. 115 M11td1 tlie ilt·ms of Co/1111111 / wit/i /t( IIIS •~f • Ex. 116 fd 11td 11/111 ltc•ms c!f' Co/1111111 1 wlt/1 /1,·111.1 of
Column li. Co/1111111 //.
Cohmrn I Coh111111 li t 'ulumn 1 t:ulu111n li
A. Lct lal =lhl = 1,x ~ 11 + b ,y .. " - b . lf 1'· 4 1\, Cllwu 1w11 \'C\'h>r>111 - l i - ,IJ •I t>Íc, p. u
1
(x x YI = 1 \À - (ll · h) 1l:, 1hc11 thl'\·11h1c ,,r
!, a - ~, 1 1) - k 11111I
À • .1'.!:.1'J1.·,·1" "' of'
11
À is uu h , tlu.\u thl!I vnhu, of
l'roJ\'l'th,n \,f h ou 11
O. Thc 11,,11-zcn, vnluc "fÀ t,,r whil'l11111glr q. 42
.1À Is
b<:twecn >..i + j + k1111'1 i + )J + k is .':, is 1\, tr" .. i , 1j 1 ,lk,hw- i 1 ~j I k, '1· 7
- .1
C. lfl•I = (b 1=11111d lei= ~ clwn thc nmx imum r. 16 ,. • .11 ~ j 1111d II t 1•hls m111n11 I hll', 1h~111il•
,•alu~ ofl11 - ~b(: + 1b - ~cr
+ (e - 111 fis e. l.t"I n. h. ,. ho lhf\•~ l\lllt•ll'l'O \'(;:Chll"N 1'(11!.'h 111111 I', s
11 ~ h ~ ,. '" 1~ th,•11 À( II X h ) ~ ,. X h
s. 7
~ 11 >< ,. • (~ wh,•c'I.• À i• ,·q1111I ln
Sol. A-+ (r). n--> (!'). e --> (q). 1), Th~ p,,lnt:,1 whtlso JH1si1lnn ""''-'hH'N lll'l' H, 2
(A) X X )' =(n X b) X \n - b ) ri •I· ,,j t r~. ,,i 1 ,.j ·I />k 111111 ri 1 ,,j t· 1/k
=n Xn - n xb + b Xn - b X b e - 2(11 X h) IH\' ,·olHl\l·nr, tlu.,•n lhô vnhu,• ,,r
UlS=(x X yl =l-2(a X h)I = ~(all l~sluO (/ ➔ / ·I ,.: - 1"1 - ,11· - 17•) Is
1 1
RHS = 2(À - (a· b?)2 = 2(À - lai 1ibll ros1 0)' So l. A -> (11), li - > (r). Ç - • (s ). l l -> (p)
1 (,\) Clh·,·11. 11 • ~I -:1) -1 lik
8sin0 = 2(À - l 6cos'O)' 111111 h • - 21 + ~J - 1~
16sin 2 0 = À - 16,·os'O
=>
=> l6(sin 2 0 + cos' O) = À
N0\\1
•
,
f!. D
l'rnj,·rtl,u1 uf 11 011
l'roj,•din11 nf h 01111
h ("'")
lhl
••-~ - □
(~
1111
1h l
À =16
1t 1 111 1
(B) Wc havc, ('OS - = -
3 2 J2' + (- :1)' ·t-li' ., + •)+ :te, 7
(>..I +) + kl •(i + >..) + k) 0
e: :.?)' + 2J + {- 1) 1 • .. ·1 ➔• •I
+t • ;
-/>..' + 2JÀ' + 2 :,>.. = 7
1 À+À+I (l\) Giwn, 11 • I + 2) + 3k.
2=~
h ,. - l + 2J + k n11,I r • :11 + J
=> >..' + 2 = 2(2À + 1) Si11c,-, n + />b Is 11orn111I lo e
=> >..' - 4À = O => (11 + 1•h ) •1· a O
=> À(À - 4) =O ⇒ l(t -p)l +(H 21,)) 1-(:H • 1•)kl•('.ll + J) • ll
=> À= 01111'1 4 => 3(1 - f') + 2 + 2p • O
À=4 => :1 - :,,. + 2 + 2,, • O
(C) Wr hovr. 111 -2bl' + Ih - 2q' + lc -2111' ,, • 5
=(ai'+ 4Jbl' - 4n · b + lbJ' + ·1l<f - •lh · c (C) Giw11, 11 + h + e ,. O
+ lcl' + ''l•I' - ~ C · II = n x 11+11 >< h +11 x 1• • 11 X O
⇒ 11 >< h + n >< r • O ...(i)
=> 1 +4+ 1 + 16+4+4 - 4(n· b + b • c +c·11)
Also, h >< 11 + h x h + h x ,, • h x O
=> 30-4(a •h + b •c+c ·ll)
=> h x 11 + h >< r • ll
Wr know thit,
⇒ - 11 x h - r x h • ll
(a+ b + c)1 ar.o' +21:a·bc!O
s::> n x h -t- ,· x h • tl ...\li)
i.r. 1 + 1 + 4 +2(a · b + b •c+ c •a )c!O
On 11,l.ll1111 llqs. (1) n11.t \li), wr t\tl
=> 11· b + b · c +c·11c! - 3 :~11 X h) ~ ,. h ~ A ,. • 0
=> .!30-4(- 3) .!30+ 12.! •l2

On ,·om1u,rlntt, w-.• n,·t À 1111 ~
(A) Olv,n u 111111 h un· 1w11 1111lt vr!'l11r~. 1.r ., 1111~ 1hl ., 1 n111l
(D) 1: : ;l =O
r p q
nn"l" brl Wt't'II 1hr 111 l• !I,
" '.t
•inO .,l'.'.~ -e-, ~111!' " l11X h l
=> (p + q + r)(p' + q' + r' - pq - qr - rp) = O 111111~ :1
2 2 2 ✓:i
p +q +r - pq - qr - rt> = O _;_~ J11x h l
2
Nuw, [n h + 11 x b h) ,. (11 h h j + (11 11 x 1, h)
• Êx. 117 Match Ih.e it~ms of Column / with items of
Column li. = ll + (1111 x bh(
• (11 x h ) , (h x 11) • - (11 X b ) • (11 X b )
_ _ __ _ _ _c_oh_1.m n_1_ _ _ , ____ _ Column li
A. l f a ~nd b are two unit vcctors inclincd nt p. - 12 a - (11 X h l' a --;j
J
lt
, thcn 16[a b + a x hb]1s
.
(li) lfb arn l e ore o rtho1tonnl b · e O
3 a
Also. li Is ,:ivcn thnl h X e a n.

B. lf b and e a re orthogona l un it vcclors and q.
- ~ e = a _.__thcn [ a + ~ + e __ a + b b + e] is Now [n + h + e 11 + b b + e 1•
= [11 11 + bb + c( + (b + c n + bb + e ]
e. lf lal=l b l=lc J=2and r. 3
a • b = b •c= e • a = 2, then [a bc]cos4Sº is = [n b e ) = 11 · (b x e)
_ equal lo _____ . _______ _ = n • n =la('= 1 (hcca11so 11 is n uni! vcclo r)
D. a =2i + 3 j - k, b =- i + 2j - 4 k, s. 4 2
(C) Wc know thnt, (11 X b b X e e X a )= (a b c )
e = i + j + k and d = Ji + 2J + k, then
.!_(a
7
X b)• (c X d ) is cqual to
2
and = [ a b e ] = 1: :: : :: : :: 1= 1:
c·a c· b e· e 2
:
2
~ 1=
4
32
Sol. A-, (p); B-, (q); C-> (s); D-> (r) [a b e ]= 4✓2
(D)(a · c)(b · d ) -(b · c)(a · d )= 21

• Ex. 118 Given thatu = i - 2] +3k; v = 2i + + 4k; J • Ex. 119 The position vector ofa point P is
w=i +3] +3kand r =xi + yj + zk, where x, y, z e N anda = i + 2] + k. lf
(u · R-15) i +(v · R- 30).J + (w · R -20)k =O. Then. the r · a = 20 and the number ofpossible of P is 9Â. then the
value ofÂ is
greatest integer /ess than or equal to IRI is
Sol. (9) r • a = 20 => x + 2y + z = 20, x, y, z e N
Sol. (6) Lei R =xi+ )â + zk
Number of non -negativc integer solution are
u = i - 2J + 3k; V = 21 + j + 4k; w = i + 3j + 3k
=> "e,+ "e,+ "e,+ ... + 'e,
(u . R - 15)i + (v • R - 30)] + (w · R - 20)k = O (givcn)
=81 = 9À => À =9
So. u · R = 15 => x - 2y + 3z =15 ...(i)
v •R = 30 => 2x + y + 4z = 30 ...(ü) • Ex. 120 Let u be a vector on rectangular coordinate
w •R = 25 => x + 3y + 3z =25 ...(iü) system with s/oping angle 60º. Suppose that Iu - il is
Solving. w c gel geometric mean o/lul and lu- 2i~ where i is the unit vector
x= 4 along the X-axis. Then, lhe value o/(✓2 + l )l u l is
y =2 Sol. (1) Since, angle between u a n d i is 60", we have
z =5
Now, 1R ( = ✓-4- - 22_+_5_2 = ✓

2 + 45 u · i = lull il cos60º "' ~
2
[I R IJ=[✓45] = 6 Given that, 1u 1,1 u - il, 1, ln - 2il are in GP .
So, lu - li'=l ull u -211
Squaring both sldcs,

2
So/. (1) We havc, a x b =Ja xc
2
[lu l + iil2-2u · iJ =iui'(lul' + 4lij2- 4u · Í] = a x (b -Jc)=O
21 1 =:i is parallel lo b -3c.
( iu l' + 1- ; )' =i ui'(iui' + 4- l~i)
Now, b- Jc = À:i
or iul + 21ul -1 = O => lb -3cl' = Ã'i:il'
2
1ui' = - ± 2.Ji => 1hl' + 91ct' - 6(b · e)= Ã2ial'
2
or iui =.Ji-1 1 + 9 X! - 6 X1 X! X! = À2(1)2
9 3 2
(✓2 + l) Ju i =(.Ji + 1)(✓2-1)=2-l=I 1 + 1 - 1 =Ã => À
2 2
=1
À=± l
• Ex. 121 Let A(2i +3j +Sk), 8(- i +3j +2k) and
C(Ài +sj + µk) are vertices of a triangle and its median • Ex. 123 lf a, b, e are unit vectors such that
through A is equally inclined to the positive directions of the • 7t
axes, the value o/2À - µ is a. b = o =a• e and the angle between b ande ,s , then the
3
Sol. (4) Mcdian through A is value ofl a X b - a X e1-
A So /. a . b =O= a.lb
a.c=O=>a.lc
= a.lb-c
B~
D C :. la X b - a X cl = J:i X(b - c)I
=lallb- cl =i b- cl
AD = ~
2 Now, lb - cl' = lbl' + lei' - 2 lbll clcos.!:
3
AB = -Ji-Jk
1
=2 - 2X -= l
AC =(À - 2)i + 2) + (µ - S)k 2
lbcl = 1
AD = ![(À - 5)1 + 2) + (µ - 8)k]
2
We havc, AD is equally inclincd to lhe positive direction of • Ex. 124 lf the area of the triangle whose vertices are
aJCCS A(- 1, 1, 2); 8(1, 2, 3) and C(t, 1, 1) is minimum, then the
absolute value of parameter t is
![(À - S)i + 2) + (µ - 8)k] · i
cose 2 Sol. AB =21 + 3+ k. AC =(t + 1)i + Oj - k
IADfili
ic
!((Ã-S)i + 2J + (µ-8)k] . 3 ABx AC= 2 1
l+I O -1
IADtl31
![(Ã -s)i + 2j + (µ -s)ÍcJ · ic =- i + (1 + 3) J- (r + 1>ic

= .J1 + (1 + 3)2 + (1 + 1) 2
IADtlkl
À-5=1 = µ - 8 =.J212 + 81 + 11
2 2
Arca of li.ABC = !I AB x AC 1
Ã=7andµ = IO 2
2À-µ =14 - 10 = 4
= ! .J212 + 8t + 1
2
• Ex. 122 Three vectors a(I a1;,, O), b ande are such that 2
lei /(1) = 6 = !(21' + 81 + 1)
1 4
a x b =3a xc, a/sol ai= lbl =1 andlcl =J° lf the angle /(1) =O=t = -2
between b and e is 60• andl b - 3c 1= À Ia~ then the value of At t =-2, I"(t) > O
À is So, ô. is minirnum nt t = - 2
Toe abovc thrce cquatíoru will satísfy íftht coefficí.ents ofa. ll

• Ex. 125 Let OA = a, 0B = 10a + 2b andOC =b, where ·r
and y are zero becausc ex, ll and are thrce distinct real numbers
O, A and C are non-collinear points. Let p denote the area of =
a - 2 O ora 2, =
quadrilateral OACB, and let q denote the area of paral/elo- b - 3 = Oor b = 3 and e = O
gram with OA and OC as adjacent sides. lf p = k q, then k is a' + b' + e' = 22 + 32 + o'= 4 + 9 = 13
equal to
So l. Hcre, OA = a, 0B = I0a + 2b, OC = b
• Ex. 127 Let v = 2i +] - k and w = Í + 3k. lfú is unit
q = Arca of parallelogram with OA and OC as adjacent side.
vector and the maximum value of[ u v w] =.ff, then the
q=laxbl ...(i)
value of('J... - 51) is
Sol. (8) We have, (u v w] = u. (v x w)
=> [uvw)Sl uJJvxwj (·:a. b SJaJlb(]
[uvw]SJvxwj [·.-Jn! = 1]
k
Now, vxw= 2 1 -1 =31 - 7}-k
p = Arca of quadrilateral OABC 1 O 3
= Arca oft.OAB + Arca of t.OBC lv x wj = J9 + 49 + 1=./59
=.!.la x (!0a + 2b)I + .!. J(l0a + 2b) x bJ Hence, maximum value of[ u v w] = ./59
2 2
On comparing, wc gel À = 59
=la x bl + 5la x b l
À-51 =S
p=6la X bl
p=6q [From Eq. (i)]
or • Ex: 128 Leta =tti + 2) -3k, b =i +2a)-2k and
k =6
e= 2i -a)+ k. Then the value of6o., such that
• Ex. 126. lf x, y are two non-zero and non-collinear {(a x b) x(b xc)} x(cx a) =O, is
2
vectorssatisfying [(a-2)et 2 +(b -3)et+c]x+((a - 2)P Sol. (4) a =ai+ 2]-3k. b = t + tn]-2k. e =2f -<rj + k
2 {(a x b) x(b x e)} x(c xa) = O
+(b-3)P + c]y +[(a - 2)y +(b-3)y + c)(x xy) =O
where tt, p, y are three distinct real numbers, then find the or {[nbc]b-(abb)c} x (c x a)=O
valueof(a 2 +b 2 +c 2 -4). or [abc]b x (c x a )= 0
· Sol. (9) Since, x and y are non-collinear vectors, thercforc or [abc]((a.b)c-(b.c~~)=O
x, y and x x y are non-coplanar vectors. or (n b e]= O (·.- n nml e n.n- 110 1 ,-oUin~ar)
1: !: =,lº
2
So, [(a -2)a 2 + (b -3)a + c]x + ((a-2)1}
2
+ (b -3)1} + c)y + [(a -2)y + (b -3)y+ c)(x x y) = O
=>
=> Coefficient of each vector x, y and x x y is zero.
or a(2a-2a)-:.'(1 +4)-~(-a--kl)•0 or IO- l 5a=O
(a-2)a 2 +(b-3)a + c=0
~
(a - 2) 1}2 + (b -3) P+ e= O
(l . -
3
(a - 2) y' + (b - 3) y + e= O 6X2
/,(l • - - • 4
3

• Ex. 129 Lera and b be two unit vectors such that â + b Then, AC' + BD 2 + AD 2 + BC'
is also a unit vector. Then, find the angle between â and b. =(e -a) • (e - a).+ (d - b)· (d - b)
Sol. Since, â + i, is a unit vector. +(d-a). (d - a)+ (e - b). (e - b)
2 2
=lcl 2 + lal 2 - 2a · e+ ldl + lbl -2d· b
=> lâ + hl = 1 => \â + bi' = 1 2 2
+ ld l' + !ai' -2a. d+ lcl + lbl - 2b . e
=> (â+ b)-(â + b)= l 2
= lal' + lbl' -2a · b + lcl + ld l' -2c · d
=> â · â + b · b + 2â · i, = 1 => 1 + 1 + 2â · i, = 1 2 2
+ lal' + lb! + lei'+ ldl -2a · b + 2c · d
â • i, = - ~ => lâl lhl cosa = - ~ - 2a · e - 2b . d - 2a · d - 2b · e
2 2 = (a - b) · (a - b) + (e - d )· (e· d )+
(a + b ,- c -d)·(a + b - e - d )
cos8 = - ~ (-:lâi = Ih\ = l)
2 = AB 2 + CD2 + (a + b - e - d) · (a + b
8 = 120º - c -d)~A.B 2 +CD 2
Hence, the angle betwecn â and i, = 120º. AC 2 + BD' + AD 2 + BC' ~ AB 2 + CD 2
• Ex. 130 Determine the values ofe so that foral/ real x, • Ex. 132 Using vector method, prove that the altitudes of
the vectors ex1- 6 J+ 3 k and xi + 2) + 2cxk make an obtuse a triangle are concurrent.
ang/e with each other. Sol. Let the point of intersection O of two altitudes BQ and CR be
taken as origin and lhe position vectors of lhe vertices A, B, C
Sol. Given, a= exi - 6) + 3k and b = xi + 2) + 2c:xk be a. b, e respectively. Lei AO produced meet BC ai P. We
·: a and b makc an obtuse angle with each other. will show that AP is perpendicular to BC , showing there by
that the three altitudes are concurrent.
cosa = ~ <O
~
lallb
ex2 -12 + 6ex
i.e., -,.====,,....,.=====< º
Jc'x' + 36 + 9Jx' + 4 + 4c x
2 2
ex 2 + 6ex - 12 < O ...(i)

Now, two cases are possible.
B(b) P C(c)
Case I e ,o O
=> ex' + 6cx- 12 is a quadratic equation which has real solution OB =b. BQ = µb
as its collinear with 08.
"iff A < Oand B2 - 4AC < O"
2 Similarly, since OC = C
i.e. ifc < Oand36c + 48c < O
CR=vC
i.e. if e < Oand 12c(3c + 4) < O
[·:e> O] Now, AC = e - a andAB = b - a
3c + 4 > O
Since, BQ .L AC, we have µb . (e - a) and soa . b = b . e
-~<c<O ...(ii) Again, since CR .L AB, vc . (b - a )= o
3
Case II e= O b. c=c.a
=>- 12 < Owhich is an identity. a . b = b.c =c. a
or a.(c - b)=O
e= o satisfy Eq. (i) . ...(iii)
Àa.(c- b)=O
:. From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we gel - ~<eSO AP . BC = O => AP .L BC
3
• Ex. 131 A, 8, C and D are four points in space. Using • Ex. 133 Using vector method, prove that the ang/e in a
2 2
vector methods, prove that AC + 8D + AD + BC
2 2 semi-circle is a right angle.
Sol. Take lhe centre O as origin nnd AB is the diameter, so that
~ AB 2 + CD 2 what is the implication of the sign of equality. OA =08.
Sol. Let the position vector of A, B, C and D be a, b, e and d, lf the point A is a, then B Is - a and lal = r = radius.
respectivcly.
~
.·.Using Eq. (i),
I0AJ' + 10811 + IOCI' + 2(OA. O8 + 08 . OC.,. OC. 0AJ 2 o
=> 3R 1 + ZR 1(cos2A + cosZB + cos2CJ 2 O
,.:,~«•< cosZA + cos2B + rosZC 2 - ~
2
lei P be any poinl r on the circumference, so that 1,j = OP = r • Ex. 136 Let 13 = 4 i'+ 3] and y be two •·ectors
Then, AP = Position veclor of P - Position vector of A = r - a perpendicular to each other in the XY -plane. Find ali the
and BP = Position veclor of P - Position veclor of B = r + a vectors in the sarne plane having the projections 1, 2 along 13
AP . BP= (r - a) . (r +a) = r 1 - a 1 = r 1 - r' = O and y, respectively.
Sol. Here. li = 4i + 3)
• Ex. 134 The comer P of the square OPQR is folded up so Since. '( is ~ndicular to li Le. li . '( = O
that the plane OPQ is 'perpendicular to the plane OQR, find üj for all values of >-
: . We can choosc '( = 3Ài -
the angle between OP and QR ui therequired vector be a = 1i + mi
Sol. After folding OPQ, PS .1. SR. . . o f a aJ ong.,
Now, proJecbon A
= Ti
a . Jl
41
1= + )m => 41 + 3m = 5
:Lsl'
-,\: ..-···:
.·s-,
5
Similarly, p rojcction ofa along '( = ~
l·rl
., .. 2
)À/ - 4}.m
O a R 5).
31-4.m = 10 ••.(iJ1
Here, SQ .l. SR, SQ .l. PS 0n solving Eqs. (i) and (ü), wc gct
l = Zandm=-1
a =2i - J
a .,. a ,.,. a .. t
0P = -SO + SP= TzJ + ✓2 i =72U + 1)
• Ex. 137 lf a, b ande are three coplanar vectors. lf a is
not parai/e/ to b, show that
QR =SR -SQ = 7z(k- i)
e.a
a.b l a+ j ª·ª c.a l b
I0PI= Jz.fi=a => IQRl = a c.b b .b a.b c . b
e
Cosine of angle between 0P and a .a a. bl
0P · QR a' (i + J) ·(k - i) ' la.b b.b
QR =I0PIIQR I = 2 az Sol. Sin~. a, b and e are coplanar, we mar write
2 e= i..,a + i..,b
cos8 = ~(- I) = -~ => 8= 7t
2 2 3 a . c=i..,a.a+À:3 . b •..(i)
and b . e = i.. 1b . a+ i.., b . b ...fú)
• Ex. 135 ln a !!.ABC, prove by vector method that 0n solving Eqs. (i) and (ü), br Cnunds rule, we find th.it
cos2A +cos28 +cos2C ~- -
2
3
la.e a.b 1•·• a.e ,

À,= b . e b . b and i.., = b .ab. e
Sol. N we know, (0A + 08 + OC)' 2 O ...(i)
a,a a,b 1•. a a. b 1
and IOAI' = 1081' = 1OCI' = R' ...(ii) l
a.b b.b a.b b . b
A 0n subslituling À I lUld À,. we gel
1::: :: !la♦I::: :::lb

à c= - - ---,, -- - -:-,---
•· • • .
1a . b b . b
bl
• Ex. 138 ln ó ABC, D is tlic mid-point of side AB and E 1111'AI' + bl Plll2 + cl PCI'
is the centroid ofÂ COA //OE• CD= O. whcre O is the = (a + b + r) I PI 12 + "I IAl 2 + bl 1111 2 + d 1q'
cirfumctntre ofti. ABC. using vcctors prove tl,at AB = AC. + ZPI · lolA + /,li\+ dCI'
2
Sol. ltt us t:.kt O to bt thr origin and position ,·rctor of tia· 2
=> 111PAl + hl1'1~ + <i l'Cl 2 = (a + b + e)
,-.rtkrs A. B aml C bt "· b nml e . rcspcctivd)•· 1
11'11 + ajlAI' + /~llf + cllCI'
Wt ha,·,.
(·: a li\ + b IU + e IC = O) shown "'• sincc O bc poinl of
lat = lb! = l a IA + b Ili + clC = O
D
O(Origin
• Ex. 140 lf two circles i11tersect, prove by using vector
B(b) C(c) method. that the /inc joining thcir centres is perpendicular to
E= 3., + b + 2c their common chorei.
2 Sol. Lei O b,· lhe centre of llw firsl circle :oml C bc the centre of
St"cond. Lei a and b bc th,· rndil of thc two circlcs. Position
CD =" + b =" + b - 2c vrctor of C is e aml AD bc poinl of intcrsection of two circles.
2 2
11I1d OE= 31\ + h + 2c

2
OE·ÇD = o
=> .!_(3:,+ b +2c) ·(ll+ b -2c)=0

4
lf ris lhe position veclor of A.
Jlal' +lhl' - 4lcl'+ 4a -b- 4a·c = o => CA = OÍ\ - OC = r - e ...(i)
=> a-b=a·c (': OA = r aud OC = e)
=> Jl,.I' + lh l' - -IJcl' = o Also, r • r =a'and (r -c)·(r-c)=b' ...(ii)
=> i" I' + 1b I' - 2a • b = la 1' + 1e 1- 2a · e Hence, ai the point of intcrscction of two circlc
2 2
=> I• - b I' = I• - e I' a - 2r•c+ lcl =b 2 => r·c =~[b 2 -a'-lei'l
2
=> IABI' = IAC I' lf E is the point of inlersection of OC andAB. then
=> IABl=IAC I OA =OE+ EA = Àr + k,AB
08 = OE + E8 = Àc + k2A8
• Ex. 139 Let / be the incentre ofõABC. Using vectors
2 2 2 => 2OA·c =2r ·c =2 [Àc + k1AB]· e =a' - b 2 + lei'
prove thatforanypointPa(PA} +b/.PB) +c(PC)
2 and 208- e= 2r · e = 2{Àc + k2A8}· e= a' - b' + lei'
=a(IA} 2 +b(/8) 2 +c{/C) 2 +(a +b+c)(/P)
=> 2[Àc-k1A8] -c=2[Àc+k2 AB]c => A8 ·c=0
whue a, b ande have usual meanings.
Hcnce, AB is perpendicular to OC.
Sol. Wt havt, IP+ lA = PA
• Ex. 141 Using vector method prove that
=> IPAI' •
&
O D C
11'11' + llAI' + 21'1 · IA
2
cos(A - 8) = cos A cos 8 + sin A sin 8.
Sol. Let OX and OY be two tines perprntlicular to ,ach oth,r und
LPOX = A. LQOX = B. So that, L l'OQ = A - B shvwn as,
y
P(r C09 A. sir, A)
ai PAI' ª al P11 + ai IAI' + 21'1 ·(ai A) ...(1)

Similarly. bll'lll' bl Pll' + bt 1111' + 21'I -(/, lll)
2 ...(li)
cll'CI' = <11'111 + ri ICI' + 21'1 ·(rlC)
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (ili), w~ g<t
Let i and _j denote unit vectors along OX and OY so lhat, • Ex. 143 Jfa, b, e and d are the position vector of the
i- i = ]-_j = 1 and i -_j = _j-i = o vertices ofa cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, prove that
Also, let OP = r and OQ = r, axb+bxd+dxal lb xc+cxd+d x ~
- - - - - - - ' + ' - - - ----'=O
.·.P (rcosA. rsinA) and Q(r, cosB, r,sinB) (b-a)-(d-a) (b-c) -(d -a)
OP = (rcosA) i + (rsinrl)J ...(i) /ax b+ bx d+ d x a/
and OQ = (r, cosB)i + (r,sinB)] Sol. Consider, (b- a)· {d- a)
Byddinition (a- d) x (b- a)_ /a- d // b- a/sinA
OP -OQ =/ OPj /OQ cosL POQ=r,rcos(A - B) (b - a)·(d - a) /b- c/ld- c/cosA
OP -OQ = "i cos(A - B) ...(ü) . ..(i)
= tanA
Also, from Eq. (i)
[}□
---------- ~
OP· OQ = "i cosAcosB + 17j sinAsinB
= 17j(cosAcosB + sinrlsinB) ...(ili)
,'
' '
.
'' ''
From Eqs. (ü) and (ili). we get '' '
\ / '
n; cos(A - B) = 17j(cosA cosB + sinAsinB)
A,
...... _- - -..... 8
=cos(A - B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
. /bxc+cxd+dxb/ /(b-c) x(c - d)I
• Ex. 142 A circle is inscribed in an n-sided regular Agam, (b-c)-(d - c) {b -c)-(d - c)
polygon A,. A 2 •• • , An having each side a unitfor any arbi-
/b - cj/c-d/sinC
trary point P on the circle, prove that tanC
/b - cJ/d -cjcosC
~ ) 2 = n -a
k(PA;
2
(1-+cos
-
2
7t / " )
--- As cyclic quadrilateral
;=1 4 sin 2 nln
A= 180° -C
Sol. l.et the centre of lhe incirde be lhe reference poinL => tan A = tan(l80º - C)
The.n. PA1 = OA, - OP => tanA +tanC=0
=> _/ax b+ bxd+ d x a/+ /bx e+ ex d+ d x b/
o
A; A;.'
\zt)
......
A,-
- -~º
,.-· n r \
a/2
......
A,.,
(b- a)- (d- a) (b- c)-(d- e)
• Ex. 144 ln li ABC, points D, E and F are taken on the

sides BC, CA and AB, respectively such that
BD CE AF
PA,· PA, =(OA1 - OP)·(OA, -OP) -=-=-=n.
DC EA AB
(PA1) 2 =(IOA,1) 2 + (IOPj)' -2OA1 - OP
n 2 -n+l
Prove that, liDEF =- --2 li ABC.
Í:(PA1) 2 = Í:(/OA,/)2 + (J OPj )-2OA1 -OP
2
(n + 1)
l•J l=I
=·nR 1 + nr 2 -2OP ·
.
L OA1 ...(i)
Sol. Take A is lhe origin and lei lhe position vectors of lhe points
B and C be b and e, respectively.
i=I
e
=n(R 2 +r 2 )-2 OP·(0)
Now,
a 1t a 1t
R = -cosec-,r = -cot -
2 n 2 n
R 1 + r 2 = ~ ( cosec 2 .'.: + co1 2 .::)
=
4
~ ( 1 + cos
n
2
n
1t I ")
...(ü)
A
& n
:. The position vector of D. E and f are
F B
2
...(iü) nc+b e nb
4 sin 1t/n - - ----
n+l n+t'n + l
from Eqs. (i) and (iü), we gel
=> I:• (PA,)1 = n-

,.,
a'('+
4
2
cos 1t/n)
sin 2 1t /n
FD = AD _ AF = nc + b - nb = nc+ (1 - n) b
n+l n+I
and EF = AF - AE = n b - e
n+1
~º"'• ,·ertor area of õ.A.8C =.!.o> x e) and vector area oCt,DEF

. (e - b)= + 2 e
For the point E, we have b + À 1
b Ã,
. 2 2 2
= _!,(FD x FE)
2
⇒ bG-À,) + f (À, - À,) =o
1
= - -- l(nb-c) xnc+(l -n)b}
2(n + l )' ⇒ À, =À, =.!.
2
1 t 2b + e
= - - - , {n b xc + (1-n) b xc} AE = - -
2(n + 1) 4
1 3<:+ b - 2b- e 2c - b
= - --((n'-n+ l)(b xc)] Now, EA, = 4
2(n + 1)' 7
=n' - n+l óABC

b+ e 3c
DA, =-2- - - 7 - = - l -4 -
+b 5b + e
2(n + l)'
1
Area of quadrilateral EA,A, D=
: . Arca of 6 DEF = n' - n + 1 area of ó ABC 2IEA, x DA,I
2(n + 1)2
=_!__l(2c-b)x(Sb+ c)I
112
• Ex. 145 Let the area ofa given 6 ABC be 6. Points =_!__ l!Oc x b - b X cl
A 1, 8, andC, are the mid-poin ts of the sides BC, CA and AB, 112
11 111 11
respectively. Point A 2 is the mid-point ofCA, ünes C 1A 1 and = - Jc x b J=---lc xbJ= -
112 56 2 56
A A2 meet the median BB, at E and D, respectively. lf.ó. is
the area of the quadrilateral A 1A 2 DE, using ,,ectors prove Thus, required ratio ís .!..!._
S6
6
that ' =2-.!. .
.ó 56 • Ex. 146 Let ABC be an acute angled triangle with
Sol. Let lhe position vfiCl.or of A. B and C be a, b and e.
centriod G and the internai bisectors ofangles A. B and C
respecti..-ely. meets BC, CA and AB in M , N and K respectively using
Webave, AC, =.!'._, AB, = E_ vectors, prove that if G /ies on one of the sides of6 MNK ,
2 2
b + e
AA, = --. AA,=-~-
3c+b then one of the altitudes of6 ABC equals the s um of other
two.
2
Sol. L<t G be on MK.
Equation ofthe lines BB,. AA, and C,A, are
L<t the posítion vectors of B and C with reference to origin A
r =bÜü- b) be b ande, respectively.
BC = a. CA = b andAB =e
r=Àz3ct and r=i +),ü) Now. BM =E_
MC b
~
C (c)
à
A (O)
For the poinl D. we ba,·e

· C, B (b)
B(b) O M C(c) .
:. Posítion vector of AI = bb + cc
b+ ,.,(f-b) =1., (3c: b) b+c
Similazly. posítion vector of K = ~

b ( 1 - ,., - ~') + ~ (21.1 - 31.,) = o
a+b
MK = PV of K - PV of.11 = ~ - bb +
a+b b+c
cc
).,=~.)., =.:!
7 7 PV ofG = b + e
3c + b 3
AD=--
7 GK = PVofK - PVofG = ~ - b+ e
a+b 3
=
=
e~
Since, G lies on MK, MK x GK = O
b- ~: ;e) x e:
+ e bb x cc
- -bb- xb---- -
b - b; e) =O
Sol. Let A', B' and C' be lhe tops of the poles at A, B and C,
respectively. Tiu-ough A' draw a 6 A' B,C, congruent lo
6 ABC and parallel to lhe horizontal plane of lhe park. Take
A' B, as lhe X -axis and a line perpendicular to it as lhe Y-axis
(in lhe plane of 6 A' B,C,) and a line through A' and perpen-
a+b 3 a+c dicular to the plane A' B,C, as the Z-axis.
bb bb+a: b +c z
x - - + - - x --=0
a+b b+c 3 C'
= _b(b x c) bc (cx b ) + b(b x c)+ b (c x b) = O
3{a+b) (b+c) (a+b) 3(b+c) 3
Í b bc b e ]
bca + b) (b + e) (a+ b) + 3(b + e) + 3(b + e)
(c x b)=0
b bc b e
- - -- - - - - - + - - - = o lf 1, Jand k are lhe unit vectors along lhese axes, lhen
3(a + b) (b + e) (a+ b) 3(b + e) 3(b + e)
A'B 1 =ci
= b(b + e) - 3bc - b(a + b) + c(a + b) = O A' C 1 = (bcosA)i + (bsinA)J
= b + bc - 3bc - ab - b ac + bc
2 2
- A 'B' = ri+ yk
ac = ab + bc A' C' =(bcosA)i + (bsinA) j + zk
1 1 1 Since, the planes A ' B' C' is inc!ined at an angle 8 to lhe plane
- =- + -
b e a A ' B,C1, angle bctween lhe normais to lhe planes is (lt -8).
26 26 26 Obviously, the unit vector normal to lhe plane A' B,C, is k and
= + (where, 6 denotes area of 6 ABC)
b e a lhe normal vector to A' B' C' is
= P• = P,, + P, denotes lhe altitudes drawn through A, B and
C, respectively.
[(bcosA) i + (bsinA) j + (z) k] x (e i + y k)
= (ybsinA) 1 -(yb cos A - zc)} - (bcsinA)k
Aliter
cos(lt -8) =
g=a m +(l-a)k
{(ybsinA)i - (ybcosA - zc)} -(bcsinA)k)- k
b+ e a (b b + a:) + (1 - a) b b
2 2
3 b +c a+b .Jy'b sin A+ y 2b 2 cos 2 A+ z 2c 2 - 2yzbccosA + b 2c 2 sin2 A
sinA
On comparing coefficients of b and e, wc get
1 ac y 2 z' 2yz
- 2 + -2 - - cosA + sin 2 A
3 b+c c b bc
b+ c
= a= - -
3c
sinA
and ~ + (l - a) b = .!_ substituting a, we get
b+c a+b 3
ca = ab + bc
• Ex. 148 lfa, b ande are three vectorssuch thata x b =e,
1 1 1 b X e= a ande X a :: b, then prove thatl ai =Ih 1= lcl
-=-+-
b e a Sol. Here, a x b =e (given)
= (axb) ·c =c ·c
• Ex. 147 Three potes of hei• ht x, x + y and x + z we =
Also,
[a bc] = lc12 ...(i)
posted at the vertices A, 8 and C ofa triangular park of bxc =a (given)
sides a, b ande, respectively. A plane sheet is mounted at the (b x c)·a = a -a
tops of the potes. lf the plane of the sheet is inc/ined at an = [b e a] = lal' ...(ü)
·"•'· , ,:~::::~"1'·tr sinA

i ' : ::lctor
and
=
=
Since,
e xa = b
(c x a) · h = b -b
[ca b] =l h l'
[a b e ]= [b ca] = [ca b]
(given)
(given)
...(ili)
:.From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we gel
lc l'= ial'=f bl' = lcl =l al = lbl
Chap 02 Product or Vectors 121
• Ex. 149 lfa, b,candd arefour cop/anar points, then ⇒

k, = R .(a xJl) = [RaJl]
show that[a b e] =(b c d]+(c a d] + [a b d] JaxJlJ' J<ixjlj'
Sol. Since, a, b. e and d are coplanar points. On taking do! product ofEq. (i) with a x(a x Jl)
We have, b -a. e - a and d - a are coplanar, ⇒ R .a x (a xJl) = k2 (a x(a xJl)).Jl
⇒ [b- ac -ad -a] = O k2[(a.Jl)a -(a.a)l3].Jl = k,[(a.Jl)'-a"j3'J
⇒ {(b-a) x(c - a)} •(d -a)= O = -k, la xJlJ'
⇒ (bxc) · d - (b xc) •a-(b xc)· a=O k - (R(a x(a xJl))]
⇒
-(a x e) •d + (a x c)-a = O ' 1a x Jll'
⇒ [b c d )-[b ca)-(b a d ]-(acd)=O k _ _ [R (ll x(ll xa))]
⇒ [a b e]= [b e d ]+ [a b d )+ [e a d ] Similarly,
,- JaxJlJ'
R = -[ R (ll x (llxa))]a _ JR(a x (a "._Jl)))Jl
• Ex. 150 l etü andv be unit vectors. lf w is a vector such ⇒
JaxJlJ' Ja x Jl1·
that w +(w x u) = v, then prove thatl(u x v) • wl~.! and [R (a x Jl)](a x Jl)
2
that the equality holds ifand only ifu is perpendicular to v. + la x Jll'
Sol. w+(wx u ) = v R + (R(Jlx(llxa))Ja + (R(a x (a x Jl))]Jl
⇒ WX U =v-w •..(i)
JaxJlJ' JaxJll'
⇒ (w Xu )' = v' + w' -2v •w _ (R(a xjl)](a x Jl)
⇒ 2v·w= I +w'-(uxw)' ...(ii) - JaxJlJ'
Also, taking dot product of Eq. (i) with v, we get
w -v+(wxu) -v =v · v • Ex. 152 1fa, b ande represents the sides oftetrahedron
⇒ v ·(w x u )=I - w · v ...(ili)(·:v •v=lvl'=I) and8 be an angle between a and b, cj) be an ang/e between a
Now, v •(w X u ) =1 - .!.11+ w' -(u X w)2 ] ande, ljl' be an angle between b ande. then prove that the
2 volume of the tetrahedron is given by
[using Eqs. (ii) and (ili)]
=_!,_w' +(u xw)' 2 2 2 1 cos 8 cos 8
(·: O:S: cos 2 8 :S: 1) 2 a b e
2 2 2 V =--- COS8 COSljl'
36
= .!.c1 - w' +
2
w' sin 8) 2
...(iv) coscj) cos ljl' t
As we know, O:S: w' cos 2 8 :S: w' Sol. OABC represent a tetrahedron. where
1 1 - w' cos'8 ._ 1 - w' OA = a,OB = b,OC = e rdnti\-e to O
- .?---- , - -
2 2 2 Volume of tetrahedron(v) = .!.[a •(bx e)]
2 2
1- w cos 8 :S: .!, 6
⇒ ...(v)
2 2 A_____ ! -,ü~O
1
From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we gel lv ·(w X u) l:S:
2 -~\e
, . _..,b
2
Equality holds only when cos 8 = O ⇒ 8 =
Le., u .l w = 0 ⇒ u •w=0
w+(w x u ) = v
2
lt
......./ \
U· W+ u -(~x u) = U · V
e
0+0= u •v ⇒ u · v =0 ⇒ u .lv n ·a a · b
Also, 2 1 : 1
l
v = - [• ·(bxc)] = - b ·n b , b
36 36
• Ex. 151 Prove that C·R C•b
R + (R.(f}x(f}xa)] a + R. (ax(axf3)J3 = [R af} ](axf})
l
2 2 2
a' abcos 8
jaxf3J jaxf}j Jaxf31 =2._ bcos8 b'
36
Sol. (l, Jl and a x Jl are threc non-coplanar vectors. Any vector R rcosci, OCCOSlj/
can be represented as a liMar combination of these vectors.
⇒ R = k,a + k,13 + k,(a xJl) ...(i) 1 • •
1 cos8 r<'Si:,I
= -a·b'c· rosO 1 N Sljl
⇒ R. (a xJl) = k,(a xJl).(a xJl)= k,(a xJl)' 36
1cosei, COS ljl I
1_22 Textbook of v ··:.tor & 30 Geometry
• Ex. 153 A pyramid with vertex at the point P, whose 1tl â(b X ê)I
position vector is 4 i + 2] + 2✓3 k has a regular hexagonal = ll:sin a.cos f3 cosy ~ I
base ABCOEF. Position vectors of points A and B arei and • Í,xê • êxâ • _ âx b
i + 2j. respectively. Centre of the base has the position where, 11, = -.--, 112 = -.-.- and 1']3 - -.--.
lb xêl lc x al la x bl
vector i + J+ ✓ 3k. Altitude drawn from P on the base meets
Sol. We know from sine ruJe,
the diagonal AO at point G. Find ali possible position vectors
AB AC BC
of G. lt is given that volume of the pyramid is6✓3 cu units.
sinC = sinB = sinA
Sol, Lei lhe centre of base be (O).
(AB)(BC)(CA)
= 2R = 2(ó.ABC) ...(i)
AB=2) => IADI =2
ó.OAB = .!_ • 4.ÍJ = .ÍJ BC= IBCI 1= lêcosy- b cosPI
4
= l(â · Í,)ê•(ê·â)Í, 1= lâ x (Í, x ê)I
1;'(4i+2j+2"2 1<J
Similarly, AC=I ACl=lb x(êxâ)I
E D
F
<i+l+-'Hl: / ..
,•• G C
and AB = IABl= lêx(âxb)I
1
Also, ó.ABC = 1BC x BAI
2
,,,•O
=!l(ê cosy- b cosP) x(â coscx - b cosp~
A(i) 8(i+2i) 2
= ! l(ê xâ)coscx cosy + (Í, x ê)cosycosp

=> Base are a = 6.ÍJ sq unit. 2 . •
Lei height of the pyraroid be h. + (â x b) cosP cos<XI
=> !.6..ÍJh =6✓3 = !111, sina cosPcosy + fi, sinPcoscx cosy

2
3
+ fi,sinycosacosíJI
h =3 units
=> 2ó.ABC = l:Efi1 sinacosPcosY1
AP =31 + 2J + 2✓3k ;, Eq. (i) reduces to
IAPI = .j9+4+l2 =5 units lâ x(Í, x ê)I = Ih x(ê xâ)I = lêx (â x b)I
AP = .J9 + 4 + 12 =5 units sinA sinB sinC
AG = .J2s - 9 = 4 units 1tlâ X (Í, X ê)I
l:E sina cos P cos Yfil
IAGI = 4 units
Now, AQ and AO are collinear.
• Ex. 155 let a and b be given non-zero and non-col/inear
=> AG =ÃAO
vectors, such that ex a = b - e. Expresse in terms of a, b and
=> IAGI =IÃIIAOI a xb
=> 2jÃl=4
Sol. Let e = x1a + x2b + x,(a x b)
⇒ IÃI =2
=> c x a=x,(bxa)-x)IIX(a x b)
=> AG = ± (l + J+ ..ÍJk)
= x,(b xa) - x,(a· b)a + x,lal 2 b
=> J
G = ± 2(1 + + ..ÍJk) + l
We have been given, e xa = b- e
= -<l + 2) + 2..ÍJk), - 31 + 2) + 2.Jjir. => b - x1a - x,b - x 3(a x b) = - x 2(a ~ b)- x,(a · b)a + .T3 lal
1
b
• Ex. 154 let â, Í, and ê be the non-coplanar unit vectors. => x3 ((a• b) - x1}a + (1 - x 2 - x,lal 2 )b + (x2 - x,)(a x b) = O
The angle between Í, and ê be a. and angle between ê and â Now, a, b and a x b are linearly independent.
bel} and between â and b bey. if A(âcosa.,O). 8(b cosf3, O) Hence, x3(a· b) = x1, I = x2 + x,lal', x 2 = x,
and C(êcos y, O), then show that in 6ABC.
and x - ~
1
x2 =x, =- -
lâ x(b xê)I = Ih x(ê x â)i lêx(â x b)I 1 + ial' ' - 1 + la l'
sinA sin8 sin C a•b 1
c =---,-a + - -2-[b + (ax b))
(1 + la 1 ) (l+la l )
Product of Vectors Exercise 1 ·
Single Correct Type Questions
1. If a has magnitude 5 and points North-East and vector b 10. Ifa and b are two veclors, then(a X b) 2 is equal to
has magnitude 5 and points North-West, then la - b l is
equal to
(a) 25
(a)/::: :::/ (b)/::: :::/
(b) 5
(e) 7✓ 3 (d)5✓ 2 (e) 1•b ··b
a
l (d) None of these
2. Ifl a + b 1> 1a - b 1, then the angle between a and b is

11. The moment of the force F acting ata point P, about the
(a) acute (b) obtuse
(e) it/2 (d) 7t point C is
(a) F x CP
3. Ifa , b and e are three vectors such that a = b + e and (b)CP ·F
the angle between b and e is ~. then (e) a vector having the sarne direclion as F
2 (d) CPx F
2
(a) a = b + c 2
2
(b) b2 =e'+ a'
2 2
12. The moment of ~ force represented by F = i + 2j + 3k
(e) c = a + b2 (d) 2a 2 - b2 = e'
about the point 2i- j + k is equal to
Note Here, a = Ja j. b = 1b j a~d e = 1cl
(a) si - sJ + sic (b) si + sJ - 6k
4. If the angle between the vectors a and b be 0 and
a · b = cos 0, then the true statement is (c)-51 -5) + 5k (d)-51 -5] + 2k
(a) a and bare equal vectors 13. A force of magnitude 6 acts along lhe vector(9, 6. -2)
(b) a and b are like vectors
and passes through a point A ( 4, - 1, -7). Then moment
(c) a and b are unlike vectors
offorce about the point 0(1, - 3, 2)is
(d) a and bare wtlt vectors
150
(a) (21 -3)) (b) ~(soi - 75] + 36k)
5. If the vector i + j + k makes angles a, fl and y with 11 11
vectors i, j and k respectively, then (e) 150 (2l -3]) (d) 6(501 -75) + 36k )
(a) a = fl "'y (b) a = 'Y "'13 14. A force F = 2i + j - k acts at a point A, whose position
(c)fl = 'Y "'ª (d)a =ll = 'Y vector is 2i - j . The moment of F about the origin is
6. (r · i) 2 +(r· j) 2 +(r -k) 2 is equal to (a) i + 2) - 4k (b) i - 2) - 4k
(a) 3r2 (b) , ' (e) i + 2) + 4k (d) i - 2) + 4k

(e) O (d) None of these 15. Ifa, b and e are any three vectors and their inverse are
7. Let a and b be two unit vectors inclined at an angle 0, a - 1, b - 1 and c- 1 and (abc] .. o, then [a -ib- 1c- 1 ] will be
then sin(0 / 2) is equal to · (a) zero (b) one
(a).!.la - ~ (b).!.ja + bl
(e) non-zero (d) [abc]
2 2
16. If a, b and e are three non-coplanar vectors, that
(c)l • - bl (d)la+bl a -b xc b -a x c
8. If a = 4i + 6j and b = 3j + 4k, then the component ofa - -- + - - - is equal to
c xa• b c•a x b
along bis (a) o (b) 2
18 (b) ~(3) + 4k) (e) - 2 (d) None of these
<•> ,. (3) + 4k)
25
10.... 3 17. a x(b x e) is coplanar with
18 • • (d)(3) + 4k)
(e) ✓3 (3J + 4k) (a) b ande (b) e anda
(e) a and b (d) a , b und e
9. If vectora = 2Í -3] +6k and vector b = -2i + 2j- k,
18. Ifu =l x(a x i)+ jx(n xj)+ k x(n x k~ then
Projection
en .:...:,.c..,___ _ of
__ vector
_ __a on _
vector
__ b 1.s equai to
th (a) u =O
Projection of vector b on vector a (b) u =l + J + ic
(a)~ (b) Z (e) u = 2a
7 3 (d) u =a
(e) 3 (d) 7
19. If a= i+2]-2k , b = 2i- ]+k and c = i +3]-k, lhen 28. Given a parallelogram ABCD. Ifl AB 1= a, 1AD 1= b and
a x( b x c) is equal to 1AC 1= e, thcn DB · AB has the value
(a)2ol -3j + 1k 3 2 + b2 - e'
(a) - ª- - - -
2
(b)2ol-3J-1k
a'+ 3b 2 - c 2
(c)20l + 3)-1k (b) 2
a' - b 2 + 3c2
20. Ifa x (b x c) = O. lhen (e) 2
(a) 1a 1 =1 b l · I e 1 =1 (b) hll e (d) None of thc above

(c)a li b (d) b .l e 29. For two particular vectors A and B, it is known that
21. A vector whose modulus is ./si and makes lhe sarne A x B = B x A. What must be true about the two
. i-2J+2k -4i-3k ~ . vectors?
angle w1th a - -~--=---', b = - - -. and e= J , will (a) Atleast one of lhe two vectors must be lhe zero vector
3 5
be (b) A x B = B x A is true for any two vectors ·
(e) One of lhe two vectors is a scalar multiple of lhe other
(a)sl +sJ + k
vecto r
(b)sl + J-sk (d) The two vectors must be perpendicular to each olher
3
(cl sl + + sk
30. For some non•zero vector V, if lhe sum of V and the
(d)± (5i - )-5k)
vector obtained from V by rotating il by L 2a equals to
22. The horizontal force and the force inclined ai an angle the vector obtained from V by rotating it by La.. then
60º with the vertical, whose resultant is in vertical the value of CJ.. is
direction of P kg, are (a)2n7t ±~ (b)mt ± ~
(a) P, 2P (b) P, P..fi 3 3
2 2
(e) 2P, P✓3 (d) None ofthese (e) 2n7t ± 7t (d) mt ± 7t
3 3
23. If x + y + z =O. Ixi =1yl = 1zi = 2 and8is angle between
2 2 31. ln the isosceles ~e. 1AB 1= 1BC 1= 8, a point E
y and z. then the value of cosec 8 + cot 8 is equal to
divides AB intemally in the ratio 1 : 3, then the cosíne of
(a)4 / 3 (b)5 / 3 lhe angle between CE and CA is (where, 1C A 1= 12)
(c)l/3 (d) I
(a) - 3✓7 (b) 3✓8
24. The value of x for which the angle between lhe vectors 8 17
a = - 3i + x J+ k and b = x i + 2x j + k is acute and the (e) 3✓ 7 (d) - 3✓8
angle between b and X •axis lies between 7t /2 and 7t 8 17
satisfy 32. Given an equilateral ~ C with side length equal to a.

(a) X> 0 (b) X< o Lei M and N be two points respectively, on the side AB
(e) x > 1 only (d) x < - 1 only
and AC such that AN = kAC and AM = AB. If BN and
25. If a , b and c are n on·coplanar vectors and 3
d = Àa + µb + v e, then À is equal to CM are orthogonal, then the value of k is
(a) (dbc] (b) [bcd] (a).!. (b) .!.
(bac] [bca] 5 4
(e) (bdc] (d) [cbd] (e).!_ (d).!,
(abc] [abc] 3 2
26. If the vectors 3p + q. 5p -3q and 2p + q, 4p - 2q are pairs 33. ln a quadrilateral ABCD, AC is the bisector of the
of mutually perpendicular vectors, then sin (pq) is (AB, AD)which is zn, ! SI AC I = 31AB 1= SJ AD ~ then
(a) ✓55 / 4 (b) ✓55 / 8 3
(e) 3/16 (d) ./247 / 16 cos(BA, CD) is equal to
(a)- ✓14
27. J
Let u = i + j ,v = Í - and w = Í + 2j + 3k. If 11 is a unit 7✓2
(b)-./21
-:;Jj
vector such that u · 11 = Oand v · n = O. then I w · 11 1is
(c)2.. (d) 2✓7
equal to ✓7 14
001 002 003 ~o
34. If lhe distance from the point P(l, 1, 1) to the line passing 41. Given unit vectors m, n and p such that angle between
through ltl points Q(O, 6, 8) and R(- 1, 4, 7) is expressed in m and n = Angle between p and ( m x n) = ~. then
lhe form p I q, where p and q are co-prime, then the 6
value of(p + q)(p + q- l) is equal to [npm] is equal to
2 (a) ✓3/ 4 (b) 3/4
(a) 4950 (b) 5050 (e) t /4 (d) None of these
(c)5150 (d) None of these 42. Ifa and b are unit vectors, then the vector defined as
35. Given lhe vectors V = (a + b) x (a + b) is collinear to lhe vector
u =21 - 3- k (a)a+ b (b) b -a
V= i - 3+ 2k (c)2a -b (d)a + 2b
w=l-k 43. If a and b are orthogonal unit vectors, then for any
lf lhe volume of the parallelopiped having - cu,v and cw non-zero vector r, the vector (r x a) is equal to
as concurrent edges, is 8, then e is equal to (a)[r â b](â + b)
(a)± 2 (b) 4 (b)[rã b]â +(r ·â)(â xb)
(e) 8 (d) Cannol be determined (c)[râ b]b+(r · b)(bxâ)
36. The vector e is perpendicular to the vectors a = (2, -3, 1), (d)[r â b] b + (r·â)(â x b)
b = ( 1, - 2, 3) and satisfies lhe condition 44. Ifvector i + 2j + 2k is rotated through an angle of90', so
c·(i +2j - 7k) = 10. Then, lhe vector e is equal to
as to cross the positive direction of Y-axis, then lhe
(a)(7, 5, 1) (b)(-7, - 5,-1) v~ctor in the new position is
(c)(t. 1, - 1) (d) None of thcsc 2- r.- 4• 2- r.· 4-
(a) - ✓5 i + v5j - ✓5k (b) ✓5 i - v5j + ✓5k
37. Let a = i + j, b = j + k and e= o.a + ~b. If lhe vectors,
• • • • • •
i - 2j + k. 3i + 2j - k and e are coplanar, then j3' is
a (e) 4i - 3- k (d) None of these
45. 10 different vectors are lying on a plane out of which
equal to four are parallel with respect to each olher. Probability
(a) t (b) 2 that_lhree vectors chosen from them will satisfy lhe
(e) 3 (d)-3 equation Â. 1a + Â. 2 b + Â. 3 c = O, where Â. 1 , Â. 2 and
38. A rigid body rotates about an aiús through the origin Â. 3 >"0is
6 6
wilh an angular velocity 10✓3 rad/s. If ro points in the (a) C: X 'C, (b) ( C, x 'C,) + C 3
6
0
direction of i + J+ k, lhen lhe equation to the locus of e, 'ºe,
6 4 6
lhe points having tangential speed 20 rn/s is (e) ( C2 X 'C,) + ( C,) (d) ( C2 + 'C1 ) + (6C2 X ' C,)
10C3 . IOC3
(a)x2 + y 2 +z 2 -xy-yz -zx-1 =O
(b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2xy -2yz -2zx- t = O 46. If â is a unit vector and projection of x along â is 2 units
(e) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy - yz - zx - 2 = O and (â x x) + b = x, lhen x is equal to
(d) x' + y 2 + z 2 -2xy-2yz -2zx - 2 =O (a) .!_[â - b + (â x b)]
2
39. A rigid body rotates with constant angular velocity ro
(b) .!_[2â - b + (â x b)]
about the line whose vector equation is, 2
zJ
r = À(i + + 2k). The speed of the particle at lhe instant (e) [â + (â x b))
it passes through the point with position vector
(21 + 3J + Sk) is equal to 47. Ifa · b and e are any three non-zero vectors. then lhe
(a) w.fi (b) 2W componenl ofa x (b x e) perpendicular to b is
(e) w t .fi (d) None of thcse (a)a x(b x e)+ (a x b)·(~ xa) b
I bl
40. Consider ôABC with A = (a), B =(b) and C =(e). If
(b)a x(b X e)+ (a X e) ·(~ x b) b
b·(a+c)= b· b +a· c.1 b -a 1= 3andl c-b 1= 4, then the IW
angle between the medians AM and BD is
(c) a x(b xc)+ (b xc)·(bxa) b
(a) 1t - co•-t1i3) (b) lt - co•-t&s) 1 bl'
(d) 11 x (b x e)+ (a x b)·(~ x e) b
(c)cos- ú*3) (d)co•-t-&s) I bl
48. Thc posl!lon V<'Ctllt' llf II polnt /' Is r" .\i + )j + :_k, whcre 54. The óABC is such thal lhe mid-points of lhe sides
.\\_l',: cNnll\ln = i+2j+ k. lfr •n =20. then the BC. CA. AB are(/, O. O), (O. m. 0).(0.0. n) respectively. Then.
m1111h.-r ufp,1ssihl,• position oi'/' is A8 2 + BCz +CA 2
- - - -- - - is equal lo
(li) S t (h) -1'> , 2 +1112+,.2
(,·) HlO (d) :16 (11) 2 (bH
(e) 8 (d) 16
49. Lt'I ,~ b > O11ml tl = .!. + 2J + /•k nncl p= i,i + ,,j + .!. k,
" I> b 55. The angle between lhe lines whose dirt'ction rosines are
th,·11 thc umximum vnlm• of - t_o_ is given hy 21 - m + 211 = 0. /m + 11111 + nl =Ois
S+ll·I\ (o)~ (b) ~
(11) t (h) 2
6 4
(<') ., (d)~ (e)~ (d)~
3 2
50. lfn, h nml e nr,• any lhr,·,· wctors forming u linearly
56. Aline makes rui nngle 8 bolh witJ1 X and r-a.,.es. A
iml,·p,•mlrnl sysll'm, thcn "I Oe U
possible range of8 is
~ i]
2
[a cus O+ h sinO + CClls:!O.n cos( ; +0) (11) [ 0. ~] (b) [
2
+ h sin( ; + 0) + ccos2(
2
1t
3
+0). (c)[~.~J-1 2
(d)[¾·¾]
57. Lei a, b ande bc lhe tluee veclors hnving magnitudt's 1,
lll'OS (0-~3·>n) + h sin (0-3
2n) +ccos2(8-3
2n)1lrqunls 5 11nd 3 rt•spt•ctivcly such thnl tl1e nn~le betwc=-en a and b
(11) (3 b e] ,·osU
is (1 nnd a x (n x b) = e, lhcn lan 8 is ,·qual lo
2
(h) [n b e) ,·os20 (u) O (h) 3
(e) (3 b e] ,·os:IU
(d) No11<· of lhl' 11bove (,!)~
4
51. Two mljacl'nl sitlt•s of n pnrnllelogrmn A/JCD me givl'n
58. Thc pcrpcmlicul11r distnm·,· of :1 ronwr ,,f n ,mil cul~
hy AB = Ú + 1oj + 1tk nntl AD= -i + 2j + 2k. Thc siclc
from II diugonul not passin~ thmn~h it is
='
AD is rotat,·d hy an acul,· 1111glc a in lhe plnnc of
pamlldogram so thal AD bt'com,·s AD'. lf AD' makcs u
right anglc with thc sitie AB, lh,•n lhe cosinc of anglc u
(u)
l (b)
H 3
is gi\"en by (c)
~;fI (,1) ,.JifI.
(11) ~ (b) -✓17
9 9 59. lf !', •tare lwo 11011-colli11t•:1r 1·cch1rs sud1 tlmt
4 (b- e) !' X <t + (e - ,1)p +(,1 - l•)q = 0 wh,•1-.• <l /\ 1· llf<'
(e)! (d) .Js
9 9 lcngths ofsidcs t1ft1 1ri:111i:,lt-. th,·n th,• tri,mi:,k is
e f 2c (11) righl 1111gl,•,l (h) ,,h111s.• ,u,~k,!
52. Ifin a ó.ABC, BC= - - - nnd AC= - ;lei ~lfl, then (e) c,111il11lm1I (,1) rii:ht '"\~k,l is<'s,·d,·s lt i.11,i:lt
· lei I fl lei
the value of cos 2A + cos 2/J + cos 2C musl be 60. I.ct 11 = i + j + I~. b " - i + j + k. e • 1- _i -~ k um!
(n)-1 (b) O d e 1+ J- k. Thcn, th,· linc ,,finl<'rs<'<'ll,,11 ,,fphmrs ,,n,·
-3 tkkrmlnc,I hy n, h 1111,I olhcr ,ld,•rn1hw,I hy r, ti is
(c) 2 (d) 2
p1·rp,·11.tknl11r 1,1
53. a, b, e are three unit of vcctors, 11 und b urc (11) .\'-nxl• (h) \'-,,\1.,
perpendicular to cach othcr nntl vcclor e is cqually (e) bolh .\'-uxl, 1111.I \"-uxls (,1) t,,,1h r-,"ts '""' Y•:\\is
inclined to both a nrul b ai an anl(ll' O. lf 61. A p11rnl11·luplpctl Is f,111m·,I t,y pl,uws ,h 1w11 p:1r.1llrl h>
e - u a + p b + "((a x b ), where U. fl, y ore conslnnh , then c·oonlinalr nx,·s thn111gh 1lw p,,hlls .-1 (l.:~:1)111111
(a) a = P= - cosO, y' = rns20 li • ('1, li. si Th,• v11h1111,· ,1f 111111 p,1n1lkl1•pip,•1l is ,•1111i1t 11,
(b) a = P• cos0, y' • cos20 (ln l'llhk 111111s)
(11) 1•1~ Ih) 4~
(e) a = P= cosO, y' = - rns28
(dn (.1) ~n
(d) a = p =- cosO, y' m -cos20
62. Let a, b and e be three non-coplanar vectors and d be a 68. Toe length of the edge of lhe regular tetrahedron ABCD
non-zero vector, which is perpendicular to a + b + e is 'a'. Points E and fare taken on the edges AD and BD
Now, ifd =(sinx)(a x b) +(cosy)(b x e) +2(cxa1 respectively such that 'E' divides DA and 'f' divides BD
then minimum value of x 2 + y 2 is equal to in the ratio 2 : 1each. Then, are.a of ti.CEF is
(a) -~- sq units a sq umts
(b) ~ .
(a) 1t' (b) 1t' 12✓3 12v3
2 5a2
a'
(d) S1t'
(e) ./3 sq units (d) ./3 sq units
12 12
4
69. lf two adjacent sides of two rectangles are represented
63. lfa (a x b) + 13(b x e)+ )'(ex a) =O. then by the veclors p = 5a - 3b, q = -a - 2b and
(a) a, b, e are coplanar if ali ofa. P. y ,t, O r = - 4a - b;s = - a + b respectively, then the angle
(b) a, b, e are coplanar if any onc a, íl, y = O 1 1
(e) a, b e are non·coplanar for any a, p, y between the vectors x = -(p + r + s) and y = -(r + s)
3 5
64. Lei area of faces, (a) lt - cos-•( 1)

5
(b) cos- •(S.J43
19 )
ti.OAB = À,, ti.OAC = À 2 , ti.OBC = Ã. 3 , ti.ABC= À 4

(e) -cos- •(S.J43
19 ) (d)1t-cos· • ( ~ )
andh,, h 2 , h 3 , h, be perpendicular heighl from Oto face
ti.ABC, A to lhe face ti.OBC, B to lhe face ti.OAC, C to the 70. Lei a , b, e are three veclors along the adjacent edges of a
face ti.OAB, then lhe face tetrahedron, iflal =I bl =I cl = 2and a· b = b ·e = c·a = 2.
1 1 1 1 then volume of tetrahedron is
- À1h4 ·- À2h3 + - À3h2 + - À4h1
3 3 3 3 1 2
(a) ✓2 (b) ✓3
(a)~l[AB ACOA]I (b) .!_l(AB AC OA]I
3 3 (e) ./3 (d) 2 ✓ 2
2 3
(e) .!.l[OA OB OC]I (d) None of thcse
3 71. Toe angle 9 between two non·zero veclors a and b
65. Given four vectors a, b, e and d Toe vectors a, b, e are salisfies lhe relation
coplanar but not collinear pair by pair and lhe vector d
cos9=(a x i) ·(b Xi)+(a x})·(b x})+(a x k)·(b x k~
is not coplanar with the vecotrs a, b and e lf it is known
that the angle between a and b is equal to lhal between then the least value of Iai + 1bl is equal to (where 9 .. 90°)
b and e, each being equal to 60º. Toe angle between d (a).!_ (b) 2
and a is a and between d and b is ~- Then, the angle 2
between the vectors d and e (e) ✓2 (d) 4
(a) cos-1(cosP - cosa) 72. If the angle between the vectors a = i + (cos x)j + k and
(b) sin- 1(cosJ3 - cosa) b =(sin 2 x - sin x)i - (cos x>} + (3 - 4 sin x)k is obtuse
(e) sin-1(sinJ3 - sina)
(d) cos- 1(tanJ3- tana)
and x e (o.~} then the exhaustive sei of values of 'x' is
66. Toe shortest distance between a diagonal of a unit cube equal to

and a diagonal of a ra!e skew to it is
1 1
(a)xe(o,¾) (b)xe (¾,%)
(a) 2 (b) ✓2
1 1
(d)xe(~•%)
(e) ✓3 (d) ✓
6
73. If position vectors of the points A, B andC are a. b, e
67. Let V = Ú + j + k and W = i + 3k. If U is a unit vector, respectively and lhe points D and E divides line
then the maximum value of the scalar tripie product segments AC and AB in the ratio 2: 1 and 1 : 3,
[U VW] is respectively. Then, point of intersection of BD and EC
(a)-1 (b) ✓
35 divides EC in the ratio
(c).,/59 (d) ✓
6Õ (a) 2: 1 (b) 1 : 3
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 3 : 2
· 128 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry
Product of Vectors Exercise 2 :

74. Ifvectors a and b are non-collinear, than ~+~is 82. b and e are non-collinear ifa x(b X e)+ (a· b) b =
(a) a unit vector Ia 1 1b l
(4-2x-siny)b+(x 2 - l )c and(c•c)a = c. Then,
(b) in lhe plane ofa and b
(e) equally inclined to a and b (a) X= 1 (b) X= -1
(d) perpendicular to ax b (c)y =(4n + 1) ~.ne/ (d)y =(2n + I)~. ne I
2 2
75. Ifaxb(b xc)=(axb)xc,then U V 2u
(a) (ex a)xb=O (b) cx(a x b)=O 83. If in lriangle ABC, AB = - - - and AC = - , where
lul lvl iul
(e) bx(cxa)=O (d) (cxa)xb=bx(cxa)=O
1u l>' l v l, lhen
76. Let a and b be two non-collinear u nit vectors. If (a) 1 + cos2A + cos 2B + cos2C = O
u = a - (a . b) b and v = a x b , then I v I is (b) sinA = cosC
(a)lul (b)l u l+ lu.al (e) projection of AC on BC is equal to BC
(d) projection of AB on BC is equal to AB
(c)lul+l u .b 1 (d) lul + u .(a + b)
84. Ifa, b ande be three non-zero vectors satisfying the
n. Toe scalars I and m such Ia + m b = e, where a, b and e condition a x b = e and b x e = a, then which of the
are give vectors, are equal to following always hold(s) good?
a _ (cxb).(axb) (b) (cxa).(bxa) (a) a, b and e are orthogonal in pairs.
( 1 1
) (axb) 2 (b xa) 2 (b)(abc]=lb l
e m (cxa).(bxa) (d) m (cxa).(b xa) (c)[a b e) = I c l'
( ) (b xa) 2 (b xa)2 (d)I bl =I cl
78. Let r be a r
unit vector satisfying x a = b, where Ia 1= ✓3 85. Given the following information about the non-zero
and I b 1= ✓2. Then, vectors A, B and C
(i)(AxB)xA=O (ii) B·B = 4
(a) r =~(a+ax b) (b) r=.!.(a+a x b)
3 3 (ili) A· B = - 6 (iv) B - C = 6
(e) r =~(a - axb) (d) i-=.!.(-a+axb) Which one ofthe following holds good?
3 3 (a)AXB=O (b)A·(BxC)=O (c)A·A=8 (d)A · C=-9
2
79. a 1 ,a 2 ,a3 E R-{O)anda1 +a 2 cos2x+a3 sin x=Ofor 86. Let a, b ande are non·zero vectors such that they are not
ali x E R, then orthogonal pairwise and such that V 1 = a x (b x e) and
(a) vectors a= a 1i + aJ + a 3k and b= 4i + 2J + k are V 2 =(a x b) x e, then which ofthe following h old(s)
perpendicular to each other good?
(b) vectors a = a,i + aJ + a 3k and b= -i +} + 2k are (a) a and b are orthogonal (b) a ande are collinear
perpendicular to each other (e) b ande are orthogonal (d) b = À (a x e) when À is a scalar
(e) if vectors a= a,i + aJ + a,k is of length ✓ 6 units, then 87. Given three vectors
one of lhe ordered tripiei (a1, a,. a 3 ) = (1, - 1, - 2) U = 2i + 3)-6k. V = 6Í + 2) + 3k and W = 3Í -6)-2k
(d) if vectors 2a1 + 3a2 + 6a3, then Ia, i + aJ + a,kl is 2✓6 which of the following hold good for lhe veclors U, V and W?
80. If a and b are two vectors and angles between them is 8, · (a) U, V and W are linearly dependent
lhen (b) (U X V) X W = O
(a) Jax bl 2 +(a · b)'=lal'l bl' (e) U, V and W fonn a tripiei of mutually perpendicular vectors
(d) (U x (V x W) = O
(b) laxbJ=(a · b), if9 = n/4
(e) a x b=(a· b)íi (where íi is a normal unit vector), if9 = n/4 88. Let a = 21 - j + k, k
b = i + 2j - ande = i + J- 2k
be
(d) laxbl · (a+ b) "'º three vcclors. A vector in l he plane of b anel e whose
81. !funil vectors a and b are inclined ai an angle 28 such
that la -bl < 1 and OS 8 < = 11. thcn 8 lies in lhe inlerval
projection on a is of nmgnitudc l is
(a)[O.n/6) (b)(S n/6 n) (n)2i + 3)-3k (b)2i + 3} + 3k

(c)[n/6, n / 2) (d)(n/2,Sn/6] (e) - 21 - J + Sk (J) 2! + J+ Sk
89. Three vectors a (1ai at 0),.b and e are such that 96. Let the unit vectors a and b be perpendicular and unit
vector e is inclined at angle Ct to a and b. If
a X b =3a x c· Also, lal = lbl = 1 and I q = .!.. If th e angle
3 e= la + mb + n(a x b), then
2
between b ande is 60", then. (a) 1 = m (b) n 2 = 1 - 21
(a)b=3c+a (b)b=3c - a (e) n 2 = - cos2a (d) m 2 = 1 + cos2a
(e) a = 6c + 2b (d) a = 6c - 2b 2
90. Let a, b, e be non-zero vectors and Iai= 1 and ris a 97. If a, b, e are three non-zero vectors, then w hich of the
non-zero vector such that r x a = b and r · e= 1, then following statement(s) is/are true?
(a) a.lb (b) r .lb (a)a x (b x c1 b x(c xa1c x(a x b)form a right handed
1-(abc) syslem
(e) r ·a a •b (d)[ráb) = o
(b) e, (a x b) x c,a x b form a right handed system
(e) a •b + b · e+ C • a e O if a + b + e= O
91. If a and b are two unit vectors perpendicular to each
other and e= À. 1a + À. 2 b + À. 3 (a x b), then the following (d)(a xb)·(b xc) =-1 if a+ b+ c=0
(b x c)·(a x e)
is (are) true
(a) À 1 =a · e 98. Let a · and b be two given perpendicu lar vectors, wlúch
(b) Ã2 =Ih xãl are non-zero. A vector r satisfying the equation
(e) À 3 =l(a X b) X cl r x b = a , can be ..............
(d) À 1 + Ã 2 + À 3 = (a + b + a x b)· e (a) b- a x b (b)2b- (a x b)
92. Given three non-coplanar vectors lbl' lb l'
OA = a , OB =b,OC= e. (c)lal b - a x b (d) lb lb - (a x b)
Let S be the centre of the sphere passing through the lbl' lbl'
points, O, A, B, C if OS = x. then 99. If a and b are any two vectors, then possible integers(s)
(a) x must be linear combination ofa, b, e . 3la + bl .
(b) x must be linear combination of b x e, e x a anda x b m the range o f - -.- +2 la - bl 1s
2
2 2 2
(e) x = a (b x e) + b (c x a).+ c (a x b), a= lal,b = lbJ,~ = l<I (a) 2 (b) 3
2[abc] (e) 4 (d) 5
(d) x = a+ b + e 100. If a is perpendicular.to b and p is non-zero scalar such
93. If a = i + j + k and b = i - j . then the vectors that p r + ( r • b) a = e, then r
(a •i)i +(a . j)j + (~· k)k,(b •i)i + (b· J)J +(b · J)k and (a)[ra c]=0
(b) p'r = pa - (c ·a)b
i + ]-2k (e) p2r = pb - (a • b)c
(a) are mutually perpendicular
(d) p'r = pc - (b · c)a
(b) are coplanar
(e) fonn a parallelopiped of volume 6 units 101. ln a four:~ensio_?al space where unit vectors along
(d) form a parallelopiped of volume 3 units
axes are i,j, k and l and a 1,a 2 ,a 3 •ª ◄ are four non-zero
94. Ifa =xi+ ):j +zk , b = yi + zj + xk,c = ri + .xj + yk, then vectors such that no vector can be expressed as linear
a x (b x e) is combination of others and
(a) parallel to (y - z)i + (z - x)J + (x -y)Íc (Ã.-l)(a 1 -a 2 )+µ (a 2 +a 3 )+ y(a 3 +a 4 - 2a 2 )
(b) orthogonal to i + j + k + a 3 + ôa 4 = O, then
(a) À= 1 2
(e) orthogonal to (y + z)i + (z + x)J + (x + y)Íc (b)µ=-3
(d) parallel to i + J+ Íc (e) À = ~ (d)ô = .!.
3 3
95. If a, b , e are three non-zero vectors, then wlúch of the
following s tatement (s) is/are true? 102. A vector ( d) is equally inclined to three vectors
(a) a x (b x e), b x(c x a),c x (a x b) forma right handed a = i- j + k , b =; zi + } and e= 3j - 2k. Let x. y, z be
system. · three vectors in the plane ofa, b; b, e; e, a respectively,
(b) c,(a x b) x e.a x b form a right handed system then
OOa·b+b ·c+c•a<~~a+b+c = O (a) x • d =14 (b) y • d =3
(d) (a x b) · (b x e) = - 1, if a+ b + e= O (e) z · d = O
(b x c)•(a x e) (d) r · d = O, wherc r = ÀX + µy + ôz
103. If a, b, e are non-zero, non-collinear vcctors such that a 107. Lei a, b, e bc lhrec vectors such thal each of them are
vetors such that a vcctor p = ab cos (27t - (a, e)) e and non-collinear, a + b and b + e are collinear with e anda
a q - ac cos (1t-(a e)) then b + q is respet'livcly anda + b + e = k. Thcn, (1 kl, 1kl) Iies on
2
(a) parallel to a (b) perpendicular to a (a) y 2 = ~ar (b) r + y' - ar - by = O
(e) coplanar with b ande (d) coplanar with a and e
(e) r 2 - y' =1 (d) 1x1 + IYI =l
104. Given lhree vevtors a, b, e such that they are non-zcro,
108. lf ~. b, e are non-coplanar unit vectors also b, e are
non-coplanar vectors, lhen w h ich of lhe following are
coplanar. non-coUinear and 2a x ( b x e)= b + e, then
(a) angle ~etween a ande is 60'
(a) a + b, b + e, e+ a (b) a - b, b + e, e + a
(e) a + b, b - e, e+ a (d) a + b, b + e, e - a (b) angle betwe<n b andei• 30•
(e) anglc betwecn a arid b b 120·
105. If r= i + J +À(2l + J+4k)and r•(l +2J-k)=3are lhe (d) bis perpendicula r to e
::rr~
equations of a line and a plane respeclively, then which
of lhe following is incorrecl?
(a) line is pe rpendicular to lhe plane
(b) line lies in the plane
(e) line is parallel to lhe plane but does not lie in the plane
(d) line cuts lhe plane obliquely
1@. :~-,~.:(:::~~~:::~ : !,J
C1 C2 C3
106. lf veclors a and b are two adjacenl sides of a
parallelograrn, lhen lhe veclor representing the altitude
of the parallelogram which is perpendicular to a is and AA T = I, then e
bxa a-b (a) 3l + 6J + 2ic (b) !(3i -6J + 21<)
W b+ - - ~-,b 7 7
1•1' lbl
(d)ax(b x a) (e) !(- 3l + 6J -2icJ (d) _!(3l + 6J + 21<)
( )b b ·aa 7 7
e - -lal, 11'
a

Statement 1& li Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 110 to 121) Each of these questions and a 3 í + b3 J + c 3 k, may be mutually perpendicular
contains two statements. unit vectors.
Statement 1 (Assertion) a nd Statement 11 (Reason) Statement D Value of determinant and its transpose
Each of these questions a lso has four a lternatives are the sarne.
c hoices, only one of which is the correct answer. You
h ave to select the correct c hoice, as given below. 112. Consider the vector a, b ande.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement 11 is true and Statement ll is Statementl a x b = (ixb) .(b)l
a carreei explanation for Statement 1. +(Jx a) .(b jx(kxa). b)k
(b) Statement I is true, Statement ll is true but Statcment 11 is
not a carreei cxplanation for Statemcnt !. Statement U c=(i. c)l + (J. c)J + (k. e) k
(e) Statement I is true, Statement ll is false. 113. Statement I Distance of point D(l, O. - 1) from the plane
(d) Statement I is false, Statement ll is true.
of points A(l,-2.,0~ B(3. l,2)and C(-1, 1, - l)is ~ .
110. Statement I A component ofvector b = 41 + 2J + 3k in v229
the direction perpendicular to the direction of vector
Statement II Volume of tetrahedron formed by lhe
a=i+j+kisi-j.
points A, B. e and D
.IS -
✓229
-.
Statement II A component of vector in the direction 2
a = i+ J+ k is2l+2J+2k.
114. Statement I A = 21 +3J + 6k, B = i+ J -2k and
111. Statementl a 1í+ a 2 J+a 3 k,b1í +b,J+b1k.and C = i+2j+ k, then I A x(A x(A x B)). Cl=243
e Í + c 2 J+ c 3 k are three mutually perpendicular
1 • • • • • • Statement II IA x(A x(A xB)).CJ=I A l 2 l(ABC)I
unit vector, then a 1 i + bd + c 1k.a 2 i + b2j + c2k,
115. Statement I The nurnber of vectors of unit length and 118. Statementl Ifa=3i - 3j+k,b= - i+2j+kand
perpendicular to both the vectors i + j and j + k is zero. e= i + j + k and d = 2i - j, then there ex.ist real nurnbers
Statement II a and b are two non-zero and non-parallel a, p,y such thata = ah + pc +yd
vectors it is true that a x b is perpendicular to the plane Statement li a, b, e, d are four vectors in a
containing a and b. 3-dimensional space. If b, e, d are non-coplanar, then
116. Statement I (S 1): lf A(x 1, y 1 ), B(x 2 ,y 2 ),C(x 3 ,y3 )are there exist real numbers a, p, y such that
non-collinear points. Then, every point (x, y) in the a =<Xh +Pc+yd
plane of t.ABC, can be expressed in lhe form 119. Statement I Let a, b, e and d are position vector four
kx, + lx 2 + m.x 3 , ky 1 + ly 2 + my 3 ) points A, B. C and D and 3a - 2b + Se - 6d =O, then
( k+l+m k + l+m points A, B, C and D are coplanar.
Statement II (S 2 ) The condition for coplanarity of four . Statement li Three non-zero, linearly dependent
points A(a), B(b ), C(c), D(d) is that there ex.ists scalars, coinitial vectors ( PQ PR and PS) are coplanar.
/, m, n, p n ot ai! zeros such that 120. Ifa = i + j - k, b = 2i + j-3k and ris a vector satisfying
la + mb + nc + pd = O 2r+r x a = b.
where 1 + m + n + p = O Statement I r can be expressed in terms ofa. b and
a x b.
117. If a: b are non-zero vectors such that Ia + hl = 1a - 2bl.
then Statement Il r = .!.(7i + 5j-9k + a x b)
7
4
Statement I Least value of a •b + - -- is 2✓2 - 1 121. Let â and ê be units vectors at an angle ~ with each
1h1 2 +2 • 3
4 other. Jf(â x (b x ê)) -(â x ê) = 5 then
Statement II The expression a •b + - -- is least
1h12 + 2 Statement I [â bê] = 10
when magnitude ofb is )21an(~J because
Statement li [x y z] = O. ifx = y or y = z or x = z

Passage Based Questions
Passage I Passage II
(Q. Nos. 122-124) (Q. Nos. 125-127)
Consider three vectors p = i + j+ k, q = 2i + 4j - k and Consider lhe three vectors p, q and r such that
r = i + j + 3k and let s be a unit vector, then p =1+ ]+ kand q =i- j+ k; p x r = q + cpnnd p· r = 2
122. p, q and r are 125. The value of[p q r] is

(a) linearly dependent (a) - 5✓2c (b) - ~
(b) can form the sides of a possible triangle itj 3
(e) such that lhe vectors (q - r ) is orthogonal top (e) O (d) gréolcr thnn O
(d) such that each one of these can be expressed as a linear 126. If x is a vector such that [p q r] x = (p x q) x r, then x is
combination of the other two (n) e (Í - 2} + k) (b) n unit vcctor
123. lf(p x q) x r = u p + v q + w r, then (u + v + w) is (e) indetermina te, ns [ p q r] (d) - (i - 2) + k)/ 2
equal to 127. Ify is a vector sntisfying(l + e) y = p x (q x r ~ thén tht•
(a) 8 (b) 2
(c)-2 (d) 4 vectors x. y and r
(a) are collincnr (b) nrc copl:umr
124. Toe magnitude of the vector (e) reprcscnt thr cotcrminus r dp.rs of n trtrn.hrdrun whos~
(p ·s)(q x r) + (q ·s)(r X p) +(r·s)(p X q) is volume is r cu units
(a) 4 (b) 8
(d) represonl lho rnlormlnu< •d~c of li p:trnllooplp«I who,o
(e) 18 (d) 2
volumr is r cu units
a b e
Passage li
134. The valuc of a. p b. p c. p is
(Q. Nos. 128-130)
a.q b .q c.q
Lei P nnd Q nre two points on 1be curve
y= log 11i (x- 05)+ log 2 .j4x 2 - 4x+ 1 (a)(p x q)(a x b b x e e X a]
2 2 (b) 2(p x q) [a x b b x e e X a]
and P is nlso on thc circle x + y = 1O, Q lies inside lhe given
(e) 4(p x q)[a x b b x e e xa]
circlc such 1hat its abscissa is an integcr.
(d) (p x q) Jl [a x b b x e e x a]I
128. The coordinates of Pare given by
(a) (1. 2) (b) (2. 4) (e) (3, 1) (d) (3, 5) Passage V
129. OP·OQ, Obeing lhe origin is (Q. Nos. 135-136)
(a) 4 or 7 (b) 4 or 2 (e) 2 or 3 (d) 7 or 8 Letg(x)= J: (31 2
+ 2J + 9)dt and /(x)bc o decrcasing
130. Max {I PQ I) is function, '</ x.? Osuch thot AB = /(x)i + g(x)J and
(a) 1 (b) 4 (e) O (d) 2
AC= g(x)i + f(x)J ore lhe 1wo smallcst sides of a .ô.ABC
Passage IV whose circumcentre lies outside thc trinnglc, V x > Q
(Q. Nos. 131 to 134) 135. Which of the following is true (for x >O)?
lf a, b. e are 1hrcc given non-coplanar vectors and any arbitrary (a) f(x) > O. g(x) < O
vcclor r is in spncc, whcre (b) f(x) < O. g(x) < O
r ·a b•a c•a a •a r •a c•a (e) f(x) > O, g(x) > O
b · b C· b ; = a· ·b r·b c · b (d) f(x) < O,g(x) > O
.Ô.1 = r·b .Ô.2
r •c b •c C·C ll · C. r •c C·C 136. lim lim (cot (~<1-1'>))/(x}i(x) is equal to

8 ·8 b·II r ·8 8·8 b· a C·B t-+0 r-f- 4
b · b C·b (a) o (b) 1
.Ô.3 = a·b b·b r · b ; Ó= 8·b
(e) t (d) does not exist
8 ·C b·c r · C B·C C·C C· C
131. The vector ris expressible in the forro Passage VI
61 62 6, (Q. Nos 137-139)
(a) r = 26 ª + 26 b + 26 e Let x, y, z be lhe vector, such lhat lxl = 1yl = 1zl = ..fi. and
2.0., 26, 26, x, y, z make angles of 60° with each other also,
(b)r= a + b+ c
6 6 6 x x (yxz) =a
(e) r =~a+ ~ b +~e yx(zxx)=b and xxy=c,1hen
6, .o., .Õ.3
(d) r = .o., a + 6 2 b + .o., e 137. The value of x is

6 .o. .o. (a)(a + b) x e - (a + b)
132. The vector ris expressible as (b)(a + b) - (à+ b) x e
(a) r = [rbc] a+ [rca] b+ [rab] e (e) !{(a+ b)x c-(a + b)}
2
2[abc] 2[abc] 2[abc]
(b) r = 2[ rbc] a+ 2[rc b] b + 2[rab] e
[a bc] [a bc] [a bc] 138. The value of y is
1
(e) r "' - -([rbc]a +[rca]b + [rab] e) (a) ~[(a+ b) +(a+ b) x e] (b) 2[(11 + b) +(a+ b) x e}
[a bc] 2
(d) None of the above (e) 4((a + b) +(a+ b) x e] (d) None ofth•se
133. lf vector is expressible as r = x a+ y b + g e. then 139, The vnluc of z is

(a) a = - 1- [(a. a)(b x e) +(b. b)(c x a)+ (e. e) (a x b)] (a) ![(b - a) x e+ (a + b))
[abc] i
(b)![(b -a)+(a+ b) xc ]
(b) a= - 1 - [(a . a)(b x e) +(b. a)(c x a)• (a . a) (a x b)] 2
(abc]
(c)(b - a) x e + (a + b)
(e) a= (a . a)(b x e) +(a. b)(c x a)+ (e . a) (a X b) (d) Nom, of the above
Passage VII 141. i + 2 cos 8 is equal to

(Q. Nos. 140-142) p
a, b, e are non-zero u nit vectors inclined pairwise with the (a) 1 (b)2[abc]
sarne angle 8. p, q, rare n on-zero scnlars satisfying (c) O (d) None oí these
a x b + b x e= p a + qb + rc.Now, answer the following
142. l(p + q) cos8 + ri is equal to
questions.
(a)(l + cosB).jl - 2cos 8
14-0. Volume of parallelopiped with edges a, b ande is equal
to (b)2sin 2 ~ 1.Jl + 2cos81
2
(a) p + (q + r)cosB (b) (p + q + r)cosB (c)(l -sinB)I.Jl + 2cos01
(c)Zp-(r+ q)cos8 (d) None oí these
(d) None oí lhe above

143. Given two vectors a = i + 2j + 2k and b = i + j + 2k. 145. .Match the statem ent o f Column I with values of
Match the Colurnn I with Column II and mark the Column II.
correct option from the codes given below. Columnl Columnll
Columnl Column II A. Let O be an interior point or !!.ABC such p. o
that OA + 20B + 30C = O, then the
A. A vector coplanar with a p. -31+ Jj +4 k ratio of the area or !!.A BC to lhe area oí
and b ó.A OC, with O as the origin
B. A vector which is q. ú-2i +Jk B. A· B = A ·C = O.B·C=3/2 q. 1
perpendicular to both a A · A= B· B =C·C=l, (AB CI = 2
and b
C. lf a , b. cand d are non-zero vectors such r. 2
e. A vector which is equally r. i+ j that no three oí them are in the sarne
inclincd to a and b plane and no two are orthogonal. then
D. A vector which forms a s. i - i+ si:: lhe value oí the scalar
triangle with a and b (bxc) •(a x d) +(c xa)•(b x d) is
(a X b)-(d X e)
144. Volume of parallelepiped formed by vectors a X b, b X e
146. .Match the statement of Column I with values of
and e x a is 36 sq units.
Columnil.
Columnl Columnll
Columnl Column D
A. Volume of parallelopiped formed by p. O sq units A. lal = 1b( = 2, x =a+ b,y = a - b p. -1
vectors a, b and e is
lí jx x YI= 2 {À - (a · b>2} 11 ~. then
B. Volume oítclnlhedron formed by q. 12 sq units
value of À is
vectors a, b and e is
B. The non-zero valuc of À for which q. 4~
e. Volume of pamllclopiped formed by r. 6 sq units
anglc betwecn Ú + j + k nnd
vectors a+ b. b + cand e+ a is
- - • Jt
D. Volume of parallelopipcd formcd by s. 1 sq units 1 + Àj + k is
vectors a - b, b - c and e- a is
3
134 Textbook of Vcctor i 3D Gcomr:try
Column 1 C:11lum11 li li. lí a 1, a 2 , a 1111c vcclor• 1cclpmcal 111 '1· 'J

C.- TI1c non:-~.cro valuc uf' k l\,r -;_hiêh 1li"c- r. 1r, tlu; w,,1•ChJ')l:tnur vcct,,r• h1 , h, , h,
linc• kx - 4 y + 1z + 1r, " IJ tl1c11 ( a 1 • l • ·• Jl h, h, h, (1,
=4x+ 3y- 2z+ 3and c1111al Ili
x - 3y+4z+fo = D=x - y+z + I C:. AIIC/J i, a q11:,tlríla1cr:1I wlrl, Ali • •• r. k
__ ~ ~ rJ_:_in~ i~ AfJ • h untl A(' ,. 2a ~ 31, .11' il~ 11rca
D. lf l•l = ll~= I 111ul lcl "' 2, 1hcn •· 7 i, ti, IÍnlc\ llu; ;u c;J .,J1J1c
maximum valuc of parnllcl1,y.ra111 wi1I, A/1, A/J a, ir•
2
I• -21~ + lb -2cl2 + lc-2al2 i• adjaccnr , í,lcn. rhcrt r1. Í• cqual lo
1. 5
n. tftf ., .c/a ,d11 +y ( h %c/ ·t z (c x a/ •·
147. Match lhe statcment of Column I with valuc~ of anJ f• b e( • x'lhcn

J
Column li. x + y + z • // / • ~ h + e) · d, whcrc

li ,. adjaccnl , itlc•, lhcn r1. i• cqunl lo
Column 1 Column li
-ic-i.cí:-, 1~ ebc lhe 1hrcc vcclorK ,uZh - p.- 5
lhala · (h+ e) = h· (c+ •J = c•(a + h) 2
= Oand l•I = I, lbl = 4, lcl = k, lhcn
_ _ _I_M +_1~ + ~ is cqua~ 10

lnteger Type Questions
148. v
Lei ú, and w are threc unít vectors, thc anglc bctwcen 154. Lei A(zi + 3J + Sk), fJ(-i + 3j + 2k) and C(Àl + sj + µk)
v
ú a nd is twice that of lhe anglc bctwecn Ú and w and are vcrtices of a triangle and its mcdian through A is
v v
and w. thcn [ú w]is equal. to cqually inclincd to the positive dircctions of the axcs.
149. Jf a , b ande are three vectors s uch that [a b e]= 1, thcn Toe value of2À - µ is equal to
fi.nd the value of [a + b b + e e + a]+· [a X bb X e e X a] 155. lf V is the volume of lhe parallelopiped having three
+ [a +(b x e) b x(cxa) cx{a x b)). cotcrminous edgcs as a, b and e are lhe volume of the
parallelopiped having lhree coterminous edges as
150. lfâ, Í, and ê are the Lhree unit vectors a11d a.. Pand "( are a= (a ·a)a +(a · b)b +(a· c)c,
scalars such that ê = aâ + pi, + y(â x b). lf is gíven that p =( b ·a)a +(b · b)b +(b·c)cand
â. i, = Oand ê makes cqual angle with bolh â and b, then "( = (c·a)a +(c·b)b +(e · c)c is V~, then À=
2 2
+ P + "(
2
evaluale a , 156. lf a , b are veclors perpendicular to each other a nd
151. Toe threc vectors i + j, j + k and k + i takcn two ai a time 1ai = 2.I bl = 3, ex a = b, thcn lhe least value of2l e - ai is
form three planes. Jf V be the volume of thc tetrahcdron 157. lf M and N are lhe mid·point of lhe diagonais AC and
having adjacent sides as the thrcc unit veclors drawn per- BD, respectively of a quadrilateral ABCD, then
pendicular to those three planes, then lind lhe value of AB+ AD+ CB + CD= kMN, where k = .......
9✓ 3V. 158. lf a x b = e, b x e = a. ex a = b. lf vectors a, b and e are
152. Lei ê be a unit veclor coplanar with a = i - j + 2k and forming a right handcd systcm, then the volume of
b = Ú - j + k such that ê is perpendicular to a . lf P be letrahedron formccl by vcctors 3a - 2b + 2c, - a - 2c and
2a-3b +4cis
thc projcction of ê along b, wherc i' = ~ thcn find k.
159. Lei a ande be unit vectors inclined nt ~ with cach other.
3
153. Lei a, b ande are thrcc vectors having magnitudes 1, 2 lf(a x(bx c)) ·(B x c) = S, then-[nbc]-1 =
and 3, respcctively satisfy thc rclation [a b e] = r, lf d is a
160. Volume of parallclopiped formcd by vcctors a x b, b X e
unit vcctor coplanar w ith b anti e such that b · d = 1, thcn
and e x a is 36 sq units, thc11 thc volume of the
evaluate 1(a x e)· dI' + 1(a x e) x d I'. parnllelopipcd formcd by lhe veclors.
161. lf a and 13 are t\vo perpendicular unit vectors such that 163. Volume of a tetrahedron whose coterminous edges are
a, b and e is 3 and volume of a parallelopiped whose
x =P - (ax x); then the value of 41 x l is.
2
coterrninous edges are a + b - e, a - b, b - e is V. Then,
162. Toe volume of Lhe tetrahedron whose vertices are the units digit of V is.
points with position vectors i + j + k,
-i - 3j + 7k, i + 2J - 7k and 3i - 4J + Àk is 22, then Lhe
digit at unit place.of À is.

164. Prove Cauchy-Schwartz inequality (a. b) 2 :S; 1a 12- 1bl 2 173. Two forces f 1 = (2, 3} and f 2 = {4, 1) are
165. Two points P and Q are given in the rectangular specified relative to a general cartesian form. Their
points of application are respectively, A= (1, 1) and
cartesian coordinates in the curve y = 2x + 2 , such Lhat B = (2, 4). Find the coordinates ofthe resultant and the
OP. i = - 1 and OQ · i = 2, where i is a unit vector along equation of the straight line 1containing it.
lhe X -rucis. Find the magnitude ofOQ - 40P. 174. A non-zero vector a is parallel to the line of intersection
166. O is lhe origin and A is a fixed point on Lhe circle of of the plane deterrnined by lhe vectors, i, i + j and the
radius a wilh centre O. The vector OA is denoted by a. A
plane deterrnined by the vectors i - j and i + k . Find the
variable point P lie on the tangent at A and OP = r.
Show lhat a. r = a 2 • Hence, if P(x, y) and A(x,. y 1 ) angle bet\veen a and i - 2j + 2k
deduce lhe equation of tangent at A to this circle. 175. Toe vector i + 2j + 2k turns through a right angle while
167. If a is real constant and A , B and C are variable angles passing through the positive X-rucis on the way. Find the
and ~ tan A + a tan B + ~ tan C =6a, then vector in its new position.
find the least value of tan 2 A + tan 2 B + tan 2 C. 176. Let 11 and vare unit vectors and w is a vector such that
11 X v+ 11 = w and w x 11 = v, then find the value of
168. Given, the angles A , B and C of MBC. Find cos L BAM, [11 v w].
where M is rnid-point of BC.
177. A, B and Care three vectors given by 2i + k,i + j + k
169. Find the perpendicular distance of A (1, 4, -2) from lhe
and 4i - 3J + 7k Then, find R. which satisfies the
segment BC, where B (2, 1,-2) and C(0, -5, 1}. relation R x B = C x Band R ·A =O.
170. Given angles, A, B and C of t; ABC. Let M be the 178. Ifx -a =O, x -b = 1, [xa b] = 1 anda- b ,'O, then fmd x in
rnid-point of segment AB and lei D be lhe foot of the terrns ofa and b.
Area of t!. CDM 179. Let i. y and z be unit vectors such that x + y + i = a ,
bisector of LC. Find the ratio of f and
Area o !!.ABC
i x(y x z) = b,(x x y) x z= c,a-i =~. a ·y = z_ and
also cos ~ = cos LDCM. . 2 4
1a 1 =2. Fmd x, y and z in terrns ofa, b and e.
171. ln the MBC a point P is taken on Lhe side AB such that 180. Let a, b ande be three mutually perpendicular vectors of
AP : BP= 1 : 2 and a point Q is taken on the side BC such
that CQ : BQ = 2: 1. Jf R be the point of intersection of equal magnitude. If the vector x satisfies the equation.
lines AQ and CP, using vector find lhe area of t; ABC, if a X {(x-b) x a} + b x {(x- e) x b} + ex {(x - a) x c} = O
it is known that area of MBC is one unit. then find x.
172. lf one diagonal of a quadrilateral bisects lhe other, then 181. Given vectors CB = a, CA = b and CO = x. where O is
it also bisects the quadrilateral. lhe centre of circle circumscribed about t; ABC, then
find vector x.
Product of Vectors Exercise 8 :

Questions Asked in Previous Vears' Exam
[i] JEE Advanced & IIT-JEE
182. Let O be the origin and let PQR be an arbitrary triangle. 189. Let a= Í + j + k, b = Í- j + k ande = i - j - k be three
Toe point S is such that vectors. A vector v in the plane ofa and b, whose
OP -OQ + OR -OS= OR · OP + OQ -OS . 1 . . b
projection on e 1s - , 1s g,ven y
✓3 [Slngle Correct Type, 2011 Adv.]
= OQ -OR + OP· OS
(a) l - 3.l + Jk (bl -31 -3) - k
Then the triangle PQR has S as its
[Single Correct Type, 2017 Adv.] (e) 3l -]+3k (d) l+3.J- 3k
(a) centroid (b) orthocentre 190. Two adjacent sides of a parallelograrn ABCD are given
(e) incentre (d) circumcentre
by AB = 2Í+1oj+ 1Jk and AD=- i +2j+ 2k. Toe side
Passage AD is rotated by an acute angle a in the plane of lhe
(Q. Nos. 183-184) parallelogram so that AD becomes AD'. lf AD' makes a
Let Obe the origin and OX, OY, OZbe three un.it vectors in lhe right angle with the side AB, then the cosine of the angle
a is given by (Slngle Correct Type, 2010 Adv.]
directions of the sides, QR, RP, PQ respectively of a M'QR.
[Passaga Typa Questlon, 2017 Adv.] (a)~ (b) ✓17
9 9
183. lf the triangle PQR varies, then the minimum value of 4
cos (P + Q)+ cos (Q+ R) + cos(R+ P)is
(e) ! (d) ..ÍS
9 9
(a)-~ (b) ~ (e)~ (d)-~
191.Let P, Q, RandSbe the points on the plane with position
2 2 3 3
vectors - 2i- j 4i, 3i +3j and -3i +2j, respectively. Toe
184.IOX x OYI =
(b) sin (P + R)
quadrilateral PQRS must be a
(a) sin (P + Q) [Slngle Correct Type, IITJEE 2010]
(e) si.n (Q + R) (d)sin 2R
(a) parallelogram, wh.ich is neither a rhombus nora rectangle
185. Let a, b ande be three unit vectors such that (b) square
(e) rectangle, but nota squarc
a x (b x e)= ..fj (b + e). lf bis not parallel to e, then the
2 (d) rhombus, but nota square
angle between a and bis (Slngle Correct Type, 2016 Adv.]
192. If a and b are vectors in space given by a = i -zj and
Wn 00~ Wb ~~ . . . ✓5
4 2 3 6
2i+j+3k
186. Let a, b and e be three non-zero vectors such that no two b= ,.;- , then the value of
vl4
of them are collinear and (a x b) X e=! 1b 11 e Ia. If9 is (2a + b)· [(a X b)x(a -2b)] is (lnteger Typa Questlon, 2010]
3
the angle between vectors b and e, then a value of sin 8 193. Ifa, b, e and d are lhe unit vectors such that
is (Slngle Correct Type, 2015 Adv.] (a X b )·(cxd) = 1 anda• e = !, then
✓2 -✓ 2 2 -2✓3 2
(a)\ 2 (b) - 3- (e) 3 (d)-3- [More than One Oplion Corract Type, 2009]
(a) a, b. e are non-coplanar
187.lfa, b and e are unit vectors satisfying (b) a. b. d are non-coplanar
2 2
1a - b 1 + 1b - e 1 + 1e- a 1 = 9, then 12a + Sb + Se iis
2
(e) b, d are non-parallel
equal to [Subjectlve Type Questlon, 2012] (d) a, d are parallel and b, e are parallel
188.Toe vector(s) which is/are coplanar with vectors 194. The edges of a parallelopiped are of unit length and are
Í + j + 2k and Í + zj + k, are perpendicular to lhe vector parallel to non-coplanar unit vector :i, b, ê such that
Í + j + k is/are (More than Ona Optlon Correct Typa, 2011] â · b = b-ê = ê-â = ! . Then, the volume ofthe
2
(a) j-k (b) -i +j
parallelopiped is [Slngle Correct Typa, IIT.JEE 2008)
(e) i-J (d) -J+k
1
(a) °Ji_ CU Untl
.
(h) ~ cu unil 200.Lel,n = i +2j+ k , b = i-J+ k,c= i + J-k.A vector
2v2 coplanar to a and b hns a projection along e of
_Fj .
()
c cu uml
2 (d) * C\l\lllil
magnitude ~ • lhen the vector is
195. Lei lwo non-collinear unil vectors â and b form an [Slngla Correct Type, IIT-JEE 2008)
acule anglc. A poinl P moves. so thal ai any time t lhe
(a)4i-J+ 41< (b)4 i +)-4 k
position -..:ector OP (where, O is thc origin) is given by
(cl2i + J + 1< (d) None of thcsc
â cos t + b sin t. When P is farlhest from origin O. let AI
u
be lhe length of OP and be lhe wúl vector along OP. 201. lf a, b, e are three non-zcro. non-coplanar vectors and
Then. . [Slngle Co.,..ct Type, IIT-JEE 2008) b ·a b ·a
• :i + b • b 1 =b- -:---:1" ª• b 2 =b+-- 2
a,
(a) u = ~ and M = (1 + à. b)"' lnl lal
la+ h l
c •a c·b c ·a c·b,
• :i-b
(b) u = -.--.- nml M =(l + â -b)11•
. • c 1 =c - :--:r a - - - 2
b , c 2 = c - --2 a - --2 b 1,
la -bl lal lbl lal lbl
. :i+b • c ·a a· b 2 • e -a
()
e u =----.- nnd .li = (t + 2/i •b)'" c 1 = c-.- -a- - -
2
b 2 , c 4 =a - ;--;,a.
l:i + hl lal 1h 2 1' lal
• ã-b . Then, which of lhe following is a sei of mutually
(d) u = ~ a n J M=(l + 2n · b)"'
l1>-h l orthogonal vectors? (Slngle Corract Type, IIT-JEE 2005)
196. Lei lhe vectors PQ, QR. RS. ST, TU nnd UP represent (a){a.b,,c,I (b){a,b1,c,I
(e) {a. b 2.a 3 } (d) {a, b 2 • e,}
lhe sides of a regular h exagon.
Stalement l PQ x (RS + nl ,.o. because 202. The unit vector which is orthogonal lo the vector
Statemenl li PQ X RS = O and PQ x ST,. O 3i + 2J +6 k and is coplanar wiU1 the vectors 2i + j + k
[Slngle Correct Type, 2007, 3M) andl-j+kis [Slngla Corract Type, IIT-JEE 2004)
(n) Stnlemenl 1 is tme, Stalemenl li is true and Stalemenl II is
a corr«t explnnalion for Statemenl 1. (al2 i -6) + k (b/i-3)
(b) Statement 1 is true. Slalemenl li is lrue but Stalement ll is
✓
41 -m
nota rorrttt cxplanation for Stalemenl 1. CclJ)-k (d) 4i + 3j-Jk
(c) Sbtcment 1 is true, Statemenl II is fnlse. ✓!Ô ✓
34
(d) Statement I is fnlse, Statemcnl ll is true.
203. The value ~f a, ~o t~a! the yolum~ of parallelopiped
197. The number of distincl real values of À, for which lhe formed by i + aj + k,j + ak and a i + k become
veclors -À2 i + j + k, i - À 2 j + k and i + J- À 2 k are minimum, is [Slngle Correct Typa, IIT-JEE 2003]
coplanar, is (Slngle Correct Type, IIT-JEE 2007] (a)-3 (b) 3
(a) O (b) 1 (e) 1 / ✓3 (d) ✓ 3
(c) ±./2 (d) 3
204.lf a = (l + j + k),a · b = 1 anda x b = J - k. then bis equal
198. Lei a, b, e be unil vectors such lhal a+ b + e= O. Which to [Slngla Correct Type, IIT-JEE 2003)
one of the following is correct?
[Slngle Correct Type, IIT-JEE 2007) Cal 1 - 3+ 1< . (b)2)- k
(a)ax b = b Xc=cXa = 0 (c)i (d)2i
(b)axb = b xc= cxa,.0
(c) b x b = b xc = axc= 0
205. lf V= 2i + j - k and W = i + 3k. lf U is a unit vector, lhen
(d) a x b, b x e. ex a are mulually perpendicular '.he maximum value of the scalar tripie product (U V W]
IS [Slngle Correct Type, IIT-JEE 2002)
199. Let A be vector parallel to tine of intersection of
(a) -t (b) ✓!Ô + Jt,
planes P, and P2 through origin. P, is parallel to the
(e) ./59 (d) Jt,õ
vectors 2j + 3k and 4j- 3k and P2 is parallel to k and J-
31 + 3j, then the angle bctween veclor A 11nd 21 + j- 2k 206. lf a and b I are two unit vectors such thnt u + 2b and
S.'\ - 4 b, ar-, perpendicular to each other. then the angle
is (More lhan One Optlon Correct Type, 2008, SMJ
belween a und bis [Slngl• Corract Typa, 2002, 1M)
(a)~
(e)~
2
6
(b)~
4
(d) 311
4
(a) 45'
(e) cos·
1
m (b) 60'
(d) cos· • m
(ii) JEE Main & AIEEE

207. Leta =2i + J - Zk. b = i + J and cbe a vector such that 215. If the vectors a = i - ·j + 2 k, b = 2i + 4 } + k and
1e - a 1= 3, 1(a x b) x e 1= 3 and the angle between e and c = À.I+ j + µk are mutuallyorthogonal, then(À, µ )is
a x bis 30°. Then, a · e is equal to [JEE Maln 2017] equal to . [AIEEE 2010)
(a)~ (b) 2 (a) (- 3, 2) (b) (2, - 3)
8 (e) (- 2. 3) (d) (3, - 2)
(e) 5 (d)!_ 216. If u , v and w are non-coplanar vectors anel p, q are real
8
numbers, then the equality [3u pv pw )- [pv w qu)
208.If[a x bb x cc x a)= À [a b c]2, then À. is equal to
- [2w qv qu] = Oholds for [AIEEE 2009)
(a) O (b) 1 [JEE Maln 201•) (a) exactly two values of(p, q)
(e) 2 (d) 3 (b) more than two but not ali values of(p, q)
(e) ali values of(p, q)
209. Let a and b be two unit vectors. If the vectors e = a + 2b
(d) exactly one value of(p, q)
and d = 5a - 4a are perpendicular to each other, then the
angle between a and b is [AJEEE 2012)
217. The vector a =ai + 2j + Pk lies in the plane of the
vectors b = i + j and e = j + k and bisects the angle
(a) .::. (b) .::.
6 2 between b and e. Then, wlúch one of the following gives
(e) .::. (d) .::. possible values of<X and P? [AIEEE 2008)
3 4 (a) a =1, 13 = 1 (b) a = 2,13 =2
210. Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that AB = q , AD = p (e) a = 1, 13 = 2 (d) a = 2, 13 = 1
and LBAD be an acule angle. If ris the veclor that 218. If u and vare unit vectors and 0 is the acute angle between
coincides with the altitude directed from the vertex B to them, then 2u x 3v is a unit vector for [AIEEE 2007]
the side AD, then r is given by [AJEEE 2012) (a) exactly two values of 0
(b) more than two values of0
(a) r = 3q + 3(p · q) p (b) r =- q + (L.1_) p (e) no value ore
(p . p) p .p (d) exactly one value of0
(e) r =q -(L._i)
p ·p
p (d) r =-3q + 3(p · q ) p
(p·p)
219.Let a = Í + J+ k,b = i - j+2kand e = xi +(x-2)j- k.If
the vector e lies in the plane of a and b, then x equal to
1
211.Ifa =- - (3i + k)and b = .!.(2i +3J -6k1 then the (a) O (b) 1 [AIEEE 2007]
-✓!Õ 7 (e) - 4 (d) - 2
value of(2 - b) · [(a X b) X (a +2b )) is [AJEEE 2011) X b) x e =a x (b X c1 wher_
220. If(a e a, b ande are any three
(a)-3 (b) 5 vectors such that a · b ,te O, b · e ~ O, then a and e are
(e) 3 (d) -5
212. Toe vectors a and b are not perpendicular ande and d (a) inclined ai an angle of.::. between them [AIEEE 2006)
(b) perpendicular 6
are two vectors satisfying b x e= b x d anda · b = O. (e) parallel
Then, the vector d is equal to [AJEEE 2011 J
(d) inclined at an angle of .'.:. between them
3
(a) e + ( ~ ) b (b) b + ( ~ ) e
a·b a -b
221. Toe value of a, for which the points, A, B, C with
(e) e-(~ )ba -b
(d) b-(~) e
a-b
position vectors 2i - j + k, i - 3 j - 5 k and ai - 3} + k
respectively are the vertices of a right angled triangle
213.lfthe vectors pi+ j +k, i+ q j + k and i + j + r k withC=~are [AlEEE 2006)
(Where, p ~ q ~ r ~ 1) are coplanar, then the value of 2
pqr - (p + q + r)is [AJEEE 2011) (a) -2 and - 1 (b) -2 and 1
(a)- 2 (b) 2 (e) 2and-1 (d) 2 and 1
(e) 0 (d) - 1
222.The distance between the line
214. Let a = j - k anda = i - j - k. Then, lhe vector r = 2i - 2j + 3k + 1..(i-j+ 4k)and the plane
b satisfying a x b +e= Oanda· b = 3. is [AJEEE 2010) r ·(i +Sj + k) =S is [AIEEE 2005)
(a) - i+.)-2k (bl 2I - ) +2 k
(c)l-:i-2k (dJl+)-21<
(a) ~ (b) 2_ (e) ~ (d)~
3 10 3,fj 9
223. For any vector a, the value of 228. A particle is acted upon by constanl fo rces 4 i + J -3k
(a X i) 2 + (a x J) 2 + (a x k:) 2 is equal to [AlEEE 2005] and 3i + j - k which displace it from a point i + 2j + 3k
(a) 4a' (b) 2a' to lhe point Si+ 4J + k. The work done in standard uni Is
(e} a' (d) Ja'
by the forces is given by [AIEEE 2004)
224. Ifa, b, e are non-coplanar vectors and À is a real number, (a) 40 unils (b) 30 units
2 (e) 25 units (d) IS units
then(À(a+b) À b Àc]=[a b+cb]for [AIEEE2005J
(a) exactly two values of À 229. If u , v and w are three non-coplanar vectors, then
(b) exactly three values of À (u +v- w ) •((u-v) x(v-w)]equal to (AIEEE 2003)
(e) no value of À 000 ~ U · VXW
(d) exactly one value of À (e) U • WXV (d) JU·VXW
225.Leta = i-k, b =xi+ J+(l- x)kand 230.a, b , e are three vectors, such that a+ b +e= O.Ia 1= 1.
e= )i + x j +(l + x-y)k. Then, (a b c]depends on lb l=2,j c j=3, thena· b + b •c+c•a is equal to
[AlEEE 2005) (a) O (b) -7 (AIEEE 2003)
(e) 7 (d) t
(a) Neither x nor y
(b) Both x and y 231.A tetrahedron has vertices ai ()(O.O.O). A( l,2. 1). 8(2. l,3)
(e) OnJy X and C(-1, 1. 2). Then, the anglc between the faces
(d) Only y OAB and ABC will be [AIEEE 2003)
226.Let u, v, w be such that I u I= 1, 1v l=2,j wj =3. If the
projection v along u is equal to that of w along u and
·(a) cos"
1
rn) (b) ros·• (*)
v, w are perpendicular to each other, then I u -v + w 1 (e) 30° (d} 90°
equal to [AlEEE 20Q.4)
232. Let u = i + j ,v = i - j anel w = i + 2j + 3k. lf n is u unit
(a) 2 (b) .fi vector such thnt u · n = Oanel v • n = O. thcn I w •n I is
(e) ../14 (d) 14
equal lo (AlEEE 2003)
227. Let a, b and e be non-zero vectors such that (a} O (b) 1
(e) 2 (d) 3
(a x b) x e = !j b li e ja. If8 is an acute angle between the
3 233. Given, two vectors nre i- j .uni i + ~1 tlw unit wctor
vectors b and e, then sin 8 is equal to (AlEEE 2004) coplanar w ith thc two wctors nn.t p,·rii,·mlil'ulur to
first is [AIEEE 20021
(a) ! (b) ./2
3 3 1
(a) 7i<I + ))
(e) ! (d) 2./2
3 3
(e) ±"Ji(I + )l (,t) N""'' ofthrs.·
Answers
Excrcisc for Scssion 1 67. (b) 6H. (d) 69. (b) 711. (d) 71. (e) 72. (b)
7.\. (d) 74. (b,e,d) 7~. (11,c,d) 76. (11.c) 77. (11,c) 78. (b,d)
1. ,·os-'(%)· 2.~
4
i
4. r = ± JJ'
79. (n,b,c,d) MO. (n,b.c,d) MI. (11,b) H1. (11,c)
83. (n.b,c) H4. (11.c) M~. (n,b,c) M6. (b,d)
6.~ 7. - ~
./ITT 2 K7. (b,c,d) HH. (n.c) HY. (n.b)
9. 2rt IO. t1 > 2
90. (11.b,c) 91 . (o.d) 92. (n,b,c) 9.1. (n,c) 94. (o,b,e)
3 9~. (b,e.d) 96, (n.b,e,d) 97. (c,d) 98. (a,b,c,d )
1 • • • 19 • • • 1 • • •
11 ·1Y+ J + k ) 12. - (21 + J + l k l;-(-201 + 8 J + 16k ) 99, (b.c,d) 1110. (11,d) 101. (11.b,d)
9 9 102. (e.d) 111.1. (b,e) 104. (b,e,d) 105. (o.e.d)
I J. 40
106. (e.d) 1117. (n,b)
Excrcisc for Sesslon 2 IOM. (o.e) 109. (b,c) 110. (e) li 1. (n) 112. (o) 11.1. (d)
114. (d) 115. (d) 116. (11) 117. (n) 1 IH. (h) 119. (o)
l.1 9Ji 2. ~ = 3nnd 11 = !2
2 120. (11) 121. (b) 122. (e) 12.1. (b) 124. (n) 125. (b)
.1. - 74 6. 3 7.~ 126. (d) 127. (e) UM. (e) 129. (11) DO. (d) 1.11 . (d)
6 132. (d) 1.1.1. (e) 134. (b) 135. (d) 1.16. (n) 1.17. (n)
8.~ -i j k IJH. (11) IJY. (b) 140. (11) 141. (e) 142. (b)
9. ±7 10. JJ + JJ + JJ
4 143. (A)--+ (p,r), (D)--+ (q), (C)--+ (•).(D)--+ (p)
11. ~ pi- 4j - 4k) 12. 1 (160 -1 ~ 41- - 70k)
-
144. (A)-, (r), (U)--+ (s), (C)--+ (q), (D)--+ (p)
3 3 145. (A)--+ (s), ( U)--+ (r). (C)--+ (q)
13. ± 2 (b X C) 14• .!. /65 sq. unils 146. (A)--+ (r), (U)--+ (p). (C)--+ (s), ( D)--+ (q)
2
147. (A) ➔ (q), (0)--+ (s), (C)-+ (p), (D )-+ (r)
1 s• -.J6i '
- sq. UIHIS, 11. i + 2j + 4k
2 148. (O) 149. (3) 150. (1) 1~1. (2) 152. (6) 153. (9)
IH. 2i - 7j -· 2k 1Y. - 2oi + 16j + 12i< 154.(2) 155.(3) 156. (3) 157.(4) 15H.(2) 159.(9)
1611. (5) 16 1. (2) 162. (3) 163. (8) 16~. ( 10)
Excrcisc for Scssion 3 166. .a, + 2yy, = t1 167. (12)
3.~ _ .....,,_._s_in_,c,..+_ sin
_ n__ 'in..A_ __
. s..
1. 4 2. 4 cubie unil 168 7
2 2 2
Vsin O+ sin C + 2sin D· sinC • cosA
~ 2./38
4. 4 cubie unil •. 19 169. 3./26 170. sinA - sinD 171. ~squnilS
7 2(sin A + sin B) 28
6. a, b , e fonn • righl hnndcd system. 9. 6 10. 1
173. {6, 4}and4x-6y +l)= O 174.8=~
Excrcise for Scssion 4 4
2.3 (-7i + Sj - k) 175. 2Ji •l- - 1 •J- - 1 k·) 176. 1
1. o ( ..fi .fi
JITT
7. a· =.!.(-1+ k ), b' = .!.c-]+ k )andc' = .!.(1 + J)
111. - i - sj + 2k 178. • ·b
1
2 2 2 (1 · b) - a 1 b1
1 = .!. (31+ 4b+ Se~ y =- 4c,z = ~(c-b)
9. r = J' b = ~ (a x b ) 10. r = - - (a x e + mb) 179. i
b' a •b 3 )
180.x=a+b+c
Chapter Excrcises 2
2 2 2 1 1
■ 2 (■ . b)
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) IHI
.x= -
I a b - b (a · b)
2 2(a b ) - (a· b) 1
1 1
•+-21 (a b b
·1
1
-
1
) - (• . b)1
,b
7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d) l i. (d} 12. (d)
13. (a) 14. (e) 15. (e) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (e) 182. (b) 183. (n) IH4. (a) IH~. (d) 186. (o) 187. (3)
19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (d) 22. (e) 23. (b) 24. (b) 188. (n) IK9. (e) 1911. (b) 191 .(8) 192. (5) 19.l. (e)
194. (11) 19~. (n) 196. (e) 197. (o) 19M. (b) 199. (b.,I)
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (e) ª ·<•> 29. (e) 30. (a)
200. (11) 201. (b) 2112. (e) 20.1. (e) 204. (e) !05. (e)
J I. (e) J 2. (u) H. (e) H . (o) 35. (o) J6. (b)
J7. (d) JS.(<) JY. (o) 40. (o) 41. (u) 42. (b) 206, (b) 2117. (b) !OH. (b) !09. (e) !to. (h) ?11 .(J)
4J. (e) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (d) 4ff. (•) 112. ( o) 213. (n) 214, (d} 215. (11) ll6. (,1) 117. (d)
49.(o) 50. (d) 51. (b) 52. (a) ~J. (e) 54. (e) !IH. (d) 119. (d) 220. (e} 221 . (J) 2!2. (e) !!J. (b)
55. (d) 56. (<) 57. (d) 58. (b) SY. (e) 60. (d) 224. (e) 22~. (n) 226. (c) 227. (J) llN.(n) 229, (b)
61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (u) 64. (a) 65. <•> M.(a)' 2311. (b) 2.11.(o) 2.1?. (d) l .l.l. (o)
• • ' • 6
Solutions
13. OA = 3i + 2) -9k. F = (9i + 6J - 2k ) X l1
; 3 ic
Moment = OA x F = ~ 3 2 - 9
l1 9 6 -2
1. Since, a .l. b => a · b = O 6 • , I SO ( , ')
=-(50i- 75J) = - 2•- 3J
1a - b 1' = (a - b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 -2 a •b = 25 + 25 li 11
⇒ 1a - b 1=s./2 14. Force (F) = 2i + J-
k and its position vector = 2i - We J.
2. 1a + b 1> 1a - b1 know that the positio~ vectpr of a for~e •~out origin
(r ) =(2i - J) -(Oi+ 0J + 0k) or r = 2i - J Therefore, moment
On squaring both sides, we get
2 2 of the force about origin
a + b + 2a · b > a 2 + b 2 -2a· b
ic
=> 4a · b > o => cose > o
= r XF = 2 - 1 O = l + 2] + 4k.
Hence, e < 90° (acute)
2 - 1
3. Given that, a = b + e and angle between b and e is~-
2 _1 b xc ·_1 ax b b_, _ c xa
So, 2
a = b 2 +e'+ 2b · c 15· ª = (abcj' e = [abc]' - [abc)
2 2
=> a = b + c 2 + 2l b l l c l cos~ _1 _1 _ 1 _(b x c) _((c x a)x(a x b))
2
=> a 2 = b 2 + c' + O => [a b e ] - (abc) (abc) (abc]
a2 = bz + cz
_ b x c __ª -= _ 1_ ,. 0
i.e., a' = b' + e' - [abc] [abc] [abc]
4. Obviously, a and b are unit vectors. 16 a · b x e+ b · ax c = [abc] + [bac)

' e x a· b e · a x b [cab] (cab]
5. Angle between i + J + k and i is equal to = [abc] _ (abc] =
0
cos-,{ <l+]+k)·i
• • • • } => a -_ cos -1(....!_)
r,; [cab) [cab]
1i + j + k1 1i I v3
17. b x e is a vector perpendicular to b, e. Therefore, a x (b X e) is a
Similarly, angle between l + j + k and 3is vector again in plane of b, e.
1 ) • • • • 18. Lei a=xi+ y j +zk
p= cos- 1
(
✓3 and between i + j + k and k is
u = i x(a xi)+ j x(a x i ) + k x(a x k )
y= cos -1(.fj 1 ) = (i · i)a-i(a · i) +Ú · })a - }<a•})
+ cic- k)a - ic(a . lê) =3a - a =2a
Hence, a = P= Y
ic
6. Let r = .xi + ,i3 + zi => r • i = x, r • J = y . r · k = z
z .. z 2 2 2 Z
19. a x(b x c) = a X 2 - 1 1 = ax(-2i+3)+ 7k )
=> (r · l)' + (r · ) ) + (r . k ) = x + y + z = r 1 3 -1
7. I a _ b I = ,j12 + 2. 12 cose = .j2(1 - cose)
12 _ lê.
e . e . e la-bl
=✓2x ✓2sin-=2sm - => sm - = -- 2 -2 =201 - 3) + 1ic
2 2 2 2
-2 3 7
8. The component of vector a along b is
(a· b)b =.!_! (3] + 4k) 20. a x (b x e) = O
1b 1' 2s => all(bxc) orb x c = 0
b -a ; a · b la l _7 i.e., b li c ora = O
9. Required value = lbl !ai = ÍbJ - 3 21. Let the required vector be a = d,i + dJ + d, k
2 2 2 where, d:+ d:+ df = 51 (given) ...(i)
10. (a x b) =a b -(a . b )'=\::: : : ~
Now, cach of the given vectors a, b ande is a unit vectors.
11. Torque= r x F orCP x F d ·a d·b d ·c
cose = - - = - - = - -
1 d 11a 1 1d 11b 1 1 d l I e 1
k
or d ·a=d· b = d·c
12. r xF= 2 - 1 1 =- Si -S} +Sk
2 3
1d 1=.J51 cancels out and I a 1 = 1 b 1= 1e 1 = 1
Hence, ~(d1 - 2d. + 2d,) = ~(- 4d1 + 0d2 - 3d,) = d,
3 • S
⇒ d1 - Sd2 + 2d, = O
and 4d1 + 5d2 + 3d3 = O

whcre, a1
2
+ a; + a! = 1
U ·Ô.=0 => ai +a2 =0
Onsolving, we get ~ =.!!l. =.!!.1_ = À (say) Also, V·n=0 ⇒ a,-a,=O
5 -1 -5
Hence, a,= a2 = O
Putting d1, d, and d 3 in Eq. (i), we get À = ± 1
a, = 1 or - 1
Hence, the required vectors are± (Si - Sk) J- ii = k or - k
22. Let OA = P,i, CB= - P,i and OB = - P,i + PJ J w · nl=3
OB·J Y.
--=cos60° 28, To f111d(a - b) · a
0B
(- P,Í + P])· 1 J - i.e., 1a I' - a· b
⇒
N /'' /''
✓fl' + p' 2 B e Now, a+ b =e
=> 1a I' + 1b 12 + 2a · b = 1cf' ...(ii) - ,-ig-in-)---8-::--(a)
A~(o
⇒
=.jP' + P,2
2P 60
A On substituting the value ofa • b from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get
⇒ = p..Ji P, o X
10B 1=.JP' + P, = .JP 2 + 3P2 = 2P

2 a' - .!. (c2 - a' - b2 )
2
23. X +y + Z =0 => X =- (y + z) 3a 2 + b2 - c
2
⇒
2
1x I' =(y + z) ·(y + z)
29.
f7\
2 A x B =- A x B
⇒ 1x 1 = IY I' + 1z 12 + 2y · z
2 2 A XB=0
⇒
1x 1 = IY 1 + 1z 12 + 2f Y11z I cos8 either A =0
'\LJ
⇒ 4 = 4 + 4 + 2 x 2 x 2cos8 or B= 0
⇒ cos8 = =-!.
=> 8 = 120° or A and B are collinear
2 30.
2 2
Given, v+v, = V,
.·. cosec 120° + cot 120° O A
Also, V·V1 =2a
=(~)' + (- ~)'={+i=;
Also,
2
(V1) =(V2 -V)
1V 1= 1V, 1= 1V, f = À
2
and V· V2 =a
(say)
2 2
24. For acute angle a · b > O Hence, À =2À -2À2 cos a
2
i.e., · - 3x + 2x + 1 > O 1
⇒ cosa= -
⇒ (x-1)(2x-1)>0 2
For obtuse angle between b and X-axis b . i < O => x < O 31. Given. lb l=J b - c l=8 and lcl=12 ...(i)
25. Since. d = Àa + µb + vc AE =~and EC= e - ~
4 4
d , (b x e) = Àa • (a x e) + µb ·(b X e)+ vc ·(b X e)
= À [a b e] . B
À= [dbc] = [bcd]
⇒
[abc] [bca]
26. (3p + q) ·(Sp - 3q ) =O
or 15p 2 -3q 2 =4p · q ...(i)
(2p + q) ·(4p-2q) = 0 or 8p 2 =2q 2
⇒ q' = 4p' ...(ii)
Now, cos8 = ~
1P li q 1
cos 8 = -+---:-'. =
( 4b)
e· c - e 2 - -e·
4
b
...(ii)
2 2
On substítuting q = 4p in Eq. (i). we get
2 lcllc-~, 12/c -~,
=> 3p =4p · q
3 p
2
3 . ..ÍSS From Eq. (i), 1b 1 8, 1 e 1 = =12
cos8=-· - - - = - => s1118= -
4 lpl2lpl s s 1b - e 12 = 1b I'
⇒
2
27. n =a,i + aJ + a,k. I b 1 + f e I' - 2b · e = J b 12
b - c=72 ...(iii) p
and b I' =lcl, +1161

1b 1 b·e
--2-
2
1c-4 b d
= 144+ 4- 36=112
l c -~1=4✓7 ...(iv)
0(0, 6,8) a R(-1 , 4, 7)
From Eqs. (ii), (iii) and (iv)
1a x b l2 =a 2 b 2 -(a· b) 2 =(6)(75)
cos e = ~ = 3 ✓1
12 X 4✓7 8 -(- 1 + 10 + 7) 2 = 450 -256 = 194
32. BN ·CM =O laxb l=-J194
(kc - b) -(~-e)= o A (origin) d=ff =H

k a2 2 a2 a' p + q = 100
- · - - ka - - + - = o
3 2 3 2 ⇒ (p+q)(p+q- l ) = ~ =4950
2 2
~-k+!=o
~ =: -/
6 6
~=! ⇒ k=! 35. V =- e' [ u v w) =- c 2 I 1
6 6 5 1 O -1
33. Given, 15 I AC 1= 3 1AB 1= 5 1AD 1 = - c 2[2(1 - O)- 1(1) + (-2 - 1))
Ld IAC l =Ã>O
I AB l=SÀ ~ =- c'[2 -
2c 2 =8 ⇒ c=2or-2
1 - 3) =8
1ADI =3À
Now,cos(BA-CD)= BA - CD ~
A(a) orlgln 8(b)
36. Lctc = À(:ixb)
I BA IICD I Hence, À(a x b), (i + 2)- 71<) = 10
~
b ·(d- c)
Now, numerator of Eq. (i), we gel

1 b l l d-c l
...(i)
À,~
t
=~ 2 -7
, _= 10
2
b · e - b - d = 1b 11e I cos ~ -1 b 11 d I cos 7t À= -l ⇒ c=-(:ixb)
3 3
a= 21 -3) + k <1nd b = i - 2) + '.lk
= (SÀ) (À) 2_ + SÀ(3À) ! l k
2 2
2 2 2 - ·3 1 = (-9 + 2)1-(S)} + (- ·l + :1)k
SÃ. + 15À = lOÃ'
2 1 -2 3
Denominator of Eq. (i) ~ (-7,-5,-1)
=l b ll d-c l 37. v, = i -2] + 1<
2
Now, l d-cl 2 =d'+c -2c- d
v, = :1! + 2) - k
= 9À2 + À2 - 2(Ã)(3À) ! V:,= e = 1111 + llh = ll(l + ]l + j}() t- 1~)
2
= I0À2 -3À2 ":' 7À2 = a 1+ (u + llJ) + Ili~ .. e
1 d- e I = ✓7À Slncc. ~,, v,~v; 11rc ~o,,l111111r,
Denominator ofEq. (i)
Now, 3 2 - t a l1,11sln11C,4C, - \1'1 11•,~w,•11..t
= (SÀ) (7À) = 5✓7À2
2 1a 11 + fl 1ll
l OÀ 2
cos (BA ·CD)= sJ'ÍÀ' = ✓7
► 11) •
1 1
: _o, - 1 I • o, hrnl'c •I ('.lf\ li
34. a = - l - 2] - í. n o li
1
b = 1-s)-7k
,e) :111 + 11 - (1
1 d 1 = 1a x b 1 ; 1 a 1 =✓6 : ) ~l " - :}
1a 1 11
38 • - 1+ J + k. O=[ra b](r • b)+z[rab] ⇒ z = -(r·b)

• n - ~•
Hence, r x a=[r a b] b -(r · b)(a x b)
w= 1w 1 n=10(l + J+ kl rx a= [r a b] b +(r · b ) (b x a)
Now, v=CJ.>Xr = IO(i+}+k)x(xi +y} + zk), 44. Since, i + 2] + 2k is rotated soas to cross Y-axis, the vector in
where r is the position vector of the point whosc locus is to be new position. Let the required vector bc xi + + zk n
detcrmined. x' + y' + z' = 9 ...(i)
where,
Hencc, v = 10 [(z - y)i -(z - x)} +(y- x)k]
X+ 2y + 2z = 0 ...(ii)
1v 1= IO✓(x - 2
y) + (y - z)' +(z - x)'
Hcncc,2(x' + y 2 + z' - xy-yz - zx) = 4 and xl y2 :z l ⇒ 2x-z = O ...(ili)
⇒ x' + y' +z'-xy-yz-zx-2=0 lo

wlúch is the equation of a cylinder. On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
2 r. - 4
39• n• =- - -;w =-w.(i + 2J, + 2k)
i+]+k . x=- ✓5,y=v5,z= ✓5
3 3
- 2. r.· 4.
k :. Required vector, is7si + vSj - ✓Sk
CJ.)
V=CJ.>X r = - I 2 = ~(41 -3 -kl
3
2 3 5
3 45. SetA -+ SctB
(Paralld) (Non·parallel)
lvl = ~.Jis=w✓Z 4 6
3 ways ➔
40. b · a+b·c= b·b+a·c (i) 3 from B -+ 6C3
;~D
(ii) 2 from B, 1 from A-+ •e, x 6
C2
(ili) 3 from A-+ 4C 3
Total number of ways
=•e,+ ('e, x •c,J + •e,
n(E) = •e., + •e, + e• e, x •e.,)
B~X
(origin) 4 C4f and n(S) = 'ºe,
or b •(a - b) - e •(a - b) = O ⇒
P(E) = •e,+ •e, + (6 C, X 'C,)
or (b - e) ·(a - b) = O ioC3
⇒ BC and AB are perpendicular.
46.'(âxx)+ b=x
Now, find angle betwcen AM and BD.
⇒ â X(â X x) + (â X b) = â X x
where, AM=2i -33,
(â · x ) â -(â • â) X+ (â X b) = x - b
BD = 4i+3]
Projcction of x along â is 2 units
2
(â • x )
cos0= AM · BD - 1 ⇒
lil=2 ⇒ â · x =2
1AM 11 BD 1 = 5,m
⇒ 0 = 1t - cos- • (s1) So, X =.!. [2â - b +(â X b)]

2
47. Weknow,ax(b xc) =(a· c)b -(a · b) c
41. [npm ] = s108
. cos 4> =sm
. 6 · cos ../3 ../3
1
6 2 ·2 = 4
7t 7t
= Component ofa x (b x e) along b is
42. V =(ax b)xa+(a x b )x b

[{
(a• c)b-(a · b)c }· b]b = ((a· c)(b · b ) -(a· b)(b · e)) b
= b-(a · b)a +(a· b )b-a =(b-a) +(b -a)(a · b ) 1b I' 1b I'
V = (b - a ) (1 +a· b) = Â(b - a) So, component ofa x (b x e) perpendicular to bis
. 43. Sincc, a and b are perpendicular, hcnce a, b and a x b are e
a x (b x c)-((a · (b · b ) -(a· b)(b . e)) b
non-coplanar. Hcncc, any vector say (r X a ) can be cxpressed 1b I'
as
r x a = xa + y b + z(a x b) ...(1) =a x(b x e)+ ((a·b)(b · c) -(a · c)(b . b)) b
dot with a O= x + O+ O ⇒ x = O 1b I'
dot withb [rab)= O+ y+O ⇒ y= [rab] = a x (b x c) + (a x b) ·(b x e) b
dot with r O= xa· r + y r · b + z[r a b] 1b I'
'4. r -a = 20. =r ->-2y + ~ =20..x.y,: E S 54. 11,r 111i,l-p,1h11,t ,,f ,l,k• ~,,. ll \ 1, 11. \li, ~·111. 11, tt\,
r ., 1 1 1
11,e oumher oi non-neptn-.: int-e,..,r.u rolutroo u-.: i:~·1 u -~ - . ~ H1' .., ~\111 t 11 )
"C, - "C, + ... 'e, _=SI ~
. \ll l + t~•l + l '.\ t _ ~

l:. +- m: + 11: e: \
b -'<l
as -+-+ l ~ S
.:: b
F/ ~ E
So. (s.._1:.~L. = I s~ - . ,.~,- ~- - .., l'
o
50. The systcm oh-ectors is c-oplaxur.
·: Thm sum is uro. 55. Eli111in"lil,s ,,..
~ (1 + ") 1 + 11/ a li
51.
-~
.rr ;=-º- - - -- -~e
A
1
S
,,r
\)r
(li ~ nl \l 1- ~11) ~ 11
n • - :2.l ::::.~ m ~- ~!/
/ e-: n ::..." rtt r i - ~ fl
Toe ..1.r·s 1. - ::. -'J ,111,I - ::. - ::. 1. Th,· ll11cs ,11,· 11•·11•1•1111lrnl,1r.
c-ose = AB - AD S
JABII AD. 9
56. ,.__,itl + ''"' tl + ''"' y ... 1
cos -1(8)9 ..- a = a2 by hypothesis
. 8
sma = -
9 57, a x\a X b) = ,. =>lal i" -..: b l • l,·I
cosa = /i -~ = ,'17 1(1 -..:S)si111l ., 3
s.inU a
' SI 9
s .~h't"s l 1u\ll •
~ ~ ,
~
52. BA ..- AC = BC
BA = BC - AC
58. l'Nm thc l,g\ln, lhe \'\"\:l,,r "lll:\tl,,11 ,,f(l/' Is r ... À(I I J 1- k )
=>
O.li e pr..,jr,:li,,11 ,,f OC ,,11 01'
=> ,:, 1~ ~; - (,~ + ,~ ) = OC · OI' • l
:l
Now, BA-BC = (,:t I~) (,:1-,:i) =O N(lW, CII' .. i:x.-: - 0.\ll .. , - ~ " ?.
'.\ :!
=>
=>
LB = 9<1'
cos 2B = - I
C.11 ... H
aod c-os2.A + cos2C = 2 e-os( A + C) e-os(A - C) = O z
(": A+ C = ':lO')
=> cos2A ..- cos2B + cos2C =- 1
53, Wc have. c ·a = c -b = cos8.a -b = O
Now, e = aa + ~b + y(a X b)
Talcing thc dot product ofboth sidcs \\;th :a."~ gel Jo..,;____4-/....,J'--.. r
e -a = a = cos8
Si.mihrly, ~=cose
(": lal: = l,a -b = O)
~---·
Now, talcing thc dot product with a x b, \\~ gel X
[c a b) = yfa x bf1 = y 59, l' x q, \l, q ,,n- '"m",1pl:111:1r ,·wt..,.-.
1
Now, (ca b)1 = (a b c) => b-,·• l\ t•-,1 • \l , ,1 - 1' • \\
o coso ~ J _ ,, .. ,.
=1:::
e· •
::: :::1
e-e
=1: a- b rosO coso
coso = .'. is "lllilotrr:\I.
60, (a x b) X~ x ,1) • (ah.! ],· - l• ln-],I
= 1- cos1 8 + cosO(- cosO) • h • - ~•I
a = l} = cos8,y1 =- cos~.
• - ~{ 1'<'11'<'11,lk 11br t,, \',," \<. ;· " ''
Thus,
61. Th\nslntin,it lhe a>.-.:,s throug h A(t. 2.3~ 2 a2 a

=> (EF) = ,/3 => EF = ,/3
,~ ,·h,u,~s l" \ll. O. O) B di:u,g,,s lo (S. 6. 2).
:. C\,h'nnitH"\t:0- t"-1~~s are of ltn.g-ths S. 6, 2. ICFl = ICEI= .fia and ICMI=~
Vohmw ,,fp.,mlldopipeJ =S·6·2 =96cu units 3 6
62. a. b, e ,u-,, non-roplanar => [a. b, e);, 1 Also, " x b, b x e. ex a where 'm' is middle poinl of EF.
""" non-roplnn:u ~''-'li
d =sinx(a x b) + cosy(b x e)+ 2(c xa~
T"king <101 pn1duct \\;lha + b + e. we gel
O =sin x(a b e)+ cosy[a b ci + 2[11 b e]
= sinx + rosy + 2=O
::::::. sinx + rosy = -2
= X =(~n -1)~.)' = (211-1)71:,11 E Z

2
8b
• 1 • , -n: • sn ' Area of ti.CEF = .!,IEfl ICMI

lor easl ,, ,lu,• of x· + y . x = - , y = n: and least value is - . 2
2 4 2
1 a 5a 5a .
63: We h:i.w.a(a x b ) + ll(b xc) + )'(c x a) = o = x ,/3 x = ,/3 sq umts
2 6 12
Taking Jot product with e. we hnve
69. p • q = O and r · s = O
a[a bc)+j3[bcc)+ y[c ac)=0
=> (Sa -3b)·(-<l - 2b) =0
i.e. a[abc] + o+ o= o
6b 2 -7a·b-Sa 2 =O ...(i)
a[abc)=0
Simib.rly. taking dot product with b ande, we have = (-4a - b) ·(-a + b) = o
y [abc] = O. 13 [abc) = O 4a 2 - b 2 - 3a·b = 0 ...(ü)
Now. e,·en if one ofa, 13, y;, O, then we have [abc] = O Now, x=.!.(p+r+s)
= a. b, e ,u-,, coplanar. . 3
64. .!.,.,h. + .!.,.J,1 + .!.,.,h, + .!.,.,h, = 4:lrea the telrahedron x = .!.(sa -3b - 4a - b - a+ b)
3
3 3 ' 3 3
OABC. .
x = -b, y = .!_(r + s) = .!_(-Sa) = -a
65. 9 = ,'Os- 1(cosl3 - cosa) 5 5
z Angle between x and y i.e cos9 = x · Y = ~

66. lxllYI lal lbl
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
lal "' ~·Jãb and lh l= ~.Jãb
y lal lbl= .J2s x 43 (ã · b) = ~= ~

19 s.J,ij la l lbl
X 19
= cos9 "'S✓43
Equation of 00' = _:: = f = :. => r = a + tb
1 1 1
1 9'= COS-t ~ )
Equation of AB : x - = ~ = :. => (a)r = e+ .sd,
-1 1 O
where a = O, b = i + J+ k. e = l. d =- I+ J 70. Volume oftetrahedron"' .!.[a b e]
6
Shortest distance= l(c -a)·(b x d)I ~
67. vx,,•=31-s)~k
Ih x dl v6
Now,[a bc)
2
"'1 ::: ::: :::1"'1: : :1
C· a C· b C· e 2 2 4
Maxirnum value of[uvw] = lul lv X wl = 1 · .J35 = .J35 = 4(12) + 2(-4) + 2 (- 4)
1 r:: 2./i
68. lal =l bl = lct Volume"' - x 4v2 = -
6 3
1b - ai = 1b - cl = 1e - ai = a
a · b = b · c = e ·:>= AB · AC = CA · CB = DA · BC 71. Given, cos 9 '= (:> x i) •(b xi)+ (a+ ) l ·(b x ) )
2
= o cos~ +(axk)·(b xk) ...(i)
3 Consider, (a x l) -(b x l) = [(n x i)b i] "'((a xi) x b)· i
((a · b)i)-(Í · b)a)i =(a · b) (i · Í ) -(1 •b)(a · Í) n. a X~ Xtj= ~ X ~ X c

= a •b-a1b 1 or (a · c) b -(a · b)c=(a · c)b-(c · b)a
Similarly, (a x j )•(b x )) = a • b - a 2b 2 or (a · b)c-(c · b) a = 0
and (a x k)(b x k )• a •b -a3b3 or b x(cx a) = 0
: . From Eq. (i), we gel or (cxa) x b=0
cose =3a · b -(a1b1 + a 2b2 + a 3b 3) or b x(c x a) =(e x a) x b = O
=3a •b -a· b 76. Let angle between a and b be e
a ·b 1
=> v= a x b = 1a 11 b I sine ô
lall bl =2a · b => lall bl =2
(a X b) v )
Now, use AM 2: GM on la l ,1bl 1 vi =sine, N
( ·: 1a 1= 1, 1 b 1= 1, n = 1a X b 1 =
lal + lbl .!(lal·lbll~ u = a - (a •b) b = a - cose b

2 (': a · b = 1a 11 b I cose = cose)
=> l al +lbl .: ✓2 u • u =I u I' = 1 + cos'e -2 cose =sin' e
72. ·: a · b < o 1 u 1=sine .
=> (sin' x - sinx) - cos2 x + 3 - 4sinx < o u •a = a ·a = -cose a · b = 1-cos' e =sin'e
=> 2
2sin x - 5sinx + 2 < o u · b = a , b - cose b · b = cose - cose = O
u •(a+ b) =(a-cose b) ·(a + b)
=> (sinx -2) (2sin x - 1) < O
.___,____, = 1 + cose - cos'e - cose
(-)v~
= 1 - cos'e = sin'e
=> .
smx >1 ~ xe (7t , 7t) 77. Here.(fa + mb) x b = e x b
2 62
=> la x b = ex b
73.
=> l(a x b)2 =(ex b)•(a x b)
= (e x b)·(a x b)
=> 1
(ax b) 2
m (cxa)·(b x a )
C(c) Similarly,
(b x a)2
. 3a +b 78. a x(r x a ) = a x b
Positive vector of pomt E = - -
4 3 r - (a · r )a= ax b
2 Also,
Position vector of point D = ª+ c jr X a l =lb l
3
=> sin 2 e = !
Let point F divides EC in À : 1 and BD in µ : 1, 3
µ
b + -(a + 2c) Àc + - -
+b 3a or (1 - cos' e) = !
th~ 3 4 3
µ+1 Â. +l
or ~ = cos2 8 => a • r = ± 1
[b+~(a+ 2c)](Â.+ l)=(Àc+ 3a: bJ'1 + 1) •
=>
3
3r ± a =a x b
Comparing the coefficient ofa b and e. or r = ~(ax b ± a )
=> µ (À+1) = 3(µ+1) 3
...(i)
3 4 79. á, + a 2 cos2x + a 3 sin 2 x = O, 'v x e R
=> À+ l = µ+l ...(i i) or (a1 + a 2 ) + sin2 x(a 3 - 2a 2 ) = O
4
2
=> a, + a 2 = Oand a3 - 2a2 = O
µ (À+ 1) =À(µ+ 1) ...(iii) a, ª2 ª1
3
:j' =I =2 = À(,<0)
On solving, we gel À=~
2 => ~= -~~ = ~ ~=n
80. a x b =la l lb lsinen
74. Obviously, ~ + ~ is a vector in the plane ofa and b and or ja x bf =l• llb lsin0
1a I I b l
hence perpendicular to a x b. lt is also equally lnclined to a and or sinO=~ ...(i)
b as it is along the angle bisector. lal xj b j
a· b = lallbl cose ~ =Is

1 c l Ia 1
cose = la · bl ...(ii)
lallbl ⇒ la/=lcl and lbl=l
2 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), ⇒ a x b · e = 1a 11 b 11 e 1= 1a 1 = 1e 1
sin 2 e + cos' e = 1 (children will assume a= i; b = Jand e= k but in this case ali
⇒ lax b 1' + (a· b)' =lal'lbl 2 the four will be correct which will be wrong).
85. (given)
lfe = 1t / 4, then sine = cose = 1 / ✓2. Therefore, Given, 1A 11B I cos e = - 6; 1B J = 2
B·C=IB/IClcos4l = 6
la x bl = lalj;I anda• b = lall b l
v2 ✓ 2 and (Ax B)xA=O
lax b l =a · b (A · A)B - (B · A)A = O
(A · A) =-6A ...(i)
ax b = lallbl sineíi = lallbl íi
✓2 :. A and B are coUinear ande between A and Bis lt.
=(a·b)íi ⇒ AxB=O
⇒ (a) is correct.
81. We have, la- bl 2 = la l' + 1h12 - 2(a · b)
⇒ A·(BxC)=(AxB)· C=O
or la - bl' =lal' + lbl' -2lallbl cos2e
⇒ {b) is correct.
or la-bl2 =2-cos2e (':lal = /b/=1) Also, A· B = -6 andl B 1=2
= 4sin'e or la.:. b 1= 2 lsine/ :. / A 1/ B I cos 1t = - 61A / · (2) = 6
Now, la- b l<l ⇒ IA / =3 ⇒ A · A=9
⇒ (e) is not carreei.
⇒ 2lsinel < 1 or /sine/ < .!.
Again, A· C = ?
2
⇒ ee (O, 1t / 6)ore e(S1t / 6, 1t) dot with C in the Eq. (i)
9 (B · C) = - 6A · C
82. a x (b x e)+ (a · b) b
9(6) =- 6(A · C) ⇒ A · C=-9
=(4 -2x - siny) b + (x 2 -1) e
⇒ (d) is correct.
or (a·c)b-(a · b)c+(a · b)b
86. V1 =V2
= (4 - 2x - siny) b + {x2 - 1) e
a x(bx e) =(ax b) x e
Now, (c·c)a=c. (a· e) b -(a · b) e =(a ·e) b -(b· c)a
Therefore,(c· e) (a · e) =(e· e) ora . e= 1 (a·b)c=(b · c)a
⇒ 1 + a· b = 4 -2x-siny, x 2 - 1 =-(a· b)
⇒ Either e anda are coUinear or bis perpendicular to both a
or 1 = 4 - 2x - sin y + x' - 1 ande
2
or siny=x2 -2x+2=(x-1) +1 ⇒ h=À(ax c)
But,siny~l ⇒ x=l,siny=l ⇒ y=(4n+l)~. nel

87. li may be observed that
2 2 3 -6
83: AB+ BC = AC [UVW)= 6 2 3 =343o<O

2u U V U V 3 -6 -2
BC=-- - + - = - + -
lu l lu l lvl lul lvl ⇒ U, V and W are non-coplanar, hence linearly independent
Further Ux V= W and Vx W = U
AB· BC = (1:1 - 1:1) (1:1 + 1:1) They forrn a right handed tripiei of mutually perpendicular
vectors and of course!
=<u-v)•(u+ v) = 1- 1 = o
⇒ (U x V) x W=O and U x (Vx W)
⇒ LB=90°
⇒ 1 + cos 2A + cos2B + cos2C = O 88. J
Let the required vector be d = xi + y + :k. For this to be
84. Clearly, a · e = Oand b · e= O. Also, a • b = O coplanar wih b and e, we must have
X y Z
a x b =c
dotwith b ⇒ b · c=O 1 2 -1 = O
Similarly, b x e= a 1 1 -2
dot with b ⇒ a·b=O ⇒ x(--4+ 1) +y(-1+2)+z(l-2)=0
dotwith c ⇒ a • c=O
- 3x+ y -z =O
⇒ a · b =b •c=c ·a=O
lal l b l =1 cl The projection of d on a is I• · d l.
Again, Jal
lbl l cl= lal
B ➔ (a x b) x c,a x b,ê = O in that order form RHS

So,
⇒ c,(a X b) x c,a x b also form RHS as they are in sarne cyclic
⇒ 2x - y + z ·= ± 2 order.
The choices (a) and (c) satisfy the Eqs. (i) and (ii). C ➔ a+ b + e= o ⇒ (a+ b + e)'= o
89, ax(b-3c)=0 ⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 =-2(a·b+ b ·c+ c · a)

⇒ b-3c=Àa Hence, a · b+b·c+c·a<0
⇒ lb-3c1=1Ãal D ➔ a+b+c=0
⇒ axb=bxc=cxa
⇒ 1 + 1 -6.1-.!. ..!. =IÃI ⇒ Ã ± 1.
3 2 Using this we gel result.
b-3c =±a 96. a·b = 0,c·a = c · b = cosa
90. (axc)·(rxa)=(axc)·b Take dol producls witha,b ande, respectively.
2
91. (a) is proved if we take dol product of both sides with a. 1 = m,n2 + 12 + m = 1
(b) lf we lake dot producl with b, we gel n2 =- cos 2cx.m2 = 1 + cos2a.
À 2 = b·c 2
⇒ Option (b) is not true. 97. A ➔ a x (b x e)+ b(c x a)+ c(a x b) = o
(e) lfwe lake dol product ofboth sides with a x b, we gel ⇒ Vectors are coplanar, so do nol form RHS
[cba]=Ã 3[axb] 2 B ➔ (a x b) x r, a x b, cin that order forrn RHS
⇒ À3 =[a bc]orc ·(a xb) ⇒ e, (a x b) x e, a x b also forrn RHS as they are in sarne
⇒ Option (e) is wrong. cyclic order
(d) is correct since À1 + À2 + À3 = c ·a + b · c + [a b e]. C ➔ a+b+c = 0
2
92. (a) Since, a, b, e, are non-coplanar, option (a) is true. ⇒ (a + b + c) = O
Since, b x e, e x a, a x b are also non-coplanar. => a 2 -1; b 2 + c 2 = - 2(a · b + b- e + c · a )

(b) is also correct. Hence, a b + b ·e+ e· a < O
Since, x = À(b x e)+ µ(ex a) + -<a x b) D ➔ a+b+c=0
⇒ a x b=bxc=c x a
We have À. = ~ . (on laking dot producl with a)
' [a b e] · Using this we get result.
µ and v have similar" values. 98. Since a. b. a x b are non-coplanar,
Also, lx l =la - .xi r = xa + }b + z(a x b), r
x b =a
a' ⇒ xa X b + z(a x b) X b = a
⇒ a·x = -, etc.
2 => x(a x b) + z(b·a)b-(b· b)a = a
⇒ Option (c) is correct. ⇒ x(axb) - a(l+ lbl 2 z)=0
lf (c) is correct (d) is ruled out.
⇒ x=0,z =-.2._
93. a= (a · í)í + (a· J)J +(a· k)k = a = (1, 1, 1) lbl'
~ = (b · i)i + (b · J)J + (b · k)k = b =(1, -1. o) 1
:. r = }b - 2 (a x b). where y is any scalar.
y=(l , 1, -2) lbl
a-~ =~•y= y-a = o 99. Lei angle between a and b be 9.
⇒ a, ~. y are mutually perpendicular a, ~. 'Y = 6 Wehave, lal=lbl =l
⇒ a,~. y form- a parallelopiped of volume 6 units. 9 . 9
Now,la + bl =2cos- and la - bl =2sm-
94, a x (b x c) =(a• c)b - (a· b)c . 2 2
=(xz + yx+ yz)(.}i + z3 + .xk) Consider, F9 = Hzcosi) + 2(2sini)
-(xy + yz + zx)(zi + XJ + yk)
= (xz + yx + yz) ((y - z)i + (z - x)J + (x - y)k) F(9) =3cos~ + 4sin~.9 e [O, 7t]
2 2
Clearly, perpendicular to i + J + Í< and also to -3 . 9 9
F(9) = Sln + 2cos
(y + z)l + (z + x )J + (x + y)k as dot products _are zeros. 2 2 2
Clearly, parallel to(y- z)i + (z - x)J + (x -y)k Now, F(8) =O
8 4
95. A ➔ a x (b X e)+ b X (e X a)+ e X (a X b) = O lan- = -
2 3
⇒ Vectors are coplanar, so do not forrn RHS
105. Sincc, (zi + J + 4k)•(l + 2) - k) = O

and (l + JHi + 2) - k), l + 2 = 3
⇒ Line lies in lhe plane
OD=(a •b)a
106.
Jal'
Clcarly,
~8;;::t,,----~-~
:---t.Oc:=c:
8=2tan-• 3
F(8) =3
n:-➔ X
on = b -
J / D ~ A
F(e =2lan-•±) =3(~) +

·3 5
4(±)5 =~5 + ~5 = ~5 =5 ⇒
0D = b - (a· b)a
Jal'
(a •a)b -(a· b)a _ a X (b X a)
F(8=1t)=4
JaJ' Ja l'
Range = (3, 5)
Hence, possible inleger(s) in the range of F(8) in 107.a + b = Àc; b + e = µa
[ O, 7t ] are 3 viz, 3, 4 and 5.
a - c=Àc-µa
100. Let r = .xa + yb + z(a X b) with b a(l + µ )=e{! + À)
r· b =O+ylbl' but a ande are non-collinear ⇒ µ = - ! , Â. = -1
a(r · b) = y(b)'a a+ b +c=O=k ⇒ JkJ=O
2 ⇒ (k, k),. (O, O) ali the given curves pass through (O, O)
⇒ e - pr = yJ bJ a
r=.!.c _ ylbf\
108.(a·c)b -(a· b)c = b; e; ii(ã·ê -~)-+·b +D= O
p p
⇒ a · c = .!.anda· e= _ .!,
(r ac)=O 2 2
Now, r · h = .!.c · b 109. AAT =/ ⇒ a , b ,e are orthogon~l unit vectors
p
2
i J ic
ylbl = ~ c = a x b =_!_ 2 3 6 = 1 (-31, + 6J -2k)
'1 ..
p 49
6 2 -3
7
r =.!.e _ _!_(b· c)a
p p' ⇒ c=± .!.(31-6}+21<)
7
101.('A. - J) (a, - a 2) + µ(a 2 + a 3 ) + )'(a3 + a, - 2a 2 ) + a, + õa, = O 110. Component ofvector b = 4i + 2} + 3k in the direction of
i.e. (À - !)a, + (1 - À+µ - 2y)a 2 + (µ + Y+ l)a3 ~ " ... a · b ·a -: 1 ,. •
a= 1 + J + k 1s - - or31 + 3J + 3k. Thcn, component m the
+ (y + ô)a, = o !ai Ja l
Since, a,, a,, a 3, a 4 are linearly independenl direction perpendicular to the direction ofa = l + J+ k is
Â. -1 =O, ! - Â. + µ - 2-y = O,µ+ Â. + 1 = O b - 3i+3}+3k=i - J
y+ô=O 111. Le the three given unit vector be â, band ê. Since, they are
i.e. À = J,µ = 2-y,µ + y + 1 = O, y + Ô = O
2 1 l
i.e. Â. = !,µ = -3,y = -3·õ = 3 :.:e:~:e~erp1ti:t::a1·~: X e) = 1.
102. Since [a b e)= O C1 Cz C3
:.a, b and e are complanar vectors

Furthcr sincc d is equally inclined to a, b and e
:.d·a = d · b = d · e =O
:: ~ ::1 = 1
:. d · r = o
1a 3 b, c3
Hencc, a,i + bi} + c,k.a,i + bJ + c2 kanda3i + bJ + c3kmay
103. p = abcos(21t - 8)c, wherc 8 is the angle bclween a and b and
be mutuallY, perpendicular.
q = accos(n - 4))b where 41 is lhe angle belwccna and b now
p + q = (abcosB)c - accos4)b =(a · b)c -(a : c)b = a x (ex b) 112. Statement li is truc (sce propertles of dot product)
Also,(i x b) · b = i•(a x b)
⇒ BandC
=> a x b =(l.(a x b)) l + (] •(a x b))}+(k ·(a x b)) k
104. Vcrify v1 + v 2 = v, in order to quickly answcr
Char 02 Pro<luct oí Vcctors 151
113. AD =2]- k. no= -21- J-3k and :.Ali, AC nnd AI> nrr.11,wurly dtpcnclr nl, h cuc,• hy
~tnl(' llll'lll ll, lhe Klnlcn1c11l I IH lnu·,
CD =21-J
120.r =xll + )A•+ z(n x h)
Volume oftetrahedron = ![AD no CD}
6 121. (á X (b x c))•(â X e) e ({, • ê)[h{oêJ ,. 5
=> [h,iél = tO => JâhêJ .. -HJ.
=i1~2 ~l =:1=~
Solutions (Q.Nn,. 122· 124)
2 -1 O
122.(i + 3)-4k)•(I + J + k ) = 1 + 3-4 = O
Also, are a of the triangle ABC = ! 1An x ACI (q - •)
2
1
k
= - 2 3 2 =-l-9•- 2J+ 12kl= - -
1 ,, .Jm Slncc,[qprJ = ~ : ~1 1
2 2 2 1 1 3
-2 3 -1
=(12+ 1) - 1(6+ l)+ 1(2 -4) = 13 -7-2= 4
8 1 ,
Then, - = - X(D,stance of D from base ABC) => (a) (b) (d) are wrong.
3 3
123.(px r) x r =(p · r) q-(q · r ) p
x (Area of triangle ABC)
Distance of D from base ABC = 16 / ,/m => u=-(q•r)=-(2+ 4-3)=-3
v = p · r = 1 + 1 + J = 5 and w = O
114. A x(A· n) A-(A · A) n) •C Hence, u=-3,v=S,w=O => u+v+w=2
= (Ax (A·B) A -(A·A)_A xB)•C=-IAl [ABC]

2 124. ·: p ,q and r are non·coplanar, thcreforc
zero qx r, r x p and p x 'I are also non·coplana r
Now, IAl 2 = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 Hence, s = /(q x r ) + w(r x p) + n(p x q)
1 = ....!..:.L w =.....!..:..L n =~
[ABC] = 1:
1
!2
~21=2(1 + 4)-1(3-12)+ 1(-6-6)
1
· lpqr]'
Hence, slp q r] =(s · p) (q X r )+(s· <1)
l pqr]' [pqr]
(rx p) +(s·r)(p xq)

= 10 + 6 - 12 = 7 = 10 + 9 - 12 = 7
l(s · p)(q X r)+ (s· q)(r X p )+(s·r)(p x q)
I-IA 12 IA 8 C]I = 49X7 =343
~
1 1
115.± a x b .la and b
ax b : : ~11 :;:2 : ~ ll:6I: ~)r~(::~•~ :) ~ 13 - 7 -2 = 4
:.There are ~o such vectors
11 1 3
116. __
k _ + _ _I _ + __
m_ = 1 Solutions (Q.Nos. 125·127)
k+l+m k+/+m k+l+m
=> Point lies in the plane of ó ABC.
125. Given, p = i+ )+ k;q= i-J + k
2 2 pXr = q +c p and p · r=2
117. a'+ b' + 2a · b = a 2
+ 4b - 4a · b => 6abcos8 = 3b
p x(p x r)=pxq(q+cp) and p·(p x r) = p ·(q +cp )
2
=> a · b =!b (p · r )p -(p · p)r = p X q + cO
2
O= p · q + c(p · q)
b2 4 b2 + 2 4
GE = - + - 2 - ·= - - + - 2 - - 1 (p·p)r=(p·r)p-pxq ...(i)
2 .b + 2 2 b +2
e = -~ ...(ii)
= ✓2[b' + 2 + 2✓2 ]- 1 = ✓2(~ 2)-1 ~ .J2 - 1 p·p
2✓2 b' + 2 But p · p = lrl= r '=3 ...(iii)
2
b +2 p · p = l - 1 + 1 =1 ...(iv)
li is least when ---:;F = 1
k
=> b=J'li.✓2 -l) =.J2 tan11 /8 p Xq = 1 1 1 = 2i - 2k ...(v)
1 - 1 1
118, Both the stalements are true and stalement li is lhe not
correct explanation of stalement 1. Because b, e , d in Uslng Eqs. (iii), (iv) ln Eq. (1) anil Eq. (ii), we gtl
slatemenl I are coplanar. J r = 2p - 21 + 2k und e= - ! ...(vi)
119.Ja - 2b + Se -6d = (2a-2b) 3
+ (-Sa +Se)+ (6a -6d) = -2An + 5AC - 6AD = O r= ! 121 + 2] + 2k -2l + 2kJ
3
r = ~ü + 2k) ...(vii) Solutions (Q.Nos. 131-134)

3
131. Since, a, b, e are non-coplanar veclors, then
(a bc],.0 ⇒ (a be]',.o
Now. [pqr]= -1 1
o .!.
2
4
3 ⇒ 2
[abe] =1::: ::: :::1 .. 0
a -e b · c e-e
[pqr]=-2-~=-~ ...(viii)
5 3 Since, any veclor r in space can be expressed as a linear
combination of three non-coplanar veclors.
126,[pqr]x=(p x q )xr ⇒ ;x=(p · r)q-(q · r)p
So, lei r = la + mb + nc ...(i)
⇒ ( -~)
3
x = 2q -
2
P
3
(q • r = ~. verify yourself)
3
taking dot producl by a, b, e successively, we gel
r·a = /a · a + mb-a + nc ·a ...(ü)
3 2 1 • • • • • • r-b = /a · b + mb· b + nc · b ...(ili)
x =-
8-3(3q - P> = 4 (3i -3j + 3k - i _ j- k )
r · c = /a · c+ mb·c+ nc·e ...(iv)
1 • ' • Now, elirninaling /, m and n from above 4 relalions, we gel
=- 4 (21 - 4J + 2k) r a b e
x = _ .!.(1 - 2] + k) r·a a-a b ·a e -a

=O
2 r· b a·b b · b c· b
127. Ase =_ .!. from Eq. (~) r·c a-e b-c C·C
3
Now, expanding along ftrsl row, we gel
(1-i) y=(p·r}q-(p·q)r
r =(;)a+(~'}+(;)c
~y = 2q - (l)r [As p · q = 1 from Eq. (iv)] 132. Since, a, b, e are three non-coplanar vectors, then
3
On three exisls scalars x,y,z, such lhat
3( • ,
y =2 21 -2J
k 2, 4 k) _3 (61 - 8)3 + k>
+ 2 - 3J - ; - 2 r=xa+ yb+ zc ...(i)
Taking dot product by b X e, e x a anda x b successively,
y =31 - 4) + k we gel ·
1 1 r -(b x e) =(xa + yb + zc)·(b x e) = x(a b e]
2 r·(exa)=y[bca)
[xyr]= 3 -4 12 = -1 ( -16
- - -2) - 1(4)--1 (2)
2 4 2 3 3 2 r·(axb)=z(cab]
o x=[rbcJ ,y=[rca] and z = [rab]
3 3
(a b e] (a b e] [a b e]
(xyr]=3-4 - l = -2
On substituting the values of x,y,z in Eq. (i). we get
~ (xyr] l=l-~ =l el
r=U:~:! }a+{[:~::}b+{[:::]}e
⇒ x. y, rare the colerminous edges of a lelrahedron whose
1
volwne is Icj. or r= - - {[rbc]a+[rea]b+(rab]e}
(a b e]
Solutions (Q.Nos. 128-130) 133. We know thal,
128. y = log11, (x -D+ log 2 .J<2x - 1)
2
[axbbxeexa]=[abef
Bul, x > ~ = log,12( x -D + log 2(2x - 1)

Clearly, (ax b bx e ex a],. 0([a be]" 0f
⇒ ax b bx e ex a are non-eoplannr..
We also know thal any vector in spnre cru, lw ,•xpn.·s.<ed ns a
y=l linear combination of any lhrte non-coplanar wc1ors. so lei.
P e(3, 1) a= / (b X e)+ m(c Xa) + 11(1\ X b) ...(i)
129. OP =31 + J On laking dol producl 011 both sidcs by a. b, e sm,:<ssiwly.
wegct
Q s (I. 1) or(2, 1)
11 · a =/[11be]
OQ = Í + 3 and 21 + J
a·b=m[ea bJ
OP · OQ = 3 + 1 = 4 and 6 + 1 = 7
c•a = 11[cabJ
130.PQ = OQ - OP =-21 or i 11 · 11 a·b a·c
/ = - -,m = - - and n = - -
IPQI =2 or 1 [abc] [nbcJ [abc]
On substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get

a •a a -b
a= - - (bxc)+ --(cxa)+ - - (a x b)
a-e
and x •z = 1xll zlcos60º = ✓2( Jii( D
=1
[a bc] [abc] [abc x·x = lxl' =2

1 . 2
or a= - - {a·a (bx e)+ a· b (cxa) + a·c (a x b)} y-y = lyl 2 =2 and z-z =izl = 2
[a b e]
Now, x x (y x z) = a and y X (z X x) = b (given)
134.Let a =aii + aJ + a 3k, b =b,.i + bJ + b3k, ⇒ (x · z) y -(x · y)z = a and(y •x)z -(y -z)x = b
e = c1i + cJ + c3k, p = P,l + pJ + p,k, ⇒ y-z=aandz - x=b
and q = q,1 + qJ + q3k, ⇒ y-x=a+b
Thus, we have
y - z=a ...(i)
Then,laªp b~p c~p1
z -x = b ...(ii)
a·q b ·q c ·q
y-x=a+b ...(iii)
a1i + aJ + a3k bii + bJ + b k 3 c1i + cJ + c3Íc Now, x x y =e (given)
~+~+~ ~+~+~~+~+~ ⇒ x x (x x y) = x x e (taking cross-product wilh x)
%+~+~ ¼+¼ + ¼ %+%+% ⇒ (x -y) x x -(x · x)y = x x e
x-2y = X X C ...(iv)
Pi
'h
Pz p,
q, q3
Iª' ªz ª'I
k · b,. b2
C1 C2
c3
C:,
Again,
⇒
xxy=c
y x (x x y) = y x e (taking cross product with y)
⇒ (y·y)x - (y -x )y = y xc
=(p x q)[abc] => 2x -y =y XC ...(iv)
= ~ (p x q) On subtracting Eqs. (iv) and (v), we gel
=.J[a x bb x cc xa](p xq) x - y =(y x e) - (x x e)
=> x xy= (y-x)xc
Solutions (Q.Nos. 135-136) ⇒ x +y=(a+ b) xc ...(vi)
135. ·: g' (x) = 3x 2 + 2x + O > O, V x 2c O Adcling Eqs. (iii) and (vi), we get
⇒ g(x) is an i ing function. 2y = (a + b) +(a + b) x e, y = ![(a + b) (a + b) X e
lf circumcentre lies outside, then triangle is obtuse angle 2
triangle and angle containing the given sides is obtuse angle. Substituting the value of y in Eq. (iii) in Eq. (i), we get
Therefore, x = ! ~+ ~ +~+~ x tj - ~+~
(f(x)i + g(x)3) · (g(x)i + f(x)J) < O 2
⇒ f(x) · g(x) < O ...(i) ⇒ x =![(a + b) x e - (a + b)]
⇒ . g(x) i forx ~ O 2
⇒ g(x) > g(0)Vx > O, Also, g(0) = O . z =![(a+ b) +(a+ b) x e] - a

2
⇒ g(x) > O'vx > O, (i) ⇒ f(x) < O
f(x) < oand g(x) > OV x > O z = ![(b - a)+ (a + b) x ci
2
136. lf x ➔ - then g(x) ➔ - and f(x) is some negative number, 137. (a) 138. (a) 139. (b)
then
Solutions (Q.Nos. 140 to 142)
Taking dot products with a, b, e respectively with given
equation
2 =O [abc] = p + (q + r)cose ...(1)
lim lim cot[!:(1 - 1 )]
t➔O .r-+- 4 ----.,........,
~
,- o = (p + r) cose+ q ...(ii)
[abc] = (p + q)cose + r ...(iii)
,.
Also, .[abc] 2 = 1c:se co:9 ::: :1
Solutions (Q.Nos. 137 t o 139)
cose cose 1
We have Ixi = 1yl = 1zf = ✓2 and x, y, z make angle of 60" with
2 3
each olher. = 2cos e -3cos e + t = (t - cose)' (t + 2cose)
x ·y =l x l lylcos60° = ✓2(✓2)·!2 = 1 v = l(abc]I = it - cose11 .J1 + 2cos01
y -~ = IYI izlcos60° = ✓2(.{25 m =t

e
=2sln'-1.Jt + 2cosel
2
From Eqs. (i) and (üi) p = r; substituting in Eq. (ü), we get 3p +.!!.+p i
Ratio=laxb+bxc+cxal_ 1 2 2 =~=3
2pcos8+q=O ⇒ f+2cos8=0
p lcx ai IPI IPI
140. (a) 141. (c) 142. (b)
A ·A A·B A·C o o
143. (A) We know thal 3 vectors are coplanar, if xa + y b + z e= O ../3
(B)[ABC) 2 = B · A B·B B·C = o
Clearly,-3 i +3)+ 4kandi+ J aretwovectorslicinthc 2
o ../3
plane (a + banda - b). C·A C ·B C·C
(B) a x bis a vector which perpendicular to both a and b. 2
a x b=-\ ~ ~ = 1(4-2)-J(-2+4)+k(-1+4) 1 =(! -¾) =¾

-2 1 ;1 [ABC)=!
2
=2i -2) + 3k
(C) e is a veclor which is cqually inclincd lo a and b (C)(b x c) ·(ax d ) = 1::: :.-: 1
c•a=c·b
Similarly, compute others which gives (i).
J
Clcarly i - + Sk satisfics thc condition.
(D) a. b and e are from thc triangle 146. (A) x ·y =lal 2 - 1bl' = O
⇒ AB+ BC=AC x is perpendicular to y .
x yl' =lxl'IYl 2
ALB
lx
{lal' + 1h12 + 2a · bl} {lal' + lbf' -2a · b}
144. Given, [ax b _b x e ex a] =36

=64 - 4(a · b)=+6 b);}
2
-(a·
[abc]=6
À = 16
⇒ Volume of tetrahcdron from by vectors
(B) 2À + 1
a. b and e is ! [a b e]] =1 ✓:i..' + 2✓:i..2 + 2 2
6
{a+ bb+ cc+ a)=2[abc)=l2 2(2Ã+ l) = À2 +2
a- b, b- e ande- a are coplanar :>..' - 4À = O, À = Oor 4
⇒ [a-bb- cc-a]=O À = 4 is non-zero valuc.
(C) lf the lines are coplanar, all thc 4 planes will have a
ft.ABC !1axb+bxc+cx al comrnon point.
145. (A) Areao _,,_2_ _1_ _ _ _
Area of AAOC - la x c l Solving 4x + 3y - 2z + 3 = O
2 r - 3y + 4z + 6 = O
Now, a + 2b + 3c = O x-y+z+l=O
Cross with b,a X b + 3c x b = O
We gel X= _ !_ y = -3, z = =!!
⇒ axb=3(bxc)_ 3 3
Cross wilh a, 2a x b + 3a x e = O Substituting in kx - 4y + 7z + 16 = O
⇒ axb= ~(cxa) Wegetk = 7
2 2
(D) E = la-2bf + lb-2cl +lc-2aj
2 2
a x b =~(e xa) = 3(b xc) =S(lal' + lbf'+ lcl'l - 4[a · b + b ·c + c·al

2
Let" (ex a)= p =5 ·6- 4[a · b + b·c+ c·a]
3
axb= P · bxc=.!!. ⇒ a•b+b · c+c · a = 3º-E
2 ' 2 4
la + b + cl' ~ O
~
Also,
6+2[a•b+ b •c+ c·a]~O
6+ 2(3º~E].? o
12+30-E~O
42 ~ E
8(b) C(c)
E~42
147. (A) a -b +a -e= b- e + b ·a = O I + J+ k I + 3 - k - i + 3 + k

⇒ b- c =a•c =-a -b=-~
i.e.,
-;rr-·-;rr-·-:;;-
2
⇒ la+ b + cl =,/a'+ b2 + e' -2(a- b) = 9
(B) [a b cl write in terms of(a1 a, a , b 1b 2b,)
[def] = [b X e ~ a x b] = -•- So, 9✓3V=2

[abc] [abc] [abc] [abc]
152. Let ê = xa + y b, where x and y are scalars.
⇒ [abc][def] = 1
(C) ex = a1'ABCD)
⇒ ê = x(i - J+ 2kl + y(2i - 3+ k)
a1'parallelogram) ⇒ ê = I(x + 2y) + 3(-x - y) + k (2x + y)
But, ê -a = O
! la x (a + 3bM+ !l(2a + 3b) x bl
2 2 5
la X bl =2 6x + 5y = O
[
d -e So,
(D) X=--, y =-d·a
- , % =-d-b-
[abc] (a b e) [abc] 49x 2 + x 2 + 16x 2 25
We h ave. - - - - - - = 1 = x = -
2
x + y + z = d ·(a+ b + e) 25 66
[abc] 1
4 ê =±--i,,,,( - 1+!3 +~k)
⇒ R = --=8 v66 s s s
[abc]
p=lê •b l= ✓11
148. Let the angle between u and vis e and w and u is e 6
2
u-u U-V
u-w] So, ✓li =6 ⇒ k =6
A
[uvw]
.. A
=[:-~
... ...
V•V V-W p
w -u W,V W, W 143. Let the angle between a and bis a anda x b ande is f1.
cos28 l[a b c]I =6
cose]
⇒ sinacosp = 1 ⇒ sin a= 1, cosP = 1
=[co:28 c~se = o
cose cose ⇒ a =90º,P = Oº
⇒ a, b and e are mutually perpendkular.
2 2
149.2[a b e]+ [a bc] + O =2 X I + 1 =3 Again, [b e d]= O
150.â -ê= b-ê = cose o
. ê = cxâ +pi, + y(â+ Í,) 9
1~
⇒
c~dl = O
Taking dot product with â both sides cose = a e-d
Taking dot product with Í, both sides cose = P • 3../3
⇒ c•d = ± -
Taking dot product with e both sides 2
1 =ex cosa+ Pcose + y [â Í, ê] We have, a·b=O
But [âbêJ' =[:

cose cose
; ::::11 la x e · dl 2 = O
1 O
9
o
3../3
2
2
= 1 - 2cos e o 3../3
So. 1 = cos'e + cos'e + y,j1 - 2cos'e

=9-~=~
⇒ y = ,/1 - 2cos'e 4 4
l(ax e) x cÍI' =l(a• J) e -(c, J)i,12
So.a 2 + P 2 +"(= 1
151. The lhree adjacent sidea of utrahedron Is glven by
(l + )) x (3 + k) (3 + k)(k + 1)
O
(k + 1)(1 + ))
l(l + 3) xô+ k)l IÜ + k) x (k + IM' l(k + 1) x (1 + )li So, I• xc -,W + I(• X e) x
=1 :-r-~
3
a,• -~4 ~9
15,f. P.V. of D= À - li + 4j + µ + 2 k
2 2 e
D.R. of AÍ>= À - 4 t. µ - 8
2, 2
But directions of AD should be } • } • } ·
= À-4=1=µ-8
A
&~
2 2
158. lal = lhl =lei= l;[abc] = 1
Volume ofthe tetrahedron =.:
6
2
B C = 1 1~1 ~ ~21 [abc)l=2
(-i+3j+2k) (JJ+5j+µk) 2 -3 4
À=6,µ = 10
2À -µ =2
159. [a x(b x c)] •(a x e) =5
=> [(a · c)b-(a · b)c) •(axc)=S => (a-c)[bac]=S
155. V= [abc] => [abc] = - 10
=> -fabc]-1 =+ 10-1 =9
[aJi-y]=1::: : :: :::1(abc)
c ·a c·b c·c 2
160.1::: ::: :::1=[abc] =[axbbxccxa] =36
2
=[abc) (abc) (abc] =v 1

c·a c•b e-e
À=3 =4X9=2 2 X3'
156. e xa = h=lc x aj =lbi P+ q=S
= 1clla) sin8 = 3, 161.â-.r=â ·P -â-(â x x) = O
lcf = _3_ lc -ai' = lcl' + laJ' -2c· a Also,â x .r=â x P-â x(â X x)
2sin8
= a x P - (â -x)â + lal'x
= lei'+ 4 -2l cHaJcos8
9 3 => P - x = a x P + x or 2x = P - a x P
= -- 2 + 4-2 · ---2·cos8
4sin 8 2sin8 => 4Jxl' =Ili!'+ la x lit' -2P ·(â x Pl =2
= 4 + !cosec'8 -6cot8 => => 4Jxl' =2
4
=~ + Gco18 -2)' 162.11~2

2
~ ~81=22 = À = 133
-5 À-1
lc-aJ
2
.:!4
(1, 1,1)
= lc - aJ.:~
2lc-a)~3
:.Min. of2 lc -a) = 3
2
157. ln ti.ABD. N i5 lhe mid-point of BD.

Ali+ AD=2AN •..(i)
163. .:[abc] =3
,_,_
_, "$"-~·''
=> [abc] = 18
ln l>CBD.N i5 lhe mid-point of BD. 6
CB+ CD = 2CN ...(il) V=[a+b - ca - bb - c]
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ü), wc have =(a+ b - c)·(a - b) x(b -c)=a•(b xc)= [abc) =l8
Ali + AD+ CB+ CD='Jf..AN + CN) ...(ili) 164. Lei 8 be lhe angle between vectors a and b. Then,
ln l> ANC, M i5 lhe mid-point of AC a ·b = lallblcos8
AN + CN =2MN => (a · b)' =lal 2 lhl 2 cos' 8
From Eq. (iü), we gel 2
Now,cos 8S J => lal'Jbl'cos 8Slal'l bl 2
2
Ali + AD + CB + CD = 2 (2MN) = 4AIN

(a· b)' s l•l'lhl'
165. Lei P(x,, y1) and Q (x2, y 2 ) be lhe two points on y = 2r ♦ 2

A
OP · i = Projection of OP on the X-axis
⇒ x, = -1 (-: OP . i = -1)
Also, (x1, y1 ) lies on y = 2x+ 2
Y, =2'' + 2 ⇒ y1 =2 ~e
Also, OQ · i = Projection of OQ on X-axis. Lei angle BAM = ,P
⇒ (given OQ . i = 2) 2
x, = 2
As(x2, y 2 ) lies on y = 2x+ 2 cos,P
AB·(AB+ AC)
-~---:-: -
IABIIAB+ ACI
-:..,..===,,-~--
IABl + AB · AC
2
c,/b' + c + 2bccosA
y,= 2'' Y2 = 16 +' ; c2 + c -bcosA e+ bcosA
Thus, OP = x,Í + Y,3 = - i + 23 2
c.Jc 2 + b 2 + 2bccosA .jb +e'+ 2bcosA
and OQ = x 2i + YzJ =2i + 163
⇒ OQ - 40P =6i+s] and ~ = sinB ⇒ cos,P
e sinC
⇒ IOQ-40P l=.J36+64= 10
sinC + sinB sinA
166, Lei A(x1, y 1 ) in XY-plane. = .Jsin2 B + sin 2 C + 2sin B sinCcosA
OA =a =x,i + y,J ·
OP = r =xi+ y J 169. lei p
= BA and q = BC
·: Poinl P lies on lhe langent to -lhe circle. Now, required perpendicular distance
= AM = (BA)sin8
=l p lsin8 ...(i)
Consider ,l q X P I = lq IIPI sin8
On dividing by Iql
lq x PI= IP lsin8 ...(ii)
lql
A (1, 4, - 2)
:.OA is perpendicular to AP.

⇒ OA · AP = O ⇒ a· (r - a )= O p
i.e., a · r - a ·a =O
or a ·r=a ·a
2 8
⇒ a · r =a 8(2, 1, -2) M q (0, - 5, 1)
(x,i + y 1]) ·(x i + y 3) = a'
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), required perpendicular distance
⇒ xx1 + yy1 =a' =l q xpl
which is lhe equation of lhe tangent to lhe circlc at lhe ...(ili)
lql
point A.
where, q =BC= OC-08 = - 2i -6] +3k
167. The given relation can be rewritten as, • P = AB = OA -08 =-i+3]
(.ja 2 - 4i + a] + ~ ) - (lanAi + tanB3 + tanCk) =6a lq l =.J4+36+9=7 ...(iv)
⇒ .j(a2 -
2
4) + a + (a + 4)
2
ic
.Jtan'A + tan 2 B+ tan 2 C .cos8=6a (·:a.b = iallblcos8) and q X p = -2 - 6 3 = - 9 i -33 - 121<
2 2 2 -1 3 O
.fia . .J1an A+ tan B + tan C. cos8 = 6a
⇒ 2 2
tan A+ tan B + tan C = 12sec 8
2 2
...(i) lq x PI =.Js1 + 9 + 144 =3✓
26 ...(v)
Also, 12sec 2 8 ~ 12 (-: sec 2 8 ;?; 1) ...(ii) From Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we gel
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), tan 2 A+ tan 2 B + tan 2 C;?; 12 Perpendicular distance = 3✓
26
2 2 7
:. least value oftan A+ tan B + tan'C = 12
170. Here, AM = MD and CD is angle bisector of LC.
168. Here, M is thc mid-point of BC. CD= ab + ba
AM = AB + !(AB + AC) (using AB + BC = AC) a+b
2
and CM = a + b
ABll(AB+AC)
2
R is lhe point of intersection of AQ and CP.

(a)
⇒ For point R , we have
A~b .
1..(2\+c) = c+À,(i-c)
-~ ⇒ 2" 2 = " 2 (comparing coefficients of b and c)

3 3
B
(b)
-+-- - - a - - -+
. (cf and ~ = 1-À 2
3
Where, a = CB and b = CA On solving, we get
Consequently, À, =3/7,À, =6/7
Area of tJ. CDM = .!_(CD x CM) ⇒ R =.!_(2b + c)
2 7
= 1 (ab + ba) x(a+ b)
Now, RB = b - .!_ ·(2b + e) = Sb - e
2 l(a+b) 7 7
= a(b X a)+ a(b x b ) + b (a x a)+ b(a x b) RC = e - .!_ (2b + e)= (5c - 2b )
4(a + b) 7 7
=(b-a)(axb) 1RB X RC 1= _!._(Sb - e) x (6c - 2b)
4(a + b) 49
28
(using a X a = b x b = Oand b X a = -a x b) = _!._ (30b x c + 2c x b) = (b x e)
49 49
= zta:ªb) (ª:b) ⇒ 1RB x RC 1 = ~ I b x c l = ~
49 49
[(area of li ABC) ·2]
b-a
= - - - (Area of li ABC) (·: arca of l!.BRC = 1)
2(a + b)
Area of tJ. CDM (a - b) sinA - sinB ⇒ Areaof li ABC = .!_I RB ~ RC 1-~=(Area of tJ. BRC)· ~
2 28 28
Area of l!.ABC = 2(a + b) 2(sinA + sinB)
Area of l!.ABC = ~ sq units.
Also, CD li (ab + ba) and CM 11 (a+ b) 28
(ab + ba)·(a+ b) ·
cosei>=-- - - - - 172. Lei OABC be a given quadrilateral such thal ils diagonal OB
lab + ba l la+ b l bisects lhe diagonal AC let OA = a , OB = b, OC = e.
albl' +biai'+ lal lbl (a+ b) cosC Sínce, the mid-poinl ª+e of AC lies on OB, there cxits a
2
✓2a 2b 2 + 2a 2b2 cosC✓a' + b2 + 2abcosCA scalar r such that,
[Where, lal = a and 1~ = b] Area of l!.ABC = ~ = rb ⇒ a+ e= 2rb
(a + b) cos(C / 2) 2
✓a'+ b 2 + 2abcosC
',></
(sinA + sin B) cos(C / 2)
✓sin 2 A + sin 2 B + 2sinA sinB cose c r s - : 1/- -
171. Lei A (O), B(b), C (e), P(p), Q(q), R(r) ,,,,' ,...,,,
b
We have,p = O A
3 On multiplying both sides with b, we have
(a + c)xb = 2rb x b
⇒ a xb+cxb=0
~-l
~;~)
A(o) 1: 2
⇒
⇒
2
axb = bXc
.!.la X bl = ! 1b X cl
2
⇒ Area of tJ. OAB = Area of tJ.OBC
and Q = 2b+c Hence, lhe diagonal 08 bise<ts tl,c qundrilaleml.
3
173. Toe coordlnates of lhe resulting force F = F, + F, = (6. 4} i.e..
2
Equalion oflhe linc AQ, r = 1..( b + e) resultnnl F are 6 nnd 4. Now, let ,\f (a, y) be n nrbilrary poinl of
3 /. Thcn, lhe momenl of the resullnnl aboul point M is cqual lo
zero.
Equation ofthe line CP, r =e+ À,(i-c)
2 1 1
This moment is equal to sum of the moments MA x F1 and ⇒ y =2·y=± ✓2
MB x F, of component forces (lhe cross product of vectors is
x=±2✓2
dislributive.)
Since, MA=(! - x, 1 -y), MB = {2 - x, 4 - y}, iffollows that
=
lt is given that the vector passes through lhe positive X-axis.
(MA X F,)(l + }) =3(1 -x) - 2(1 -y)
= l -3x+ 2y
⇒ x=2✓2 and y=O - i = z
(MB x F,) ·(i + ))=(2 - x)-4 (4-y)
=-14-x+4y Hence, required vector is ( 2 ✓2 l -+z}-'Ji Íc )-
Hence, lhe equation of straight line I is
(l -3x+2y)+ (-14-x+4y)= O · 176..11 + v + 11 + w and w x 11 =v
⇒ (11+v+11)x11=wX11
⇒ - 4x + 6y - 13 = O
⇒ (11+v)x11+11x11 = v
⇒ 4x-6y+l3=0
⇒ (11 · 11)v-(v-11)11+ ü x 11 = v
174.uta =.ri+ y} + zÍc (using ü • ü = 1 and 11 X 11 =O, since unit vectors)
Now, a, l and i +} are coplanar anda, i - } and i + Íc are ⇒ v-(v -11)11 = v
coplanar. ⇒ (ü-v)ü=O =
11 - v = o
Now,(11 vw]
⇒ 11 -(v x w) ⇒ 11 - [ v x(11 x v+11)]
: 1: i t : ]1: : : :1[ t~:i~ ÍI c~:º (given w = ü x v + ü)
1 O 1 O 1 ⇒ ü •[vx(üxv)+vxü)
⇒ ü -[(v - v)11-(v - ü) v + v x 11J
z = o and -x - y + z = o
[·: 11 · v= ofrom Eq. (i))
⇒ z = Oa.n dx+y = O
⇒ y=-x
.
a = XI - XJ'
l-}
⇒
⇒
lvl' (11 - ü) - 11 -(v x 11)
lvl' l ül' - o (·:[ üvw) = O)
(-:l ü l=lvl= t)
= a= ✓2 ⇒ [11vw) = l
ut lhe angle between a and l -2) + 2Íc be 8. 177. We have,
l-2)+2Íc RxB= CxBand R · A =o
cos8 = • · 11+2) + 2kl ⇒ A x(R x B) = A x(CxB)
(i - )> <l -2) + 2Íc) =

where,
(A · B)R - (A · R ) B =(A · B)C - (A · C)B
A =2i + Íc, B =i + } + Íc
...(i)
= ✓2 . ,jt + 4 + 4
and C=4l-3)+7Íc
_ (t - }><l - 2} + 2Íc) _ t +2 _ t
- ✓2- 3 -JJí - ✓2 A -B= 2 + 1 = 3,A · C=8+7=1S
Hence, Eq. (i) reduces to
8=~ 3R - 0 - B =3C - ISB
4
or R =C - SB = (4i-3} + 7Íc)-5(i+ }+ Íc)
175. ln lhe new position, lei the vector be .ri+ y J+ z Íc. Since, it is
R=-i-8)+2Íc
perpendicular to lhe given veclor.
J
<ri+ y + z fc> -<l + 2} + 2Íc> = o 178. Since, a, banda x b are non-coplanar vectors.
⇒ X + 2y + 2z = 0 ...(i) ut x=À+µb +)<ax b ) ...(i)
Toe magnitude is lhe new position which also remains lhe x -a =Àa · a + µ b -a + )<ax b ) - b
sarne. ⇒ Ox klal' +µa· b ...(ü)
⇒ x' + y' + z' = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 ...(ii)
Again from Eq. (i),
Toe given vector, lhe vector in new position and lhe X-axis are x · b = Àa · b + µ b - b + )<a x b) · b
coplanar. ·
1 = ka - b + µ lb 1' ...(iü)
⇒
I: ; :l=O
y = z and x = - 4y (using x + 2y + 22 = O)
From Eq. (i)
x ·(a xb) =Àa ·(ax b )+ µb ·(a x b )+ )<a x b)'
[x a b) =À[a a b) + µ[ba b ) + ~a x b )'
x' + y' + z 2 =9 1 =)<a x b)2 ...(iv)

Hence,
⇒ 16y 2 + y' + y' = 9 From Eq. (ii). µ(a • b) = - Ãl•I' ⇒ 11 = _ ,._ J!L
a -b
From Eq. (üi), -jb•(x - c)}b+(c·c)(x-a) -{c•(x-a)} c=O

..a•b _ ,._ lal'l bl' => À. 2 (x - b)-{a · x - O} a+ À. 2 (x - e) - {b · x - O} b
1=
a-b + Ã. 2 (x-a)-(c· x -O)}=c=O
=> 1= ,._(<a• b)' --Jal'lb
a-b
I') (usinga· b = b•c =e-a = Oandlal =lbl = lcl =i.J
=> Ã. 2{x-b+x-c+x-a}
=> À.= a -b ={(a·x)a +(b-x)b+(c·x)c}
(a-b) 2 -a'b2 Letx = aa+J3b+-yc
( x is linear combinatioo of a, b aod e)
179. i+y+i=a ...(i) 2
=> a -x =aa-a => a -x =aÀ.
a -i +a -y +a -i =a-a =~I' = 4
b-x =J3Ã. 2
~+~+a -i=4 => a-i=~ ...(ü)
2 4 4 C· X =-yÂ.2
From Eq. (i), i•(i + y + i) = i -a =a-i = ~ From Eq. (i), À. 2 {3x -(a+ b + e)} (a · x)
2 a+(b·x)b +(c-x)c
=> i -i+i-y+i-i=~ and from Eq. (ili)
2 a -x =Ã. 2 a, b -x =Ã.i},c -x = },2-y
=> t+i -y+i •i =~ Above equation reduces to
2 2
À.' (3x - (a + b + e)} = Ã. (aa + bJ3 + t'()
=> i-y+i-i=! ...(iü)
2 => 3x -(a - b + e)
=> 2x =a+ b + e
FromEq. (i), y-(i+y+i)=y -a =~
4 a+b+c
=> x= - - -
2
i-y+l+y -i=~
4 181. Here, OC = x, CA =b, CB = a
i .y+ y -i =! ...(iv) OA = (b - x)and 0B = a-x
4
A
2 2
From Eq. (i), (i + y + i) = (a)
=> _x •x + y·y + z-i+2(x-:r + :r-i+ z-x> =lal'
3+2(i -y + y-i+ i -i) = 4 ...(v)
From Eqs. (iü), (iv) and (v), we gel
y •i = º· i-i =-!,i-y
4
=!
4
Now, ix(yxi)=b Now, OA 2 = OB 2 = OC 2
(i-i)y - (i · y)i = b x ' =(a-x) 2 = (b - x)2
_ .!.y-!i=b ...(vi) => x · x =(a-x)-(a - x) = (b- x)(b-x)
4 4 => x -x =a-a -2a-x + x -x = b -b-2b -x+x-x
Again, (ixy)xi=c 2
a b'
1• a•x = - and b -x = -
(i. i)y -(y · i)i = ê => -4y =e 2 2
Now, if we take x =À.a+ µh. thcn from Eq. (i)
y =--4c [from Eq. (vi)]
a'
Ã.a 2 + µ •a· b= -
i=!(c-b) 2
3
From Eq. (i), i =a - y - i b'
and Ã.a · b+µb'= -
2
i = .!_(3a + 4b + Se)
3 :.On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
2
i = !(3a +4b +se) À. _ a'b' - b (a· b)
3 2(a' b ')-(a- b)'
y = -4c;z = 1(c - b) and
a'b 2 -a 1(a •b)
11 = -c-,---'-----'--
2(a'b') -(a· b)'
180.Here. 2
2
_ 1 a b - b'(a· b) 1 :a'b' -a'{a -b)
a X {(x - b) x a} + b >< {(x - e) x b} + e x ((x - a) x e} = O => x - - -::c-:---'-----'-a + - ---'------'-1 · b
(a·a)(x -b) - {a·(x -b)} a +(b· b)(x - c) 2 (a'b1 ) -(a · b)2 Z (:a'b') - (a -b)
182. OP· OQ+ OR · OS= OR -OP+ OQ·OS :. a·b+b·c+c·a~ -l(l• l'+l hl' +le l')
⇒ O1\0Q-OR) + OS(OR - OQ) = O 2
= lOP - OS)(OQ-OR) = o Gi,-cn,Ia-b I' +Ih-e l'+le-R I' =9
⇒ SP· RQ= 0 = la l' +Ih l' -21.• b+lb l'+lc l'-2b· c+le l'+la I' -2e· a = 9
Similcly SR· PQ = o and SQ· PR = o = 6-2(a·b+b·c+e ·a)= 9 [·:lal=lbl=lel=l]
:. S is orth~nt=
183.. ros(P + Q) + ros(Q + R) + ros(R + P)
= a· b+b-e+c•a=-~
2
...(i)
= -(c,;\SR + cosP + cwQ) Also.. a •b+b·c:+e••~ -l(l•l'+lbl'+lcl')

:1 2
:'llu. of cosP + cosQ + cosR =:; 3
2
~-- ...(ii)
Min. ofros(P + Q) + ro-,;(Q+ R) + ro.,;(R + P)is
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),la+ b+c: l=0
=-~ os a ·b + b ·c + e~ is min.imum when la+ b+ e l=0
184. sinR = sin(P + Q) => a+b+e = O
J:?a+Sb+Se 1=l 2a+S(b+ e) 1=l2a-Sal =3
185. Gi,-cn. làl=lb l=lêl=l 188. Leta=l+)+2k, b=l+2)+k
and à x (b x ê) = ~ (b + ê) andc=l+)+k
:. A ,-cctor coplanar to a nnd b and ~rp,ndicular to e
Now, considcr :i x (b X ê) = ~ {b + ê) . = À(a x b) x < =À {(a · e) v-(b · c)a}
= :>.. ((1 + 1 + ~> <l + 2) + kJ-(t + 2 + 1)(! + + 21<))
J
= C& · C·> i, - e· 1>> t'=a
& •• ..E 1, +~e
fj · =À{6l+ 12 J +6k-6i-6)-121<J
0n comp:uing. \\-C gd = :>.. (6 J -6 kl = 6À 1) - kl
. /3 . .Ji For, À = .!. = Option (a) is ron-cct.
i - b =-:=I à li bi cos&= - 6
2
and for À = - .!. = Option (d) is rorr,ct.
= cos8= - ..fi
2
(·.- làl=l 1> 1= 1J 6
= cose = cos ( 1t -f) = s; e=

189. L<t v = a + Àb
v=(l + À) t+(l-:1.)J (I+ À) k
,,_. • f 1
rruJ<Cti011 o ,, on e= J;
186. Gi\'cn, (a X b) X e=_!. I b 1 1e Ia
3
V· C 1
= -e x (a x b) = .!. 1b li e 1"
3
= 171 =✓3
(1+ À)-(1-À)-(l + À) 1
= - (e · b) · a + (e · a) b =.!. 1 bl ela
3 = 3 =73
G I b 11 e 1+(e· b)] a= (e· a)b =
=
l+À-l+À-1 -À=l
À-1=1
Since. a and b are not collin,nr. => À=2
e · b+ .!.lbllcl=O anil e ·a=0 v= 3 l-]+3k
3
190. AB = 21 + 10)+ li k
= 1ell b I cos 8 + .!. I b II e 1= O
3 AD:-t+~)+2k
= 1 b 11 e 1( cos 8 +;) = o D C
= cose+.!.=o (·: I b i " O. 1e 1 " O)

3
1 ./s ~.fi
:=> C0> 8 V -
3 : sin 1) : 3 : 3 A B
187. lf a, b,c att any thrtt ,·«tors Augi, ·e· l,c,tw«n AD Rtlll AI) Is
1
Th<n. l•+b+cj ~0 ) 1 All· AD 1
= l•l'+lbl 1 +lc:l1 +2(a· b+ b · eH·a).io ros(ll • IADI IADI
-2+20+22 8 194. Th_e volumt of the ~elopiped with colnlnÍllOWJ cdges as

= sin(8)= .Jl7 á,b,éis gívm by[á bé] =á-(b x é)
(15)(3) 9 9
Since, a + 8 = 90º
cos(a) = cos(90° -8)=sin(8) = .Jl7
9
1 1 .
191. mPQ = - , ms• = - , mRQ = -3, m5, = -3
6 6
LJ'·''
P(-2.-1) Q(4,0) Now,(ábé] =
2
X
â-ã á - Í> á-é
c ·a
1 1 112 1121
~-~ ~ - ~ ~- ~ = 1/ 2 1 1/ 2
c· b c·c 1/ 2 1/ 2 1
= Parallelogram, but neither
PR = SQnor PR .LSQ.
:. So, it is a parallelogram, wlúch is neither a rhombus nora
⇒ 2
[âbê] =1(1-¾)-H½-¾) + H¾.- D=~
rectangle. Thus, the requirc<I; volume of lhe parallelopiped
2 1 .
192. From the given information, it is clear that a = i - J = ✓2 cu urut
Fs
~ lal =l,lbJ=l,a·b=O 195. Given, OP = â cos 1 + Í, sin 1
Now, (2a+ b)·((axb)x(a - 2b)]
= (2a+ b)· (a 2b -(a· b)-a + 2 b 2 ·a-2{b·a)·b]
= 1OPI = ✓(â•â) cos 2
1 + (b· b)sin2 t + 2á-bsin t cos t
= [2a + b] ·[b +2a]= 4a + b

2 2 = 1OPI = .J1+ â- bsin 2t
=4·1+1 =5 [asa·b = 0] = 1OPI,... = M = ,,)1 + â · b at sin 21 =1 ⇒ t= ~
4
193. Let angle betwcen·a and b be 8 1, e and d be 8 2 anda x b and
b xd be8. At
Since, (ax b) · (cxd)=l ⇒ sin81 ·sin82 -cos8=1
⇒ 81 =90°,82 = 90º,8 = 0° Unit vector along OP at (1 = ~) = ~+ ~
4 la+ b l
= a .Lb, c.Ld ,(a x b)ll(cx d )
196. Since, PQ is not parallel to TR.
So, a xb = k(cxd) andaxb = k(cx d)
= (axb)· e= k(cxd)· e and(a xb) · d = k(cxd)·d
<J·
⇒ [abc] = 0 and [abd]=0
= a. b, e and a. b, d are coplanar vectors, so
options (a) and (b) are incorrect.
Let b li d ⇒ b =± d
As (axb) •(cx d)=l = (axb)· (cxb)=±l
= [axb cb] =± 1 = [cba x b] =± 1 ·: TR is rcsultant of RS and ST vectors.
⇒ PQ x(RS + ST) "'o.
= c·[bx(axb)] =± 1 = c-[a-(b-a)b] =± 1
fr
But for Statement II, we ha,·e PQ x RS = o
[·:a·b = 0)
= c·a =± 1 wlúch is not possible as PQ not paral)el to RS.
Which is a contrad.iction, so ti Hence, Statcment I is true and Statcment II is false.
option (e) is correct. 197. Since, given vectors are coplanar
Let option (d) is correct.
-À2 1 1
= · d = ±a and e =± b
a - 2
-À 1 =O
As (axb)·(cxd) = 1 60" •
= (axb)·(bxa) =± 1
- À'
Which is a contradiction, so option (d) is d "t = 6 2

À - 3À -2=0
incorrect ⇒ (I+ À2 ) 2 (À2 - 2) = O ⇒ À= ± ✓2
Altemativcly options (e) and (d) may be obscrvcd from thc
abovc figure.
r.lmp 02 Produr.t of Vootorn 163
198, Shll'r, a. b, r nrr 111111 vrrto1·~ 1111,l n t• h t· ~ • O, thr11 203, Wt• 111111w lhnl, v11h1111r 111' 11m11llrl11plpr,I whn•r• rrltt,r• 11rr 11 , h, c
a, l>. e t't'prrsrnt nu ,•qullnt.•rnl 1rl111111lr, - [nh<'!,
11 Xh • h "><,• ,. ,•x11o;0. 1
199. lrl Yrch>r AO l•c p:irnllrl to ll11r oi' l111rrs1·,·llm1 ,,1' pl,111r, li 11
(11hçJ .. 1 •: ,'. 1~1I· 11' - 11
111111 I~ thro1111h orl11l11. 11 O 1
Normnl to pl,111r f~ Is l.rt /(11) ,. 11' - 11 ~ 1
11, • [(2) + :tf1) X (,t) -:tk)I .. - 1gi •> f'(,1) • :111' - 1 > J'"(,1) - l,11
Nornml to plane Is 1,, for lllllXillllllll tll' 111111111111111, p11l / '(11) .. o
11, • (l- k) X (:1{ + Jj) - :1l - ,) -:11~ 1
.-, 11 ., l :;:;• whlrh ,h11w, /(11) I• 111111111111111 111,1 .. :;:; 1111<1
r
So, OA Is p11rnlld lo ± (11 1x n 1) • 54 j - 54k.

1
:. A11glc bctWN'll 5•l (j - k) 1111.t (21 + ) - 2k) I• mnxlnHllll nt o • - 71,
ro•0 • ± ( ~ ) .. ±~ 204, Wr k11nw lh11l,t1 X(n X h)• (n · lr)11 - (11 ·11)lr
:1,5,1, ,/2 ,/2
(1+ J + k) x <) - f,) -(1, J+ Í.) - (✓:i )' lr
o .. ~. ~
•1 "
==> - 21+ J + Í1 • l + J , f, - :ih • > Jb • + :11
Hcncc, (b) lltlll (li) 11rr rorrrct ,111swrrs. 1r .. 1
200. Lct vcclor r hc roph11111r ln 111111.t h. 205. rnvc11, v- 21 ~ J- f, 111111 W • I ,. :1f,
r :::an + th (U VW[ • lJ·l(2I + j - Íc) x(I + 3Íc)J
= r = (! + 2) + kl + 1 (1 - } + kl . • li ·(11 - 1) - Í<) • IUll:1I - 7} - Íclco,O
= (1 + 1)1 + (2 - r)} + (1 + 1)k Whlch Is 11111xh1111111, li' 1111nlc hctwccn lJ 11111I 3I - 7) - Í< I.• O
Thc projcctio11 of r 011 e = 7:i , 11111I 111nxh1111111 vnlm.•
r •e 1
= ~='Jj 206. Slncc, (11+2b)·(511 - ~11) = u
11 · (1 + 1) + 1 · (2 - 1) - 1 · (1 + 1) J 1 = 5[11l'+ G11•b-8Jbl' • O
= 3 "' Jj = Gn•b a J [ ·:Jn l=lb[=I)
=> =
(2 - 1) ± 1 => 1 1 or 3 = = cns0 a ~ => O a GOº
When, 1 = 1, we hnvc r = 21 + ) + 2k 2
207, Wc hnvc, 11 = 2I + ) - 2f,
When,I =3, wc hnve r = 41-J + 4k
b·a b•n
201, Since, b1 = b - - 2 a,b1 = b+-, n
= 11\ 1= "" + 1 + 1 = 3
JaJ [ai nntl b = i + } =>I b 1.. [1+1 ,, Ji
c ·a c·b c•a c•b, Now, 1e - a 1"3 => 1e - a 12 a 9
and e= c - - a - - b , c 2 = c - - 2
a --- b
2 1
[ai' lb(' lnl (bl = (c-n)•(c-a) = 9
e,= c--
c -n
c·b e -a
a - -- 2 b 2, e, =n--, a.
= lcl'+lal 2-2c•a = 9 ...(!)
la(' lb(' [a i Agnln, Jnxb [ xcJ = 3
whkh shows a • b 1=O = a · e =b1 · e,
So, {a. b1, e,} are mutunlly orthogonal vectors.
= 1n x b li e I sin 30° ,. 3 => 1e 1= - 6
-
[R X b[
202, A$ we know that, n vcclor coplanar to a, b and orthogonnl lo e t l fc
IJÀ{(axb)xc}. llut n x b., 2 -2 ,. 2I - 2] + k
:, A vector coplanar lo (21 + } + k), (1 - } + k) nnd orlhogonnl
o
103i + zj + 6k
= À [{(21 + } + k) x (1 - } + k)} x (31 + 2} + 6k)) ...(li)
.. À [(2l -}-3Í<) x(3I + 2} + õk)J.. À (2 1} -1Í<J l'rom lll1s. (1) mui (li), wc l(cl
(2) + (3) - 2c · a • 9 ~ ~ + 9 - 2c , n • 9
2 2
<21}- 1fc) => e · n "' 2
:. Unil vector = + 1 ,
-J(21) 2 + (7) 208. U•c thr fonnulnr, nx (h x c) • (1t • c)b - (a · b) e.
la bc] • [b,· a] • !ca h)
.. + ~
n11J (a ,d,] • [11 hb) • l• ,·c) • O
P11rthrr, sl111pllfy li u1HI grt lhe resull.
Now,[a x b b x e e xa] 211. a= ~ (3i+k) and b = .!_(2 i+ 3 )- 6 k )

= aX b· ({b x c) x(c x a)) -v!0 7
= a X b · ((k X e Xa)) [Here, k = b X e] (2a - b) · {(a x b) x (a + 2b )}
=a x b · ((k·a) e -(k •c)a] =(2a - b)·{(a X b) x a + (a X b) x2b}
= (ax b) · ((bxc -a)c-(b xc •c)a) =(2a - b)· {(a · a) b- (b · a) a
= (a x b)· ([bca] c) -0 (·:[b x c •c] = 0] + 2 (a· b) b - 2 (b · b) a}
= a x b · e [b e a] = [a b c][b e a) =(2a - b) · {l (b)-(0) a + 2 (O) b- 2(l)a}
=[abc)
2
{·:[abc]=[bca:n [asa· b = Oanda· a = b · b = 1)
= (2a - b)(b - 2a)
Hence, (a x b b x e e x a) = À. (a b c] 2 2
=-(4JaJ 2 -4a · b+JbJ ) = - {4 -0+ 1}=- 5
⇒ [abc) 2 =Ã.[abc) 2
212. Given, a · b ,t,. O, a · d = O ...(i)
⇒ À. =1 and b x c=b x d
209. Given that, ⇒ b x(c -d)= 0
(i) a and b are wút vectors, hll (c - d)
Le. 1a 1= 1bJ = 1 ⇒ e-d =Ã.b
(ü) e= a + 2b and d = Sa - 4b ⇒ d = c-Ã.b ...(ü)
(ili) e and d are perpendicular to each other. Taking dot product wilh a, we get
Le. e · d = O ·a · d =a·c-Â.a·b
To find Anglc between a and b. ⇒ 0 = a-c-Ã. (a· b)
Now, c -d=0 ⇒ (a+2 b)·(S a-4b) =0 À.=~ ...(ili)
a -b
⇒ 5a•a-4a -b+!0b ·a- 8 b · b =0
d = e - (a· e) b
⇒ 6 a · b =3
(a-b)
⇒ a-b=.!_
2
213. Given, a = p i J
+ + k. b = i + q} + k and e = i + J+ r k are
* *
coplanar and p q r ,t,. 1.
So, lhe angle between a and b is ~ . Since, a, b and e are coplanar.
3
⇒ [a b e) = o
210. Given,
(i) A parallelogram ABCD such lhat AB = q and AD = p.
(ii) The altitude from vertex B to side AD coincides with a
vectorr.
⇒ I: ~ :l=O
⇒ p(qr-1)-l(r-1)+ 1(1 - q)=0
To find The vector r in terms of p and q.
Let E be lhe foot of perpendicular from B to side AD. ⇒ pv-p-r+1+1-q=O
pqr -(p + q + r) =- 2
AE = Projection of vector q on p = q · P = 4 · p
1PI 214. We have, a x b +e= O
⇒ a x~x ~ +axc=0
- - - ---~e ⇒ (a · b)a - (a •a)b +axc=0
⇒ 3a - 2b+a x c =0
p ⇒ 2b=3a+axc
⇒ 2b =3) -3k - 2i - )-k= -2i + 2)-41<
A ' - - - - - --:::::..,8
q b = -i+)-2k
AE = Vector along AE of length AE 215. Since, lhe given vectors are mutually orthogonal, lherefore
a -b =2 -4+ 2=0
=1 AE I AE = ( ~ ) p= (q · p)p
2 a •e = À. - 1 + 2µ = O ...(i)
1PI IP 1 and b-c = 2Â. + 4 + µ = O ...(ü)
Now, applying triangles law in 6ABE, we get On solvlng Eqs. (i) and (ii), we gel
AB + BE= AE µ = 2andi.. =-3
⇒ q+r=(q · p)p ⇒ r = (q · p)p_q Hence, (À.,µ)= (-3, 2)
2 2
1P 1 1P 1 216. Since,(3u pv pw] - [pvwqu]-[2wqvqu]=0
⇒ r =- q+ -q · -p) p :. 3p2[u· (v X w)) - pq [v• (w x u)]
(p ·p
- 2q 2 [ w · (v x u)] = O
⇒
2
(3p -pq+2q2)[u •(v x w)]=0 ⇒ {(a -2)i-2)1 -{(a- l)Í +6k} =O
But [u v w] ;t O ⇒ (a - 2)(a - 1) = O
⇒ 3p2 - pq + 2q2 = o a=I and a=2
p=q=O 222. Line is parallel to plane as
217. Given that, b = i + and e= k. J J+ <i-)+4 k) •(i+s)+ k) = 1-s+ 4 = o
Thc cquation of bisector of b and c is
r = À(b + e)= À ( ,f/

•1 +'
+ J✓2'+ k) General point on thc line is
(À + 2, - À - 2, 4À + 3).
For À = o, a point on this line is (2, -2, 3) and distancc from
= ✓
À
2 (i + 2J+ k)
' ' '
... (i)
J
r · (i + 5 + k) = 5 or x + Sy + z = S is
Sincc, vcctor a lics in plane of b and e. d=l2+5(-2)+3-51 ⇒ d=J-1º1=~

a = b+µc
.J1 + 25+ 1 3✓3 3✓3
⇒ ✓
À "' ... ...
2 (i + 2j+ k) =(1 + J )+ µ(J + k)
C' '\ '\ .. 223. Let a = a, i + aJ + a, k
Then, ax i=- a,k + a, J
On cquating thc coefficicnt of i both sides, wc gel
À
J
a x = a, k - a,
i
✓2=! ⇒ À= ✓2 a x k = - a 1J+ a 2i
On putting À = ✓2 in Eq. (i), WC gel (a x i ) 2 + (a x ))2 + (a x k) 2
r =i + 2) + k =a:+ a~+ af +a~+ af + a:
Sincc, the givcn vcctor a rcprescnls the sarne bisector cquation =2(a: + al + al)=2a 2
i.
a=! and ~ = !
224. Giventhat, [À(a+b) :l.'b Àc]=[a b+ e b]
À(a1 + b,) À(a, + b2 ) À(a3 + b3 )1
218. Since, (2u X 3v) is a unit véctor. 2
:. Ã b, :l.'b2 À2b,
⇒
⇒
l2u X3vl = !
6lu II vil sin.8 1= 1 I Àc1 Àc2 Àc3
⇒ ª•
sin8 = ,:
6
Sincc, 8 is an acute angle, then therc is exactly one value of8
[·:!ui= lvl = 1]
=
1 a,
b,: e, ª'
b2 + c2 b3 + c3 1
b, b,
for which (2u x 3v) is a writ vector.
ª•
219. Sincc, given vectors v. b and e are coplanar. ⇒
4
À b, Iª'C1
ª•b,
C2
ª•I Iª'
b, = - b,
C3 Ct
b,
e, ~1
e,
: ~I ; 1= O ⇒ Ã' =-!
1X X-2 -!
So, no real valuc oO. exists.
⇒ ! {1- 2(x - 2)}-1(-J-2x)+'1(x-2+ x)=0
J-2x+4+1 +2x+2x-2=0
225. Givcn, vcctors are
2x=-4 ⇒ x= - 2 a=1-ic. b=x1+) +(1-x)k

and c =yÍ+x)+(l+x-y) k
220. Sincc, (ax b) x e =ax(bx e)
~
1
(a·c) b - (b-c) a =(a·c) b-(a·b) e
⇒ (b·c)a =(a·b)c [abc]=1: 1~ x 1
(a· b) y X l+ x-y
⇒ a = - - ·C
(b· e)
Applying e, ➔ e, + e,. WC gel
Hcncc, a is parallel to e.
221. Since, position vectors of A, B, C are 2Í -
a 1- 3 J +k, respectively.
J+ k. i - 3) - 5k and =1:
y
~ ~
X l+x
1=1(1 + x)-x=I
0
Now, AC =(ai -3)+ k )-(2i-J+k) Thus, (a b e] dcpends upon nrither x nor y.

=(a - 2)i-2J , 226. Since, iul=1,lvl=2,lwl=J
and BC =(ai -3 ) + k)-(l-3) - Sk)
V ·U
Thc projection of v nlong u = - -
= (a-l)i+6k
1ui
Sincc, thc ó.ABC is rlght anglcd at C, then W·U
11nd thc projeclion of w along u = -
AC -BC=0 lul
According to given condition, 231. Vector perpendicular to face OAB is n 1•

V·U W ·U y
8(2, 1,3)
⇒ V ·U = W ·U ... (i)
Since, v, w are perpendicular to each other.
v·w = 0 . ...(ii)
Now; lu-v+ w l'= lu l'+l v l'+lw l'
-2 u ·v -2v·w+2 u ·w
=> lu -v+ w l2 = 1 + 4+9 -2u ·v+ 2v•u
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
=> lu - v + w l2 = 1+ 4+9 z
=> lu - v+ w l = ✓14 k
= OAxOB= 1 2 1 =5i- J -3 k
227. Given that, .!. lb llcla ~(ax b) x e 2 1 3
3
We know that, Vector perpendicular to face ABC is n 2
(ax b) X e =(a· e) b-(b · e)a J k
1
lb ll ela = (a· e) b-(b ·e)a = AB x AC= 1 -1 2 =i - 5) -3k
3 -2 -1 1
On comparf'g the coefficients of a and b, we gel
ib ll e l= - b · e anda· e = o Since, angle between faces is equal to lhe angle between their
3 nonnals.
.!. lbl lei= - lb llcl cosa :. cosB=n,·n, = 5x l +(-l )x(- 5)+(-3)x(-3)
3
ln,ll n ,I ✓5' + (-1)2 + (- 3)2 ✓1' + (-5) 2 + (-3) 2
cos 8 = - .!. => 1 - sin 2 8 = .!.
3 9 5+5+9 19 -1 (19)
=✓35 ✓
35 = 35 => 8=cos 35
sin 2 8 = ~
. 9
2✓
2 232. Given that, u = i+ ], v = i-J, w = i+2)+3 k,
sin8 = - [·.- o sa s %]
3 u •n=0 and v · n =0
uxv
228. Totalforce, F = (4 l +)-3 k )+(3i+J-k) i.e. n =--
lu x vl
.. F =7í+2} -4 k
k
The particle is displaced from A(i + 2) + 3k) to 8(51 + 4} + k).
Now, UX V= 1 O = Oi - 0)-2k= - 2k
Now, displacement, -1 O
AB= (51+4 }+ k) - (i +2 )+ 3 k) = 4 i +2 ) -2 k
:.Work done = F· AB lw · n l= lw ."u x vi= l-6~1 =3
=(7l +2J - 4k) · (4i +2J-2k ) lu xvl l- 2k l
[·: w · (u x w ) = (i + 2J + 3k) •(-2k) = - 6k ]
=28 + 4 + 8= 40 units
Hence, lw· n l=3
229. (u +v- w)·[(u- v)x(v -w)]
=(u +v- w)• (u x v- u xw - v x v + vxw) 233. Given two vectors ~e in XY-plane. So, a vector coplanar with
themis a = x i +y)
= u ·(u xv)- u •(u x w )+ u ·(v x w)+ v -(u x v)
- v •(u x w)+ v •(v x w) - w •(u x v) +w {u xw )-w{vxw) Since, a ..L(i - J)
= u ·v Xw-v-u xw -w•u Xv ([a, a b] = O} => (xi + y Jl • (i - }) = o
= U ·VXW + W ·U X V - W •U XV = U •V X W x - y =O
230. Given that, la 1= 1,1bl= 2,1 el = 3 X=)'
and a +b+e = O a= ..,I+xJ
Now, (a+ b + e)' = la l' + 1h 12 + lcl' + 2(a · b+b · e+ c·a) nnd 41• 1= ✓ x' + x' = x.fi.
0 =1 2 + 2 2 +3 2 +2(a· b + b ·c+e·a) :. Required unit vector
2(a • b+ b · c +c ·a ) = - 14 = ~ = x{i + J) = ....!...(i + ')
a -b +b · c+c·a=-7 1•1 x.fi. .fi. J
CHAPTER
Three Dimensional
Coordinate System
Learning Part
Session 1
• lntroduction
• Position Vector of a Point in Space
• Shifting of Origin • Distance Formula • Section Formula
• Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Vector
• Projection of the Line Segment Joining Two Points on a Given Line
Session 2
• Equation of a Straight Line in Space
• Angle between Two Unes • Perpendicular Distance of a Point from a Line
• Shortest Distance between Two Lines
Session 3
• Plane
• Equation of Plane in Various Form
• Angles between Two Planes • Family of_Planes
• Two Sides of a Plane • Distance of a Point from a Plane
• Equation of Planes Bisecting the Angle between Two Planes
• Line and Plane
Session 4
• Sphere
Practice Part
• JEEType Examples
• Chapter Exercises
j Arih~-;;i on Your Mobile! - .

1
· Exercises with the é] symbol can be pract,sed on your mobile. See inside caver page to activate for free. 1
1
-l
Session 1
lntroduction, Position Vector of a Point in Space, Shifting
of Origin, Distance Formula, Section Formula,Direction
Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Vector, Projection of the
Line Segment Joining Two Points on a Given Line
lntroduction z
Let OY and OZ be two perpendicular lines which intersect e
.,t-k-----,, N
at O and let a third straight line OX be perpendicular to
the plane in which they lie. The three mutually ,' p (x, y, Z)
perpendicular lines form a set of coordinate axis. They
determine three mutually perpendicular planes called
coordinate planes.
z X
e Signs of Coordinates of a Point in Various Octants

.>-k- - - ~ N
Octa.nt/ OXYZ OX' yz OXY' z oxrz OX' yz OX' yz• OXY' z· OX' Y' z•
Coordinates
, , P (x, y, z)
r + + + +
y + + + +
+ + + +
Note
Any point on X-axis = (x, O, O)
Remarks Y-axis = (O, y, O)
1. Toe axes to coordinate forma right handed set (in the figure) Z-axis = (O, O, z)
i.e. a right handed screw, driven from O to X would rotate ,n the XY-plane =(x, y, O)
sense from OY to OZ. Yl-plane = (O, y, z)
2. Toe points A B and C are the orthogonal projections of P on the ll'-plane = (x, O, z)
X. Y and Z-axes. OP = ✓,-,,2_-+-y..,,.2-+--,,
z2
3. Points L M and N are (x. O, z), (x, y, O), (0, y, z) and A B and C
are (x, O. O). (O. y, O). (O, O, z), respectively.
1Example 1. Planes are drawn parallel to the coordinate
planes through the points (1, 2, 3) and (3, - 4, - 5). Find
Position Vector of a Point the lengths of the edges of the parallelopiped so formed.
Sol. Let P =(1, 2, 3}, Q =(3,-4,- 5) through which planes are
in Space drawn parallel to lhe coordinate planes shown as,
z
Let i, j, ic be unit vector (called base vector) along OX, OY
and OZ, respectively.
Let P(x, y , z) be a point in space, let the position of P be r.
Then, r=OP=OM + MP
= (OA+ AM)+ MP = OA+ 08+ OC
r =xi+"+zk o
Thus, the position vector of a point P is, xi+ .>1 + zk. X
Chap 03 Three Dimensional Cooré:na~ S-f i''3n 169
:.PE = Distancc betwccn parallel planes ABCP and FQDE, Proof. Let O be the origín and ú:t PCx1, Y1 ,z,) arui
l.e. (along Z·axis) Q(x2 ,y2 , z 2 ) be two given poínts.
=1-S-31 =8
PA = Distance betwecn parallcl planes ABQF and PCDE,
z
i.c. (along X·axis)
=l3-Jl=2
PC = Distancc between parallcl planes BCDQ and APEF,
i.c. (along Y·axis)
=l- ◄ -21=6 :
/~~~;,,,
/
:. Lcngths of edges of the parallelopiped are 2, 6, 8. ,,' ,,,/
1'~a.:.
·>_,,.
_· _ _ _ _ _- (
o
Shifting of Origin X
Shifting lhe origin to another point without changing the
The, OP=r1i+y 1} + z 1 k
directions of lhe axes is called the translation of axes.
Lei lhe origin 0(0, O, O) be shifted to another poínt OQ=x2 i+y2 J + z2k
O'(x' , y', z') without changing lhe direction of axes. Let Now, PQ= Position vector of Q-Posítion v ector of P
lhe new coordinate frame be O' X' Y' Z'. Let P(x, y, z) be a =OQ-OP
point with respect to lhe coordinate frame OXYZ. Then,
coordinate of point P with respect to new coordinate =(x 2 i+y2 } +z2 k)-(r 1i + y 2 } + z 1 k)
frame O' X'Y' Z' is (x 1 ,y 1 , z 1 ), where x 1 = x -x', = (x 2 - x,)i + (yz - y 1 )J + (zz - z 1 )k
Y1 =y-y',z 1 =z-z'
z·
PQ = IPQI
,_.;.:...:... ___________
•P(x, y, z) =✓(xz -x1) 2 +(yz -y1) 2 +(z 2 -z 1 ) 2
z
Hence, PQ= ✓(x 2 - xi) 2 + (y 2 -yi) 2 + (z 2 -zi)2
> - - -- - r
O'(x,, yp í)
1Example 3. Find the distance between the points
P(- 2, 4, 1) and Q(l, 2,- 5).
J.
0-.,.L---y
~ - - - - - -- - -
Sol. Wc have, PQ = -Jc1 + 2) 2 + (2 - 4) 2 +(- 5 - 1)2
X'
PQ = .JJ' +<-2>' +<-6)'
X
= ,/9 + 4 + 36
1Example 2. 1f the origin is shifted (1, 2,- 3) without = ,/49 = 7

changing the directions of the axis, then find the new
1Example 4. Prove by using distance formula that the
coordinates of the point (O, 4, 5) with respect to new points P(l, 2, 3), Q(- 1, - 1, - 1) and R(3, 5, 7) are colline.ar.
frame.
Sol. We have,
Sol. ln the new frame x' = x - x 1, y' = y - y 1, z' = z - z,. where
(x,. y1, z1 ) is shifted origin. PQ =✓<- 1 - 1)2 +(- 1 -2)2 + (-1 - 3) 2
~ x' = O - 1 = - ), =,/4 + 9 + 16 ='1i9
y' = 4 - 2 = 2, z' = 5 + 3 =8
QR =✓(3 + 1)2 +(5 + 1)2 + (7 + 1)'
Hence, thc coordinates of the point with respect to lhe new
coordinates frame are (- 1, 2, 8). = .J!6 + 36 + 64
=✓116 = 2✓29
Distance Formula and PR =✓(3 - 1)2 +(S - 2) 2 + (7 -3) 2

The distance between lhe points P(x 1 ,y 1 , z 1 ) and =,/4 + 9 + 16 =✓29
Q(xz , Y2 ,z 2 ) is _
given __:_
_:::._ by _________ Sincc, QR =QP + PR
PQ =✓(x 2 - x 1 ) 2 +(y2 -yi) 2 +(z 2 -z 1 ) 2 Thcrrforr, thc given points are roUincar.
' nPR=mQR
Section Formula ⇒ n(OR- OP)=m(OR- OQ)
1. Section Formula for Internai Division ⇒ n(r- r1 ) = m(r- rz )
Let P and Q be two points whose position vectors are r1 (m-n)r=mr2 -nr1
and rz respect:ively. let R be a point on PQ divíding it in r =(mr2 -nr1 )
the ratio m : n. Then, the position vector of R is given by m-n
r = mrz + nr,
m+n R
R
T________ º
p _ ______m : n
o
Corollary 1. If R(x,y, z) is a point dividing the join of
Proof. Let O be the origin. Then, OP = r 1 , OQ = r2 and P(x 1,y 1 , z.) and Q(x2,y2 ,z2 ) in the ratio m : n.
OR= r mx 2 +nx 1 _my 2 +ny 1
Then, x - - - -, y- - - - - , z
PR m m +n m+n
No..-.
RQ n Corollary 2. The coordinates of the mid-point of the joint
nPR=mRQ · of P(x 1, y 1, zi) and Q(x 2 , y 2 , z 2) are
= n(OR- OP) =m(OQ - OR) xi +Xz Y1+Y2 z1+Zz)

(-- 2- . - - 2- . - 2 -
= n(r- r.) =m(rz -r)
= (m+n)r=mr2 + nr1 Corollary 3. The coordinates of a point R which divides

the join of P(x 1,y 1,z 1 ) and Q(x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) externally in the
= r ratio m : n are
mx 2 - nx 1 • my 2 -ny 1 • mz 2 -nz 1 )
(
Corollary m-n m-n m-n
.Mid-point formula Let P and Q be two points whose Corollary 4. Toe coordinate of centroid of triangle with
position vectors are given by r 1 and r2 respectively. Toen, vertices (x 1,y., z 1), (x 2,y2, z 2 ), (x 3, y 3, z 3 ) is
the position vrctor of the mid-point R of PQ is given by,
x1 +Xz +x 3, Y1 +yz +y3 Z1 +zz +z 3}
r1 + rz (
r= - - . 3 3 ' 3
2
Corollary 5. Centroid of tetrahedron with vertices
2. Section Formula for Externai Division (x1,Y1, z1 ). (xz,Yz, Zz ), (x3, YJ, Z3 ), (x 4, y 4 ,Z4) is
Let P and Q be the points whose position vectors are r 1 X1 + Xz + X3 + x •, Y1 + Yz + YJ + Y•,
( 4 4
and r2 respectively. let R be a point on PQ divíding it
extemally in the ratio m : n. Toen, the position vector of R Z1 +Zz :Z3 +z4}
is given by,
mr2 -nr1
r=
m-n
1Example 5. Find the ratio in which 2x + 3y + Sz = 1
divides the line joining the points (1, O, - 3) and .
Proof. Ld O be the origin. Then, OP = r 1, OQ= rz and (1, - 5, 7).
OR = r
Sol. Let 2x + 3y + 5z = 1 di'lides (1, O, - 3) and( l, - 5, 7) in the
PR m
Now, -=- ratio of k : 1 at point P.
QR n
Chap 03 Three Dimensional Coordinate System 171
k+I -Sk 7k-3)

Then, P = ( - - , - - , - - which must satisfy Remark
k+I k+ I k+I Students are advised to learn above resultas a formula i.e.
2x + 3y + 5z = 1 ax + by + cz + d = O divides join oi (x,. y1• z,) and (x 2, y 2• z2 ) in
(7k+I
k- 3)=I
ratio oi- (ax, + by, + cz, + d). .
⇒ 2(~)
k+I
+3
(~)
k+I
+5 (ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d)
⇒ 2k+2 -15k+35k-15=k+I 1Example 8. Find the ratio in which the join of (2, 1, 5),
⇒ 21k=l4 ⇒ k=~ (3, 4, 3) is divided by the plane 2x + 2y - 2z - 1 = O.
3 Sol. Using above result,
:. 2x + 3y + 5z = 1, divides (1, O, - 3) and (1, - 5, 7) in the ratio
of2: 3. Re uired ratio = {(2 ( 2) + 2 (I) - 2 (5) - t}
q {2(3)+2(4)-2(3)-1}
1Example 6. lf A(3, 2, - 4), B(S, 4, - 6) and C(9, 8, - 10) ={6-11}=-5
{14-7} 7
are three collinear points, then find the ratio in which
point e divides AB. ⇒ 2x + 2y - 2z - 1 = Odivides (2,1. 5) and (3, 4, 5) extemally in
ratio of5: 7.
Sol. Let C divide AB in the ratio À. : 1. Then,
C = (5Â. + 3 4Â. +2 -6Â. - 4)-
- Â. +1, Â. + l · ~ -(9,8,-10)
Direction Cosines and
Comparing, 5À. + 3 = 9Â. + 9 or 4Â. = - 6
Â.= - ~
Direction Ratios of a Vector
2
1. Direction Cosines [DC's)
Also, from 4Â. + 2 = 8Â. + 8 and -6Â. - 4 = - lOÂ. - 10, we gel
the sarne value of Â.. lf a , p and y are the angles which a vector OP makes with
:. C divides AB in the ratio 3: 2 extemally. the positive directions of the coord.inate axes OX, OY and
OZ respectively. Then cosa, cos pand cos y are known as
1Example 7. Show that the plane ax+by+cz+d=O direction cosines ofOP and are generally denoted by
divides the line joining (x1,y1,zi) and (x2,Y2,z 2) in letters /, m and n, respectively.
. o
t he rat10 f( 1
ox1+oy +cz1+d).
---'---'--'----'--
OX2 +by2 + CZ2 + d
z
Sol. Lei the p lane ax + by + cz + d = Odivides lhe line joining P (x, y, z)

(x1,y1, z 1) and(x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) in the ratio k: 1 as shown in
figure.
k :1
-----+---
p
ª
VC2, Y2, Z2)
X
ax+by+cz+d = O
·Thus, 1=cosa; m = cos P; n = cos y. The angles a, pand y
kx2 + x 1 ky 2 + y,
. :. Coordinates of P( ~ • ~ •
kz + z,)
2
k+I
are known as direction angles and they satisfy the
condition O:5 a, ~. y :5 7t.
It can be seen form the figure
must satisfy ax + by + cz + d =O
X
. (kx2 + x1) + b(ky, + Y1) +
,.e., a k+1 k+1
,(kz,k ++ 1z, )+ d =O cosa=-
OP
⇒ a(kx, + x1) +b(ky2 + y1) +c(kz 2 + z 1) + d(k + 1) = O Sirnilarly, cos p=_1'.._

⇒ k(ax, + by, + e2 2 +d) +(ax1 + by1 + e21 +d) = O OP
(ax1 + by, + cz, + d) z
⇒ k -- - (ax, + by + cz, + d) cosy = OP
2
p
·À=± 1
.Ja2+b2+c2
So, I=± a ,
.Ja 2+b2+c2
o:
o!-'---,,x----'-'----♦x b
m =± --::== = = ,
Where, OP is the modulus ofpositive vector of P. .Jaz + bz +c2
Clearly, 0P=.Jx 2 +y2 +z 2 e

n = + --::= = = =
.Jaz +bz +c2
So, 12 +m 2 +n2 = cos2 Cl +cos 2 ~ +cos2 y
For exarnple, let the direction ratios of a point be (3, 1, - 2).
x2 +y2 + z2 x2 + y2 +z2
= =l ⇒ Direction cosines are
Qp 2 X2+y2+z2
2 2
12 +m +n =cos 2 Cl +cos 2 ~ +cos 2 y = 1
:. If OP = r =ri+}1+zk
L 32 +123+(-2)2 • .J32 +/+ (-2)2 • .j32 + l~:(-2)2 )
Then, r=li+mJ + nfc ⇒(1·~·- ~)

By defmition it follows that the clirection cosine of the
axis x are cos 0°, cos 90°, cos 90°, i.e. (1, O, O). 3. Angle between Two Vectors in Terms of
Similarly, clirection cosine of the axes Y and Z are (O, l, O) Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios
and {O, O, 1), respectively. Let a and b be two given vectors with clirection cosines / 1 ,
m1, n 1 and /2 ,m 2 ,n2 respectively. Then,
2. Direction Ratios (DR's)
a=l1 i+m 1 }+n1 Ícand b = /2i + m2 }+n2Íc
Let /, m and n be the clirection cosines of a vector r and a, b
and e be three numbers such that a, b and e are a·b
:. cos 8 = ~ , where 8 be the angle between a and b.
proportional to /, m and n
i.e. ~=~=!!.=k ⇒
_
cos 8 -
1/1 .i + m1 } + n1 k l ·l 12i +m2j + n2k l
A A A
a b e 11, i +md + n,kl l 12i +m 2} + n2k l

or (/,m,n)=(ka,kb,kc)
⇒
cose= l,/2+m 1m2 + n 1 n2
⇒ (a, b, e) are clirection ratios.
If(~, 1 • ~ )are clirection cosines of a vector r, then ⇒

.J1~ +m~ +nf .J1~ +m~ +n~
cos8 = /1 / 2 +m 1 m2 +n1 n2 [·: 12 + m2 + n2 = !]
its direction ratios are {1, -1, 1) or (-1, 1, -1) or (2, -2, 2) or Also, sin2 8 = l - cos 2 8
(Â., - Â., Â.)... etc.
={/~ +mf +nf)(/~ +m~ +n~)
It is evident from the above defmition that to obtain
direction ratios of a vector from its clirection cosines, we 2
-(/,/2 + m1 m2 +n1 n2)
just multiply them by a common number.
⇒ sin 8 =(m 1 n 2 -m 2n1 ) 2 + (n 1 12 -n2 /i) 2 -!;{/1m2 -12 m1 ) 2
2
"That shows there can be infmitely many direction ratios

for a given vector but the direction cosines are unique". (m, nz - m2n1 ) 2 + (n1 12 - n 2 11 ) 2
⇒ sin8 =±
To obtain direction cosines from direction ratios. +(/1 m2 -12mi) 2
Lei a, b and e be direction ratios of a vector r having
direction cosines /, m and n. Then, Remarks
1= À.a, m = Â.b, n = À.e (by definition) 1. Acute angle8between the two tines having direction cosines
t,. m,, n, and 12• '"z, "2 is given by
12 +m2 +n2 = l ,,,2
cos 8 =1 + m,n1z + n,"21
⇒
sln8 = ✓u,m2 - /.p,,)2 + (m,"2 _ '71zfl,)2 + (n,lz- r.,/,)2
Chap 03 Three Dimensional Coordim,te SyJtem 173
2. lf a,. b,. e, andai. f>i. c 2 are lhe direction ratios of two lines, then
the acule angle 8 belween them is given by 1 Example 9. What are the directíon cosíne:s of a fine
cos e= 1 a.ai + b,bi + c,c2 I which is equally indined to lhe c.oordinate axE:S?
✓<f + b,2 + c,2✓ai + tiJ + e~ Sol. lfa, ll and y are the angles Ih.ai a line rnahs ·1,ith the
(a,f>i -aib, )2 +(b,C2 - f>ic,)2 coordinate axes, then íf they are equally inclír.td.
sin 8= + (c,ai-c2<1)2
=> a= ll =·t
1
Also, / 1 + m1 + n = 1
✓a,2 + b,2 + c,2 ✓ai + tiJ + e~
3. lhe lwo lines wilh direclion cosines /1, m,. n, and = cos'a+cos' ll +ccs1 ·t =l
'2• mi. "2 are perpendicular lo each olher if e =~
2
= cos'a+cos' a +ccs' u=J
=> cos 8 =l,12 + tn,f1¼ +n,'7 = O = 3 cos' a= 1
4. lhe two lines with direction cosines /1, m,, n, and
12, mi. "2 are parallel to each other if e = o = 1
cosa=± Jj=cos ll = cosr
or 1t=>sin8 =0
. . cosmes
. are ( Jj'
l -;Jj·
1 :ij
1)
=-<m."2 -min, >2 + <n,12 - n1t>2 + u,mi -1.,m,i2 = o :. Duection
=> ,,_m,"
,;- mi=;;; or
5. lhe angle between lwo lines having direction ratios ~ b, e1
andai. f>i. c2 is given by • •
cose = a,ai + b,f>i + c,c2 1 Example 10. lf a line makes angles ex. f3 and ·r ,,,ith
✓<a.2 + b,2 + c,2 ✓ai + tiJ + cN> the coordinates axes, prove that
2
lhus. lhe lwo straight lines are perpendicular, if sin cx+sin 2 f3+sin 2 y=2
a.ai + b,bi + c,c2 = O Sol. Let /, m and n be lhe direction cosines of lhe gis-en ,-=:.
lhe two straight lines are parallel if ~ = !i =~ Then, / = cosa, m = cos ll, n = cos y
ai f>i C2
Now, t' + m 1 + n' = l
Projection of the Line Segment = cos' a + cos' 13 + ccs' r = 1

=> 1 - sin' a + 1 -sin' 13 + 1 - sin= r = 1
Joining Two Points on a Given => sin' a +sin' 13-sin" r=~
Line 1 Example 11. A line OP through origin o is indined at

Toe projection of the line segment joining two given 30° and 45° to OX and OY, respectin~ly. Finei me ~ e
points (x 1 , y 1 • z 1 ) and (x 2 ,y 2 , z 2 ) on.the line having at which il is inclined to OZ. -·
d.irection cosines /, m , n is given by Sol. Let /, m and n be lhe direct:ion cos.ines c f lhe gi,-cn ,~"t\.':.
l(x 2 - x 1 ) +m(y 2 - y.) +n(z 2 - z 1 ), which is clear J' + m: + ::' = 1
from the vector. whett. a =SOº, I} = H '
ros' a+ e-o.•' ll + ros' y= 1
cos' 30° + e-o.•' H ' + .-w' y = 1
(2li)' ( + :1;)' .,... "''S... l = t
A /,m , n B cos' y = 1 - !-~

~ :i
Clearly,
ros' y = ~
and the line AB =li + mj + nk 1
~
Toe projection of PQ on AD e.\.S ' Y• - ; ,,..h',~1, •lS n..,11''-<$lN«.
PQ · AB l(x 2 -x.)+m(y 2 -y.)+n(z 2 -z.) :. 11trrr ~•lsts 11.i l" ' i111 whk h i• md"'"' "' ~· "' x._.,i.., :>nJ
=IABI= .j12+m2+n2 ~s• to \' ·:uls.
=l(:r2 - x.) +m(y 2 -y.)+n(z 2 -z 1 )

1 Example 12. Find the direction cosines of a vector r as

which is equally inclined to OX, OY and OZ. lf Ir I is
given, find the total number of such vectors.
Sol. Le i /. 111 und II bc the direclion cosines of r.
Sinr<'. ris equalli• inclincd with X. Y and Z-axes.
:. Direclion cosines are ( ± f. +f, iJ ±
2 Bul il makes obtuse angle with X-axis => I < O.

/ + m' +n' = 1
2 :. Direction cosines are (- ~. ~- - ~)
3/ = 1 (·:l=m=n) 7 7 7
l =±-2.._
✓3
Also, r = 1r 1(/ i + m J + n k)
. . . f 1 1 1 r =21( - ~i+fJ-i1<) (given. 1ri = 21)
:. 0 1recllon cosmes o r are± ,/j. ± ✓3. ± .Jjº
Now, r =l r l(/i+m)+n k ) r =3(-2Í + 3) - 61<)

So, lhe component of r along X, Y and Z-axes are - 6i, 9] and
=> r=l • l(±~l±*)±*ii.) - 181<. respectively.
Sincc. ·+· and •-· sign s·can be arranged ai three planes.

1 Example 15. Find the angle between the lines whose
There nre e ight vrclors (i.e. 2 x 2 x 2) which are equally
inclined to a.xes.
. .
d1rect1on cosmes are - -
. ( ✓3 .- 1, - -✓3) and
1Example 13. lf the points (O, 1, - 2), (3, À., - 1) and 4 4 2
(µ . - 3, - 4) are collinear, verify whether the point
(12, 9, 2) is also on the sarne line. (
- ✓3 ]_ ✓3)
4 '4' 2 .
Sol. Let 11,e poinls be A , B and C, whose coordinates are
(O. 1. -2), (3, À., - 1) and (11. -3, - 4) respectively. Sol. Le i 8 be the required angle, then
Lei D= (12. 9, 2) cos 8 = /112 + m,m2 + n,n,
3 1 3 1
=> DR's of AB = (3 - O. À - 1, - 1 + 2) - - + - - - - --
16 16 4 2
=(3, À- 1, 1)
DR'sof AC=(i1 -0. - 3-I.-4-(-2)) cos 8 = - ,: => 8 = 120°
2
=(µ. - 4, -2)
Since, A. B and C are collinear. 1 Example 16.
3 À -1 1 (i) Find the angle between l he lines whose direction
⇒ - =--=-
fl - 4 -2 ratios are 1, 2, 3 and - 3, 2, 1.
=> µ = -6,À.=3 (ii) Find the acute angle between two diagonal of a
:. Direclion rnlios of AD are (3. 2. 1). cube.
Now, direclion ralios of AD nre (12 - O, 9 - 1, 2 -(2)) or (12, 8. 4) Sol. (i) Lei 8 be the required angle. then
3 2 1 cose = 1 x -3+2x2+3 x t 4 2
Her<, - =- =-
12 8 4 ~✓1+4+9 H 7
ABIIAD
Since, AD nnd AD lie on sarne slrnighl line.
Hencc, the poinl (12, 9, 2) is on lhe snme linc. (ii) Front lhe figure given below. lhe direclion ratios of lhe
diagonais OP nnd CD of 11 given cube nrt• given by
1 Example 14. A vector r has length 21 and direction a-O,a-0,a - O
ratios 2, - 3, 6. Find the direction cosines and
Md a-0.a - ~O-a
components of r, given that r makes an obtuse angle
nnd hcnce thrir respl'Cliv,· direclion rosint."S nrt"'
with X-axis.
,1 a -a
Sol. Hcre, direction rntio's ar<· 2, - 3, 6. Ja 2 + a 1 + a 2 ' J a 1 + a.l + a.:· ,faJ + a:i + a2
:.Direction cosinrs can bc wrillen us (2À, - 3À, 6À.~
1 1 -1
whrre, (2À)2 + (-311.)' +(611.)' = 1 (·: I' + m' + n 2 a 1) l.c. 7f7J•J;
z 1Example 18. lf the direction cosines of a variable line

in two adjacent points be /, m, n and 1+ 61, m + 6m,
n + 6n, show that the small angle 69 between the two
2 2 2
positions, is given by 60 2 = 6/ + 6m + 6n -
2
Sol. We have, 12 + m 2 +n =1
2 2
and (1 + 61) 2 +(m + 6m) +(n + 6n) = 1
B (O,a,O) y
= 12 + m2 + n2 + (61)2 +(6m)2 +(6n)2 + 2(/61 + m6m + n6n) = 1
A(a,O, O)
D
a.a, O) = 1 +(61)2 +(6m)2 +(6n)2 + 2 (161 + m6m + n6n) = 1
X
= (61) +(6m) +(6n) = - 2 (161 + m6m + n6n)
2 2 2 ...(i)
Lei 69 be angle between the two positions.

d a a -a cos 69 = /(/ + 61) + m (m + 6m) + n (n + 6n)
an ✓0 2 + az + a2• .Jaz+ ª2 + az' .Jaz + az + az 69
1 1 -1
= 1-2sin2
2
= 1 + 161 + m6m +n6n ...(ii)
i.e. ✓3' -:Jr· ✓3

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we gel
Let 9 be the angle between these diagonais, then 2 68
(61) 2 +(6m) 2 +(6n) = 4 sin -
2
1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 2
cos9= ✓3x ✓3+ -.fjx ✓3+ ✓3x ✓3=
3+3-3=3
=8=COS-I m =
=
6
4 ( ; ) ' = 16/ + m6m + n6n
ló/+ móm +n6n = (69)2 ,
1Example 17. Find the angle between the lines whose . . 69

( smce, sm ➔
69 as 68'1s very sm a11)
direction cosines are given by ./ + m + n = O and 2 2
2
2/ 2 +2m 2 - n =O.
1Example 19. lf /1, m;, n1 and / 2, m 2, n 1 are the
Sol. 12 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 direction cosines of two mutually perpendicular lines,
I + m + n =O ••. (i) shows that the direction cosines of the line
2/ 2 + 2m2 - n 2 = O ••. (ii) perpendicular to both of them are m1n 2 - m 2n1;
n1/2 -n2/1; l1m2 -/ 2m1.
2(1 2 + m2)- n2 = O
2(1 - n 2 ) = n 2 = 2
3n =2 = n=± l .. (iii)
Sol. Let 1, m and n be the drrection cosines of the line
perpendicular to both the given lines.
111 + mm, + nn, = O and 112 + mm 2 + nn2 = O
) = n =(-(1 + m))
2 2 2
2(1 2 +m ...(iv)
Solving them, we get _ I_ = ___!!:___ = _ n_
2/ + 2m 2 = 12 + m + 2/m
2 2
= m1 n, n1 11 11 m1
= 12 + m2 - 2/m = O m2 n2 n2 12 12 m2
= (/ - m) 2
=O = 1= m
= - - - - =_ _m__ - _ _ n_ _ =k
m1n2 - m,n1 n1l2 - nj1 / 1m2 - 12 m
1
= l +m='.f~
1 = k(m,n2 - m,n1) , m =k(n1l 2 - n211 ) , n = k(/1m2 - 12m,)
On squaring and adding, we get
= 21= +~ 2 2 2 2
1 + m +n = k {(m1n2 - m,n1) 2 + (n1l2 - n2/ 1) 2 } +(/1m2 - l,m1 ) 2
1 1
1= ± J6' m = ± ✓6 = 1 = k2{sin 9}
2
Drrection cosines are ( l• *' ~) and ( l ·l • - l )

. where, 9 is the angle between the given Unes as we know,
sin 9 =.J(a,b, - a,bi i' +(b,c2 - b,c
where. a1, bi, c1 and a 2, b2, c2 are direction cosine s.
1)
2
+ (c1a 2 - c,a1 ) 2
ar ( - l , - l , l)and(- l , - l , - l) = 1=k
2
• 1 (·: 9 = 90°. given)
=
Toe angle between these Unes in both the cases is cos_ '_ ( - fl· k=t
Hence, direction cosines of a line perpendicular to both of
them are tnin 2 - m2nI , nI 12 - nI l2, 11m 2 - l2171t.
1 Example 20. Find the direction cosines of the line 1 Example 21. Let A (- 1, 2, 1) and 8 (4, 3, 5) be two
which is perpendicular to the lines with direction given points. Find the projection of AB on a line which
cosines proportional to (1, - 2, - 2) and (O, 2, 1). makes angle 120º and 135º with Y and Z-axes
Sol. If /, m and n are thc direction cosines of the line perpendicu- respectively, and an acute angle with X-axis.
lar to the given linc, then Sol. Let a be an acute angle that the given line make with
2
1 ·(1) + m ·(- 2) + n · (- 2) = O X -axis. Then, cos 2 a+ cos 2 120º + cos 135º = 1
l - 2m -2n=O ...(i)
⇒
⇒
cos'a=l-.!__!=~=.!.
and 1 · O+ m ·2 + n · l = O 4 2 4 4
O + 2m + n =O ...(ii)
cosa = i ! but a is acutc
Thcn, from Eqs. (i) and (ii) by cross multiplication, wc get 2
! = !!:. = ~ cosa =+ve

2 -1 2
⇒- cosa =! =CDS 60° -==> a =60°
2
⇒ !=!!:. = ~
2 - 1 2 Thus, thc dircction cosincs of the given straigbt linc are
✓1' + m2 + n 2 1
(·: 12 + m2 + n 2 = 1)
CDS 60º, COS 120°, CDS 135°, ie. z'1 - z'1 - .,/z1
= ~ =3 Hence lhe projection DÍ AB on thc line
1 =~. m = - !, = !(4+ 1)- !(3-2) - _!_(5- 1)= ~-!-2..rz
3 3 2 2 ./z 2 2
2 = (2 - 2✓2) uni ts
n= -
3

1. ln how many disjoinl parts does lhe lhree dimensional rectangular cartesian coordinate syslem divide the
space.
2. Find the dislance between lhe poinls (k, k + ik + 2) and (O, 1, 2).
3. Show lhal lhe poinls (t 2, 3), (- t -2, -1), (2, 3, 2)and (4, 7, 6) are lhe vertices of a parallelogram.
4. ff the mid-points of the sides of a lriangle are (t 5, - 11 (0.4. -2)and (2, 3, 4). Find its vertices.
5. Find the maximum distance between the points (3 sin 8, O, O) and (4 cose. O, O).
6. tf A = (t 2, 31 B = (4, 5,61 C = (7, 8, 9) and D , E, F are lhe mid-points of lhe triangle ABC, lhen find lhe centroid of
lhe triangle DEF.
7. A fine makes angles a, f3 and y wilh lhe coordinale axes. lf a + f3 = 90º , then find y.
8. tf a , f3 and y are angles made by a tine with positive direclion of X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis respectively, then tind
the value of cos 2a + cos 2f3 + cos 2y .
9. tf cosa, cos f3, cos y are lhe direction cosine of a 2
tine, lhen find lhe value of cos a + (cos p + sin y)
2
(cos P- sin y).
10. A tine makes angles a , J3, y, 6 with lhe four diagonais of a cube, then prove lhal
. 4
cos 2 a+ cos 2 f3 + cos 2 y + cos 2 6 = .
3
11. Find lhe dlrection cosine of tine which is perpendicular to lhe tines wilh direclion ratio (1, - 2, - 2) and [O, 2, 1).
12. The projectlon of a tine segment on lhe axis 1, 2, 3 respecllvely. Then flnd lhe lenglh of tine segmenl
Session 2
Equation of a Straight Line in Space, Angle between
Two Lines, Perpendicular Distance of a Point from
a Line, Shortest Distance between Two Lines
Equation of a Straight Line 2. Cartesian Equation of a Line Passing

Through a Given Point and Given
in Space Direction Ratios
A straight line in space is specified basically in two ways Let the coordinates of the given point A be (xi, Yi, z i) and
(i) A line passing through a given point and parallel to a the direction ratios of the line be a, b and e. Consider the
given vector. coordinate of any point P be (x, y, z). Then,
(ii) A line passing through any two given points. r =xi+~+ zk;
1. Vector Equation of a Line Passing Through a =xii +Yi J+zik

a Given Point and Parallel to a Given Vector and b =ai +bj+ck
To find the vector equation of a straight line which passes Substituting these values in (i) and equating the
through a given point and is parallel to a given vector. coefficients of 1,) and Íc, we get
A >.b P
X = Xi +À.a
y=yi +Àb
z =zi +Àc
a
,, "'' These are pararnetric equations of the line.
Eliminating the parameter À, we get
o~;.:.----b -- ~F X-Xi y-yi Z-Zi
-a- = - b - =-e-.
Let A be the given point and let EF be the given line, then
through A draw AP parallel to given line EF. Remarks
Let b any vector parallel to the given line. Take any point 1. Parametric equation of straight line
O as the origin of reference. Let a the posi\ion vector of X - x1 = y - y1 = z - z1 = À
a b e
the given point A
=O X = x, + Àa, y =Y, + ).b, z = z, + ÀC
Let p be any point on the AP and let its position vector be (where, À being para meter)
r. Then, we have 2. Since, X, Y and Z-axes pass through origin and have d,reclion
r = OP = OA + AP = a + Ãb (where, AP = Ãb) cosines (1. O. O), (O, 1, O) and (O, O, 1).
: .Their equations are ·
Hence, the vector equation of straight line
Equation of X-axis, x -O= y-O = 1 -O
r = a+Àb ...(i) 1 O O
=> y = Oand z = O
Remarks Equalion of Y-axis, x - O = Y - O = 1 - O
1. Here. r is lhe posilion vector of any poinl P(x, y, z) on lhe line O 1 O
r= xi + yj + zk. => x = Oand z = O
2. ln particular, lhe equalion of lhe straighl line through origin Equallon of Z-axis. ~ = Y - O = 1 - O
. O O 1
and parallel to b is r = Ãb.
=> x = Oand y = O
1Example 2.2. f ind .the equation of straight line 3. Vector Equation of a Une Passing
parallel to 2i - j+ 3k and passing through the point Through Two Given Points
(5, -2,4). The vector equation of a line passing through two points
So/. Vector fonn Let P = (5, -2, 4), then 0P=Si-2j_; 4k= a whose position vectors a and b is
r=a+À(b-a)
A!so, b=2i- J+3k
Let O be the origin and A and B be the given points with
So, equation of straight tine passing through a and parallel to
straight tine whose direction ratios are b is given as position vectors a and b, respectively.
r = a +Àb Then, OP = r, OA = a and OB= b
=> r= {51-2) + 4k)+ À(2l-J +3k) A B p
Cartesian fonn Here, (x1, y 1, z.) = (5, - 2, 4) and parallel to
straight tine whose DR's are (2. - 1, 3), so equation of lhe '
'' '' ,
straight tine is x - 5 = Y + 2 = z - 4 _
2 - 1 3
a\
'
\ 1
.fb ,,-;
'/
,
,
1Example 23. Find the vector equation of a line \!/

passing through (2, -1, 1) and parallel to the line whose
ó
.
. x-3 y+l z-2 Since, AP is collinear with AB.
equat1on 1s - - =- - = - -
2 7 -3 AP= À AB for some scalar À
So/. Since. the required tine is parallel to => OP - OA = À(OB- OA}
x - 3=y+l=z-2 r-a =À(b-a)
2 7 -3
r = a +À(b- a)
it fo.l lo~s t!'at the required line pa!sin~ thr~ugh :. Equation of straight line passing through a and b.
A(2i - j + k ) has the direction of2i +7 j -3k. Hence, the
vector equation of the required tine is => r = a+À(b-a)
r = Ú - j + k+ À(2i+7 j -3k) where À is a pararneter.
4. Cartesian Equation of a Une Passing
1 Example 24. The cartesian equation of a line are Through Two Given Points
6x - 2 = 3y + 1 =2z - 2 Find its direction ratios and Equation of straight line passing through (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ),
also find the vector equation of the line. (x2, Y2, z2 ).
Sol. We know that,
x - x, = y - Y, =z - z, is cartesian equation of straight line.
a b e
6x - 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z - 2
=> 6(x-;) = 3(y+;)=2(z-1)
1 1
x-3 y+3 z-1
- 1 - = - 1- = - 1- The direction ratios of
-6 -
3
-
2 AB =(x 2 -x 1 ,y2 -y 1 ,z 2 -z 1 )
1 1
x- - y+- The direction ratios of
---1. =__
3 =:..::2.
1 2 3 AP =(x - x 1 ,y-y 1 ,z -.:: 1 )
which shows given line passes through ( .!., - .!.,
3 3
1) and has Since, they are proportional
direction ratios (1, 2, 3). x-x, = y-y)
:. lts vector equalion is X2 -x, y~ -y 1
J ·)
r = ( 1.i - 1 + k + À(1 + 2J + 3k) • ' • = ;:-;:,
3 3
1Example 25. Find the vector equation of line passing

through A(3, 4, - 7) and B(l , - 1, 6). Also, find its
Condition for Perpendicularity
cartesian equations. The lines are perpendicular, thcn
~I. Since, the line passes through A(3i + 4J - 7k)
b· b' =O
and B(i - j + 6k ~ its vector equation is
r =3i+ 4]-7k+ Ã[(i-)+6k )-(31+ 4)-1k)J
or r =31+4}-7k-À(2i+5]-13k) ...(i) Condition for Parallelism
where À is a parameter. The lines are pnrnllel, thcn b = (b') À, for some scalnr À
The cartesian equivalcnt of (i) is ~ = Y - 4 = z + 7_ ª•
2 S -13 ⇒ - = b1
- =C1-
1Example 26. Find the equation of a line which

passes through the point (2. 3,4) and which has equal 1Example 27. Find lhe angle between lhe pair of lines
intercepts on the axes. r = 3i +2]-4 k+ À (i + 2] +2k)
~I. Sincc, lines has cqual intercepts on axes, it is equally
inclined to axcs. and r =Si-2 k +µ(3i+2 j +6 k)
=> tine is along the vector a(i +} + k) Sol. Given line nre
=> Equation of line is x - 2 =Y - 3 =z - 4 r =(Ji + 2) - 4k) + Ã(l + 2} + 2k)
1 1 1
nnd r =(Sl-2k) + [1(3Í+2)+6k)
We know that, angle between r = n 1 + Àb1 nnd r = a,+ µb ,,
Angle between Two Unes cos8=~
1 b, li b, 1
Vector Form
cose= (l +2} + 2k)·(Jt + 2J + 6k) = J + 4 + 12 =~
Lei r = a+Àb ...(i)
✓1'+2'+2'JJ'+2'+6' .fo.f.i'ij 21
and r= a' +µb' ...(ii)
be two straight line in space. 8 = cos-• (*)
Clearly, Eqs. (i) and (ü) are straight line in the directions
ofb and b', respectively. 1 Example 28. Prove that the line x = oy + b, z = cy + d
Let 8 be the between the straight lines (i) and (ii). ~nd x = o' y + b', z = dy + d' are perpendicular,
Then, 8 is the angle between the vectors b and b' also 1foo'+cc'+l=O.
b - b'=l b ll b'lcos8 Sol. Wc co.n write the equations oí strnight line ns
b· b' x-b' =-d'
-a,-=y,y=-,-
cose= 1b llb'I
x - b' v-o ·-d'
Cartesian Form ~=-·-1-=T ...(i)
x-x. y-y. z-z. nnd :r-b z -d

Let - ª-•- =-b-- =- c--
1 1
...(i) --=y. y = - -
a e
x - x2 y-y2 z-z2
X - b = )' - o== - d,
...(ii)
and - ª-2 -=-b-1-=~ ...(ii) n 1 e
Wc know that, x - Xi = Y - Y, = =- =,
be two straight lines; Then, b = a I i + b 1 j + c 1ic ª• !\ r,
b'=a 2 i +b2 ) +c2 k and x- X1 Y - )'... : - : '
~= i.,·=~
So, that b · b' = ª•ª2 + b1b2 + C1C2 are pcrpcndiculnr, if a,a, + l:\b, + r,c, a o
and l bl = ✓af +b: +e:; lb' l = ✓aL+b: +e: :. For thc S!fl\ight Hnrs givcn by Eqs. (i) nn.l (ii), to bc
pc~ndlcular.
ª •ª2 +bibz +c1Cz
a' a + 1• l + r' C' = o
cos 8 = --;=====-,======
./a~ +b~ +e~ ✓ai +bi +ci ao'+1'l·'+1 = O
-180 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry
À. = --~(a_-_a_)_·_
Perpendicular Distance ⇒
b
Ib l2
of a Point from a Line ⇒ Posilion vector of L is a -
(a -<X)·
"------'-
b)
b, which is
( I b l2
1. Foot of Perpendicular from a Point on
the Given Une the fool of the perpendicular.
(i) Cartesian Form Here, lhe equation of line AB is (ili) The distance ofthe point(x 2,y2,z2 ) from lhe line
x-x, =y-y, =z - z, x-x, =y-y, =z-z 1 ,(where/,mandnare
a b e 1 m n
direction cosines of the line), is
Let L be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from
[(x2 -xi) 2 +(Y2 -y )2 +(z -z )
2
P(a,p,y)onthelinex-x, =y-y, =z-z, 1 2 1
a b e · -{/(x2 -xi)+m(y2 -y 1 )+n(z2 -zi)) 2]"2

Let lhe coordinates of L be (x 1 + aÀ., y 1 + bÃ., z 1 + cÂ.).
· Let r1 =(x 2 -x 1 )i+(y2 -y 1 )j+(z2 -zi)k
Then, the direction ratios of PL are (x 1 +aÀ.-a,
Y1 +bÃ.-P,z 1 +cÃ.-y). r2 =li+m)+nic
cos 8 = rz . r,
1r2 l · 1r, 1
A L B
Direction ratios of AB are (a, b, e).

Since PL is perpendicular to AB.
8
a(x 1 +aÀ.-a)+b(y 1 +bÃ.-P)+c(z 1 +cÃ.-y)=O (x,, Y1, z,) DC's
À.= a(a-x,) +b(p-y,) +c(y +z 1 ) (l,m, n)
ª2 + bz +cz Also, d =1 r1 lsin8
Putting the value of Ã. in (x 1 +aÀ., y 1 + bÃ., z 1 +cÀ.), d 2 = 1r, j2 sin 2 8
we get the foot ofthe perpendicular. Now, we can get 2
dislance PL using distance formula. = 1r, 1 (1 - cos 2 8)
(ü) Vector Form Let L be the fool of lhe perpendicular
drawn from P(a) on the line r= a+Ã.b.
= 1r, 12 (1-
(r, . r2)2 )
2
1r, 1 ·I r 2 1
2
Since, r denotes the position vector of any point on 2 2

the line r = a+ Ã.b, the position vector of L will be d = 1r1 1 -(r 1 · r 2) 2 (where, 1r 2 1= 1)
(a+Àb) ⇒ d =.JI r, 12 - (r1 · r 2 ) 2
Directions ratios of PL = a -a + Ã.b
r(a) d= {(xz -x,)2 +('yz -y,)2 +(z2 - z,)2
- {l(x2 - x 1 )+m(y2 -y 1 )+n(z 2 -z 1 )} 2
2. Reflection or lmage of a Point

A_LB
(r• a+Ab) L(e+Ab)
in a Straight Une
(i) Carteslan Form To f1nd lhe reflection or image of a
point in a slraighl line in cartesian form.
Since, PL is perpendicular lo b,
Lei P(a, p, y) bc lhe point and
(a - a+Ã.b)·b = O x-x, y-y, z-z,
⇒ (a-a)·b+Ãb·b=O - - = - b - = - - be lhe given line.
a e
P(a, p,y) [(a-a)· b]

À= 2
1b 1
A B :. Position vector of L.
:L
''
a+Àb=a-eª~b~~ -b )b
:o(lmage) (a , p , y J
Let Q be the image of point Panda' be the position
Let L be the foot of perpendicuiar from P to AB and vector.
let Q be the image of the point in the given Iine, Since, L is mid-point of PQ.
where PL = LQ,
Let the coordinates of L be => cx+a' =a-((a-a)·b)b
2
2 1b 1
(x1 + aÂ., y 1 + bÀ, z 1 +cÂ.)
Then, direction ratios of PL are
⇒ a , =2a-
. (2(a
- ' -- -
ex)-•-
2
b) b- a
(x1 +aÂ.-CX,Y1 +bÃ.-P,z1 +cÃ.-y) 1bl
Since, PL is perpendicular to the given line, whose which is image of P on r.
direction ratios are a, b ande,
:. (x1 +aÂ.-a.)•a+(y 1 +bÃ-P)·b 1 Example 29. Find the foot of perpendicular drawn
+(z 1 +cÂ.-y)•c=O from the point 21 - )+ Sk to the line
{a(a - x 1) +b(P-yil +c(y - zi) r=(11i-2)-Bk)+Ã(10i-4J-11k). Also, find the
=> À
ª2 + b2 + c2 length of the perpendicular.
Substituting À, we get L, (foot of perpendicular) Sol. Lei.L b~ the .foot of the perpendicular drawn from
P(2i - j + Sk) on the line
Let coordinates of Q(cx', P', y') be image.
:. Mid-point of PQ is L P(2i - i +Sk)
a+cx' P+P' y+y'
:. --=X1 +aÀ, --=y1 +bÂ.,-- =Z1 +cÂ.
2 2 2 (1 1i- 2i-Bk)
a'=2(x 1 +aÂ.)-cx,P'=2(y1 +bÂ.)-P, +A(1oi- 4j - 111<)
y'=2(z1 +cÃ.)-y L
(ü) Vector Fonn To find the reflection or image of a r= (Ili -2}-Bk) + À{IOi - 4} - llk)
point in a straight line in vector form. Let P(cx) be the Let the position vector of L is
given point and r= a+Àb be the given line.
(lli -2j-8k) + À{IOl - 4j- llk)
:P (a) = (11 + lOÀ)i +(- 2 - 4À))+ (-8 - IIÀ)k
''
:. PL = Position vector of L - Position vector of p
A,------''----r-_a+Ab = (9 + IOÀ)i + (-1 - 4À)j + (-13 - IIÀ)k

:t Since, PL is perpendicular to the given Une and paralltl to
b = !Oi - 4) - l lk. ~ PL· b = O
; O(lmage) (a ) ~ {(9+ lOÀ)i + (-1-4À)j +(-13- llÀ)k) ·(IOi - 4) - 111<) = O
~ 10(9 + lOÀ)-4(-1 - 4À) - 11(-13 - IIÀ) = O
Let Q be the image of P in r= a+Ãb
~ À=-1
PL= a+Ã.b-a
On pulling À= - 1, we gel L •• (I+ 2) + 3k)
Since, PL is perpendicular to the given llne,
Now, PL=(l+2)+3k)-(21-)+5k)
PL.l b
~ <- 1+ 3) -21<)
PL· b=O
Hencc, lhe lenglh of prrprndicular from P on the given tine
(a+Àb - a) · b = O
=1PLI = ~ = ✓14
1 Example 30. Find the coordinates of the foot of the 1Example 32. Find the length of the perpendicular
perpendicular drawn from point A (1, O, 3) to the j oin of 4-x y 1- z
points B (4, 7, 1) and C(3, 5, 3). drawn from point (2, 3, 4) to line - - = =- - ·
2 6 3
Sol. Lei D be lhe foot of the perpendicular and lei it divide BC Sol. Lei P be the foot of the perpendicular from A(2, 3, 4) to the
. the raho
m . '/\, : 1. Then, the coord.1nates o f D are -
3À -
+ 4,
given line I whose equation is
À +1
4 - X=f=l -z
SÃ. + 7 and 3Ã. + 1.
2 6 3
f ''
À +1 À +1
x-4·y z-1
or - - =- =-=k(say). ...(i)
- 2 6 -3
Therefore, x =4 - 2k, y = 6k, z = 1 -3k
As P lies on (i), coordinates of P are(4 -2k,6k, 1 -3k) for some
value of k.
à (4, 7, 1) e (3, s, 3) The direction ralios of AP are
(4 -2k -2, 6k -3, 1 - 3k - 4)
Now, AD.LBC ⇒ AD·BC=O or (2 -2k, 6k -3, -3 -3k).
⇒ (2À + 3) + 2(5À +7) +4 = O ⇒ À=_ 2_ Also, the direction ratios of I are - 2, 6 and - 3.
4 Since, AP .l l
⇒ Coordinates of D are ~. :?. and ~ • ⇒ - 2(2 -2k) + 6(6k - 3) - 3(-3 - 3k) = o
3 3 3
⇒ - 4 + 4k + 36k - 18 + 9 + 9k = O
1Example 31. Find the length of perpendicular from or 49k - 13 =O or k =~
x+ l y-3 z+2 49
P(2 - 3 1) to the line - =- - = - We have, AP 2 =(4-2k - 2) 2 +(6k-3) 2 + (1 - 3k - 4) 2
' '· 2 3 · - 1
= (2 -2k) 2 +(6k - 3) 2 +(-3 -3k) 2
Sol. Given line is x + 1 =y - ~= z + 2= r ...(i) 2
2 3 - 1 = 4-Bk + 4k + 36k2 - 36k +9 + 9+ 18k + 9k 2
and P(Z. -3, 1) = 22-26k + 49k 2
: P(2, ---3, 1)
. 2
..'
= 22 - 26(~) + 49(~)
. 49 49
.:90"
'
22 X 49 -26 + 13 +13 2
49
909
49
A B
Q
Coordinates of any point on line (i) may be taken as
(2r - 1, 3r + 3, - r -2) A(2, 3, 4)
_l
Lei Q = (2r - 1, 3r + 3, - r -2)
Direction rati o's of PQ are(2r - 3, 3r + 6, - r -3).
Direction ratio's of AB are (2, 3, - 1).
Since. PQ .l AB I p
2(2r -3) +3(3r + 6) - 1(-r -3) = O Aliter
= r = --
15
14
We know lhat lhe distance of lhe point (:r2, y 2, z 2 ) from lhe
line x - x, = Y - y, = z - z, is
Q=(-~. _2_, - ~) 7 14 14
1 m n
2
(x2 - x,) +(y 2 -y,) 2 +(z 2 - z 1) 2
( 22)
2
PQ2 = 2+-
7
+ ( -3+-
14
3)' + (1 +114-3) =531
2
-
14
-(l(x2 - x1) +m(y 2 - y 1 ) +n(z 2 ~ ,))
2
Here, (x2 , y 2, z 2 ) are(2, 3, 4) and (x1, y,, z 1) are (4, O, 1) and

PQ =
4
uruts
.
(1, m, n) = (- , •
2
7 7 7
~ .:2).
X -1 y + 2 Z - 3
2 - 4) 2 +(3 - o)' +(4 - 1)' Sol. Here, - - = - - = - -,
2 3 6
d= Í -2 6 3 1'
-L-(2- 4) +-(3-0)--(4-l)J
7 7 7 P(1 , -2, 3)
= ✓4+9+9-(~)' 3 units
=)22 _ 169 = 1078 -169 0(2r+1 , 3r-2, 6r+3)

49 49
...(i)
✓9Õ9 3 is lhe given straight line
=-- =- ✓!Õi
7 7 Let p = (1, - 2, 3) on the straight line.
Here, direction ratios of line (i) are (2, 3, 6 ).
1Example 33. Find the image of the point (1,6, 3) in 2 3 6
X y -1 Z-2 :.Direction cosines of line (i) are 7' 7,7.
the line - =- - =--.
1 2 3 Equation ofline (i) may be written as
x-1 y+2_z-3
Sol. Let P be the given point and lei L be the foot of perpendicu-
lar from P to the given line. m m -m
=
...(ii)
: P(1, 6, 3) Coordinates of any point on the line (ií) may be taken as

''
'
~r +
(7
1, ~r
7
-2, ~7 r + 3)
A :L B LetQ(~r + 1) r -2. ~ r +3)
7 7 7
''
Given, 1 ri =3
:. r=±3
Toe coordinates of a general point on the given line are given Putting the value ofr, we have Q= ( -13 . --5 . -39) or (1- , -- 23 , -3)
by
7 7 7 7 7 7
x-0 =y- 1 =:....::2=,._
i.e. x
1 2
=À, y =ZÀ + 1, z =3À + 2
3
Shortest Distance between
Lei the coordinates of L be
....(i)
Two Unes
(À, 2À + 1, 3À + 2)
If two lines in space intersect at a point, then the shortest
So, direction ratios of Pl are
distance between them is zero. Also, if two lines in space
(À - 1, 2À - 5, 3À - 1)
are parallel, then lhe shortest dislance between them will
Direction ratios of the given line are (1, 2, 3) which is be the perpendicular distance, i.e. lhe length of the
perpendicular to PL .
perpendicular drawn from any point on one line onto the
(À_ 1) · 1 +(2À -5) · 2 + (3À - 1) · 3 = O
other line. Further, in a space, there a re lines which are
=> À= 1 neither intersecting nor parallel. ln fact, such pair of lines
So coordinates of L are (1, 3, 5). are non-coplanar and are called skew lines.
Le; Q(x,, y,, z,) be lhe image of P(l, 6, 3) on given line.
z
Since, L is mid-point of PQ.
X +1 y 1+6 z, + 3
t = - '-2-,3 =-z- ,5 = - 2 -
=> x, = 1, y1 = O, z1 =7
:. lmage of P(I, 6, 3) in lhe given line is (1, O, 7).
1 Example 34. Find the coordinate5 of those points on

3
the line x - l =Y + 2 = z - which are at a distance of
2 3 6
3 units from points (1, - 2, 3).
X
Line GE goes diagonally across the ceiling and line DB Condition for Lines to lntersecting
passes through one comer of the ceiling directly above A
The two lines are intersecting, if
and goes diagonally down lhe wall. These lines are skew
because they are not parallel and also never meet. (b 1 x b2 ) ·(a 2 -a,) l=O
By the shortest distance between two lines, we mean the 1 lb1X b21
join of a point in one line with one point on the other line ⇒ (b 1 x bz)-(a 2 - a 1 )=0
so that the length of lhe segment so obtained is the
smallest. ⇒ ( b 1b 2 (a 2 -a 1 ))=O
Cartesian Form
1. Shortest Distance between Two
Let the two skew lines be
Skew Straight Unes
x-xi =Y-Y1 =z-z,
Line of Shortest Distance ª1 b1 C1
If 11 and /2 are two skew lines, then there is one and only x -x2 =Y-Y2 =Z- Z2
one line perpendicular to each of lines /1 and /2 which is and
known as the line of shortest distance. ªz b2 c2
Vector equations for these two lines are
J
r = (x 1 i + y 1 +z 1k) +À(a 1i + b1 ] +c 1 k)
,, and r = (x2i+yz]+z 2 k)+µ(a 2i+b2]+c2k)
Lineof
shortest distance . l(a2 -a 1 )·(b 1 x b 2 )1
·: Shortest d.istance n = I bi x hz I
- -- -----:!o~- - - -,2
X2 -xi Yz - y1 Z2 - Zt
Here, distance PQ is called to be shortest d.istance.
ª1 b, C1
Vector Form ª2 b2 C2
⇒ d=
Let 11 and /2 be two Iines whose equations are (b 1c 2 -b2 c1) 2 +(c 1a 2 - a 1c 2 )2
r = a 1 +Àb 1 and r = a 2 + µb 2 , respectively.
+(a 1 b2 -a 2b1) 2
Clearly, /1 and /2 pass through the points A and B with a 1
and a 2 , respectively and are parallel to the vectors b 1 and Conditions for Unes to lntersect
b 2 , respectively. The lines are intersecting, if shortest distance = O
Since, PQ is perpendicular to both 11 and /2 which are X2 - x, Y2-Y1 Z2 -z1
parallel to b 1and b 2 •
⇒ =O
:. PQ is parallel to b 1 X b 2.
• b 1 X b2
Let ô be a unit vector along PQ, then n = ± 1b i x b 1
2 2. Shortest Distance between Parallel Unes
PQ = Projection of AB on PQ Let 11 and /2 be two parallel lines whose equa_tions are
⇒ PQ=AB•ô r = a 1 + Àb or r = a 2 + µb, respectively.
· (b1 X b2)
....' ' '

=±(a2 - a1)· lb1 x b21
,
,
(b 1 x b 2) (a2 -ai) , ' '
= ± ~'-------=-'--~--
l b1 Xb21
. l(b1 x b 2 )-(a2- a1)1
,, C:: o;.,'
Hence, d1stance PQ = I bi x b I M ____ '-_A(a )
2 1
_..,a, '
[b 1b2 (a 2 -ai))
1 b 1 x b2 1
oH-0 1
Clearly, l1 and l2 pass through the points A and B with J k

position vectors a 1 and a 2 , respectively and both are and b 1 x b 2 = 1 2 - 3 = 21 - J + Ok
parallel to the vector b, where BM is the shortest distance 2 4 -5
between 11 and 12 •
:. (a, -a1)·(b1 x b 1)=(-3Í +o}+ 21<) · (21- 3 + Ok ) = - 6
Lei 8 be the angle between AB and /1 • and I b1 x b, 1= ..fi+T+õ =✓5
sin8 = BM
AB :. Shortcst distancc, d = 1 (a, ~ ~ ,) } ~: ~ b, ) l=l 1s 1= "Ts
~ BM = AB sin8 =1 AB lsin8
Now, IAB Xb l =1 AB ll b lsin(n -8) 1 Example 37. Find the shortest distance between lhe
IABllblsin8 lines
x -1 y -2 z-3 x- 2 y -4 z- 5
=(I AB lsin8) I b l =BM Ib l - - =-- = - - and - - = - - = - - .
2 3 4 3 4 5
BM)ABxbl l(az -a.) x b l
Sol. Given lines are
lb l lb l
x-l=y-2=~ ...(i)
:. Shortest distance between parallel lines 2 3 4
r = a 1 +Àb 1 andr = a 2 +µbis x-2=y - 4= ~
and ...(ii)
d=l(az - a.) Xb l 3 4 5
Here, x1 = 1, y 1 = 2, z 3 = 3; x 2 = 2, y 2 = 4, z 2 = 5
lb l
/1 = 2, "1t = 3, n1 = 4; / 2 = 3, m 2 = 4, n2 = 5
1Example 35. Show that the two lines Shortest d.istance betwecn lhe lincs (i) and (ü) are modulus of
x -1 y- 2 z-3 x-4 y -1
- - = - - = - - and - - = - - = z intersect. Xz - x, y, - Y1 z, - z, ,
2 3 4 5 2 ' 1, "'i n,
Also, find the point of intersection of these lines. 12 m2 nz
1
...(iü)
Sol. Here, ~ =y- 2 =z - 3
...(i) 11m2 - l,111t) +(rn.n2 - m,n,)2
2 3 4
+ (11n2 -l2n,)2
and x -4 =y -l =z - 0
...(ü)
5 2 1
Any point online (i) is P(2r + 1, 3r + 2, 4r + 3) and any point
on lhe linc (ü) is Q(5À + 4, 2À + 1, À).
They interscct if and only if
= 1(15 - 16) - 2(10 - 12) + 2(8 - 9) = 1
2, + 1 = 5À + 4, 3r + 2 = 2À + 1, 4r + 3 = À
Also, (11m, - 12111t )' +(111tn2 - m,n, ) 2 + (n1/ 2 - n,11 ) '
On solving, , = - 1, À = - I
2
Clcarly, for thesc valucs ofÀ and r P (-1, - 1, -1) = (8 - 9) + (15 - 16) 2 + (10 - 12) 2
Hence, lines (i) and (ü) interscct at(- 1, -1, - 1). =6
From Eq. (ili) shortcst d.istance bclwecn lincs (i) (ii), we gel
1Example _36! Find t~e s~ort1;_st distance between the
linesr=(4i-j)+À(i+2j-3k) =111=1
andr= (i -]+2k)+µ (2i+4] - 5k).
1Example 38. Find the shortest distance and the
Sol. Wc know, lhe shortest distance between lhe lines vector equation of the line of,shortest distance
r = a 1 + Àb 1 and r =a,+ Ãb 2 between the lines given by
=> d =I (a 2 - a 1)·(b 1 x b 2)
1 b1 X b, 1
I r =(3i+Bj+ 3k)+À(3i- j+k )
On comparing thc given cquation wilh lhe cquations and r =(-3i - 7j+6k)+µ(- 3i+2j+4k)
r= a ,+ Ãb1 and r= a 1 + Àb 2 respcctlvely, wc havc Sol. Given lincs are
a,= 41- J,a, = l- J+ 2k, b 1 = l+ 2)-3k and b 1 =2i+ 4)-Sk r = (3l + 8) + 3k) + Ã(3i - J+ k) ...(i)
Now, a 2 - a 1 = -3Í+OJ+2k and r =(-31-7) + 6k)+ (t(- 3l + 2) + 4k) ...(ii)
186 Tex.tbook of Vector & 3D Geometry
liqu,,tion of linrs (i) llll<I (iii) ln curtcsln11 form, 1Example 40. Find the equation of_ a line which .
,IIJ: X -3 =)' -S =! - 3=À ...(iii)
passes through lhe point (1, 1, 1) and intersects the hnes
3 -1 1
x - 1 = y - 2 = z - 3 and x + 2 = y - 3 = z + 1.
1\11\I CD: ~ = y + 7 = : - 6 = (l ...(lv) 2 3 4 1 2 4
-3 2 4
Sol. Any line passlng through lhe point (1, 1, 1) is
B
X - 1 y- 1 Z- 1 (' )
-a-=-b- = - ,- ... i
A . - 1 y -2 Z -3
X
This tine intersects lhe line - - =- - = - - .
2 3 4
1 -1 2- 1
c----~A..,1---- 0 lf a: b: e,. 2: 3: 4 and ; b

3-1,
e =O
3 4
1
Let L(3À + 3). - À+ S. À+ 3~ M(-3µ -3, ~l -7, 4j.l + 6) => a-2b +e= O
Din-ctio11 mtios of Llf are Again, line (i) intersects line
{3À +3µ +6.-À - ~I + IS.À - 4µ - 3) x - (-2) y-3 = =z -(-1) ...(ii)
Since, Llf .L AB 1 2 4
:. 3(3À +3µ +6)- 1(-À -~I +15)+ l(À-4µ-3)=0
or IIÀ + 7).1 =O ...(v) Ifa :b:c,<J:2:4andl- 2a-1 3;1 -lc-11=0
Aga.in. L\f .LCD 1 2 4
-3(3À +3µ +6)-2(-À -2µ + 15)+ 4(À-4µ -3) =O => 6a+5b-4c=0 ...(ili)
or - 7À - 29µ =O ...(vi) From (ii) and (iii) by cross multiplication, we have
Sohing Eqs. (v) and (vi), we gel
-ª-=-b- =_c_
À =O=µ 8 -5 6 + 4 5 + 12
l:(3,8,3).
Ma(-3,-7,6) 3 10 17
Hence, the shortest distance, So, the required lines is x - 1 = Y - 1 = z - 1
UI= J ~(3-+-3)~,-+-(8_+_7_).,...
2 -+-(3---6) 2 = 3✓3Õ units
--,- 3 10 17
:. Vector equation of LM is
r =3i + s] + 3k + 1(6i + 1s)-3k) 1Example 41. lf the straight lines x = - 1+ s, ·
y = 3 - Às, z = 1+ ÀS and x = -t , y = 1+ t, z = 2 - t, w1.th
Also, the cartesian equation of LM is
x-3=y - 8 =.:....::2 2
6 15 -3 parameters s and t, respectively, are coplanar, then
find Ã.
1 Exampl~ 39: Fi!:Jd the s~of!est j istance between
lines r =(i+2j + k) +À (2i+ j+2 k) So/. The given lines x + 1 = Y - 3 =z - 1=s
1 -À À
and r= 2i- j - k+ µ (2i + j +2k). x-0 y- 1 y-2
~ = - - = --=-i""" = t are coplanar if
Sol. Here lines (i) and (ü) are passing through lhe points
a 1 = l+2J +k anda 2 = 21- J- k, respectively, and are 0+1 1- 3
2 -11
parallcl to lhe vector b = 21 + j + 2k. 1 - À À =O
1/2 - 1
Hence, the distance between the lines using lhe formula
~~ ~ l=O
k
2 1 2 :
1 b x(a 2 - a 1) I 1 -3 -2 11 /2 1 -1
I hl 3
=> l(À - À)+2(1 - })+ i(1 +}) = 0
i d -6)-11<1 .)16+36+49 = [iõ1
3 3 v--;- => À= - 2
Chap 03 Three Dimensional Coordínate System 187

3 1 3
1. The cartesian equation of a line is x - = y + = z - . Find lhe vector equation of lhe líne.
2 - 2 5
2. Aline passes through lhe point with position vector 2i -3} +4k and is in lhe direction of 3i + 4)-51<. Find the
équation of lhe line is veclor and cartesian forms.
3. Find lhe coordinates of lhe poinl where lhe line through (3, 4, 1) and (5, 1, 6) crosses XV-plane.
4. Find the angle between lhe pairs of line r = 31 + 2)-4k+ Ã.{I +2} +2k), r=51-2) + µ(31 + 2] + 6k)
. x-1 y-2 z - 3 x-4 y-1 , .
5. Show that the two hnes - - = - - = - - and - - = - - = z intersect. Find also the poinl of interseclion
2 3 4 5 2
of these lines.
6 Find lhe magnitude of lhe shortest dislance between lhe lines !!._ = L = ~ and x - 2 = Y - 1 = z + 2
. 2 -3 1 3 -5 2 .
7. Find lhe perpendicular dístance of the point (1. ~ 1) from lhe line x; 2=Y; 3= ~ .
1
8. Find the equalion of lhe line drawn through lhe polnl (1. O, 2) to meel ai right angles the line
x + 1 y-2_z+1 ·
- 3- = --=T - -:=-:;-·
9. Find lhe equation of line through (1. 2, -1) and perpendicular to each of lhe lines !!._ = t =.!.._ and !!._ = t =~
1 o -1 3 4 5·
1O. Find lhe image of lhe poinl (1, 2, 3) ln lhe line x; 6
= Y; 7
= z_- 7 .
2
Session 3 ·
Plane, Equation of Plane in Various Form, Angle between
Two Planes, Family of Planes, Two Sides of a Plane,
Distance of a Point from a Plane, Equation of Planes
Bisecting the Angle between Two Planes, Line and Plane
Plane which shows that the point R lies on Eq. (i). Since, Ris an
arbitrary point on the line segrnent joining P and Q.
A plane is a surface such that if any two point~ are taken
on it, the line segment joining them lies completely on the : . Every point on PQ lies on the surface represented by
surface. Eq. (i).
General Form General equation of the first degree in x, Hence, ax + by + cz .+ d =O is equation of plane.
y, z always represents a plane. · Equation of a Plane Passing Th.rough a Given Point
Toe general equation of plane is ax + by + cz + d = O. The general equation of a plane passing through a given
Proof. Let füst degree equation in x, y and z be point (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) is a(x - x 1 ) +b(y -yi) + c(z - zi) =O,
where a, b ande are constants.
ax + by + cz + d = O •••(i)
Proof. The general equation of plane is
ln order to prove that Eq. (i) is the equation of plane, it is
sufficient to show that every point on the line joining two ax + by + cz + d =O ...(i)
points lies on the surface represented by Eq. (i). If it passes through (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 )
Let P(x 1,y1,z1) and Q(x2,y2,z 2) be two points on the ⇒ ax 1 +by 1 +cz 1 +d = O ...(ii)
surface represented by Eq. (i). On subtracting Eq. (i) frorn Eq. (ii), we get
Then, ax 1 + by 1 +cz 1 + d =O ...(ii) a(x - xi) +b(y-yi) +c(z -z 1) = O
and ax 2 +by2 +cz 2 +d=O ...(iii) which is the equation of a plane passing through
(x1,Y1,zi).
Let R be any arbitrary point on the line segment joining P
and Q. Suppose R divides PQ in the ratio Â. : 1. 1Example 42. Show that the four points (O, - 1, - 1),
. ( x 1 + Â.x2 Yt + Â.Y2 z1 + Àz2) (-4,4,4), (4, 5, 1) and (3, 9,4) are coplanar. Find the
:. RIS ' ' ' ' '
1+1\, }+/\, }+ /\, equation of the plane containing them.
We are to show that R lies on the surface represented by Sol. We shall find lhe equation of a plane passing lhrough any
Eq. (i) for ali values of À.. For this, it is sufficient to prove three out of the given four points and show that the fourlh
point satisfies lhe equation.
that R satisfy Eq. (i)
Now, any plane passing through (O, - t, - 1) is
On putting this value of R in LHS ofEq. (i), we obtain
a(x - O) +b(y + t) +e(:+ 1) = O ...(il
a(X1 +Â.x2 )+b(Y1 +Â.Y2 ) +c ( z1 +Â.Zz )+d lf it passes through(- 4, 4, 4). we have
À.+ 1 À.+1 Â.+ 1 a(- 4) +b(S) +c(S) = O ...(ii)
Also, ifplane passes through (4. S. t),wc, hnw
1
=-
· - - {(ax 1 + by 1 +cz 1) + Â.(ax 2 + by2 + cz 2)1 a(4) + 1,(6) + c(2) = O
Â. + 1
⇒ 2a + Jb + e= O ...(iii)
1 On so)ving Eqs. (li) nnd (iii) by cross multiplicotion methcxl we
=-[o+o) [using Eqs. (ii) and (iii)]
À.+ 1 obtnin
a b e
=O - =- =-=k
-5 7 -11
On putting in Eq. (i), wc gel Cartesian Form

-5kx + 7k-(y + l) - llk(z + l) =O
Equation (ii) gives t]1e ;ector equation of a plane, where ti
=> - 5x + 7y - l lz - 4 = O
is lhe unit vector normal to the plane. Let P(x, y. z) be any
(required equalion of plane) poinl on the plane. Then
Clearly, lhe fourth point namely (3, 9, 4) satisfies lhis equation.
Hence, lhe given poinls are coplanar and lhe equation of plane OP= r=.ri+J,j+zk
conlammg those pomls, is 5x - 7y + 1 lz + 4 = O Lei /, m and n be the direclion cosines of ti.
Then, ti= (/i +m) + nk)
Equatian of Plane Therefore, (ii) gives
(.ri+,0 +zk) ·(/i +m) +nk) = d
in Various Form or lx+my+nz=d ... (iii)
A plane is delermined uniquely ií
This is the cartesian equation of the p lane in lhe normal
(i) The normal lo lhe plane and ils distance from the form.
origin is given, i.e. lhe equalion of a plane in normal
form. Note
(ii) lt passes through a point and is perpendicular to a Equation (iii) shows that if r •(a i + bj + ck ) = d is the vect or
given direction. equation of a plane. t hen ax + by + cz = d is l he cartesian
equation of the plane, w here a, b and e are the direct ion rali os of
(iii) lt passes lhrough lhree given non-collinear points. the normal to l he plane.
The equation r· n = d is in normal form, if n is a unit

Equation of Plane in Normal Form vector and d is the distance of the plane from lhe origin. If
Vector Form n is nota unit vector, then to reduce the equation r· n = d
to normal form, we reduce the equation r · n = d to normal
Toe vector equation of a plane normal to unit vector ti form by dividing both sides by I n J. we gel
and ata distance d from the origin is r · ti = d.
r· n d d
p ~ = ~ ⇒ r· n =~ =p (distance from lhe origin)
N p
dnf //(r) 1~xampl_e 43 . Find lhe vector equation of plane which

d 1s at a d1stance of 8 u~its. fron: the origin and which is
: / normal to lhe vector 2 i + j + 2k .
l ,/ r
oi' Sol, Here, d= Band n = Ú+ j +2k
n=~= 2l+ j+2k _2i+ )+2k
Proof. Let O be the origin and let ON be the perpendicular
from·O to the given plane 7t such thal ON = dti, where d is
1n 1 .jz2 + l 2 + 22 3
perpendicular distance of plane from origin. Hence, lhe required equation of plane is, r · n = d
Let P be a point on the plane, with position vector r so => J+-
r · -2i+- 2ic) =8
( 3
thatOP = r
Now, NP.L ON => r-(2i+ J+2icJ = 24
⇒ NP • ON = 0 ...(i)
⇒ (OP-ON)·ON=O
1Exa__mpl~ 44: Reduce lhe equation
r ·(3i - 4 j + 12k) = 5 to normal form and hence find lhe
⇒ (r -dti),dti = O
length of perpendicular from lhe origin to the plane.
⇒ r •dti - d 2 1i• ti =O
Sol. The given cqualion of plan,· is
⇒ dr · n-d 2 ln l2 = 0 (·: d~ O) r ·(3l - 4) + 12k) =S or r· n = 5
⇒ r •1i - d=0 (·:1i• I = 1) whrrl', 11 =Jl-4) + 12k
⇒ r · i1 = d ...(ii) Sinrc, 1nl ~ .J•> + 16 + 144 = 13 ,t 1, thereforo the given
Thus, the required equation of lhe plane is r · ,i =d. rc1uation Is not lhe normal fonn. To r,Juco lo normal form we
divide bolh sides by I n I i.e. ~ =~ or Since, AP lies in the plane and n is a normal to the plane
1n l I n l 7t.
3. 4. 12 · )
5
r·( i-
13 13 j +
13 =13. Tlús is lhe normal form of lhe
k
equation of given plane and lenglh perpendicular = ~-

13
1Example 45. Find the distance of the plane ,...... \ :

2x - y - 2z. - 9 = O from the origin.
---:~
o
Sol. The plane can be put in vector fonn as r · (2i - J- 2k) = 9. AP.l n
Here, n=21-J-2fc
⇒ AP- n =O ⇒ ' ( r · a) · n=O (·:AP=r-a)
⇒
~=ú-J-21< Hence, the required equation of the plane is
1nl 3
(r- a) · n=O
Dividing equation throughout by 3, we have equation of plane
(21- )-21<) Note
in normal form as r · - ~ -- = 3, in wlúch 3 is lhe distance
3 The above equation can be written as,. n = d. where d = a• n
of lhe plane from lhe origin. (known as scalar product form of plane).
1 Example 46. Fin_d th~ ve~tor equation of a line Cartesian Form

passing through 3i - 5j + 7k and perpendicular to the
If r=ri + y j +zk, a=x 1 i + y 1 j +ziÍc and n =ai +bj +ck,
plane 3x - 4y + Sz = 8.
then( r - a) =(x - x, )i +(y -y 1 )j +(z -zi)Íc
Sol. The given plane 3x - 4y + Sz = 8.
Then equation of the plane can be written as
or (3i-4)+Sk)(xi+.ia+zk) =8.
(x - x, )i +(y -yi)j +(z - zi)Íc-(ai+bj +ck) = O
Tlús shows lhat d =3i-4) + Sk is normal to lhe given plane.
⇒ a(x - x,) +b(y - y 1 ) +c(z -zi) =O
Therefore, lhe required line is parallcl to 3i- 4) + Sk.
Thus, the coefficients of x, y and z in lhe cartesian
Since, lhe required line passes through 31-sJ + 7k, its equation equation of a plane are the direction ratios of the normal
is given by r=3i-5) + 71<+ À(3i-4) + Sk), where À is a to the plane.
parameter.
1Example 48. Find the equation of the plane passing
1 Example 47~Fi!]d t~e unit vector perpendicular to through the point (2, 3, 1) having (5, 3, 2) as the
the plane r ·(2i+ j +2k)=5. direclion ratios of the normal to the plane.
Sol. Vector normal to lhe plane is n = 2i + j + 2k So/. The equation of the plane passing through (xi, y 1, z1) and
perpendicular to lhe line with direction ratios a, b ande is
Hence, unit vector perpendicular to the plane is given by a(x - xi)+ b(y - y 1) + c(z - z1) = O.
n 21+ J+2fc Now, since the plane passes through (2, 3, 1) and is
i-;;j - J2 2 + 12 + 22 perpendicular to the line having direction ratios (5, 3, 2), lhe
equation of lhe plane is given by S(x - 2) + 3{y - 3) + 2(z - 1)
= ! <21+ }+21<) = Oor Sx +3y + 2z =21.
3
1Example 49. The foot of lhe perpendicular drawn
Vector Equation of a Plane Pass!ng Through from the origin to a plane is (12, -4, 3). Find lhe
a Given Point and Normal to a G1ven Vector equation of the plane.
The vector equation of a plane passing through a point Sol. Since P(l2,- 4,3) is lhe fool ofthe perpendicular from lhe
having position vector a and normal to vector n is origin to the plane OP is normal lo lhe plane n. Thus. lhe
(r -a)· n =O. direclion ratios of narmal to the plane n«• 12, -4 and 3.
• Proof Suppose the planer 7t passes lhrough a poinl having Now, sincc lhe plane passes through (12,- 4 . 3), its
equalion is givcn by
position vector a and is normal to lhe veclor n . ~et O be
12(x - 12)-'1(y + 4) +3{z -3) = O
the origin and r be lhe position vector of any poml P on
the plane 7t. Then, OP = r. or 12x - 4y + Jz - 169 = O
1Example 50. A vector n of magnitude 8 units is x - x. y-y. z-z.

1nclined lo X-axis at 45°, Y-axis ai 60º and an acute
⇒ X 2 -x1 Y2-Yt z 2 - z 1 =O,whichistherequired
a~le with Z-~is. lf a plane passes through a point
(.J2, - 1, 1) and is normal to n, then find its equation in X3 -x. Y1 -y. Z3 -z.
vector form. equation of the plane
Sol. Lei Y be lhe angle made by n wilh Z-axis, then direction Vector Form
cosines of n are
Vector form ofthe equation ofthe plane passing through
I -- cos 45• = 1r.• m = cos 60° = -1 and n = cos y
v2 2
three points A. B and C having position vectors a, b ande,
respectively.
/
2 2
+ m +n
2
=1 ⇒ ~ + .!. + n2 =1 Let r be the position vector of any point P in lhe plane.
2 4
n' = .!_ Hence, vector AP= r- a AB= b- a and AC= e- a are
4 coplanar.
1 . 1
Hence, (r- a)· {(b- a) X (e- a)} = O
n=
2(neglectmg n =- 2as y is acute: n > O)
⇒ (r - a)-(bxc - b xa-a x c+axa)=O
Wehave, lnl=8
⇒ (r- a) ·(b x e+ ax b+ ex a) =O
n = 1n 1(li + m} + nk)
⇒ r·(bx e+ ax b+ ex a)
1 • 1, 1 - ) r.- - -
n = 8 ( ✓2 1 + J + k = 4v 2i + 4j + 4k
2 2 =a ·(b x e) +a ·(a x b) +a •(ex a)
The required plane passes through the point(✓2, - 1, l)having ⇒ [rbc]+[rab]+[rca]=[abc]
position vector which is the required equation of the plane.
a =✓2i-J+k
Note
So, its vector equation is (r - a)· n =O 1. li p is lhe length oi perpendicular from t he origin on this plane,
⇒ i--ii = â - it lhen p = [a b e) / n, where n =1ax b + b x e+ e x a 1-
⇒ r ·(4✓2 i+4}+4kl = (✓2 i - J+ k) ·(4✓2 i+4}+ 4k) 2. Four points a, b, e and d are coplanar il d lies on the plane
containing a, b ande.
⇒ r ·(4✓2i+4}+4k)=8
or d - [axb + b x c+cxa) =[abc)
⇒ r-(✓2 i+J+1<J = 2 or [d a b) + [d b e) + [d e al = [a b e)
1Example 51. Find the equation of the plane such 1Example 52. Find lhe equation of the plane passing
that image of point (1, 2, 3) in it is (- 1, O, 1). through A(2, 2, - 1), 8(3, 4,2) and C(7, o,6). Also f ind a
unit vector perpendicular to this plane. ·
Sol. Since, lhe image of A(l, 2, 3) in lhe plane is B(- 1, O, 1), lhe
plane passes through lhe mid-point (O, 1, 2) of AB and is Sol. Here, (x., y1, z1 )":a(2, 2, - 1). (x 2 , y 2 , z, )= (3, 4, 2) and
(x3, YJ, Z3) =(7, O, 6).
normal to lhe vector AB = - 2i - 2j - 2k.
Then, lhe equation aí the plane is
Hence, lhe equation oflhe plane is - 2 (x-0) - 2(y-1)
-2(z - 2) = O
or x + y + z =3.
: . ~: . ; , - -; : ,·. ~ ·;, l= O
1 X3 - X1 Yl - Y1 Z3 - Z1
Equation of a Plane Passing through or 1: =: :=: :=((~ :~ 1= o

Three Given Points 7 -2 0-2 6 - (- 1)
ar Sx + 2y - 3z = 17
Cartesian Form
A normal vector to this plane is d = Si+ 2}-3k ...(i)
Let the plane be passing through poinls A(x 1 , Y1, z 1 ),
Therefore, • unit vrctor normal to (i) is givrn by
B(x 2,y2,z 2) and C(x 1.y, ,z1)-
• d SÍ+ 2) - 3k
Let P(x,y, z ) be any point on the plane. n =jdi ~,[is+ H9
Then, vectors PA, BA and CA are coplanar.
(PA BA CA] = O = ~ (St+2]-3k)
✓38
1 Example 53. Find equation of plane passing through Cartesian Form

the points P(l, 1, 1), Q (3, - 1, 2) and R (- 3, 5, - 4). From (r - a) •(bx e) =0,we have (r - a b e)
Sol. Let lhe equalion ofplane passing lhrough (1, 1, 1) be X-Xi y-yl z-z1
a(x - 1) + b(_y-1)+ c(z - 1)= O, as il passes lhrough lhe
points Q and R. ⇒ x2 y2 z 2 = O, which is the required
2a-2b+c=0 X3 Yl Z3
and - 4a + 4b - Se =O equation of the plane, where b = x 2 i + YzJ + Zzk and
Hence, solving by cross mulliplicalion melhod, we get c=x 3i+y 3)+z3k.
- ª - = - - b - = _ c_ =k
10-4 - 4+ 10 8-8 1 Example 54. Find the vector equati~n ~f t he. • •
a =6k, b =6k, e= o following planes in cartesian form r = i - j + À( i + j + k)
On subslituting in Eq. (i), we gel
+µd-2 }+3kJ.
6(x-1)+6(y - l)+ 0=0
i.e. x + y = 2; which is lhe rcquircd equation. Sol. Toe equalion of lhe plane is
Alitcr Equation of plane passing lhrough (x1, y 1, z1 ), (x2 , y 2 , z 2 ) r = i- j + À(i+ j + k)+ µ(i -2] + 3k).
and (x3, y 3 , z 3 ) is
Let r=ri+ "+zk
x- x, y-y, z -,, ,
Hencc, lhe cquation is
= x, - x, y, - y, z 2 - z1 =O
(ri+ "+zk)-<l- J> = Ã(l+ 3+ k)+ µ(i-2] +3k)
1 X3 - X1 Y3 -y, Z3 -Z1
x-1 y - 1 Thus, vectors(ri+ " + zk) - (i - J>. i+ ]+ k. i-2]+ 3kare

z- 1 1 coplanar.
i.e. 3 - 1 -1 -1 2 - 1 = O
Therefore, lhe equation of the plane is
1 - 3 - 1 5-1 -4-1
On solving, we get x + y = 2 x~l y-t) z~Ol=O
l 1 -2 3
Equation of a Plane Passing Through or Sx-2y-3z - 7 = O
a Given Point and Parallel to Two lntercept Form of a Plane
Given Vectors The equatíon of a plane having inlercepting lengths a, b
Let a plane pass through A (a) and is parallel to the plane and e with X-axis, Y -axis and Z-axis, respectively is
fonned by two vectors b ande. Since, AP lies in the plane
and b ande are two non-collinear veclors, ~+f+-=-=1
a b e
AP=Àb+µc Proof Let O be the origin and lei OX, OY and OZ be the
r-a=Àb+µc coordinale axes. ·
r= a + Àb+µc Lei the plane meets lhe coordinale axes ai the points
P, Q and R, respectively such thal
OP = a, OQ = b and P = e. Then, lhe coordinates of lhe
poinls are P(a,O, O), Q(O, b, O) and R(O, O, e).
Let lhe equation of plane be
Ax +By+Cz +D=O ...(i)
Since, Eq. (i) passes lhrough (a, O, O), (O, b, O) and (O, O, e), we
Here, À and µ are arbílrary scalars. have
Thís form is also called lhe parametríc fonn of the plane. -D
Aa+D=O ⇒ A =-
It can also be wrítten ín the non-paramelríc form as a
(r- a) ·(bx e) = O -D
Bb+D =O ⇒ B= -
or (rbc) =[a b c] b
Cc+D=0 ⇒ C= - D Angle between Two Planes

b
On putting these values in Eq. (i),we get required equation Vector Form
of plane as
The angle between two planes is defined as the angle
-D D D between their normais. ·
- x - - y--z=-D
a b e
⇒ ~+f+~ =l
a b e
1Example 55. A plane meets the coordinates axes in

A, B and C such that the centroid of the õABC is the
point (p, q, r ), show that the equation of the plane is
X y Z .
- + - + - =3
p q r
Sol. Lei the required equation of plane be Let 8 be the angle between planes r · n 1 = d 1 and
~+f+=-=1 01
a b e
...(i) r · n 2 =d2 thencos8 = ·n 2
• · 1 n1 li n2 1
Then, the coordinates of A, B and C are A(a, O, O), B(0, b, O) and
C(O, O, e). respectively. So, the centroid ofthe AABC,
Condition for Perpendicularity
. (~-~·f) Ifthe planes r · n 1 =d1 and .r· n 2 = d 2 are perpendicular,
But the coordinate of the centroid are (p, q, r). then n 1and n 2 are perpendicular. Therefore, n 1 • n 2 = O
a b e
3 = p, 3 = q, = r 3 Conditiori for Parallelism
On putting the values of a, b ande in Eq. (i), we get Iftheplanes r·n 1 = d 1 andr·n 2 = d 2
Toe required plane as are parallel, there exists the scalar Â. such that n 1 = Â.n~.
~+l'...+~=1
3p 3q 3r
Cartesian Form
If the planes are a 1 x + b, y + c1z + d =O
and a2 x +b2 y+ c2 z+ d 2 =0
cos a = ª1ª2 +bib2 + c1c 2
1Example 56. A variable plane moves in such a way ⇒
✓ ª12 + b2 2 ✓ 2 +b22 +c 2
1 +c1a2
that the sum of the reciprocais of its intercepts on the 2
three coordinate axes is constant. Show that the plane Condition for parallelism
passes through the fixed point.
~=~=~ = Â.
Sol. Let the equation of the plane b e ~ + l + :. = 1. Then, the ª2 b2 C2
a b e
intercepts made by the plane with axes area, b ande.
Condition for perpendicularity
.!. +.!. + .!. = constant(k) ...(i) (given)

ª 1ª2 +b1b2 +c 1c2 =O
a b e
1Example 57. Find the a~g_le b~twe_en the plane~
~ ..!... + ..!... + ..!.. = 1 comparing with ~ + l+ :. =l
2x+ y-2x+ 3= Oand r -(6i+ 3j+2k)= 5.
ak bk ck a b e
1 1
x=k.y=k Sol. Normais along the given planes are 21 + j - 2k and
6i+3J+2k
1
and z=-k Then angle between planes,
This shows Eq. (i) passes through lhe fixed point (~. f ~} 0 =cos-• (2i+ )-2k)·(61+3)+2k) _ 1 11
Jc2>' +<1>' + c- 2>' .J<6>' + CJ>' + c2>• = cos ii
1 Example 58. Show that ax+by + r =o, Equation of any Plane Passing
by + cz + p = Oand cz + ax + q = Oare perpendicular to Through the Line of lntersection
XY, YZ and ZX planes, respectively.
Sol. The planes a1x + b,y + c1z + d1 = o and of Two Plane
a,x + b2y + c,z + d 2 = Oare perpendicular to each other if The equation of the plane passing through the line of
and only if a 1a 2 + b,b, + c 1c 2 = O. intersection of the planes
The equation of XY, YZ and ZX planes are z = O, x = Oand a 1 x + b 1y + c 1z +d, =O and a2x + b2y +c2z +dz =O is
y = O, respectively.
(a 1 x + b1y + c 1 z +d,)+ k(a 2x + b2Y +c2z + dz ) =O
Now, we have to show that z =Ois perpendicular to-
Proof Let the given plane be
ax + by + r =O.
li fol!ows irrunediately, since a(O) + b(O) +(O) (1) = O, other paris a 1 x+b 1y+c 1 z+d 1 =O ..'.(i)
can be done sirnilarly. and a2x+b 2y+c 2z+dz=O ...(ii)
:. Required plane is (a 1 x + b1 y +c1 z +d,)
Family of Planes +k(a 2x+b 2y+c 2z+d 2 ) = 0

Clearly, plane (iii) represents the equation of plane.
...(üi)
Plane Parallel to a Given Plane Let (ex, p, y) be a point on the line of intersection of p lanes
(i) and (ii), then P Jies on planes (i) and (ü).
Since parallel planes have the sarne normal vector, so
equation of a plane parallel to r · n = d I is of the form a 1cx+b1 P+c 1 y+d 1 :O ...(iv)
r · n= d 2 , where d 2 is determined by the given conditions. and a 2cx +b2P+c2y +d 2 =O ...(v)
ln cartesian form, if ax + by + cz + d =O be the given p lane Now, multiply by k in plane (v) and then adding planes
then the plane parallel to this plane is ax + by + cz + k = O. (iv) and (v), we get
(a 1CX + b1P+c1 y +d 1 )
1Example 59. Find the equation of the plane through
the point (1, 4, - 2) and parallel to the, plane +k(a2cx + b2P+ c 2 y + d 2 ) =O
-2x+ y-3z =7. => P(cx, p, y) lies on plane (iii).
Sol. Let the equatian ~f a plane parallel to the plane Hence, p lane (iii) passes through each point on the line of
- 2x + y-3z = 7 be intersection óf planes (i) and (ii).
- 2x+y - 3z+k=O ...(i)
Thus, p lane (iii) is the equation of plane passing through
This passes thraugh (1, 4, - 2). ·therefore the line of intersection of planes (i) and (ii).
(- 2)(1) +4 -3 ( - 2) + k = o
⇒ -2 +4+6+k = O ⇒ k=-8 Vector Form
Putting k =- 8 in Eq. (i), we obtain Equation of planes passing thrÓugh the line of intersection
-2x+ y-3z -8= Oar-2x+ y - 3z =8 of p lanes ·
This is the equatian af the required plane. r· n 1 =d 1 andr·n 2 = d 2 is
1Example 60. Find the equation of the plane passing (r·n 1 - d 1 )+k(r· n 2 -d2 )=0
thr~ugh A(3, 4i-1), which is parallel to the plane or r·(n 1 +knz)=d 1 +kd2,kbeinganyscalar.
r-(2i - 3j + Sk )+ 7 =O.
1Example 61. Find the equation of the plane
Sol. The equation of any plane wlúch is parallel to containing the line of intersection of the plane
r ·(2i- 3j+5k) +7 =Ois · x + y + z - 6 = Oand 2x + 3y + 4z + 5 = Oand passing
r -<2i-3J+sk) +À.= o through the points (1, 1, 1).
ar 2x-3y+5z+Â.=O Sol. The equation of a plane through the line af intersectian af
the given plane is
Further (i) will pass thraugh (3, 4, - 1)
(x + y + z - 6) + À(2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = O ...(i)
if(2)(3) +(-3) (4) + 5(-1)+ Â = O
Ifline (i) passes through (1, 1, !), we have
ar - 11 + Â =O ⇒ Â =11
-3+ 14À=O
Thus, equation of lhe required plane is
r-(2i-3J+sk) + 11 = o Â.=2..
14
Chop 03 1 hrcc D1mcn:;1onol Coord,nate Sy:;tem 195
Puttini: À s 2- in linr (1). "-.- "hloin lht "111•111111 of 1h, mx, H 1x 1 m y+ ny 1 m: 2 +n: 1 )
I◄
Thrn. R --'----~ . •
( 111 ~11 m +n m +n
l"NjUir,d ('1111< •·
Sincc, R lics un thr plnm· (1).
(, • )' +: - o)• 2-ci
H
, • 3y • ◄: • 5) • o
:. ,1
nu•,+
•
nx 1 ) + b (my,+ 11)'1) + e ("': ,+ nz 1 ) + d -- O
-'--'----~
=> 20, • 23)' • 26: - 69 = O ( m +n 111 + 11 m +n
1Example 62. Find the pl_anes_pas~ing through the ::, 11(11L\': +11.,· 1 ) +l,(my, +ny 1 )
int~rs~tion of planes r-(2i - 3j + 4k) = 1and +f(m: 1 +n: 1)+d(m+n) = O
r -(i- j) +11 =Oand perpendicular to planes 111(11xJ + />_\' 1 +e: , +e/)
r-12i - j+ kl = - a. +11(e1x 1 +by 1 +n: 1 + cl) = O
111 (ru · 1 +/ly 1 ~r.:: 1 + d)
Sol. Tht tquation of any plon.- throufth 1hr hnr of intrrsttllo n of ... (ii)
thr ltl\' tll planrs " -;;- = - (11 \': + /1y: ~ CZ: + tf)
Ir 12l-3) • ◄ kl - tl + Ãl r •<l - )l+ ◄ I • o
r •U2 • Ã)I - o , ÃI) • ◄ k) • , - ◄>. - (í) Ili
nrc of san11: sign - <O (cxtc:rrrnl tlivis io n)
lf 11 li ~rptndirul•r lo r (ZI - ] + k) + 8 • O. lhrn li
1(2+ À)l -(3 • À))+ ◄ k) , (21 - )+ k) • O (inlcrnnl Jiv ision)

are of o ppositc s ig n ~>O
::(2 + À) +(3 + À)< ◄ • o li
c,x 1 + by 1 +cz 1 + d > O

Àa~ .-. lf (s amc ~ide)
J CIX z + by 2 +cz 2 +ri
l'unmi: À • - .!.!. in lin, (1). w.- obloln 1h.- ,quíllion of Ih< ax 1 +by 1 +cz 1 + e/ <O
3 (oppo,itc sitie)
rrqulrtd planr as r (-SI+~)+ t 2k ) = 47 ax 2 +by2 +cz 2 +d
1 Example 63. Find the interval of a for whlch

(a. a 2 , a) and (3, 2, 1) lies on sarne si de of
Two Sides of a Plane X+ y-4z+2=0.
=
~I a.r + by + e: + d O be the- plane, the-n the points 1
Sol. (a, a ,a)and(3, 2, 1) lies on sarne sitie o f x + y - 4z + 2 " O
(x 1 • y 1 • .::, ·l 11nd (x:. )':, :: ) lit' on the same side or opposite
side nc-cording ns :. (a + a ' -4a +2)(3 + 2 - 4 + 2) >o
ax1 +by, +r., +d >Oor<O => a' -3a + 2>0
ax 2 + by: + 1·.::: + d (a-l) (a-2) >0 => a e (--. tl u (2, .. J
Proof Here t'<jUa tion o f pla nr is.

ax + by + e: + d = O
~t Eq. (i) wvidr the line segment joining P and Q a i R
...(i)
Distance of a Point from a Plane
intcmally in the ratio m : n. Vector Form
P(,,. y,. z,) The length of the perpendicular from a point h.1vini:
posilion vec tor a lo the pla n-, r · n = J is giv-,n by
p ) a·n - d l
1n l
m
n n l'roof. l.d 7t be lhe 11iv.-11 pi.me a nJ l'(a) b.- th-, giv-,11 ·
.••.
polnt. Lei /'AI be thr lcng th uf rcrpc n,hrnlar frum P to the
pl.ine lt .
S111c.-, hn.- /'.l i p.1»e ~ tluuu11h /'(a) aml is p.irallcl to the
vc-rt or n whil'h i~ nunna l to thc plane lt. So, vcctur
.-,111,1IH>11 uf llnc l '.ll 1>
r = a+ ~n ...(1)
= ✓(a 2 +b2 + c2 ) r 2 =.Ja2 +b 2 +c2 l rl
=.Ja2 +b2 +e 2 ,-(ax1 2+by12 +czz1 +d) 1

a +b +e
'
h._ [from Eq. (ii)]
M
Point M is the intersection of Eq. (i) and the given plane 1t.
(a+Àn)·n=d
1Example 64. Find the distance of the point (2, 1,0)
from the plane 2x + y + 2z + 5 =O.
a·n+Àn·n=d ⇒ À=d-(a·n)
So/. We know that the distance of the point (x1, y., zi) from the
1n 12
plane ax + by + cz + d =Ois
On putting the \,alue of À. in Eq. (i), we obtain the position 1 ar1 + by1 + cz, + d 1
vector of M given by
.Ja' + b 2
+c
2
r=a+(dl~~t )n 12 x 2 + 1 + 2 x O + s 1 10
So, requúed distance - '--~ = = =~ =-.
.j2 2 +1 2 +2 2 3
PM= Position vector of M - Position vector of P
=a+(d -(a·n))n-a
l n 12
Distance between the Parallel Planes
The distance between two parallel planes
PM=(d-(a· n))n 2
and
ax+by+cz+d 1 =O
ax+by+cz+d2 = 0
ln 1
⇒ PM=IPMl=l(d - a·:)n 1 isgivenby d- 1 (d 2 -di)

lnl - .Jª2 + 1,2 + c2
ld-(a·n)llnl ld-{a· n)I Proof. Let d = Difference of the length of perpendicular
2
lnl lnl from origin to the two planes.
Thus, the length of perpendicular from a point having ld1 I
. la·n-dl
position vector a on the plane r · n = d 1s In I = 1 .Ja2 + b2 + c2
Cartesian Form ifd 1 andd 2 areofsameside=I di - d 2

.Ja2 + b2 + c2
Toe length of perpendicular from a point P(x 1,y1,z1) to
the plane ax + by + cz + d = O. Then, the equation of PM is
Vector Form
X-Xi =Y-Y1 =Z-Z1 ...(i) The distance between two parallel plane r · n = d 1
a b e
and r· n = d 2 is given by
The coordinates of any point on this line are
(x 1 +ar,y 1 +br,z 1 +cr) d)d1-d2I
lnl
Thus, the point coincides with M iff it lies on plane.
ie. a(x 1 +ar) +b(y 1 + br) + c(z 1 + cr) + d =O 1Example 65. Find the distance between the parallel
(ax 1 +by 1 +cz 1 +d) planes x+2y -2z + 1= O and 2x+4y-4z+ 5 = O.
ie. r=- ...(ii)
Sol. We know that, distance between parallel planes
2
ax + by + cz + d 1 = Oand ax + by + cz + d 2 =Ois,
Now, PM= (x 1 +ar-x,) +(y 1 +br-y 1 ) 2 1 d, -d, 1
+(z 1 + cr - z 1 ) 2 Ja• + b 2
+ c2
:. Distance between x +2y -2z + t = O

and x +2y -2z +~=O is
Bisector of the Angle between the
2 Two Planes Containing the Origin
Let the equation of the two planes be
a 1 x+b 1 y+c1 z+d, =O ...(i)
and a 2 x +b2 y+c 2 z+d 2 =0 ...(ii)
where d and d 2 are positive, then equation of the
Equation of Planes Bisecting bisect~r ~f the angle between the planes (i) and (ii)
containing the origin is
the Angle between Two Planes a 1 x+ b, y+ c 1z+ d 1 a 2x+bzy+c2z+d2
Equation of the planes bisecting the angle between the
planes.
a,x + b,y + c 1z +d 1 = Oand a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 z +d 2 =O is
a,x+b 1y+c 1z+d 1 ±a2 x+b2 y+c2 z+d 2
Bisector of the Acute and Obtuse
.ja~ + b~ +e: .ja~ +b~ +e~
Angles between Two Planes
Let the two planes be
Proof. Given planes are
a,x+b 1 y+c1 z+d 1 =O ...(i)
a 1x + b 1y +c1z +d1 = O ...(i)
and ... (ii)
and a 2 x+b2 y+ c 2z+d 2 =0 ...(ii)
where,d 1 andd 2 >0
Let P(x, y, z) be a point on the plane bisecting the angle
between planes (i) and (ii). (a) If a 1 a 2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c2 > O, the órigin lies in the obtuse
angle between the two planes and the equation of
Let PL and PM be the length of perpendiculars from P to bisector of the acute angle is,
planes (i) and (ü).
a1 x+b 1y+c1 z + d 1 a2 x+b2y+c 2z +dz
:. PL=PM
a1x+b1 y+c,z +d, l= lªzx+bzy+czz+ dzl (b) If a 1 a 2 + b1 b2 + e, c2 < O, then origin lies in the acute
~ l ..Ja:+ bf +e: .Ja~+b~+c~ angle between the two planes and the equation of
a,x+b,y+c 1 z+d 1 = +a2 x+b2 y+czz+dz bisector of the acute angle between two planes is
a, x +b,y+c,z+d, a 2x+b 2y +c2z+d 2
.ja~ +b: +cf .Ja~ + b~ +e~ --'--;===== =====-~= + --=-,=========-~
.Jal +b: +e~ .Ja~ +b~ +e~
lb..is is equation of planes bisecting the angles between the
planes (i) and (ii}. 1Example 66. Find the equation of the bisector
planes of the angles between the planes
Vector Form 2x - y+2z + 3 = O and 3x-2y + 6z+ 8 = O a nd specify
Equation of planes bisecting the angle between planes the plane which bisects the acute angle and the plane
,., •d, ~,f:~?H' ·~.-d, 1

which bisects the obtuse angle.
Sol. Toe two given planes are
2x - y + 2z + 3 = O and 3x -2y + 6: +8 = O
where, d1 and d2 > O
r - n 1 -d 1
----'-- - =± -r • n--=---
z -dz
and a1a 2 + /Jib2 + c1c2 =6 + 2 + l 2 > O
n, nz a1x + bi), + c1z + d1 a 2 x + b:e,v + e~ + d:!
n1 Dz _.!!J_±~ .Ja~ + /Ji + c
2 2
1 =- .Ja; + ~ + e;
r -~ ± r -~ - l n , 1 ln zl (obtuse nngle bisector)
A • d, ~ d
a 1.r + b,y + c1: + d1 a,x + bv' + r.,z+ d,
r -(n, ± n z)=~±lnz l an Ja~+ /Ji + e,' - .Ja: + b~ + (14x -7y + 14z +21) = ± (9x -6y + 18z + 24)
Taking positive sign on the right hand side, we gel
_ Sx - y - 4z - 3 = O(obluse angle bi~clor)
and laking negative sign on lhe right hand side, we gel
23x - 13y + 32z + 45 =O (acute angle bisector)
--1
Line and Plane
Une of lntersection qf Two Planes
Let two non-parallel planes are r · n 1 =d 1 and r - n 2 =d2 Plane
The angle between a line and a plane is the complement of

the angle between the line and the normal to the plane.
If the equation of the line is r = a+ i.b and that of the
: ~ : :t:· : :;~e: ::~e~, ::si:~ re line and the
So, the angle $ between the line and the plane is given by
n, 90° - 8.
Now line of intersection of planes is perpendicular to

vector n I and n 2 .
sin$ =I 1:;,:11 or$ =sin-, 11:;I:11
:. Line ofintersection is parallel to vector n 1 x n 2 • Line r= a+ i.b and plane r · n =d are perpendicular if
If we wish to find the equation of line of intersection of b = Àn or b x n = O and parallel ifb.L n or b - n = O.
planesa 1 x+b1 y+c 1 z-d1 = Oand 1Ex<!mpJe ~8. Fi0d !he .?-ngle between the line
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z - d 2 = O, then we find any point on the r= i+2j - k+ À( i - j+ k) and the plane
line by putting z = O(say), then we can find corresponding
values of x andy be solving equations a1 x +b 1 y-d 1 = O r -(2i ~ 1+kJ=4.
and a2 x + b2 y -d2 = O. Thus, by fixing the value of z = À,
we can find the corresponding value of x and y in terms of
À. After getting x, y and z in terms ofÀ, we can find the
Sol. :d:~:v~;t:.:i:::~~:~:J" lhe tines r= a + Àb
equation of line in sym.metric form.

Therefore, if8 is lhe angle between r= i+ 2J- k+ À(i-3+ k)
1Example·67. Reduce the equation of line J
and r ·(2i- + k)= 4. lhen
x - y + 2z = 5 and 3x + y + z =6 in symmetrical form.
Or . 8 =1 (i-
sm ... }+k)·(2i-J+k)I
~ .. .. .. ...
1i - J+ kll2i - j + kl
Find the line of intersection of planes x - y + 2z = 5
and 3x + y + z = 6. 2+1+1 4 4
= .J1 + 1 + 1 ,Í4+1+1 = ✓3 ✓6 = 3.Ji
Sol. Given x - y + 2z = 5, 3x + y + z = 6.
Lei z=Â => 8=sin-•( ~)
3
Then. x - y = 5 - 2Â
and 3x+ y = 6 - Â.
Solving lhese two equations, 4x = 11 - 3Â lnter$ection of a Une and a Plane
and 4y = 4x - 20 +8Â = - 9 + SÃ To find the point of intersection of the line
. . . 4x - 11 4y + 9 z - O x-x, y -y , z -z,
The equallon of lhe line 1s ~ = - - = - -. - - = -- = - - and the plane
5 1 1 m n
ax +by +cz +d = O. Putting r = O in (i), wc ohlnin (2, - 1, 2) ns thc coonlinnlc< of lhe

. x-x 1 Y·Y, z-z, point of interscclion of thc givcn linc n11<l plnnc.
',,-:-r-~~=-n- RcquireJ Jistnncc = distnncc helwccn minis (- 1, -5, - 10) nml
(2. -1. 2)= (2 + 1)' +(- 1 + 5)' +(2 + 10)'
GM•O,•Q.,•O = ✓9+ 16+ 144 =
Coplanarity of Two Unes

,/wi = 13.
Lei x -xi ;,,y-y, = z-z, -r

x-x y -y1 z-z1 . . •
l m n - The straight linc - - -1 = - - = - - 11cs m n g1v~n
1 111 11
(x =ri + x 1, y =mr + y 1 , z =nr + z 1 ) ...(i) planeax +by+cz+d=Oifax 1 +by 1 +cz 1 +d=O
be a point in lhe plane say P.
andai+ bm + c11 = O
li must satisfy lhe equation of plane.
a(x 1 +lr)+b(y 1 +mr)+c(z 1 +nr)+d = O
(ax1 +by 1 +cz 1 +d)+r(al+bm+cn)=O
r =- (ax 1 +by1 +cz 1 +d)
al+bm+ c11
On substituting lhe value of r Eq. (i), we get the
coordinates of the required point of intersection.
ax+by+az+d=O
[i] Condition for a Une to be Parallel to a
Plane Thus, lhe general cquation oflhe plane containing a
straight line
. x - xl y-yl Z- Zi
Lei Ime - - - = - -- = - - be parallel to plane X - Xi y- y z-z •
I m 11 - -- = -- 1 = -- 1 1s
ax + by + cz + d = Oiff;
I m n
a(x - x 1 ) +b(y -y 1 ) +c(z -z 1 ) = O
8=0 ornorsin8= 0 ⇒ al+bm+cm=O
where, ai+ bm +c11 = O
[ii] Condition for a Une to Ue in the Plane The equation of the plane containing a straight line
X - Xi y-y 1 z - z 1
Condition for x - = y -y, = z - Zi to lie in lhe
Xi - -- = - - = - - and parallel to the straight line
I m n 1 m n
plane ax + by + cz + d = Oare x - x2 =Y-Y2 = z -z2 is
al+bm+cn=O and ax 1 +by 1 +cz 1 +d=O 11 m1 111
Note
Aline will be in a plane iff m n =O
(i) the normal to lhe plane is perpendicular to lhe line. 11 m1 n1
(ii) a point on the line in lhe plane.
Hence, lhe equation of lhe plane containing two given
l Example 69. Find th~ dis~ance ~etween the point straighl lines
with position vector - i - 5 j -10k and the point of x-xi = Y-Y1 = z-::1
2 1 2 m n
intersection of the line x - = y + =z - with the
3 4 12 and x- x2 =Y-Y2 = z - ::2
plane x - y + z = 5. /1 1111 111
So/. Toe coordinates of any point on lhe line x-x, y- Y1 :: - ::1
x -
2 = y + 1 = z - 2 = r (say) are(3r + 2, 4r - 1, 12r + 2)
3 4 2
Ili li =O
lf it lies on the plane x - y + z = 5, then 11 1111 111
3r+2 - 4r + 1 + 12r+2 = 5 = 11r =0=r= 0.
X - X1 y - Y1 Z - Z1
I, m, n1 =O
or m n =O
/2 m2 n2
1, m,
Here, x, = - 1, y , = - 3, z, = - s.
Ifthe lines r = a 1 + Àb 1 and r = a 2 + Àb 2 are coplanar, x 2 =2, y 2 = 4, z 2 =6,/1 =3,
then
m,= 5, n,=7, /2 = 1, m2 = 4, n2 = 7.
[a 1 b 1 b2 ] =[a 2 b 1 b2 ]
and the equation of plane containing them is :.
X2 -
,,
X1
Y2 ~ y, z,:. 1 1:
z, = ~ \1 1= O
[rb, b2 ]=[a 1 b 1 b2] 1 /2 m2 n2 1 47
or so, the given lines are coplanar.
Toe equation of lhe plane containing lhe tines is
1Example 70. Find the equation of plane passing
x+I y+J z+S I
through the point (O, 7, -:7) and containing the line 3 5 7 =O
x+ l y-3 z+2
- - = - - = --
-3 2 1 l 1 4 7
ar (x + 1)(35 -28) -(y + 3)(21 - 7)+ (z + 5)(12 -5) =O
Sol. Let the equation of the plane passing through lhe point
or x-2y+ z = O.
(O, 7, -7) be a(x - O) +b(y- 7) +c(z + 7) = O ...(i)
1 3 2
Toe line x + = Y - = z + passes through lhe point
- 3 2 1 lmage of a Point in a Plane
(- 1, 3, - 2) and has direction ratios - 3, 2, 1. If (i) contains To fmd the image of lhe point (a, j3,y) in the plane
this line, it must pass through (- 1, 3, - 2) and must be
parallel to the line. Therefore, ax+by+cz+d=O ...(i}
a(- 1) + b{3 - 7) + e(- 2 + 7) = O Lei Q(x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) be the image of point P in the plane (i).
i.e. a(- l) +b{-4)+c(S) = O ...(ii)
and - 3a + 2b + l c = O ...(iii)
On solving Eqs. (ü) and (ili) by cross multiplication, we get
-ª-= ..J!.._ = _c_ ⇒ ·~=! = ~=À (say)
- 14 - 14 -14 1 ·1 1
L
⇒ a = À, b = À, e = À
Putting lhe values of a, b, e in (i), we obtain
À(x - O)+ À{y -7) +À(z t 7) = O
⇒ x+ y + z =O
O (x,. Y, , z,)
This is lhe equation of lhe required plane.
. x+ l y+3 z+S Let PQ meet plane (i) at L, direction ratios of normal to
1 Example 71. Prove that the hnes - - = - - = - 7- plane (i) are (a, b, e), since PQ perpendicular of plane (i).
3 5
Y - 1 - 6 So, direction ratios of PQ are a, b, e.
and - - = - - = - - are coplanar. A so, f'md the
x - 2 4 1
1 4 7 => Equation ofline PQ is,
plane containing these two lines. x-a y-J3 z- y
y - Y1 Z -z, X - x1 --=--=--=, (say)
Sol. We know that, the line - - = - - = - - a b e
/1 m1 n1
Coordinate of any point on tine PQ may be tnken as
and x - X2 = Y - Y, = =...::..:l are coplanar if (ar+a, br+j3, cr+y)
/2 m, n2
x, - x, y, - y, %2 - z, 1 Let Q(ar+a,br+J3,cr+y)
/1 m, n, =O Since, L is the middle point of PQ
/2 17'2 n,
and the equation of the plane containing these two lines is L= ( a + ª; , 13 + b; .'Y + T)
Since, L lies on plane (i), we get ui the coordinates of lhe foot of lhe perpendicular from lhe
poinl P(7, 14, 5) be M(a, !}, y).
a(; +cx)+b(~ +~)+c(f+y)+d=O Then, lhe direction ralios of PM are a - 7, P-14 and 'Y - 5.
Therefore, lhe direction ralios of lhe normal lo lhe plane are
r a -7, p - 14 and y-5.
(a
2
+ b2 +e2 )-=-(acx+~+cy+d)
2 Bul lhe direction ralios of normal lo lhe given plane
2x + 4y - z = 2 are 2, 4 and - 1.
r= -2(acx+~+cy+d)
az + bz + ,2
Hence, a - 7=P- 14 =-y-5=k
2 4 -1
a = 2k + 7, p = 4k + 14 and y = - k + 5 ...(i)
1Example 72. Find the image of the point P(3, s,7) in
Since, a, pand 'Y lie on lhe plane 2x + 4y - z =2.
the plane 2x + y + z = o. 2a+ 4P-r=2
Sol. Given p lane is 2x + y + z = o ...(i) => 2(7 + 2k) + 4(14 + 4k) - (5 - k) = 2
and lhe poinl P(3, 5, 7) => 14 + 4k + 56 + 16k - 5 + k = 2
DR's ofnonnal lo lhe plane (i) are 2, 1, 1. => 21k = -63 => k = -3
u i Q be lhe image of a poínl P in plane (i). Now, pulling k = - 3 in (i), we get a = 1, P= 2. 'Y =8
r (3. s. 7J
Hence, the foot ofthe perpendicular is (1, 2, 8).
1Example 74. Find the image of the line - - = - -

X -1 y-2
' 9 -1
z+3 ·
R =- - in the plane 3x -3y +10z - 26 = o.
-3
Sol.
o
3
.·.Equation of line PR is x - = y - 5 =:..:::!.. =r B A'
2 l 1
Lei R(2r + 3, r + 5, r + 7)
Since, R lies on plane (i). ~ = y -2=z+3
2(2r + 3) +(r + 5) +(r + 7) = O; 6r + 18 = O ...(i)
9 ~1 -3
r=-3 :. R E(- 3,2,4)
3x -: 3y + IOz - 26 = O
u1 Q .. ,a. p, y)
...(ii)
Toe direction ratios of lhe line are 9, - 1 and - 3 and direction
Since, R is mid-point of PQ. ralios of lhe normal lo lhe given plane are 3, - 3 and 10.
- 3=a+3 => a =- 9 Since: 9 ·3 + (- 1)( - 3) +(-3) 10 = O and the point(I, 2, - 3) of
2 tine (1) does nol lie in plane (ü) for
5 3-1 - 3·2 + 10-(- 3) - 26 ~ O, line (i) is parallel to plane (ü). Let
2 = P+ => P =- 1 A' be the image of point A(I, 2, - 3) in plane (ii). Then lhe
2
image of the line (i) ln thc plane (ii) is lhe line through A' and
7 parallel to lhe line (i).
4 = 'Y + => -y=I
2 Ld point A' be (p, q, r). Then
Q • (-9, 1, 1)
p - 1 =i.=2 =~
1Example 73. Find the length and the foot of the 3 - 3 10
perpendicular from the point (7, 14, S) to the plane (3(1)- 3(2) + 10(- 3)- 26) = .!.
2x+4y-z=2 9 + 9 + 100 2
. dl
Sol. The rcqu1re Ih 2(7)+4(14) - (5)-2
eng = Í
vi2+4 ' + 12
The poinl A' (H, 2)
=
14 + 56 - 5 - 2
.J4 + 16 + 1 e
63
-:fij
The <<tualion ofline DA' is x -U) = y -(i) =
9 -1
z -2
- 3

------------------ --
1. Find the equation of plane passing lhrough the point (1, 2, 3) and having lhe vector r =2i- j +3k normal to il
2. Find a unit vector normal to the plane through the points (1, 1, 1), (- t 2, 3) and (2, - t 3).
3. Show lhat the four points (O, - t O), (2. t -1), (t t 1) and (3, 3, O) are coplaner. Also, find equation of plane
through them .
4. Find the equation of plane passing lhrough lhe line of intersection of planes 3x + 4y -4 =0 and
x + 7y + 3z + z = Oand also lhrough origin.
· 5. Find equation of angle bisector of plane x + 2y + 3z -z = o and 2x - 3y + z + 4 = 0.
6. Find image of point (t 3, 4) in the plane 2x - y + z + 3 = O.
1 3
7. Find the angle between lhe line x + = l'.. = z - and lhe plane 3x + y + z = 7.
2 3 6
8. Find the equation of plane which passes lhrough the point (1, 2, O) and which is perpendicular to lhe plane
x - y +z =3 and 2x + y - z + 4 = O.
2 1 2
9. Find the distance of the point (- t - 5, -10) from the point of intersection of the line x - = Y + = z - and
3 4 12
plane x - y + z = 5.
• . • . X - 5 Y +7 Z +3 X - 8 y -4 Z - 5
1O. Find the equation of a plane contaIrnng the fines - - = -
4 4
- = - - and - - = - - = -
-5 7 1 3
-.
1 1
11. Find the equation of lhe plane which passes lhrough the point (3, 4, - 5) and contains lhe line x + =Y-
2 3
z +2
=---=T·
12. Find the equation of lhe planes parallel to lhe plane x - 2y + 2z - 3 = O. Which is ai a unit distance from lhe
point (t 2. 3i
13. Find the equation of lhe bisector planes of the angles between the plane x + 2y + 2z = 19 and
4x-3y + 12z + 3 = 0 and specify lhe plane which bisects the acute angle and lhe plane which bisects lhe
obtusa angle.
14. Find the equation of the lmage of the plane x - 2y + 2z = 3 in lhe plane x + y + z = t
15. Find the equation of a plane which passes through lhe point (1, 2, 3) and which is ai lhe maximum distance
from the point (- 1, O, 2i
Session 4
Sphere
Sphere
A sphere is the locus of a point which
moves in space in such a way that its
distance from a fixed point always
@(r)
· /
'C(a)
-'
Proof. Let C be the centre of the sphere.
Then, coordinates of C are (a, b, e). Let P(x, y, z) be any
point on the sphere, then
CP=R
2
remains constant. The foced point is called CP2 =R
the centre of the sphere and the fixed
~
(x -a)2 +(y-b)2 +(z -c)2 =R2
distance is called lhe radius of sphere.
Shown as in adjoining figure. Since, P(x, y, z) is an arbitrary point on the sphe re,
therefore required equation of lhe sphere is
Equation of Sphere whose 2
(x-a) 2 +(y-b)2 +(z -c) =R
2
Centre e and Radius is a .
Let O be the origin of reference and C be the centre of Remarks
sphere w hose position vector is e. Let P be any point on 1. lhe above equalion is called lhe central form of a sphere. 11 lhe
the surface of the sphere whose position vector is r . centre is ai lhe origin, lhen equation oi sphere is,
x2 + y' + z2 =R2
Thus, OP = randOC =c
(known as lhe standard lorm oi lhe sphere)
CP= OP- OC = r- e
2. Above equalion can atso be written as
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2 + y + z - 2ax - 2by - 2cz + (a + b + c - R ) =O
which has lhe lollowing characteristics oi lhe equalion oi
sphere
(i) tt is a second degree equation in x. y and z.
(ii) lhe coefficient oi x 2 , y 2 and z 2 are all equal.
(iii) The term containing lhe producl oi xy, yz and zx are
absent.
Now, lr-cj=a [radius of sphere)
j r-c l2 = a 2 1 Exilmple 75. Find lhe vector equation of a sphere
~
2 with centre having the position vector i+ j + kand
(r- c) •(r- e) = a
radius ✓3.
2
, 2-2r · c + c2 =a Sol. We know that equation of sphere is
2
, 2 - 2r·c+(c 2 - a )=0 lr- cl=a (vcctor form)
=> 1r - (i + 3+
kl 1=✓3
which is the required equation of sphere.
which is lhe requircd cqúation of sphtrc.
Cartesian Equation of a Sphere
Thc equation of sphere with centre (a, b, e) and radius Ris
1Example 76. Find lhe equation of sphere whose
centre is (5, 2, 3) and radius is 2 in cartesian form.
(x - a)2 + (y -b)2 +(; _ ,)2 =R2
Sol. Toe rcquircd cqualion of lhe sphere is
P(IC, y, z) (x -s)' + (y - 2) 2 +(z -3) 2 = 22
2
=> x + y 2 + z' - IOx - 4y - 6z + 34 = O
1 Example 77. Find lhe equation of a sphere whose

centre is (3, 1, 2) and radius is 5.
Sol. Thc cqualion of lhe sphere whose centre is (3, l, 2) and radius 1Example 80. Find the equation of a sphere which
is 5, is passes through (1, o, O), (O, 1, O) and (O, O, 1) and has
(x-3) 2 +(y- 1) 2 +(z -2)2 = 52 radius as small as possible.
x + y 2 +z 2 -6x- 2y-4z-ll =O
2
Sol. Let lhe equation of the required sphere be
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux+ 2\1)' + 2wz +d= O ...(i)
General Equation of Sphere
As lhe sphere passes through(I, O, 0),(0,1, O)and(O, O, 1), we
2
The equation x + y 2 +z 2 +2ux +2vy+2wz +d =O gel
reprcsents a sphere with centre (- u, - v, - w) i.e. 1 + 2u + d = O, 1 + 2v + d = Oand 1 + 2w + d = O
. 1
~
( - 2 coefficient
.
of x, - :!. coefficient ofy
2 '
=> u=v=w= -
2
(d+I)
lf Ris lhe radius ofthe sphere, then R2 =u 2 + v2 + w' - d

-2 1 coeffic1ent
. ofz ) R2 =:!.(d+ 1)2 -d
4
and radius =.Ju 2
+ v2 + w 2 -d.
=Hd'+2d+1-~d]
Note
2
3 r,
= 4 l +3d+l
2 ]
The equation x + y + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d= O represents
2
a rea l sphere. if u 2 + v2 + w 2 - d > O. lf u2 + v2 + w 2 - d = O, then

il re presenls a point sphere. The s phere is imaginary, if
3Í( 1)'
=4l d+3 +l-9J
11
u 2 + v 2 + w 2 - d < O.
1 Example 78. Find the centre and radius of the = ¾[(d+ff +~]
sphere 2x 2 + 2y 2 +.2z 2 -2x -4y + 2z + 3 =O.
The las! equation shows that R2 (and thus R) will be the least if
Sol. The given equalion
an only if d= - .!..
3
x' + y 2 + z 2 - x - 2y + z + :!. =O;
~ (1 -D= - ~
2
Therefore, u =v = w = -
where cetnre is
( - .: coefficient of x, - .!. coefficienl of y, - .: coefficient of z) Hence, the equation of lhe required sphere is x' + y 2 + z 2 - ~
2 2 2 3
Centre = G, - 1, -D (x + y +_z)-~ = Oor3(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )-2(x + y +z)-1 = O.
and Radius= (D' +( - 1)

2
+(-ff-i Diameter Form of the Equation of a Sphere
If the position vectors of the extremities of a diameter of a
=J¾+ I+¾-i =0
sphere are a and b, then its equation is
(r- a) ·(r - b) =O
:. Given sphere represenls a point sphere (~. - 1, -D· ⇒
2
lrl -r ·(a+b)+ a ·b=O
Proof. Let a and b be the position vectors of the
1Example 79. Find the equation of the sphere passing extremities A and B of a diameter AB of sphere. Let r be
through (O, O, O), (1, O, O), (O, 1, O) and (O, O, 1). lhe position vector of any point P on the sphere.
Sol. Let lhe equation of the sphere be Then,
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = O ...(i)
As (i) passes lhrough (O, O, O), (1, O, O), (O, 1. O) and (O, O, 1), we
musl have d= O, 1 + 2u + d = O
1 + 2v + d = Oand 1 + 2w + d = O
BCZSA
(b ) v ( a)
Since,d = O, we gel 2u = 2v =2w= - 1
Thus, lhe equalion of lhe required sphere Is
2 AP = r- a and BP= r - b
x 2+ y 2 + z - x- y - z = O.
Chap 03 Three Dimensional Coordinate Systern 205
Sincc, lhe dinmctcr of n sphcrc suhtcmls o rlght nt nny Section of a Sphere by a Plane
poinl on lhe sphcrc, lhercforc
Considcr u sphcre inlcrsccted hy a
' 7t plane. Thc sei of points common to
LAl'D = -
2 both sphcrc and plane is callcd a
AI'· Ili' =O plnnc scction of a spherc.
(r- a) ·(r- b) = O lt can bc casily secn lhe plane
sccti<m of sphere is a circlc.
r· r- 1·· b- r· a+ n· b =O
Lei C be lhe centre o f lhe spherc and M be thc foot of lhe
lrl2 - (n + b)·r+n·b=O perpendicular from C 011 lhe plane. Then, M is the centre
This is lhe required equnlion of sphcrc. of the circlc anel raelius of circle is g iven by PM.
Vector Form i.e. PM = ✓CP 2 -CM 2

Jf lhe position veclors of lhe exlremitics of a diameter of a The centre M of lhe circle is lhe point of inte rsection of
sphere are a and b, then its cquation is thc plane anel line CM, which passes th rough C anel is
pcrpenelicular to given plane.
I r - a 12 +Ir- b 12 = 1a- b 12
Proof. Let n and b be the posilion vectors of lhe 1 Example 82. Find the radius of the circular section in
extremities A anel B of n dimncter of a sphcre. Let r be thc which the sphere Ir1= 5 is cut by the plane
position veclor of any point P on the sphere, lhcn
r -d+ J+ kl,;,3-/3.
AP= r- n
Sol. Let A be lhe foot of the perpendicular from th e centre O to
and BP= r-b
the plane r -(Í + J+ k) -3✓3 =O
Since, b.APB is a right angled triangle.
AP
2
+ BP2 =AB 2
⇒ 2 2 2
IAPl + \ BP\ =\AB\
⇒ 2 2
\r -n\2 +\ r -b\ =\a -b\
This is the required equation of the sphere.
Then, 1 OA 1 = , , k)•-3✓31 ="t;;
O·(i+J+ 3.fj
=3 (perpendicular
Cartesian Form 1 l •+J+k l v3
If (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) and (x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are lhe coordinates of the distance of a point from the plane)
extremities of a d iameter of a sphere, then its equation is, If P Is any point on the circle, then P ties on the plane as well
as on lhe sphere. Thercfore, OP = radius of the sphere = 5
(x -xi)(x - x 2 ) +(y-y 1)(y-yz) + (z -z1) (z -z2) =O
Now, AP 2 =0P2 - 0A 2 = 5 2 - 32 =16
1 Example 81 . Find lhe equalion of lhe sphere => AP=4
described on lhe joint of p_oinl~ A <!_nd B havtng , ,
Position posilion veclors 2i + 6 j - 7k and - 2i + 4 j - 3k, 1 Ex!1mple ~3. Find the ce~tre ~f lhe circle given by
respeclively, as lhe diameler. Find the centre and lhe r -(i+2j+2k)=15 and lr - (j +2 k)l=4.
radius of lhe sphere. Sol. The equalion of a tine through the centre J+ 2k and normal
Sol. If point P with position vector r = xi + y J+ zk is any to the given plane is
point on the sphere, then AP· BP= O r = c} +2ic) + À(l +2J + 2ic) ...(il
(x-2)(x+2)+(y-6)(y - 4)+(z + 7)(z +3)=0 This meets the plane at a point for which wc must have
2
=>(x' -4)+(y 2 -JOy +24)+(z + toz +21) = 0 IG + 2ic> + À(l+2J+2ic)J •Ci+2J+2ic> = 15
x'+ y ' + z' - 1oy + 1oz + 41 = O 6 + 9À = 15
À = l
The centre of thls sphrre Is (O, 5, - 5) and its rodius is
On putting À= 1 in Eq. (i), wc obtnin thc posilion veclors of the
J5' +(-5)'- 41 =..fo = 3 centre • • 1+ 3) + 4k, Hcncc, the coordinates of the centre of
lhe circlc ure ( 1, 3, 4).
Condition of Tengency of a Plane to a Sphere Sol. Lei (a, p, -y) be any point on lhe locus. Then according to
the given conclition. (a. p, -y) is lhe centre of lhe sphere
A p lane touches a given sph ere, if the perpendicular through the origin. Therefore. its equation is given by
distance from the centre of the sphere to the p lanes is
(x -a)' +(y -13f +(z - -y)' =(O - a)'+ (o -13) +(O -y)
2 2
equal to the radiu s of the sphere.

x 2 + y 2 + z' - 2 ax - 2l3y - 2yz = O
Vector Forrn To obtain ils point ofinterscction wilh the X-axis, we put
The p lane r · n =d touches the sphere I r - a 1 =R, y = 0andz = O, so lhat
x' -2ax = O
if la· n- dl=R
ln l ⇒ x(x-2a)=0
⇒ x=0 or x=2a
Cartesian Forrn Thus, lhe plane meets X-a~is ai C(0. O, O) and A(2a. O. oi
Sirnilarly, it meets l'-ax:is ai 0(0, O. O) and B(O. 213. oi and
The p lane lx +my +nz =p touches lhe sphere Z-axis ai 0(0, O, O) and C(0, O, 2-y).
x 2 +y2 +z 2 +2ux+2vy+2wz+d=0, The equation of lhe plane lhrough A, B and C is
if(ul+vm+wn+p) 2 =(12 +m 2 +n 2 )(u 2 +v2 +w2 -d) ~ + l'.... + ..:.... = 1 (inlercept form)
2a 213 2y
1 Example 84. Show that the plane 2x-2y +z+ 12 = O Since, it passes through(a, b, e), we get
touches the sphere x 2 + y 2 +z 2 -2z -4y +2z - 3 = O.
~+~+~=!
2a 2p 2y
Sol. Toe given plane wi.11 louch lhe given sphere if lhe
perpendicular clistance from lhe centre of lhe sphere to lhe a b e
or - + -+-= 2
plane is equal to the raclius of lhe sphere. The centre of lhe a 13 y
given sphere x 2 +y2 + z 2 - 2x - 4y +2z - 3 = Ois(!, 2,- 1)
Hencc, locus of(a, 13, y) is!: + !: + ~ = 2
anditsracliusis ✓1 2 2
+2 2 +(- 1) -(-3) =3. X )' Z
Lenglh of lhe perpendicular from (1, 2, - 1) to lhe plane

2x - 2y+z+I2 = 0is 1 Example 87. A sphere of constant radius k passes
through the origin and meets the axis at A, B and C.
2(1)-2(2) +(-1) +121 =~ = 3 Prove that the centroid of triangle ABC lies on the
1 ✓2' +(-2) +1 _3
2 2
sphere 9(x 2 + y 2 +z 2 )=4k 2 .
Thus, the given plane touches the given sphere.
Sol. Lei lhe equation of any sphere passin g throu gh lhe origin
and having radius k be
1 Example 85. Find the equatio~ of :the ~phere whose 2 2 2
x + y +z + 21L\" + 2vy + 2wz = O
centre has t he position vector 3i + 6 J- 4k and wh1ch
As lhe radius of the sphere is k, we gel
touches the plane r • (2 i - 2j - k) = 10.
u2 +v 2 + w 2 =k 2
Sol. Let the radius of lhe required sphere bc R. Then, its
Note that (i) meets the X-axis at 0(0, O, O) and A(- 21~ O, O);
equation is
Y-axis at 0(0, O, O) and B(O. - 2v, O), and Z-a.xis at C(0, O. O) and
1r - (3i+6) -4k)I =R ...(i) C(0, O, - 2w).
Since, lhe plane r·(2i-2]- k) = 10 touchcs lhe sphere (i), Lei lhe centroid of the triangle ABC be (a. P, y} Then
lherefore lcngth of perpendicular from the centre lo lhe plane 2u 2v 2w
a= - - , 13 = - - , Y = - -
r -(2i-2]- k)= 10 is equal to R. 3 3 3
3a 313 3v
. l(3l-6j-4k)·(2Í-2] - k)-lOl = R ⇒ R=4 ⇒ U =- - , v=--, h' = - -
r.e. J-
12i -2 k 1 2 2 2
Putting this in (ii), we gel
=
On pulting R 4 in Eq. (i), we obtain I r -(3l+ 6)-4k) 1 4 =
as the equation of lhe required sphcre. (~
3
a) 2 +(-/13) ' + ( -/ y ) ' =k'
1Example 86. A variable plane passes through a fixed a'+ 13' +"f'=~ k 2
⇒
point (a,b, c) and cuts the coordinate axes ai points 9
A, a and e. Show that the locus of the centre of the This shows that the centroid of triangle ABC lies on
a b c
sphere OABC is-+ - + - = 2. x' + y' + z 2 = ~ k 2 •
X y Z 9

1. Find the centre and radius of sphere 2(x -5) (x + 1) + 2(y + 5) (y - 1) + 2(z - 2) (z + 2) =7
2. Obtain the equation of lhe sphere with lhe points (1, - 1, 1) and (3, -'3, 3) as lhe extremities of a diametre and
find the coordinates of its centre.
3. Find the equation of sphere which passes through (1, O, O) and has its centre on lhe positive direction of Y-axis
and has radius 2.
4. Find the equation of sphere if it touches lhe plane r-(2i-2j- k) =0 and lhe position vector of its centre is
3i+6J-4k.
2 2 2
5. Find the value of Ã. for which the plane x + y + z = ../3Ã. touches lhe sphere x + y + z - 2x -2y - 2z = 6.
2
6. Find the equation of sphere concentric with sphere 2x 2 + 2y 2 + 2z - 6x + 2y -4z = 1 and double its radius.
2
7. A sphere has the equation Ir - a 1 + 1r - bl = 72, where a= i + 3j -6k and b =2i + 4j + 2k
2
Find
(i) The centre of sphere
(ii) The radius of sphere
(ili) Perpendicular distance from lhe centre of lhe sphere to lhe plane r (2 i + 2j - k)+ 3 = O.
• Ex. 1 lf a /ine makes angleo., [3 andy with thc y, = - m, y, = m, y, = m
coordinates axes, then nnd z 1 :: n, z 2 = - n, z 1 = n
(a) cos 2u + cos 2p +cos 2y - 1= o :.Coordinatcs are A(/, - m, n), IJ (/, m. - n) and C (- 1, m. n)
(b) cos 2CJ. +cos 2p + cos 2y -2 = o AJJ' + JJC' +CA'
(e) cos 2a + cos 2p + cos 2y + 1= o t' + m' + n'
(d) cos 2a + cos 2p + cos 2y + 2 = o (4m 2 + 4n') + (4/ 1 + 4n 2 ) +(41 2 + 4m 2 )
8
Sol. (e) lf cos u, cos P and cosy are lhe DC's of a Jinc, thcn I ' + m' +n'
2
2cos a +2 cos 2 p + 2 cos' y = 2
=> 1 + cos 2<X + 1 .+ cos 2p + 1 + cos 2y = 2 • Ex. 4 The angle betwcen a line with direction ratios
=> cos2<X + cos2P+cos2y+ 1 =O proportional to 2, 2, 1 anda tine joining(3, 1, 4) to(7, 2, 12), is
• Ex. 2 Thepoints(S,-4,2)(4, -3,1),(7, -6,4)

(a) cos-• G) (b) cos-• (-i)
and(8, - 7, 5) are the vertices of
(a) a rectangle (b) a square
(e) tan-
1
G) (d) None of these
(e) a parallelogram (d) None of these Sol. (a) A líne wilh dir~cti~n r~tios proportional to 2, 2, 1 u parallel
Sol. (e) Lei A(S, -4, 2), B(4, -3, 1), C(7, - 6, 4) and D(,8, -7, 5) lo lhe vectora=2t+2J + k.
AB =-i+J-k Line joining P(3, 1, 4) lo Q (7,2, 12) is parallel to lhe vector
BC =3i-3]+3k PQ=4l+ J+8k.
Let 8 be lhe rcquired angle. Then,
CD=i-J+ k
cos8=~= 3+ 2+3
and DA=-3í+3]-3k
1•11 PQI ~ .J16+ 1 + 64
Clearly AB li CD and BC li DA
Also, AB ·BC= -9"0 => cos8=~=~ => 8=co•- •(~)
3 X9 3 3
:. ABCD is a parallelogram.
• Ex. 3 ln MBC the mid-point of lhe sides AB, BC and CA • Ex. 5 The angle between the /ines 2x =3y =- z and
are respectively(l, O, O), (O, m, O) and(O, O, n). Then, 6x = - y = - 4z is
2 (a)30º (b) 45°
A8 2 +BC 2 +CA
- - - - - -- is equal to (e) 60° (d) 90°
12+m2+n2
Sol. (d) Given, equation of lines can be rewritten as
(a) 2 (b) 4
2'..... = ..1'..... =...:....
(e) 8 (d) 16 1/ 2 1/3 - 1
and 2'.....=L= _ z_
1/6 -1 -1/4
cos _ a1a 2 + b,b2 + c1c2
8
✓a,2 + b,2 + c12 .Ja: + b: +e:
! X!+! X ( - J) - 1X (- _I_)
2 6 3 4
= l +!+1J__I__+l+__I__
v4 9 36 16
x,+ x, =21, y, + y 2 =O, z 1 + z 2 = O 1
---+-
l l
x, + x, = o, y 2 + y, = 2m, z2 + z, = O t2 3 4
and x, + x, = O, y 1 + y, = O, z1 + z, = 2n /_I_ +! + 1 /__!__ +I +__I__
On solving, we gel
v4 9 v36 16
x, = /, x, = /, x, = - 1 => cos8 = O => 8 = 90°

• Ex. 6 A tine makes the sarne angle8 with X-axis and • Ex. 9 The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular
Z-axis. /f the ang/e ~, which it makes with Y-axis, is such drawn from the point A(l, O, 3) to the join of the points
. that sin ~ = 3 sin 8, then the value ofcos 2 8 is
2 2
8(4, 7, 1) and C(3, 5, 3) are
(a)2
5
(b).!
S
(a)(~.?..~)
3 3 3
(b) (5, 7, 17)
(e)!
5
(d).!
3
5
(e) ( -,-
7
-7 ,17)
-
3 3 ( 3537 17)
(d) - -, - , - -
3
2
Sol. (e) Since. cos 8 + cos' ll + c?s' 8= 1 [·: 12 + m2 + n2 = l] Sol. (a) Lei D bc lhe foot of lhe perpendicular and lei il d ivide BC in
lhe ralio À : 1. Then, the coordinates of D are
=> 2 cos' 8 +! -3sin' 8=1 [·: sin 2 ll = 3 sin 2 8]
=> 2 cos' 8 - 3(1 - cos' 8 ) =O 3À + 4, SÀ +7 • 3À +
( À+l À+l À+l
1)
2
=> 5cos 8=3 => cos2 8=! Now, AD .l BC => AD· BC =O
s 7
=> - (2À+3)-2(SÀ +7)-4=0 => À=-
• Ex. 7 The projection of a fine segment on the coordinate 4
axes are 2, 3, 6. Then, the length ofihe tine segment is So. lhe coordinales of D are ( -5 , -,
7 -17)
(a) 7 (b) s 3 3 3
(e) 1 (d) 11
Sol. (a) Lei lhe length of lhe tine segment be r and its direction
• Ex. 10 A mirrar anda source of light are situated at the
cosines be /. m. tL Then. ils projections on the coordinale axes origin O and ata point on OX, respectively. A ray of light
are lr, mr, nr. from the source strikes the mirrar and is reflected. lf the
Ir = 2, mr = 3 and nr = 6 direction ratios of the·norma/ to the plane are proportiona/
~ 1z,2 + m2, 2 + n2,2 = 4 + 9 + 36 to 1,-), 1, then direction cosines of the reflected ray are
=> r 2 (1 2 + m 2 + n 2 ) =49 (a) 2., .!, .! (b) - 2, ~ ..!
333 333
=> r 2 = 49 => r =7 [·: 12 + m' + n 2 = 1)
(e) - 2., - ~. - ~ (d) - 2-~~
3 3 3 3' 3' 3
• Ex. 8 The equation of the straight fine through the origin
and parai/e/ to the line(b +c)x +(e +a)y Sol. (d) Let lhe source oflight bc situaled at A(a, O, O), where, a ~ o.
+(a +b)z =k =(b-c)x +(e - a )y +(a -b)z are Lei OA be lhe incident ray, OB be lhe reílected ray and ON be
lhe normal lo lhe mirror at O.
X y Z
(a) b' -e' = e' -a'= a' -b 1 LAON = LNOB = ~ (say)
2
(b)~ = !:=
b b a
=. Directlon ratios o f OA are proporlional to a, o, O and so its
direction cosines are 1, O, O.
(c) - -x - = __ Y_ = __ z_ . 1·10n cosmes
D 1r,c . o f ON are ~
1 --1 - 1
a' - bc b 2 - ca e' - ab ..13 ' ..Jj' ..Jj
8 1
(d) Nane of the above
Sol. (e) Equations of straig ht line thro ugh lhe origin are
cos
2 = :JJ
x-0=y-0=~
/ m n A
, 0, 0)I~-ll
(
' 'a 8
where, /(b +e)+ m (e + a)+ n(a +b) = O

Q o
and l(b -c) +m(c - a)+ n (a -b) = O 2 2
1 m
On solving, 2(a' -bc) = 2(b' - ca) 0(0,0,0)
n
Lei 1, m. n be lhe directio n cosines of lhe reílected ray OB.
= 2(c' - ab) . Then, 1+ 1 _ 1 , m + O = _ 1
Equalions of lhe straighl Une are 2cos -8 ✓ 3 2cos~ Jj
X y Z 2 2
a' -bc = b2 -ca = e' -ab· and
Sol. (a) Let AB= a, AD = b, then AC = a+ b

1= ~- 1, m = - ~. n = ~ ·
3 3 3 Given, ABi = À,a, AD,= À.zb, AC, = À,(a + b )
~. n = ~
BiD, = AD, - AB, = À. 2b - À,a
1= - .!., m = -
3 3 3
D _ __ __,,,.C
1
Hence, direction cosines of lhe reflected ray are - ,- 3,2 2.
3 3
• Ex. 11 Equation of plane passing through the points
(2, 2, 1), (9, 3, 6) and perpendicular to the plane
a ~
2x +6y +6z - 1 = O, is
(a)3x + 4y +Sz = 9
Since, vectors D,C, and B1 D1 are collinear, we have
(b)3x + 4y-5z + 9 =0
D1C 1 = k 8 1D1 for some k e R.
(c )3x+ 4y -Sz - 9 =O
⇒ AC1 - AD, = k· B1D 1
(d) None of the above ⇒ À, (a+ b) -À. 2 b =k·(À 2b-À 1a)
Sol. (e) Equalion of a plane passing lhrough (2, 2, 1) is ⇒ À,a +(À, - À. 2)b = k · À2b - k · À,a
a(x -2) +b(y-2) + c(z -1) = O ...(i) Thus, À. 3 =- kÀ. 1 and À.3 - À, = kÀ,
. This passes through (9, 3, 6) and is perpendicular to k = -À, = À. 3 - À, ⇒ À,À, = À. 1À. 3 + À2 À,
2r + 6y + 6z - 1 =O ⇒ À.1 À,
7a + b + Se= O and 2a + 6b + 6c = O 1 1 1
- =- + -
Solving these two by cross-multiplication, we gel À.3 À, Àz
-ª-=_b_=..:__
- 24 -32 40 • Ex. 14 lf the direction cosines oftwo tines are such that
⇒
a
b e
- = - =- / + m + n =0, 12 + m 2 -n 2 = O, then the angle between them is
-3 - 4 5
(a) 7t (b) ~
Substituting lhe values of a, b, e in Eq. (i), we get 3
3x + 4y - 5z - 9 = Oas the required plane.
(e)~ (d)~
4 6
• Ex. 12 lf the position vectors of the points A and B are Sol. (b) lf 1, m, n are dircction cosines of two lines are such that
31+ J+ 2k and 1-2]- 4k respectively, then the equation of l+m+n = O ...(i)
the plane through B and perpendicular to AB is and I' + m2 - n 2 = O ...(ii)
(a) 2x + 3y +6z + 28 = O ⇒ l 2 +m'-(-l-m) 2 = 0
(b)3x + 2y + 6z = 28
⇒ 2lm=O ⇒ l =Oorm=O
(e) 2x - 3y + 6z +28 = O Ifl = O, then n = - m
(d) 3x - 2y + 6z = 28 ⇒ l:m:n = 0 : 1 : - 1
Sol. (a) We have, AB = -2l-3)-6k andifm = O, then n = -1
So, vcctor equation of the plane is ⇒ l : m:n = ! : 0 : - 1
1 r - {l - 2) - 4k) 1 · AB = O cos8- O+O+ I =.!.
⇒ r ·<- 2l-3)-6k) = {l- 2) - 4kl· (- 2l -3) - 6kl .jo+T+l .jo+T+l 2
- 2x - 3y - 6z = - 2 +6 + 24 ⇒ 8=~
2r + 3y + 6z + 28 = O 3
• Ex. 15 The equation of the plane .passing through the

• Ex. 13 A straight line 'L' cuts the tines AB, AC and AD of
mid-point of the fine points(l,2,3) and(3, 4,5) and perpen-
a parallelogram ABCD at points 8 1, C I and D,, respectively. .
dicular to it is
lf AB 1, = Ã.,AB, AD,= Ã. 2 AD and AC ,= À.3AC, then ~ is (a) X+ y + Z = 9 (b) ,Y + y + z = - 9
3
(c)2x + 3y+ 4z =9 (d) 2x + 3y + 4z = - 9
equal to Sol. (n) The DR's of lhe joining of the points (1,2, 3) and(3, 4, S) and
1
(a)-+ -
1 (b) 2, _ ..2_
À, À,
(3 - u - 2. s -n
ie. (2. 2, 2)
À, À.2 Also, lhe mid-poinl of the join of lhe points (1, 2, 3) and(3, 4, 5)
(c) - À. 1 + À2 (d) À. 1 + À. 1 is (2, J, 4).
:. ~qua~ion of plane which passes through (2, 3, 4) and the Sol. (b) Clearly, the given line passes through the P?in! •
DR s of 1ts normal are (2, 2, 2) is a=2l-2) + 3k and is parallel lo the vector b = i - j+ 4k.
2(x - 2) + 2(y - 3) + 2(z - 4) = O Toe plane is normal to the vector n = l + 5 + J k.
x+y+z - 9=0 We have, b· n = 1- 5 + 4 = O
x + y+z=9 So, the line is parallcl to the plane.
: .Required distance
• Ex. 16 Equation of the plane that contains the tines = Lenglh of the perpendiculars from a point on
r =(i+ )) + À(i+2) - k) and, r =(i+ )) + µ(- i+ )-2k) is lhe line to lhe given plane.
= Lenglh of lhe perpendicular from (2Í-2J + 3k)
(a) r ·(2i+ j - 3k)= - 4
to lhe given plane.
(b) r x (- i + j + k) = O = I (2l- 2)+ 3k) ·(Í+S)+ k)- 51
(e) r · ( - i + j + k) = O .J1 + 25 + 1
(d) None of the above - 12 - 10+3 - 5 1= ~
Sol. (e) Toe lin,s are parallel to the vectors b 1 = l + 2)- k and - 3✓3 3✓3
b, = - l + )-21<. Therefore, the plane is normal to lhe veclor
• Ex. 19 lf the plane~+ 1'.. + !.. =1, cuts the coordinate
n = b1 xb 2 = 1
J2 -1
" =-3l+ 3)+3k
2 3 4
axes in A, 8, C, then the area of MBC is
-1 1 -2
(a) ../29 sq. units (b) ..f4i sq. units
Toe required plane passes through (l + j) and is normal lo lhe (e) .J6Í sq. units (d) None of these
vector rL Therefore. its equation is
r -n~a· n Sol. (e) Toe given plane cuts lhe coordinate axes in A(Z. O, O),
B(O, 3, O) and C(O, O, 4).
=> r· (- 3l+3)+3k) = (l+ JH-3l+3)+3kl
⇒ r · (-3l+3)+3Í<) = - 3+3 :. Aiea of ~ C = .!_ AB xAC x sin LBAC
2
⇒ r ·(-l+J+k)= O Now, AB =,f4 + 9 + O= .Jii, AC =.J4 + O+ 16 = ./zõ.
x-2 y+l z-1 cos L BAC = _ AB
_ ·A
_ C_ <-2l+3])-(-2l+ 4kl
• E.X 17 The tine - -
' 3·
=--
2
=-- 1- intersects the curve IABIIAC I .J4 + 9 ,/4 + 16
4
=> cos LBAC= + O+ O = - -- = - 2-
4
xy = e 2
, z =O, if e is equal to ,fü ./2õ ../ii ./2õ ✓
65
(a)± 1 (b) ± ~
3 => sin LBAC = ✓l-~ ;= {'§i
(e)± ./s (d) None of these 65 vc:s
Sol. (e) At lhe point on lhe·line where it intersects lhe given curve, Hence, Aiea of ~ C= .!. x ..fii x Jzõ x {'§i = ,/61 sq. units.
we have z = O, so that 2 vc:s
~ =y+I = ~
3 2 -1 • Ex. 20 The distance of the point(l, - 2, 3) from the plane
~ = I and y+l = I x - Y +z =5 measured parailei to the tine~ = r_ = z - l is
3 2 2 3 - 6
=> x=5andy = I. (a) 1 (b) 2
2
Putting lhese values of x and y in xy = c , we gel (e) 4 (d) None of these
c2 =5 => e =± ../5. Sol. (a)'The equation oflhe line passing through P(I, - 2. 3)and
parallel to lhe given line is
• Ex. 18 The distance between the tine r = 2i - 2J +3k ~ =y +2=~
+À(i -] +4k) and the plane r•(i +s]+k) = 5, is 3 -6
Suppose it meets lhe plane x - y + z = 5 a i lhe point Q given
10 (b) 10
(a) - -:-r.:
3v3
by
9
x-1 ;,, ~ =~
(e)~ (d) None of these 2 3 -6
3
= À i.e. (2À + 1, 3:1. - 2. - 6À + 3)
212 Textbook of Vector & 30 Geornetry
This lies on x - y + z = 5. Thcrefore, • Ex. 23 The equation of the plane through the intersection
2À + 1 - 3À + 2 - 6À + 3 = 5 of the planes x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3y - z + 4 = O and
=> - 7,.= -I => À=.!_ para/lei to X-axis, is
7
(a) y - 3z + 6 = O (b)3y - z +6 = O
. (9
li, - .
So, thc coordinates oíQ are - . - - 15) (c)y+3z+6=0 (d)3y-2z+6=0
7 7 7
Sol. (a) The equation of the plane through the i~tcrsection of thc
Hence, required distance =PQ = ~ + ~ + ~ = 1. planes x + y + z = t and 2x + 3y - z + 4 =Ois
49 49 49 (x + y + z - 1) + À(2x + 3y - z + 4) = O
or, (2À + l)x +(3À + l)y +(! - À)z + 4À - 1 =O ...(i)
• Ex. 21 The Íength of the perpendicular from the origin to
the plane passing through the point a and containing the /ine lt is parallel to X -axis, i.e. !. = l'. = =-
1 O O
r= b +Àc is 1(2À + 1) + 0 X (3À + 1) + 0(1 - À)= 0
(a) [ab c ]
À=-.!.
Ja x b + b x c+c x al 2
(b) [a b e] Substituting À = - .!. in Eq. (i), we gel
Jax b + b x c l 2
y - 3z + 6 = Oas the equation of the rcquired plane.
(e) (abc]
l b x c+cxa l
• Ex. 24 A plane passes through the point(l, 1, 1). /f b, c;a
(d) [abc] are the direction ratios ofa normal to the plane where a, b,
Jax b +cxal
c(a < b < e) are the prime factors o/2001, then the equation
Sol. (e) The plane passing through a and containing the line of the plane 11 is
r = b + Àc also passes through the point b and is parallel to the
(a) 29x + 31y +3z = 63
vector e. So, it is normal to thc vcctor(a - b) x e.
(b) 23x + 29y - 29z = 23
Thus, thc equation of the plane is
(r - a) ·I (a- b) x e 1= O
(e) 23x + 29y + 3z = 55
=> (r- a) ·(a x e- b x e)= O (d)31x+37y+3z=71
=> r ·(axc - b xc) = a•(axc- b x c) Sol. (e) The equation of the plane is
=> r ·(ax e- b x e) = - a·(b x e) b (.r - 1) + e (y - 1) + a (z - 1) = O ...(i)
=> r ·(b xc+ cxa) -[abc] = O Now,2001 =3 x23 x29
:. Lcngth oí the perpendicular from the origin to this plane a a = 3, b =23 ande = 29.
Substituting the values oí a, b, e in Eq. (i), we obtain
=I O ·(b x c+ cxa)-[a bc]
lbxc+cxal
1
55
23.r + 29y + 3z = as the equation of the required plane.
[a b e] • Ex. 25 lf lhe direction ratios of two /ines are given by

1b xc+ cxal a + b + e = O and 2ab + 2ac - bc = O, then the angle between
the lines is
• Ex. 22 lf P(O, 1, O) and Q(O, O, 1) are two points, then the
(a) n (b) 21t
projection ofPQ on the plane x + y + z =3 is 3
(a) 2 (b) 3
(e)~ (d)~
(e) .fi. (d) ✓3 2 3
Sol. (e) Toe projection oí PQ on the given plane is PQ cos 8, where 8 Sol. (b) Wc havc,
is the angle between PQ and lhe plane. a + b + e = O and 2ab + 2ac - bc = O
u t n bc a vector n ormal to thc plane. => a = -(b +e) and 2a(b + c)-bc = O
Wehave, PQ =- J+k and n =l+)+k => - 2(b +e)' -bc = O
2
sin 8 = PQ· n a = O => 2b 2 + Sbc + 2c = o
1 PQI I nl => (2b + c)(b +2<) = o
=> PQ is p3rallel to thc plane. => Zb + e =O or, b + 2c =O
Hcncc, projection of PQ on the given plane Ií2b +e = O, then a = -(b +e) => a =b
= 1 PQI cos 8 a =b ande = -2b => ~ =~ =...:....
1 1 - 2
=I PQ l=.fi+i=Ji
lf b + 2c = O, lhen a = - (b +e) => a = e

• Ex. 28 The vector equation of lhe plane through lhe poinl
a = e nnd b = - 2c => ~ = .!!.. = E i + 2j- k and perpendicular to the linc of inlersection of lhe
1 -2 1
plane r •(3i-j+ k) = l andr ·(i +4j-2k) =2, is
Thus, lhe direction ratios of two lincs are proportional to 1, 1,
-.2 and 1, -2. 1, rcspectivcly. So, lhe anglc 8 bctwcen lhcm is (a)r·(2i+7]-13k)= 1 (b)r·(2i-7J-13k)= 1
given by
cos 8 = l - 2 -2 - 1 e = 21t (e) r • (21 + 1 j+ 13k) = O (d) None of these
"J1+ 1 + 4 .J1 + 4 + 1 = 2 => 3 Sol. (b) The llne of intersection of lhe planes
r · (Ji-J+ k )=l
• Ex. 26 A tetrahedron has vertices at O (O, o, O), A(l, 2, 1), and r •(i+4)-2k)=2
8(2, 1, 3) and C(-1, 1, 2). Then, the angle between the faces is common to both lhe planes. Therefore, it is perpendicular to
OAB and ABC wi/1 be normais to lhe two planes, i.c.
(a) 90° (b)cos-• (*) and

11 1 =Ji - J + k
n 2 =i+4)-2k
(c)cos-• G~) (d) 30°

Hcncc, it is parallcl to lhe vcctor n 1 x n 2 = -2i + 7) + 13k.
Thus, we ha::-e 1~ fin_d lhe equation of lhe plane passing
th rough R= i + 2J - k nnd normal to the vector n = n 1 x n 2•
Sol. (b) Lei n, and n 2 be lhe vectors normal to lhe faces OAB and
ABC. Thcn, The cquation of the requircd plane is
k (r - a) · n =0
=> r · n = ::i · n
n, = OAxOB= 1 2 1 =Si-)-3k
2 1 3
=> r •<-2i+1J+ 1Jk) =Ci+2J - kJ ·<- 2i+1J+ 1Jk)
=> r -(2i-1J-1Jk) = 1
k
and n 2 = ABxAC= 1 - 1 2 =i-s) -Jk • Ex. 29 The cartesian equation of the plane
-2 -1 r =(1 + À -µ}i +(2-Ã)j +(3-2:\. + 2µ)k, is
lf8 is lhe anglc ~tween lhe faces OAB and ABC, then (a) 2x + y =5 (b) 2x - y = 5
cos8=~ (e) 2x + z = 5 (d) 2x - z= s
1n, li n,I Sol. (e) Wc havc,
=>
e S+S+ 9 19 r =<1 + Ã-µJi +(2-"-JJ +(J-2"- + 2µ)k
cos = .J2s + 1 + 9 J1 + 2s + 9 Js
=> r =(i +2J+Jk) +"-<i- J -2ic) + µ C-i+2k)
=> 8= cos-•(19)
35 which is a plane passing lhrough a= i + 2J + Jk and oarallcl to
lhe vectors b = i- J -2ic ande=- i+ 21<. •
• Ex. 27 The vector equalion of lhe plane through the point Therefore, it is normal to thc vector
(2, 1, - 1) and passing through the line of inlersection of the n = b x c=-2i- k
plane r •(i +3j -k) =O and r-(j +2k) =O, is Hence, its vector equation is
(r - a)· n =O
(a) r•(i + 9j + 1 lk) = O (b) r ·(i + 9] + llk} = 6 => r- n = a •n
(e} r -(i -3]-13k) = O (d) None of thcse => r •C-2i-k> =-2- 3
Sol. (a) Thc vcctor cquation of a plane through lhe line of => r -c2i+ k) = s
intcrsection oflhc p lane r •(i+JJ- k ) = 0and r ·Ü+ 2k) = o So, lhe cartcsian equation of the plane is
can be written as
(xi+y)+zk)-(2i+k)=5=>2x+z=S
r -(i+JJ+ - k ) + À {r ·G+2k)} = O ...(i)
This passes through 21 + J- k. • Ex. 30 A variabl~ plane is ata distance, k from the origin
:. c2i + J- k) •Ci+J)-kJ+ "-<2i+ J- kl ·<J+2k) = o and meets the coordmales axis in A, 8, C. Then, lhe locus of
the cenlroid ofdABC is
=> (2 + 3 + 1) + À(0 + 1 - 2) =O=> À= 6.
(a) x-2 +y- 2 + 1 - 2 = k_,
Putting thc value of "- in Eq. (i), wc gel
(b) x-2 + y _, + z· ' = 4k- l
lhe equation of thc rcquircd plane as
r ·(Í+9)+1 lk)=O (e) x-> + y · ' +z-2 = 16k· '
(d) x·' + y_, + z- 1 = 9k -,
Sol. (d) Let lhe equalion of lhe variable plane be ~ + l'.. + :. = 1. ~+~+~-)
a b e a b e =k
This meets the coordinates axes ai A(a, O, O), 8(0, b, O) and l l 1
C(O, O, r). ;;z + h2 + ?'
· Lei (a, p, y) be lhe coordinates of lhe centroid of MBC. Then, 1 l 1
a b c ⇒ ;;z+b2+?'=k'
a =-. p =-, y =-
3 3 3
⇒ a- 2 +p- 2 +y- 2 =9k- 2
⇒ =
a 3a, b 313, e 3-y = = ...(i)
2 2
Toe plane is at a distance, k from lhe origin. Hence, the locus of(a, p, y) is x- 2 +y- + z- 2 = 9k-

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
• Ex. 31 The direction ratios of the /ine x - y + z - 5 =O • Ex. 33 The direction cosines o/ the lines bísecting the
=x-3y-6are angle between the tine whose direction cosines are 11, m 1, n 1
(a) 3, 1, - 2 (b) 2, - 4, 1 and 12 , m 2 , n 2 and the angle between these lines is 0, are
3 1 - 2 (d) -2.._ - 4 _1_ 1 + 1 m + m2 n1 + n2
() 1 2 1
( e) ../14' ../14 ' ../14 -m. J'ii' ✓
2Í ª cos -
8' 8 '
cos-
8
cos -
Sol. (a, e) Let lhe DR's oftine are a, b ande. 2 2 2
As lhe tine is perpendicular to bolh lhe planes ( b) ..!!....:!:..!. m 1 + m 2 n 1 + n 2
⇒ a- b+c=O 2 cos -
e· 2 cos -
e · 2 cos -e
a - 3b +O· e = O 2 2 2
a b e 1 + / m 1 + m2 n 1 + n 2
- =-= - ( ) 1 2
3 -2 c . 8' . 8 ' . 8
sm - sm - sm-
Hence, (a) and (e) are correct answers. 2 2 2
(d) _/d m 1 -m2 n, - n 2
• Ex. 32 The equation of the line x + y + z -1 = O , 2 s in ~' 2 sin ~ ' 2 s in ~
2 2 2
4x + y - 2z + 2 =O written in the _symmetrical form is
Sol. (b, d) Distance ratio of lhe bisector are
(a) X +1 = y - 2 = Z -0 < 11 + / 2, m, + m2, n1 + n2 >
1 - 2 1
=.Jr(I-,-+-1,- )-=--+ -(m-,-+-m-,)-:--+-(n_i_+_n,-)
2 2 2
(b) ~ = ..1'.... = z - 1
1 - 2 1 = .Jz + 2(1 1 + m,m 12 2 + n1n2 )
8
x+1 z-1 = .J2+2cos8 =2cos-
2
(e) 2 = y - 1 = __l._
2
1
(d) x - 1 = y + 2
- 1
- 2
+z-
1
2
2
:. Direction cosines are(~ 8'
m, + m, n, + n,)
8'
2cos - 2cos- 2cos -
2
8
2 2
Sol. (a, b, e, d) x + y + z - l = O Distance ralio of lhe olher bisector are
4x + y - 2z + 2 O = < 1, - 1,, m, - m,, n, - n, > .Jr..c,:-
, _- ,:-,:.),-+-(:-m,---m,-)-2:-+_(_n,--- n-, -c-
)2
:.Direction ratios of lhe line are (-3, 6, - 3).
=2sin!
i.e. < l, - 2, 1 > 2
Lei z = k, then x =k - 1, y 2k =2 - :. Direction cosines of lhe bisector are
i.e. (k - 1, 2 -2k, k) is any point on lhe tine.
:. (- l, 2, OHO, O, l), (-i, fl 1, and(l, -2, 2)arc points on lhe 11 -/~• m, -~,. n, - ~)
( 2 sin - 2 sin - 2 sin -
line. 2 2 2
Hcnce, (a), (b), (c) and (d) are lhe correct answers. Henre, (b) and (d) are correct answers.
• Ex. 34 Consider the planes 3x - 6y + 2z + 5 =O and .-. Coordinates of Q are (3, -~.9)-
4x - 12y +3z =3. The planes67 x + 162y + 47z +44 =O r - 1 y- 2 z-5
bisects the angle between the planes which Equation of PN is - -
3
=-=-i76 =--=s;·
(a) conlains origin (b) is acule
(e) is obl use (d) None of l hese • Ex. 36 The equation ofa plane is 2x- y -3z = 5 and
Sol. (a,b) 3x -6y + 2z + 5 = O ...(i) A(l, 1. 1), 8(2, 1, -3), C(l, - 2, - 2) and D(-: 3, 1, 2) a_re four
-4x+ l2y-3z+3=0 ...(ü) points. Which of the following Jine segment are mtersected
3r -6y + 2z + 5 - 4x + 12y -3z + 3
by the plane?
,j9+36+4 ,/16+ 144+9 (b) AB
(a)AO
Bisects lhe angle bctween the planes that contains the origin. (c)AC (d) BC
13(3r-6y+2z + 5)=7(-4:r+ 12y - 3z +3) S ol. (b. e) For A(I, 1. 1), Zx - y -3z -5 = 2 - 1 -3 - 5 < O
39x -78y + 26z + 65 = - 28:r + 84y - 21z + 21
For B (2, 1, -3), 2x - y -3z -5 = 0- 1 + 9 - 5 > O
67x-162y + 47z + 44 = O •••(üi)
For C (1, - 2, - 2), 2r - y - 3z - 5 =2 + 2 + 6 - 5 > O. A, D
Lei 0 be lhe anglc between Eqs. (i) and (üi), then find cos 0 and
then we obtain I tan 0 1 < 1. For 0(- 3, 1, 2). 2r-y-3z -5= -6-1 -6-5 = - 18 < O
are on one side of the plane and B, C are on lhe olher side, lhe
Hencc, (a) and (b) are lhe correcl answer.
linc segmcnts AB , AC, BD, CD intercepl the plane.
• Ex. 35 Consider the equation of line AB is!!.. = L = ~- • Ex. 37 The coordinates ofa point on the line
2 -3 6
1
Through a point P(l, 2, 5) /ine PN is drawn perpendicular to x - l = Y + = z ata distance 4.,/Ji. from the point ( 1, - 1, O)
2 -3
AB and line PQ is drawn parai/e/ to the plane
3x + 4y + Sz = O to meet AB is Q. Then, are
(a)(9, - 13, 4)
52 78 156)
(a) coordinale of N are ( , -
49 49, 49 (b)(8✓14 + 1, -12✓14 - 1, 4 ✓14)
(c)(-7, 11,-4)
(b) lhe coordinates of Q are (3, -~• 9) (d)(- 8✓14 + 1, 12✓14 - 1. - 4✓14)
r - 1 y-2 z-5 Sol. (a. e) Toe coordinates of any point on lhe given line are
(e) lhe equalion of PN is - - = _ = _ (2r + 1, - 3r -1, r)
3 176 89
Toe distance of this point from the point (1. - 1. O) is given to
156 52 78)
49.. 49 - 49
(d) coord inales of N are ( be4~.
=> (2r)2 +(-3r) 2 +(r) 2 =(4~) 2
Sol. (a,b,c)EquationoflincABisf = : =~ => 14r2 = 16 X 14
3
=> r=±4
lts DR's are< 2, - 3, 6 > So, lhe coordinate of lhe required poinl are
Lei lhe coordinates be < 2r, - 3r, 6r >
(9, -13, 4) or (- 7, 11. - 4).
DR's of PN are< 2r - 1, -3r -2, 6r - 5 >
Jt is perpendicular to AB o Ex. 38 The fine whose vector equation are
:. 2(2r - l )-3(- 3r -2) + 6(6r-5) = O
4r -2 + 9r + 6+36r-30 =0 r =2i-3j+7k +À(2i+ pj +Sk )
26 and r=i+2J +3k+µ(3i-p)+pk l
49r = 26 i.e. r =
49 are perpendicular for ali values of À nnd µ if p ,•quais to
52 78 156)
49 , - 49, 49
(a):. Coordinales of N are ( (a)- 1 (b) 2
(e) 5 (d) 6
(b) L t lhe coordinates ofQ bc(2r, - 3r,6r), then DR's of Sol. (a, d) The given lines a re perpendicular for ali values of À and
PQ a~e < 2, - 1, - Jr - 2, 6r - 5 >. Since, PQ is parallel to fl if lht vectors.
the plane. 2i + p) + Skand 3i- p) + pk are perpendicular
:. 3(Zr-l)+4(-3r-2)+5(6r-5)=0
=> 2x3+p(-p)+Sp = 0
6,-3-12r-8+ 30r - 25 = O => p' - 5p - 6=0
3
Z4r = 36, r =
2 => p = - 1 or 6
216 Te.xtboc!· of ector & SD Geometry
• Ex. 39 Eçu;ition of,t pi.me ~ing through th c: lin.-:s • Ex. 40 The plane passing through the point(- 2. - 2, 2)
2x - y +;: -3 =l\3v+ y + ;: -5 =ú ,1nd u-hich is cit a and rontaining the /inejoining the points(l . 1. 1) and
dist,:nn· of~ fn.vn thc point (2. l - 1) is ( 1. - l 2) makc:s intercepts of /engths a. b, e respectively on
,o the axrs ofx. r and z respectively. then
(.l,~\' - )' ~.r-3=0 (a) ,1= 3b ( b) b = Zc
(bl3 , +r + : -5=11 (c)a + b +e= 12 (d) a+ 2b + 2c =O
(c)6:Y + ~ • + 19:-105 =O Sol. (tl.b.c) Equation c,f any plo.n, p.1ssing through (- 2. -2. 2) is
(J) \ + ::'.1• -l=ll A(x + :) + S(r + 2) + C(: - 2) = o
Sol. \"-<' Equ.,tfon ,,i" pane thn,u,.(h lh, pn·n lin< i, Sinc-, it ,'\lllt':l.in< lhe tine jc,ining (l. l . l) and ( 1. - 1, 2) these
:x - y + : - $ - À(-'.\' - )' + : - 5) = O poinls ,ús.> lie c,n tlús pl.1ne.
= (J+SÀ\x+(À - l)y-,.p, + 1).:-(J+SÀ\=O = 3.-\ + 36 -C = O and 3,1 + 8 + O= O
s_.._ ~=:),~+ 3À\+().-l)-{À + l )-3-5À A 8 C
-= - = - = -.
- 3 - 6
,o , (1 + S).\: +(À- l f + (À+ 1f
= 11À=+ 12À+~=«.À- 1): So. lhe ,qualioll uf lhe p lane is

=<-(À' -::À+ l )
\x + :) - 3(.r + 2) - e,(: - 2) =O
or x-3y - 6:+S=O
= SÀ:+êÜ.=ll
or ~ + l +.:. = l => a= S. /,=~.e =~
= À =11
À=-~.
5
C\r -s
3 6
~ ~ 3 6
Thu.<. lhe <qu3tion oi lhe nequin,d planes are => a= J b. b = 2c. a + 1- +e = 12

~x-y +: -3 : Ooro:!x + ~· + t O:- - 105 = O. snd a+2b+::'.c: 16
JEE Type Solved Examples:

■ Dire<'tions (Q.J,os. 41-45) For lhe follo\\ing que3tions, • Ex. 42 The equation of two stmight fine are
choo..~ the C:-Orn'('I s.ns wers from the rodes (a), (b). (d snd x - 1 = y + 3 = z - 2 and x - 2 = y -1 = z + 3
(d} d efin ed a;; follows: 2 1 -3 1 -3 2
(3) StJtem,'ílt I is crue. Smtement li is :,Is,., true: Smtcment 11 is
thc rom'\:t cxplo.n3rion of Smtcmént 1. Statemenl I The gfren tines are coplanar.
(b) SrJtement I i; truc. StJtcnl<!'nt li is :li"'-' auc: St:1temen1 li is State m e nl li The equation 2x 1 -y, = 1. ;,:1 + Jy 1 = 4.
not thc C\,......-.:1 c.xpl31l3rion o í SrJtement 1. 3,,: 1 + 2y 1 =5 are ronsistent.
(e) S1:11em en1 1 is true. S1,1tement II i; fui~. Sol. (a)·Any point nn lhe füst line is(2., ·1 + l. x, -3. - 3:r1 -2i
( d) Stotement I is fulse.. SDtanent 11 is true. Any point M Ih, s.-rond lin, is l>i - 2. 3y1 + l. 2)·1 - 3i
lf two lines are '-"'rlsn,u-. thm 2x, - r, = 1. x, + 3y1 = -1.
• Ex. 41 Statement IA tine L is ~rpendicular to the 3x1 + 2y1 = 5 att \"\.msi~te-nt.
plane 3x - -1)• + Sz =10.
Slateme nt li Direction rosines ofL be • Ex. 43 Staleme nt I The distanc·e bt'tween the planes
3 -1 1 J
<-- - - - - > 4x-5y +Jz =5 and-l;,: - 5y + 3z + 2 =O is~.
s..n.· s..n.· / 2 ·
h•:~~::
Sv2
Sol. (a) Lr + ffl)' + a: = P t:,, Uie «\Uàtion of • phnt in lhe nonrnú
Slatement li The distan~ bel by +
~cz +d, =O
form.
anda.,: + by + cz +d,=Ors
:. DR of lh, plan,
h - f )> + S: = 10 lx- < 3. - -l S >, • Jai + b: •+ e:
=> Dirtttion N.SinH s + •) 1=-;::,:.
) - • 1 Sol. (J) Distru•'-"" = 7::i
, so s-.
7
< s];· sli' :,; >. 1
x-1 y - 2 z+l . . h
• Ex. 44 Civen the line L : ~ =Y + 1 = z - 3 and the • Ex 45 Statement I Line - - =- - =- - l,es m t e
' 3 11 11
3 2 -1 plane11x-3z -14 =O. . . _
plane 7t : x - 2y - z = O Statement 11 A straight /ine lies in a plane, if the /me ts
Statement I L lies in 1t. parai/e/ to plane anda point of the line in_the plane.
Sol. (a) Statement I (1, 2, _ 1) is a point on the line and
Statement li L is parai/e( to 1t.
11 + 3 -14 = o.
Sol. (e) x = 1 + 3r, y = - 1 + 2r, t = 3 - r :.Toe point lies on lhe plane llx -3z - 14 = O.
1 + 3r -2 (- 1 + 2r)-3 + r = O Further 3 X 11 + 11(-3) =O.
3X l -2X2+1Xl=O .-.Toe line lies in lhe plane.
Hence, L is parallel to 1t. Statement II is also true.

·Passage Based Questions
Passage I y = 2 + 3r,
(Ex. Nos. 46 to 48) z = 1 + 4r,
x-3 y - 2 z-1 lt will lie on x - 2 = y -3 = z - 2 => r, = 1
Two /ine whose equation are - - =- - =
2 3
and T · 3 2 3
2 3 2 So, point of intersection is (5, 5, 5).
x - = y- = z - /ie in the sarne plane, then.
3 2 3 48. (b) Equation olf :~e ~:~/~~ ~:•
• Ex. 46 The value of sin - i sin À is equal to
3 2 3 1
(a) 3 (b) 1t - 3
(e) 4 (d) 1t - 4 (x -3) (1) +(y -2)(12 -6) +(z -1)(4 -9) = O
x+6y-5z = 10
• Ex. 47 Point of intersection of the lines lies on

(a)3x + y + z = 20 (b) 2x + y + z = 25
Thus, lhe angle is i•
(c)3x + 2y + z = 24 (d) x = Y = z
Passage II
(Ex. Nos. 49 to 51)
• Ex. 48 Angle between the plane containing both the lines
and the plane 4x + y + 2z =O is equal to Let a 1x + biy+ c1z + d1 =0and a2x + bi y+ c2z = d 2 = 0 be
7t two planes, where d 1, d 2 > O. Tlien, origin lies in acure
( a) -1t (b)-
2 angle, ifa iª2 + bi bi + c1c 2 < Oand origin lies in obruse
. 3
. -1 2 angle, ifª1 a2 + bi bi + ci c2 > O.
(e) 2: . (d)cos ✓186 Further point (:c1, y 1, z 1) a11d origin both lie either in ac111e
6
angle or in obtuse angle. Jf (a1:c1 + bi Yi + c1z1 + d1)
Sol. (Ex. 46-48)
(a2x1 +biY1 +c2z1 +d2)>0.
46• (d) Bolh Jines and coplanar
One of(x 1 , YI, z 1 ) and origi11 lie in acllle and the other in
:
1 - 1
~ ~ l=O -1 (a2x, + biYi + c2z1 + d2) < O.
>,
obtuse angle; if (a 1:c1 + bi + c 1z 1 + d 1 )
2(-2 + 3) + 3(3 + 3) + À(- 3-2) = O

• Ex. 49 Civen that planes 2x + Jy - 4z + 7 =O a11d
À=4
x -2y +Jz -5 = 0. lf a point P is(t, -2. 3). then
sin-1sin 4 =sin- 1sin (lt -4) = lt - 4 0
(a) O and P both lie in acute angle between the planes

x-3 y-2 _ z-l = r. (b) O and P both lie in obtuse angle
47. (d)Let--=
2
~- -
3 4
1
(e) O lies in acute angle, P lies in obtuse angle

X =3 + 2r,
(d) O lies in obtuse angle, P lies an acute angle
218 Tcxlliook or Vcclor & 3D Gcomctry
• Ex. 50 G/vcn tlu: planes x + 2y - :Jz +5 ca Oam/ • Ex. 54 Tlw cq11a/l()IJ o/ plane contalnlng /fne AC and ata
2x + y + 3z + l ,. O. /fa 1wlntl' /s(2, - 1,2), tlum maxlm11111 dlsltmc:c /mm IJ Is
(n) O ,1nd /' holh llo ln nculc 11111110 hclwccn llrn plnnc.• (n)r •(Í + Í) • 7 (l,)r ·(Í-)) "' 7
(h) O nnd I' bolh llo ln oh111~0 nn11lo
(c) r•(2Í - Í) • 7 (,f) r •(JÍ + 4J) .s7
(e) O llc~ ln ncule nn11lc, /' Ili,~ ln ob111sc nn11lo
(d) Ollc~ ln ob111so nn11lc, I' llc~ nn nc111 0 nn11lc
(411 at : E ' ) I 8(11·• 1)J
e !!!f/
• Ex. 51 Glvc11 th1: plam:s x + 2y -Jz + 2 = Oand F

x -2y +3z + 7 = O, ifthcpalnl/' is(l,2,2) thi:11
.
(n) O 11ml I' hnlh llc ln aculc nn11le hclwccn tho plane~ O A(3l+ 4))
(b) O and /' holh lic ln ohlusc nnglc
(e) O llcs ln acutc anl.(lc, I' llc ln ohtusc anglc
(d) O lics ln ohtusc ani:lc, /' llcs ln nculc nn11le
Sol. (l!x.19-51)
49, (h) fü111111io11 oí llw st·co,111 plnnc 1• - x + 2y -3: + 5 .. O
Sol. (ll x 52-54)
52. (d) Oll c 7l + 7), OI! = 51 + * J, 01' =~ (1 + ))

53. (b) Dlrccllon rutio oíCI' i• (1, 6, O), lhen equa tion oílinc
2(-1) +3·2+ (-1)(-:1)>0 p11s•l11(l lhro ugh (2, 3, 4) a nd para Ud lo CP i•
:.Ori~in lits in ob111st· n11glc. x-2,.y-3=~
(2 X t +:l{- 2) -4 X3 + 7)(- 1 + 2(-2)-3 X3 + 5) 1 6 O
= (2 - 6- 12 +7)(-1-1- 9+5)>0 54. (u) The plane conlaining linc A C and ata maximum dis tance
:. I' fies ln oblusc nnglc. from n must bc perpendicular to thc plane OABC.
50, (e) 1 X 2 + 2 X 1 - 3 X 3 < 0 Slncc, OABC 1, rhombus, so 08 mu,t normal lo lhe plane. So,
cqualion oí rcqulrcd pla ne Is
:. Origin lics in nculc nnglc.
[r-4i-3)],(i+ )) = o
Also,(2 +2(- 1)-3(2)+ 5)(2 x2- 1 + 3 X2 + l)=(- 1) (10) < O
:. I' lies in obluse onglc.
⇒ O+b=1
51. (a) 1 - 4- 9 <O Passage IV
:.Origin lics in ocutc nng!c. (Ex. Nos. 55 to 57)
Furthcr (1 + 4 - 6 + 2) (1 - 4 + 6 + 7) > O A ray o/light comes along lhe line l = Oand slrikes lhe
:. The poinl /' lies ln aculc anglc. plane mirror kepl along the plane P = Oai B. A (2, 1, 6) Is a
Passage III point 0111/,e line l = Owhose image about P =Ois A'. li is
(Ex. Nos. 52 to 54) x-2 y- 1 z-6
give111/,at l=Ois--= - -=--and P=Ois
ln a para/le/ogram OABC wif/, posil/011 vectors o/ A is 3 4 5
3i +4j and C is 4i +3j with reference 10 O a.1· orig/11. A
X+ y -2z=3.
point E is taken 011 the side BC which divides li i11 //,e ratlo
• Ex. 55 The coordinates of A' are
o/ 2 : 1. A l.1·0, lhe li11e seg111e11I A E i11tersects tl,e line
(a) (6, 5, 2) (b) (6, 5, - 2)
bisecting //,e LAOC inlema/ly ai P. CP whe11 extended
(e) (6, - 5, 2) (d) None of these
mee/s AB ai poi11t F.
• Ex. 56 The coordinates o/ B are
• Ex. 52 The position vector of P is
(a) (5, 10, 6) (b) ( 10, 15, 11)
(a) Í + j (b) ~ ( i + }) (e) (- 10, - 15, - 14) (d) None of these
3
13 • •
(c)-( i + j) • Ex. 57 ff L, =O is the reflected ray, then its equation is
3
(a) X + 10 = y - 5 = Z + 2
• Ex. 53 The equation of tine parai/e/ to CP and passlng 4 4 3
through (2, 3, 4) is (b) x +10 = y + 15 = ~
X - 2 y- 3 x-2 y-3 3 5 5
(a)-- = - - , z = 4 (b) - - = - ,z = 4
1 5 1 6 (c) ~ = y + 1 5 = ~
x -2 y-3 X - 2 y- 3 4 5 3
(e) - - = - - , z = 3 (d ) - = - , z=3 (d) None of the above
2 5 3 5
Sol. (Ex 55-57)

55. {b) Let Q(x,, Yz, z, ) be lhe image of A(Z. 1, 6) about núrror
• Ex. 59 The equation of a tine ofgreatest s/ope can be
ir+ y - 2z = 3. Then, (a)~= .1'..= ~ (b)~ = L = ~
3 1 - 1 3 - 1 1
"z -2 =y 2 -1 =z 2 -6
1 1 -2
= -2 (2 + 1 - 12 - 3)
4
1 2+1 2 +2 2 -
• Ex. 60 The coordinates ofa point on the plane
= (ir,, Y2, z 2) a (6, 5, - 2)
2x + y-Sz = O, 2-.Ítl unit away from the tine of inte~ection
5 6. (e) Let ir- 2 = Y - 1 = ~ = À. of2x+y-Sz =0and4x-3y + 7z =O are
3 4 5
(a)(6, 2. - 2) (b)(J. \ - 1)
ir = 2 + 3À., y = 1 + 4À., z = 6 + 5À. lies on plane ir + y - 2z = 3 (e) (6, - 2. 2) (d) (\ 3, - 1)
= 2 +3À. + 1 + 4À.-2(6 + 5À.)=3 Sol. (Ex. 58·60)
= 3+7À.-12-I0À.=3
58. (a) Plane .li is oflhe fonn r · n 1 = O. where n 1 =(-1. -3. 7)
= -3À. =12
= À. =-4 Plane P2 is of lhe fonn r • n 2 = O.
Point B s(- 10, - 15, - 14) where n 2 = (2, 1. - 5)
57. (e) Toe equation of lhe reflected ray L, = O is lhe line joining The vector b along lhe line of intcrscction of planes is
Q(x2, y 2, z 2 ) and B(- 10, - 15, - 14~ n 1 x n 1 =(4, 17, S) = n,
ir + 10 = y + 15 = z + 14 Since lhe line of greatest slope is perpendicul11.r to n , and n
2
16 20 12 lhe vector along lhe lme of greatest slope
=
ir+ 10 y + 15 z + 14 = = n 2 x n, = (3. - 1, 1) = n,
or and the unit vcctor
4 5 3
Passage V n, =n =(¼, 7ij· ¼i)

(Ex. Nos. 58 to 60) 59. {b) Since, (O, O. O) is a point on both planes, it lies on lhe line of
The /ine. ofgreatest slope on an inclined plane P1 is the fine intersection.
in the plane P1 which is perpendicular to the fine of Hence. lhe equation a tine of greatest slope can be
intersection ofthe plane P1 anda horizontal plane P2 •
='.=L=.:.
3 -1 1
• Ex. 58 Assumingtheplane4x-3y+7z=0tobe
60. (e) Toe point on lhe line ='. = L =.:.ata distance 2..fíi unit
horizontal, the direction cosines of the tine of greatest slope 3 - 1 1
in the plane 2x + y -Sz =O are from the origin is given by
3 - 1 1 (b) 3 1 - 1
(a) Jií' Jií' Jií Jii' Jii' Jii 2-- = _L = :. = 2..fíi
3 - 1 1
-3 1 1 (d) None of these
Jii Jii
(e) J'ií' Jií' Jií The point is {6, - 2, 2) .
JEE Type Solved Examples:

• Ex. 61 Match the entries between following two columns. :. Toe lines are coincidcnt.
Columnl (e) < 5, 4, - 2 > are direction ratios of both the lines.
Columnll
:. Toe lines are parallel.
A. If the line ~ = ~ = ~ lies in the
1 - 2 À
p. . -•Hi
sm -
25
Also, x = 2 + 5À, y = - 3 + 4À, z = 5 - 2À
2 + 5À - 7 - 3 + 4À - 1 5 - 2À - 2
plane 3:r - 2y + Sz = O, then À is equal to
5 4 -2
B. If(3, À,µ) is a point on the line q. 7
2:r + y + z - 3 =O = :r - 2y + z - 1, then 3-2À
i.e. À-1 =À-1 = - -
À+ µ is equal to -2
e. The angle bctween the line :r = y = z and . r. - 3 :.No value of À.
the plane 4:r - 3y + Sz = 2 is
Thus, lhe lines are parallel and different.
D. The angle between the planes
x + y + z = O and 3:r - 4y + Sz =ois
s. cos-
1
&
75
(D) < 2, 3, 5 > a nd <3, 2, 5 > are direction ratios o f first a nd
second line, respectively.
Sol. (A) ➔ (q), (B) ➔ (r), (C) ➔ (p), (D) ➔ (s)
• Ex. 63 Match the f ollowings
(A)3 ·1-2(-2)+5(À)=O ⇒ À=-~
5 Columnl Col umnll
(B) Point(3, À, µ ) lies on2x + y + z -3= x-2y + z - 1 A. Thecoordinatesofapointon theline:r= 4y +5, p. (-1,-2.0)
⇒ 3·2+Ã+µ-3=0and3-2Ã+µ - l = O z = ly - 6 ai a distance 3 from the point (5, 3, - 6)
is/are
⇒ Ã+ µ +3=0and2Ã-µ-2=0
So, Ã+µ=-3 B. The plane containing lhe lines ~ = Y + 3 q. (5, O· - 6 )
1·4+1(-3)+1·5 _ 6 3 5
,/12 + t 2 + J ~ ./16 + 9 + 25 - ✓3 .Jsõ
9 = ~ and parallel to i + 4 j + 7khas the point
(C) sin 7
9 =sin- 1 ffs C. Aline passes through two poinU A(2 , - 3, -1)

and B(8, -1, 2). Th• ,oordinates of a point on this
r. (2. 5, 7)
linc ncarcr to thc origin and ata distancc of 14

1 ·3+ 1(-4)+ l · 5
(D) cos 8 - - , ~====::==~ - r;;;
- ✓3./16 + 9 + 25 vh•50 =
4 units from A is/are
D. Th<coordinates of thefoot of the perpendicuw- s. (14, !, 5)
v'/8is
from the point (3, - 1, 11) on lhe line
-1
9=cos _:: = y -Z = ~ is/are
2 3 4
• Ex. 62 Match the f ollowing Sol. (A) ➔ (q), (B) ➔ (p), (C) ➔ (s), (D) ➔ (r)
Columnl Columnll (A) Toe given_line is x = 4y +5, z = 3y -6,
x-5 z +6
A. ~ = y - 2 = ~ and .::.=_! = y - 3 = ~ p. coincident or - 4- =y, - 3- =y
2 3 4 3 4 5
are or x-5 = l'._ = z + 6 = À (say)
4 l 3
B. ~=~ = ~ a n d ~ = y - 5= :_:2 q. parallcl and
2 3 4 2 3 4 diffcrcnt Any point on lhe line is oflhe forrn(4À + 5, À,3À - 6~
are Toe distance between(4À +5, À, 3À - 6) and (5, 3, - 6) is 3 units
C. x-2 = L:2_ = 5-z and :r-7 =L:..!_ = ~ r. skew (given).
5 4 2 S 4 -2 Therefore, (4À + 5 - 5)2 + (À -3) 2 +(3À. - 6 + 6)2 = 9
are
16Ã.2 +À2 + 9-6À. + 9Ã2 = 9
D. ~ = ~ = :.::i and ~ = y -2 = :_:2 s. intcrsccting 2
26Ã. -6À. = O
2 3 5 3 2 5 in a point
are
À.=0,2.
13
Sol. (A) ➔ (s), (B) ➔ (p),' (C) ➔ (q), (D) ➔ (r)
Toe point is (5, O, - 6)
(A) Both the lines pass through lhe point (7, 11, 15~
(B) Toe equatlon of the plane containing lhe lines
(B) < 2, 3, 4 > a re direction ratios of both lhe lines. Also, x- 2 y + 3 z + 5 • • ,
the point (1, 2, 3) is common to both . - - = - - = - - and paralld to 1+ 4j +7k
3 5 7
y -1 Z -3 , .
~
X -2
(B) Any point on lhe line ~ = - - = - 2 - ="" is
X 2 y : 3 z ; 5 1 = 0 => X - 2y + z - 3 = 0 2
(-3À +2,2À + t.2À + 3~ which Jies on plane2x + y - z =3.
1 3 5 7
Therefore,
Point (- 1, - 2, O) lies on this plane.
- 6À + 4 + 2À + 1 - 2À - 3 = 3
(C) The line pass"mg thro ugh points A(2, - 3, _ 1)
-6À= l
and B(8, - 1, 2) is x - 2 = Y + 3 - .:...!....!.
8-2 - 1 +3-2 +1 À=-~
6
or x - 2 Y +3 z + 1
-6- = -2- = - 3- = À (say) Therefore, lhe point is(~.~.~)
2 3 3
Any point on this line is of lhe form P(6À + 2, 2À - 3 3À - 1) (C) If(x, y, z) is required foot of the perpendicula r, then
w hose distance from point A(2, - 3, - 1) is 14 units. Therefor~. X - 1 _ y -1 _ Z - 2 _ (2 -2 + 8 + 5)
=> PA = 14 => PA' =(14)' -2-----=z- - - 4 - - 22 +(-2) 2 + 42
(-1 -2)
=> (6i..)2 +(2À) 2 +(3À) 2 = 196
25
2 or (x,y,z)- - , - , -
=> 49À =196 => ")..2 = 4 => À=± 2 12 12 12
Theref~re, lhe required points are (14, 1, 5) and (- 10, - 7, -7). · x - l y -2 z -3
(D) Any point on lhe Jine - - = - - = - - = À is
Thc po1nt nearer to lhe origin is (14, 1, s). 2 3 4
P(2À + 1, 3À + 2, 4À + 3), w hich satisfies the line
(D) Any point online AB, ~ = Y - =~=À is
2
2 3 4 x - 4 =y- 1 ==-
M(2À, 3À + 2, 4À + 3). Therefore, lhe direction ratios of PM are 5 2 1
2À - 3,3À + 3 and 4À - 8. 2À + 1 - 4 = 3À + 2 - 1 = 4À + 3
But PM l.AB
or
5 2
__L
=> À=-1
The required point is (- 1, - 1, - 1).
e EJC. 65 X - 2 =y - 3 = Z - 4
A M B 3 4 5
Columnl Columnll
2(2À - 3) + 3(3À + 3) + 4{4À - 8) = O
4À - 6 + 9À + 9 + 16À - 32 = O A. Poinl on the tine ai a distance 10./z from . p. (- 1,-1,- 1)
(2, 3, 4)
29À - 29 =O; À = 1
Therefore, foot of lhe perpendicular is M(2, 5, n B. Point on the Une common to the plane
x+y+z+3 = 0
q. (2, 3, 4)
C. Point on lhe tine ai a distance -Í29 from the origin. r. (8, 11, 14)
• Ex. 64 Match the followings
D. Point on the tine common to the plane s. (- 4, -5, _ 6)
Columnl Column II x+y - z+3 = 0
A. Image of the poinl (3, 5, 7) in lhe plane p . (- 1, -1,- 1)
Sol. (A) ➔ (r, s), (B) ➔ (p), (C)-+ (q), (D) ➔ (s)
2X + y + Z = - 18 is
q. (-21,-7,-5) Any point o n lhe line is (3r + 2, 4r + 3, 5r + 4
B. Toe point ofintersection ofthe tine
(A)(J r + 2 - 2) 2 + ( 4r + 3 - 3)2 + (Sr + 4 - 4)2 = 200
~ = ~ = ~ and the plane
-3 -2 2 => (9 + 16 + 25)r2 =200 ⇒ r =± 2
2x+y-z=3is~- - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- Forr = 2, the point is (8, li, 14), For r = - 2 it is (- 4, _ s, -6)
C .- Th;foot of the perpendicular from the point r. ( ~}, ~)
(B) 3r + 2 + 4r + 3 + Sr + 4 + 3 = O
(l, 1,2) to the plane2x - 2y+ 4z + s__=_o_1_, _ __ 2_ 3_ 3 _ __
=> 12r+l2 = 0 ⇒ r=-l
D. Toe ~tersection point ofthe lines s. ( 1 25 2 ) and lhe point on the linc common to the plane is (- 1, - 1, - l ~
x-1 - ~ = ~ a n d ~ = ~ = z i s -12•12·12 (C)(3r +2) 2 +(4r + 3)2 +(Sr +4) 2 =29
-2- - 3 4 5 2
2
50r +76r = O =>r = 0.r=-~
Sol. (A) -+ (q), (B)-+ (r), (C)-+ (s), (D)-+ (p) 50
(A) lfthe required imagc is(x. y, z), lhen For r = O, lhe point is (2, 3, 4).
x-3 y-5 z-7_ 2(6+5+7+18) (D) 3, + 2 + 4r + 3-Sr-4 +3 = o
2 = 1
= - 1- - - 22 + 12 + 12
=> 2r + 4 = O => r = -2
= - 12 or(- 21, -7, -5). :. The polnt on the line common to lhe plane is (-4. -S, _ 6 )

• Ex. 66 lf the perpendicular distance of the point (6, 5, 8) Shorlesl dislance
from the Y-axis is SÃ unit, then À is equa/ to [C- 3-3)1 + c1-8)) + C6 - 3)kl
Sol. (2) Fool of perpendicular from (6. 5, 8) on Y-axis is (O, 5, O). = [(31 - ) + k) x (-31 + 2j + 4k)]
Required distance = .j(6 - 0) 2 +(5 - 5)2 + (8 - o)2 (-61 -1s) +3k) x (- 6)-tsk + 3k)
= tOunit .J36 + 225 + 9
=> SÃ = 10 => À = ~ =2
=.Jiiõ =3✓30 unil
5
• Ex. 69 lf the planes x-cy-bz =O, ex -y +az =O and
• Ex. 67 A parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn bx + ay - z =O pass through a tine, then the value of
through the points (2. 4, 5) and (5, 9, 7) parai/e/ to the coordi-
a 2 +b 2 +c 2 + 2abc is
nate planes. The length of the diagonal of the paral/elopiped
is Sol. {!) Given, planes are
x - cy - bz = O .••(i)
Sol. (7) Toe lenglh of lhe edges are given by a = 5 - 2 = 3,
ex - y + az = O •.•(ii)
b =9 - 3 =6, e= 7 -5 =2. so length oflhe diagonal
bx + ay - z = O (üi)
=.Ja' + b 2
+c
2
Equation of planes passing through lhe line of inlersection of
=.J9+ 36 + 4 planes (i) and (ü) may be taken as
(x -cy - bz) + À(cx - y + az) = O •••(iv)
=7 units
Now, planes (ili) and (iv) are sarne
1 + cÀ = - (e + À) = - b + aÃ.
• Ex. 68 lf the shortest distance between the tines b a -1
x-3 = y - 8 = z -3 and x +3 = y + 7 = z -6 is Ã.,ÍJÕ unit,
By eliminaling À, we gel a 2 + b 2 +c2 + 2abc = 1
3 -1 1 -3 2 4
then the value ofÀ is x-4 y-2 z-k
Sol. (3) Given, lines are · • Ex. 70 lf the tine -
1
- =-1
- =-2- lies exactly on the
r = 31 +8) +3k + Ã(31-)+ k) .
plane 2x - 4y + z = 7, the value ofk is
r = C-31-1) Hk) +µ(- 31 + 2j + 4k) Sol. (7) The poinl (4. 2, k) musl satisfy lhe plane.
where À, µ are pararnelers. So, 8- 8 +k = 7 => k =7

• Ex. 71 The equation ofmotion ofrockets are Thus, lhe palh of lhe rockel represents a straight line passing
X = 2t, y = - 4t, Z = 4t, through lhe origin.
where the time 't' is given in second and the coordinates ofa For t = !Os
moving point in kilometres. , We have, x=20,y = - 40,z = 40
What is the path of the rocket? At what distance wi/1 the and I r 1 = 1 OM 1 = J ,...' -+-y72 -+-, -,
x.,...
rocket befrom the starting pointO(0,0,0) in 10s. =.J400 + 1600 + 1600 = 60 km

Sol. Elirninaling '1' from lhe given equations, we gel the equatiori of
the palh,
• Ex. 72 Write the equation of a tangent to the curve x =t,
y = t 2 , z = t 3 at its point M(l, 1, l};(t =1).
Sol. Here, r =li+ 12) + ,, k
or
dr • , ,.
dt = 1 + 21J + 3t k
2 2
k' = (a' + b ) sin a
cos 2 a
On pulling ln Eq. (iii) k =± Ja' + b' tan a, we get equation of
plane as.
ax+ by ± zJa' + b2 tan a= O.
• Ex. 75 Assuming the plan~ 4x -3y + 7 z = O to be hori-
• E>e. 7~ fi11CI 1/r.: lorns o/ <1 point, tllC! sum o/squarcs of zontal,find the equation of the tine ofgreatest slope through
wlu~~" ,l,stanc.-sfrom ti,.,
planes x- z = O. x-2y + z =O and the poinl(2, 1, 1) in the plane 2x + y -5z =O.
X + )' + Z = ll is J&,
Sol. The rcquired line possing Lhrough lhe point (2, 1. 1) in the
Sol. ~;ll'rn plnnrs arr .,·- : ,. c\ .,· -2y +: = o plane 2x + y - 5z = Oand is having greatest slope. so it must
be perpendicular lo the line of intersection of the planes
aml .,· + .1· + : "' o.
2x + y-5z =O ...(i)
l.d thr l'" iut whose lucus Is l'<'ljllil't'd h<' f'(a. I}, yi Ac-cording
h,,,ur~ti,,n. nnd 4x-3y + 7z = O ...(ü)
~ ln-~ll+yl' l•H~+yl' Lei the DR's of the line of inlersection ofEqs. (i) and (ü) are a,
~ + h + 3 =36 b,c.
2a+b-5c=0
"r :i<«, +y' -:ny\ +«' + ·•ll' + y'- -k."11} - 41}y+ 2rry
11.nd 4a- 3b +?e= O
+:.'(«' +li' + 'Y' + 2al} + 21}y +2fry)=36 X6 (as DR's of straight line (a. b. e) is perpendicular to DR's of
or f.Ct ' +611' +6y' =36 X6 normal to both the planes)
,,r a'+ll'+y'=% ~=~=5.
4 17 5
llrm't', thc l'<'I\Himl "'lllllllon ofloéus Is
Now, let Lhe direction ratio ,;f required tine be proportional to
x' + y ' + : ' =36 1, m and n, then i ls equation be
x-2 y -1 z-1
• Ex. 74 Tire plane ax + by = O is rota teci tlrrough an angle - ,-=-;;;-= - n-
a about its fine: of intcrsa tion witl, the plane z = O. Show where. 21 + m - 5n = Oand 41 + 17m + 5n = O
tirai lhe 1:q11ation lo tl,c plane in new position is So, ! :.!:'... =~
3 - 1
ax+by±zJaz +b 2 tana.=O
Sol. Glvrn ph111rs nl'<' Thus, Lhe required tine is ~ = Y - 1 = .:..2
3 -1 1
<IX + /ty = 0 ...(i)
1U1d : =o ...(ii)
:.Equnliou of nny pla nr pnsslng lhrough Lhe line of • Ex. 76 Does - ª-+ - b- + _c_= O represents a pair
inlcrsrrtion of planes (i) nnd (ii) m11y be taken as, x- y y-z z -x
ax+ /ty + l:: = O ...(ili) of planes?
111c dil't"Ction cos lnes of n normnl 10 lhe plane (iil) are Sol. Here, given equation is - ª- + _b_ +_e_= 0
11 b k x-y y-z z-x
Ja•+ b' +k'' ✓•' + b' + e· Ja• + b' ~k' ⇒ a(y -z)(z -x) +b(x- y) (z -x)+ c(x - y) (y - z) = o
Tiie dlrt'<'lion rosines of a normal lo lhe plane (1) a re ⇒ -axy+nyz-a: 2 +axz +lr.a - bx 2 -byz
a b
J,,• + b'. Ja• + h'' 0
1
+ by:r + cxy - =- cy
2
+ cyz = o
⇒ bx + cy 2 +az' - (b + c-a)xy -
Slnce, thc 11nglc bt-t wecn thr plnnrs (1) ,md (til) is a . (e+ a -b)yz -(a+ b-c)z.x = O
<1 •a+b ·b+ k • O :.Value of determinant;
rosa •
,/a' + b1 + k 2 1vª' + h' b -~(b+c-a) -~(a+ b-c)
,,' + 1,t 2 2
• ~ ,·. ' ·t b 1 + l:J - ~(b+ c- a)
2
-~(r+a - b)
2
1 1 1
1;1 ros1 11 • a'(t - cos a)+ 1• (1 -cos o) - ~(a+ b - r) ~(c +a-b) a
2 2
~24 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry
o o • Ex. 79 A líne makes angle, a, p, '( {lfld li wíth th~ f 0tlf

o
_!(b + e-a) _!(e+ a -b)
diagonais ofcube, prove that
2 2
-!(a+ b-c) _!(c+a-b) cos 2 a +cos 2 P+cos 2 '( += 2 Ôr. .:,
2 a 3
2
Sol. Let thc cube be shown in the figure, whet:~ fo•.u ~?"..A'~ rr~
=0 OP, AL, BM and CN and A(a, O, O), f'Á.O, a, O), O.O, Q, al J/l),a,aJ,
M(a, O, a), N(a, a, O) and P(a, a, a), .hence d.ire<.tion&:0<..'.=do,:>
Hcncc, thc given equation represcnts a pau of planes. are
z
. . x-a y-p z - y
• Ex. 77 lf the stra,ght lme - - =- - =- - intersect
1 m n J-
<O...:..--'o._a.:...
Ã-C...:. - -,;.,'·1, (:,.o. ;;)
2
the curve ax + by 2 =1, z =O, then prove that
a(an -y/) 2 +b(Pn - ym) 2 = n 2. (O, a. a)
L
__ ,,..,,;.?
,
_,.
P(a úÍ"íJ, m .n)
1·
Sol. Here, r-a y-13 z-y
--=-=-=À.
1 m n .-..........-
,,..!- -·::-=---
.,' /.
:.Any point on the given line 0 A(a,0 , O)
(Ã.I + a, À.m +13 +À.n + y)
8(0,a,0) N(a..a,0)
If it lies on the curve ar 2 + by' =1, z =O
y
(as the point of intersection)
a(a + 0..) + b(J3 + mÃ.}2 = 1 a a
2 a
...(i)
and À.n +y = O ...(ü)
✓ª2 + ª2 + a2' Jaz+ ª2 + a 2· .Jaz+ az + c:1
From Eq. (ü), À. = - 'Y must satisfy Eq. (i), we gel
n =(i-~-~)
a(a-~)'+b(P - ':;)' =I ThcDC'sofALare(- ~-·i ~}
a(na - ty,2 + b(nj3 - my}2 =n 2
TheDC'sofBMare(
73.- ~- ~}
• Ex. 78 Prove that the three lines from O with direction
cosines /1, m1, n 1; 12, m 2 , n 2 and 13, m3, n3 are coplanar, if TheDC'sofCNare(~. ~-- ~}
11(m2n3 -n 2m3) + m1(n213-12n3) + n 1(12m3 - l3m2) = O'. Let the DC's of required líne be (1, m. ni
Sol. Here, three given tines are coplanar, if they have common l+m+n ., -l + m+n
perpendicular.
cosa=-r,cos 11 - -/3 •
Let DC's of common perpendicular be /, m and n. 1- m+n l +m-n
111 + mm, + nn1 =O ...(i) c o s y = - r :md cosli=-:g--
112 +mm,+ nn2 = O ...(ü) cos2 a + cos' P+ cos' y + cos' li
and 113 + mm, + nn3 = O ...(iü)
Solving Eqs. (ü) and (ili) by cross multiplícation method, we = ! {(I + "'+ n)2 +(- 1+ m +n)' + (/-., .,,f
3
get
+li+ r.o-,.fl
= ~ (1 + m + n
1 2 2
) e ~
.3 3
• Ex. 80 Lct PM be thc 1,crpemficulcir from thc point

P(l, 2,3) to XY-plane. /fOP mak.:s an <111glc-O \lith Ih<' posi-
~ - - - - _ _ _m_ _ = n =k tive direction of the Z-axis and OM mab:s an ílfli:"lc-~ 1t1th
171z111 - n2m, - n,l, - n312 12m, - l,m,
the positive.dircction of X-axis, whcrc O is thc ori_itin, thm
~ 1 = k(m,n - n,m,), m = k(n,l, - n,1 2), n = k(l,m, - l,m,)
1 findO andei>.
Substituting in Eq. (i), we get
Sol. Hrrc, /' bc (x, y,:) ~hown ns,
k(mzn, - n2m,)/1 +k(n,I, - n112)m, + k(l,m, - 13 m2)n1 3 O
lhrn, x • ,-111 O•«>~ ,;,, y • r sln Osi114\: • r ,.._~, il ___(i)
~ / 1(171z111 - n2m,) + m,(n,13- n,1 2) + n,(l,m, - l1m1 )
z Sr =5
⇒ r=l
P(1,2,3) .-.Coordinate of P(3, 3, - 9).
⇒ Distance between (1, O, - 3) and (3, 3, - 9)
2
= ../(3- 1)' +(3 - o)' +(- 9 + 3)
8
=./4 + 9 + 36 = 7
0,..k""--- ---Y
• Ex. 82 Find the equation of the plane which passes

through a 1x +b1y + c 1z +d1 =O, a 2x +b2Y +c2z + di =O
. x- a y-13 z-y
X
M and which is para/lei to the /me - -
1
=---;;:;- =
- n- .
⇒ l =r sin8 · cos $, 2 = rsin8sin $,3 =r cos8
Sol. Given. a,.r + biY + c,z + d, = O
⇒ 1 + 2 + 3 = r 2 sin2 8 cos2 $ + r 2 sin 2 8 sin 2 $ + r 2 cos 2 8
2 2 2
a 2x + b,Y + c,z + d 2 =O ...(i)

= r 2 sin 2 8(cos2 $ +sin2 $) +r2 cos2 8
~ = y -f:l =.:..:.r ...(ü)
= r 2 sin2 8 + r2 cos2 8 = r2 and
/ m n
⇒ r=± ✓14 Equation of plane through the intersection of plane (i) is given ·
From Eq. (i), we have by
. 8 ,. l (a,x +biY + c1z + d,) + À(a 2.r +b,Y + c,z +d,)= O
sm cos -r = + ✓14' or (a1 + :l.a2 )x +(b, + :l.b2 )y +(e, + Àc2 )z
. 8 . ... 2 8 3
+ (d1 + :l.d2 ) = o ...(ili)
sm sm., = ✓14' cos ="Ji4 DR's ofnormal to Eq. (ili) are
(neglecting -ve sign as acute angles) (a, + :l.a 2 ), (b, + :l.b2 ), (e, + Àc2 )
sin8sin$ = ~ :. Eq. (ili) is parallel to Eq. (ü).
sin8 cos $ 1 ⇒ Normal to plane (ili) should bc perpendicular to line (ü).
: . (a1 + Àa 2 ) / +(b, + :l.b,)m + (e, + Àc2 )n = O
and tan 8 = sin8 = ✓5
cos 8 3 ⇒ ;\. = - (a,/ + b,m + c,n), putting in (ili), we get
(a,J. + b2m + c,n)
✓5
tan $ = 2 and tan 8 = (a,x + biJf + c1z + d,)(a,J. + b,m + c,n) -(a 1/ + b, + c1n)
3
$ = tan- • 2 and8 =tan-• ( 1) Hence, the cquation of required plane.
(a2x + b,Y +c,z + d ,) = O
• Ex. 83 Find the perpendicular distance ofa com er ofa

• Ex. 81 Find the distance of the point(l, O, -3) from the unit cube from a diagonal not passing through it.
plane x - y - z =9 measured para/lei to the line, Sol. Lei the edges OA, OB, OC of lhe unit cube bc along OX , OY and
x - 2 y +2 _ ~ OZ, respectively. Since, OA = OB =OC = 1 unit
- 2 - = - 3- - -6 . OA= i. 0B=3. OC= k
Sol. Given plane is z
.r-y-z = 9 ...(i)
.r - 2 y+2 z-6 C(O. O, 1)
...(ü)
Given line AB is - - = -3- = ~
2
Equation of linc passing through (1, O, -3) and parallel to '-'('.,/
,:-2 y +2 _ z -6 k /
- 2- = - 3- - ~ / M
/
X 0
0 =y-O = ~ = r ...(ili) 1
is 2 3 - 6
A(1 , 0, O)
Coordinate o f any point on Eq. (ili) may bc given as
X
P(2r + 1, 3r, - 6r - 3)
lf p is intersection of Eqs. (i) and (iü). then it mu.st lie on Eq. (i). Lct CM bc perpendicular from the comer C on lhe diagonal OP.
(2, + 1)-(3r)-(-6r - 3) = 9
Thc vector equation of OP is
2,+1 - 3r +6r+ 3 =9
r = :1.(l+J+ kl
OM = Projection of OC on OP
=OC · OP
=k<i +3+ k l = _l_
..fj ..fj À +l µ+I
Now, OC2 = OM 2 + CM 2 -(À. +1)+5 (µ+1)+1
À.+ l µ +I
CM' = 1oc 12 -OM2 = 1 - ! = ~ -2(Ã. + 1) +9 = 2(µ +I) + 1
3 3
Ã.+ l µ+1
CM=l (À.+ 1) + 7 = S(µ + 1) -1
Ã.+ 1 µ +1
• Ex. 84 lf a variable plane f orms a tetrahedron of constant 5 1
- 1 + - - = 1 + --
volume 64k3 with the coordinate planes, then flnd the locus Ã.+ l µ+l
of the centroid of the tetrahedron.
- 2+ - 9-=2+-
I -;
Sol. Let lhe variable plane intersects lhe coordinate axes at À.+1 µ+1
A(a, O, O), B(O, b, O) and C(O, O, e). Then, lhe equation oflhe 7 1
plane will be 1 + -- = s - --
Ã. + 1 (µ + 1)
X y %
- +-+ - =1 ...(i) 1 1
a b e Let - - =xand - - =y
Let P(a, li, "'() be lhe centroid of tetrahedron OABC, lhen À +1 µ +1
~ Sx-y=2;9r-y= 4; 7x+ y =4
a = ~. p =!, r=~
4 4 4 On solving, x = !, y = !
or a = 4a, b =4j3. 4"'( e= 2 2
~ Ã.+ 1 =2, µ +1=2
~ Volume of tetrahedron = ! (Area of &AOB) · OC
3 . À.=1, µ = 1
64k =
3
;G ab) e= ª!e Clearly, if Ã. = 1 and µ = 1,
AB and CD bisects each olher.
64k3 = (4al< 4IIH4Yl

6
p =(~.~- ~)
k' = apr
6
3
Now, AP = (4 - ff +(1-ff +(8-ff
:.Required locus of P(a, 13, y) is xyz = 6k •
= ..fm = PB
2
• Ex. 85 Show that the fine segm ents joining the points
( 4, 7, 8), {-1, - 2, 1) and (2, 3, 4) (1, 2, 5) intersect. Verify Also, CP= (2- f f +(3 - ff + ( 4-ff
whether the four points concyclic.
..fj
Sol. Here, A(4, 7, 8), B (- 1, - 2, 1), C(2, 3, 4) and D(l, 2, 5). If lhe lines =- = PD
2
AB and CD intersect at P, then let
We know four points A, B, C and D are concylic, if
AP · PB = PC ·PD
0
c
D
'
'
B
AP =!:_ and CP =~
PB l PD l
But here,
-À +4 - 2Ã. +7 À +8) 155
Then,P ( ~ ·~·1,+ l AP·PB= and PC · PD=!
4 4
= (µ+ 2. 2µ +3. sµ
µ+l µ +I µ+I
+4) :. Points are non•concyclic.
~ a'(p +a)+ b'(q + f3) + é(r +'Y) +2d' =O ...(ili)

• Ex. 86 lf P be any point on the plane /x + my + nz = p
DR's of PQarea - p, f3 -q, y- r.
and Q be a point on the tine OP such that OP · OQ = p 2 , Since, PQ perpendicular on plane Eq. (iii), we gel
show that the locus of the point Q is a - P= f3 - q = 'Y - ' =k. (say)
p(.lx+my+nz)=,.. 2 +y2 +z2. a' b' é
Sol. Let P(a, f3. y) and Q (r,, y,, 21 ) a=p+ dtf3=q+Vt-y=r+ék
DR's ofOP are(a,P, y) and DR's of0Qare(x1,y1, z1). Putting lhe values of a , f3 and 'Y in Eq. (ili), we get
·: O, Q and Pare collinear. a'(2p + ka') + b'(2q + kb') +t:12r + kc') + 2d' = O
~ 2(a' p + b' q + e' r + d')= - k(d + b' + é
2 2 2
) ...(iv)
~=..ê._=,l=k (say) ...(i)
x, Y1 z1 Since, P(a, f3, y) lies o n plane (i), we get
Since, P(a, 13, y) lie on lhe plane aa + ~+cy+d=O
lx + my + nz = p.
~ a(p + ka') +n(.q +kb') + t:1r +kc')+ d= O
la + mf3 + ny= p
k =_ (ap + bq + cr + d)
Since, P(a, 13, y) lie o n lhe plane /x + my + nz = p.
la + mf3+ n-y± p (aa' + bb' + cc')
~ k lx, + kmy1 + knz, = p [using Eq. (i)] ...(ii) Pulling lhe value of k in Eq. (iv), we gel
Since, OP ·OQ = p' 2(a' p + b' q + e' r + d')
✓a' + f3' + y' · ✓x,' + yf + zf = p'

(a' 2 + b' 2 + c' 2 )(ap + bq + cr + d)
aa' + bb' + cc'
✓k'xf + k'yf + k 2zf · ✓x: + y 12 + zf = p 2
: .Locus of Q (p, q, r~
~ k(xf + yf + z12 ) = p' ...(ili) i.e. equation reflection of plane (i) in plane (ii) is,
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we gel 2(aa' + bb' + cc')(a' x + b'y + c'z + d')
lx1 + m y 1 + nz, .!_ =(a' 2 + b' 2 +c' 2 ) (ax + by + cz +d)
2 2 2
X1 + Y1 + Z1 p
~ p(lx1 + my1 + nz1 ) = (xf + yf + zf) • l( y z
• Ex. 88 A pomt P moves on a plane - + - + - =1. A plane
Hence, locus of Q a b e
~ p(lx + my + nz) ;= x 2 + y 2 + z ' through P and perpendicular to OP meets the coordinate
axes in A, B and C. lf the planes through A, B and C parai/e/
• Ex. 87 Find the reflection of the plane to the planes ,..= O, y = O and z = O intersect in Q, then find
ax + by + cz + d = O in the plane a',.. + b' y + e' z +d'= O the locus oJQ.
Sol. Given p lanes are Sol. Giv~n plane is ~ + ,l'., +:. = 1 ...(i)
ax + by + cz + d = O ...(i) a b e
and a' x + b' y + e' z + d' = O ...(ii) Lei P(h,k, /) be lhe point on plane.
Lei P(a, f3, y) be an arbitrary point in lhe plane (i) and Q (p, q, r)
h k 1
-+-+ -=! ...(ü)
be lhe reflection oi lhe poinl P in plane (ii). Locus of Q will be a b e
lhe required r eflection of plane (i) in plane (ii), let L be lhe ~ OP =✓h' +k2 + 12
mid-point of PQ.
DC's.of OP =(·✓h' h
+k' + 1
2
, ✓h' +k' +
k
12
1
' ✓h' +k' +1 2
)
:. Equalion of lhe plane through P and normal to OP 1s,

hx + ky + lz
✓h' +k' +1
2
✓h' + k2 + /2 ✓h' +k2 + 12
= ✓h' +k' + / 2
hx+ ky + lz = h' +k 2 + 12
2 2 2
A• (
h + kh + / ,o.o)
Then, L(P:ª, q;f3, r ;'Y)
2 2 2
L lies in plane (ii), we gel h +k +1 )
BaO,
( k ,O
:. d(P;ª)+b'(q;f3)+,(';'Y)+d'=O
Let lhe equation of one of the pair of opposite edges OA and

- ( o, o, -c....:.:._..:..::.._
C= h' + k' +I')
1 8 C be
y+z=O,x+z=O ...(i)
Lei Q(a, P, y), then
2 2 2 and x+y=O,x+y+z=J3a ...(ii)
a=h +k + 1
h , J.0.Ol ~A
º·...
(~
~= k
2
h +k' + 12
,
..'
h 2 + k2 + 12
...(ili)
'
: . .!'
"f= 1
c:.___r. .
(0, O, ./Ja) ~B
Now.~ + _.!... + _.!...= h' +k' +I'
a 2 ~• y2 (h2 +k' + 12 ) 2 Eqs. (i) and (ii) can be expressed in symmetrical fonn as
2
...(iv) X - 0 =y -0 =% - 0
...(ili)
2 2
h + k +1 1 1 - 1
From Eq. (ili), we gd x - O=y - O=z-..fiã
2 2 2 and ...(iv)
h_ h +k +1 1 -1 O
a DR's of OA and BC are (1, 1, -1) and (- 1, 1, O}
h h 2 + k 2 +1 2
Lei PQ be the shortesl distance between OA and BC having
a direction cosine (/, m, n}
k
ªª
h 2 +k 2 + /
2
Similarly, :. PQ is perpendicular to bolh OA and BC.
b bj3 l+m+n =0 ...(v)
h' +k' + 12 1 - m=0 ...(vi)
and
e cy On solving Eqs. (v) and (vi), we gd
tC'
2 2
h 2 +k2 +1 2 h 2 +k2 + 12 h2 +k +1
----+ +
ªª bj3 . C'(
h k 1 [from Eq. (ii))
= -+ - + - =I
a b e C Q B
1 1 1 1
~ - + - +- =
aa bj3 cy h' + k 2 +1 2 ~=~ =!!.=k
1 1 1 1 1 2
=- + - + - [from Eq. (iv)] 2 2 2
Also, 1 + m + n =I
·ª ' ~· y'
:.Required eq'!3tion oflocus is 2 2 2
k +k +4k =1 ~k=*
1 1 1 1 1 1
-+ -+-=- + - +-.
2
ax by cz x 1 y 2 z 1 2
I= ✓6=mandn= ✓6
• Ex. 89 Prove that the shortest distance between any two Shortest dislance between OA and BC,
opposite edges ofa tetrahedron f ormed by the planes l.e. PQ = Length of projection of OC and PQ
y +z = O, x + z = O, x + y = O, x+ y +z = ✓
Sol. Here, planes
3a is ✓2a.
y + z = O, z + x = O, x + y =O meel ai 0(0, O, O}
Let lhe tetrahedron be OABC.
= 1(x2 - x,)I + (y2
=I O· * + O·*+
=✓2a
-
✓3a· *
y 1)m + (z 2 - z 1)n 1
1
Three Dimensional Coordinate System Exercise 1 :
1. The xy-plane divides the line joining lhe points 8. The equation of lhe plane perpendicular to the line
(-1,3, 4)(2,-5, 6). 1 2 1
x- , y- , z + and passing lhrough the point (2, 3, 1),
(a) lnternally in lhe ratio 2 : 3 1 - 1 2 •
(b) externally in lhe ratio 2 : 3 is
(e) inlernally in lhe ratio 3 : 2
(d) externally in lhe ratio 3 : 2
(a) r. (i + j + 2k) 2 1 (b) r. <i - J + 2k) =1
(e) r . (i - j + 2k) ;_ 7 (d) Nonc of lhese
2. Ratio in which the zx-plane divides lhe join of (1, 2, 3)
and (4, 2, 1). 9. The locus of a point which moves so lhat lhe difference
(a) 1 : 1 internally · (b) J : J externally of lhe squares of its distances from two given points is
(e) 2 : 1 inlernally (d) 2 : J externally constant, is a
(a) straight line (b) plane
3. If P(J,2, - 4), Q(S, 4, - 6) and R(9,8,-IO)are collinear, (e) sphere (d) None of these
lhen R divides PQ in the ratio
(a) 3 : 2 inlernally (b) 3 : 2 externally 10. The position vectors of points a and b are i - j + 3k and
(e) 2 : 1 internally (d) 2: J exlernally 3i + 3j + 3k respectively. The equation of a plane is
4. A (3, 2, O), B (5, 3, 2) and C (-9, 6, - 3) are lhe vertices of a r. (si+ 2J - 7k) + 9 = O. The points a and b
triangle ABC. If lhe bisector of LABC meets BC at D, (a) lie on lhe plane
lhen coordinates of D are (b) are on the sarne side of lhe plane
(a)(~.~ ..!2)
8 16 16
(b) ( - ~.
8
~ • .!2)
16 16
(e) are on lhe opposile side of lhe plane
(d) None of lhe abovc
(e)(~.-~16 ..!2)
8 16
(d) None of lhese 11. i_:he ~ecto! equation of the plane through lhe point
2i - j - 4 k and parallel to the pÍane
5. Aline passes through lhe points (6, -7, -1) and (2, -3, t} r.(4í-12]-3k).,-7 =O.is
The dircction cosines of lhe linc so directed that lhe (a) r. (4i - 12J-3k) = O (b) r . (4i - 12]-3k) =32
angle made by it wilh lhe positive direction of x-axis is (e) r. (4i - 12J-3k ) = 12 (d) None of lhese
acute, are
(a)
2 2 1
3' -3, - 3
.2 2 1
(b)-3. 3' 3
J-
12. Let L1 be the line r1 = 2 i + k + ,._ (i + 2k ) and let L,
bc lhe anolher line r, = 3l + J+ µ ci + J- k). Let 7t be
(e)~
3'
-~.!
3 3
(d)~.~.!
3 3 3
lhe plane which contains lhe line L 1 and is parallel to
L,. ;11e distance of lhe p lane 7t from lhe origin is
V1g
6. If P is a point in space such lhat OP is inclined to OX at (a) (b) !
45• and OYto 60º then OP is inclined lo OZ at 1
(a) 75º (c) ✓6 (d) None of lhese
(b) 60" and 120•
(e) 75' and 105°
(d) 255'
13. For the line x ~ 1 = y; 2 = z ;3. which one oflhe
following is incorrect ?
7. /1 , m1 , n 1 and 12 , m 2 • n2 are direction cosines oflhe two (a) il lies in lhe plane x-2y + z = 0
lincs inclined to each other at an angle 8, lhen lhe (b) it is sarne as line ~ = l'.. = ~
direction cosincs of lhe internai bisector of lhe angle 1 2 3
betwcen thcse lines are (e) li passes through (2, 3, 5)
~
(a) - -
+ 1, m, + m, n, + n, (b) I, + /2 m, + m, n, + n,
9 ' -.- 8 '- . -8 - - 8· --8-. - - 8
(d) it is parallel to lhe plane x - 2y + z _ 6 =0
2 sin - 2 sin - 2 s111 - 2 cos - 2 cos - 2 cos - 14. The value of m for which straight line
2 2 2 2 2 2
/ 1 - /2 m, -m, ~(d)J:...!L m, -m, n1 -n2 3x - 2y + z + 3 =O= 4x - 3y + 4z + 1 is p arallel to lhe
(c)--9• 8 • 8 8' 8 .--8 plane 2x - y + mz - 2 = o is
2 sin - 2 sin - 2 sin - 2 cos - 2 cos - 2 cos - (a)-2 (b) 8
2 2 2 2 2 2
(c) -18 (d) 11
15. The length of projeclion of lhe line scgment joining thc 22. The Jine x + 6 = Y + JO = ~ i s lhe hypotcnuse of an
points (1, O, -1) and (-1, 2, 2) on lhe plane x + 3y - Sz = 6, 5 3 8
is equal to isosceles right a ngled triangle whose opposite vertex is
(7, 2, 4). Then which of the foUowing is not the side of
(a) 2 (b) {271
1/53 the triangle ?
(e) {472 (d) (474 (a)=...::.}_= y -2 = : ..::~
1/31 fis 2 -3
x-7 y - 2 z-4
6
16. The number of planes lhat are equidistant from four (b)-3- = -6- = -2-
non-coplanar points is
(c) -7 = y - 2 = Z - 4
X
(a) 3 (b) 4 3 S - 1
(e) 7 (d) 9
(d) None of these
17. ln a three dimensional co-ordinate system, P, Q and R 23. Consider the following 3 lines ín space
are images of a point A ( a, b, e) in lhe xy, yz and zx L, : r = 3i - j + 2k + À (2i + 4j - k)
planes, respectively. If G is lhe centroid of triangle PQR, L, : r = i + j - 3k + µ (4i + 2j + 4k )
lhen area of triangle AOG is (O is the origin) L, : r = 3i + 2j - 2k + t (2i + j + 2k)
(a) O (b) a' + b' + e' Then, which one of the followíng pair(s) is/are ín lhe
sarne plane?
(e)~ (a 2 + b2 + c2 ) (d) None of these
3 (a) Only L.,L, (b) Only L,L,
(e) Only L,L, (d) L,Lz and LzL,
18. A plane passing through ( 1, 1, 1) cuts positive direction
of coordinate axes at A, B and C, then ihe volume of 24. Lei r= a + :u and r = b + µm be lwo lines in space,
tetrahedron OABC satisfies where a = Si + j + 2k, b = -i + 7j + 8k, 1 = - 4i + j - k,
(a) V S '.?. (b) V ~ '.?. and m =2i - 5j - 7 k, then the position vector of a point
2 2 which lies on both of these lines, is
(a) i +2j'+ k
(e) V = '.?. (d) Nonc of these
2 (b) 2i + j + k
(e) i + j + 2k
19. If lines x = y =z and x =l2 =:.3 and· third line passing (d) non-existent as lhe lines are skew
through ( l, .1, 1) forro a triangle of area ✓6 units, then 25. L, and L, are two lines whose vector equations are
point of intersection of third line with second line will L,: r = À [(cos 8 + ✓J)i + (✓2 sin8)j + (cos 8 - ✓3)k)
be and Lz : r = µ(ai+ ij + ck)
(a) (1, 2, 3) (b) (2, 4, 6) where, À and µ are scalars anda is lhe acule angle
(e)(~ ! gJ'
3' 3' 3
(d) None of these between L , and L,. If the angle a is independent of8,
lhen the value of a is
20. The point of intersection of lhe line passing through (a)~ (b) !:
6 4
(O, O, 1) and intersecting the lines x + 2y + z = 1,
- x + y - 2z = 2 and x + y = 2, x + z = 2 with xy plane is (e)~ (d)~
3 2
(a)(~. -i, O) (b) (1, !, O)
26. The veclor equalions of two lines L1 and L 2 are
(cl(;,-i•º) (d)(-~+o) respectively,

r = l 7i - 9 j + 9k + À (3i + j + Sk)
21. Two systems of rectangular axes have the sarne origin. If and r = l5i - 8j - k + µ(4i +3j)
a plane cuts them at distance a, b, e anda', b', e' from lhe I. L1 and L2 are skew línes.
origin, lhen : II. (11, -1 1, - 1) is lhe poinl ofinlerseclion of L 1 and L2 •
(a) ..!... + ..!...2 + ..!...2 + 2... + 2...2 + 2...2 = O m. (-11, li, 1) is the point ofinlersection of 1 1 and L,.
a' b c á' b' <!
(b) ..!... - ..!...2 - ..!...2 + 2...2 - 2...2 - 2... = o N. cos - • ( k } s lhe acule angle between, L 1 and L,.
a2 b .c á b' é'
1 1 1 1 1 1 Then, which of the following is true ?
(e);;, + b' + -;, - á' - b'' - e'' = o (a) li and IV (b) 1 and IV
1 1 1 1 1 1 (e) Only IV (d) lli and IV
(d) ;;, - b' + -;, - a'' + b' 2 - é2 = o
27. Consider three vectors p = i + j + k, q = 2i + 4j - k and 35. Equation of the tine which passes through the point
r = i + j + 3k. If p, q and r denotes the position vector of with position vector (2, 1, O) and perpendicular to the
three non-collinear points, then the equation of the plane containing the vectors i + j and j + k is
plane containing these points is (a) r =(2, 1, O)+ 1(1, - 1, 1)
(a) 2x - 3y + 1 = o (b) x - Jy + 2z =0 (b) r =(2, 1, O)+ 1(- 1, 1, 1)
(e) 3x - y + z - 3 =o (d) 3x - y - 2 =o (e) r =(2, 1, O)+ t(l, 1, -1)
(d) r = (2. 1, O)+ 1 (1. 1, 1)
28. The intercept made by the plane r. n = q on the x-axis is Where, 1 is a parameter.
(a) :1- (b) i. n
36. Which of the following planes are parallel but not
1.n q
identical?
(c)(i. n) q (d) .9_
P1 : 4x - 2y + 6z = 3
lnl
P2 : 4x-2y-2z = 6
29. If the distance between the planes P, :-6x+3y - 9z=5
8x+t2y-14z=2 and 4x+6y - 7z=2 P4 :2x-y-z = 3
can be expressed in the fonn ~ - where N is natural, (a) P2 and P, (b) P2 and P,
(e) Pi and P, (d) 1\ and P,
then the value of N (N + l) is 37. A parallelopiped is fonned by planes drawn through the
2 points (1. 2. 3) and (9, 8, 5) parallel to lhe cóordinate
(a) 4950 (b) 5050
planes, then which of the following is not the length of
(e) 5150 (d) 515 1
an edge of this rectangular parallelopiped ?
30. A plane passes through the points P ( 4, O. O) and Q (O. O. 4) (a) 2 (b) 4
and is parallel to the Y-axis. The distance of the plane (e) 6 (d) 8
from the origin is 38. vector equation of the plane
(a) 2 (b) 4 r = i - j + À. (i + j + k ) + µ (i -2j + 3k) in the scalar dot
(c) ✓2 (d)2✓2 product fonn is
31. Iffrom the point P(f, g, h)perpendiculars PL and PMbe (a) r. (5i - 2j + 3k) =7
(b) r. (Si + 2j - 3k) = 7
drawn to yz and zx-planes, then the equation to lhe
(e) r.(Si - 2j - 3k) = 7
plane OLMis
(d) r.(Si + 2j + 3k ) = 7
(a) ~ + l. - ~ = O (b) ~ + l. + ~=o
f g h f g h 39. The vector equations of the two lines L 1 and L 2 are
(e)~ - l. + ~ = O ld) -~ + l. + ~ = O given by L , : r = (2i + 9 j + 13k ) + À. ( i + 2j + 3k )
f g h . f g h and L:,: r ,;, (-3i + 7j + pk)+ µ (- i + 2j - 3k).
Then, lhe lines L, and L:, are
32. Toe p lane XOZ divides the join of(l, -1, 5) and (2, 3, 4) in (a) skew tines for ali p e R
lhe ratio À : 1, lhen À is (b) intersecting for ali p e R and lhe point of intersection is
(b)-.!. (-1, 3, 4)
(a)-3 3 (e) intersecting tines for p = -2
(d) intersecting for ali real p e R
(e) 3
40. Consider the plane
33. A variable plane forms a tetrahedron of constant volume (x, y, z) = (0. 1, 1) + À(!, - 1, 1) + µ (2.- 1 O). The distance
64K' wilh lhe coordinate planes and lhe origin, then of this plane from lhe origin is
locus of lhe centroid of lhe tetrahedron is (a).!_ (b) ✓3
(a) x' + y' + z' = 6k' (b) xyz =6k' 3 2
34
(e) "' + y' + z
2
=4k 2 (d) _,
"
Lei ABCD be a tctrahedron such lhat lhe edges AB. AC
+ y
_,
+z
_, 4k- 2
= (c)l (d) '7J
· and AD are mutually perpendicular. Let the :irea of 41. The value of a for which the tines x - 2 = Y - 9 = ~
MBC. MCD and AADB be 3, 4 and 5 sq 1:'°'ts, 1 2 3
respcctivcly. Tocn. the area of lhe t.BCD, LS
x- a
y-7 z+2
and - - = - - = - - intcrsect. is
(a) 5,n (b) 5 -1 2 -3
5 (a)-5 (b)-2
(e) 5/✓2 (d) 2 (e) 5 (d) - 3
x-1 y-2 z-3 49. A straight line is given by r = (1 + t) i + 3t j + (1- t) k,

42. For the line - - = - - = - -, which one of lhe
1 2 3 where t e R If this line lies in the plane x + y + cz = d,
following is incorrect ?
then the value of( e + d) is
(a) li lies in lhe plMe x -2y .+ z = O.
(n)-1 (b) 1
(b) li is sarne as line !. =l =:.. (e) 7 (d) 9
. 1 2 3
(e) li passes through (2, 3, 5). 50. The distance oflhe point (-1, -S.-lO)from the point of
(d) li is parallcl to lhe plMe x - 2y + t - 6 = O. x-2 y+l z-2 tb
intersection of the line - - = - - = - - and e
43. Given planes P1 : r:y + bz = x ; 2 4 12
plane x - y + z = 5 is
P2 :az+cx = y (a) 2JiT (b)írn
P, :bx+ay =z (e) 13 (d) 14
P1, P2 and P, pass through one line, if
2 51. P(p) and Q(q)nre the position vector of two fixed points
(a) a + b 2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca
2 2 2
and R(r) is the position vector of a variable point If R
(b) a + b + c + 2abc = 1
moves such that(r - p) x (r- q) =O, lhen the locus of Ris
2
(e) a + b2 + c 2 = 1 (a) a plane containing lhe origin O and parallcl to two
2 2
(d) a + b + e' + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca + 2abc = 1 non-collinear vector OP and 0Q.
(b) lhe surface of a sphere described on PQ as its diameter.
44. The lines ·x - 2 = Y - 3= ~ and x - 1 = Y - 4 =~
(e) a line passing lhrough lhe points P and Q.
1 1 -k . k 2 1 (d) a stl oflines parallcl to the line PQ.
are coplanar, if
(a) k = O or -1 (b)k =l or-1 52. The three vectors i + j. j + k, k + i taken two nt a time
(c)k=Oor-3 (d) k = 3 or -3 form three planes. The three unit vectors drawn
2 1 1 perpendicular to these three planes fonn a
45. The line x - = y + = z - intersects the curve parallelopiped of volume
3 2 -1
xy = c 2 , in xy-plane, if e is equal to (a) !. (b)4
3
(a)±! (b)±!. ✓3 4
(c)3 (d)3J3
3 4
(e) ±..ÍS (d) None of lhese
53. The orthogonal projection A' of the point A with
46. Toe line which contains ali points ( x, y, z) which are of position vector (1, 2, 3) on the plane 3x - y + 4z = Ois
the form ( x, y, z) = (2, - 2, 5) + À ( 1, - 3, 2) intersects the
plane 2x - 3y + 4z = 163 at P and intersects lhe YZ-plane (a)(-1, 3, -1) (b) (-i, i' 1)
at Q. If the distante PQ is a./b, wheré a, b E N and a> 3,
then (a+ b) is equal to (c)n.-i.-1) (d)(6., -7, -5)
(a) 23 (b) 95
(e) 27 (d) None of these 54. The equation of the fine passing through (1, 1, 1) and
perpendicll;lar to lhe fine of intersection of lhe planes
47. Ifthethreeplanesr.n 1 =pi,r.n 2 = pznnd r. n , =p,
.,: +2y- 4: =Oand 2x -y +2z = Ois
have a common line of intersection, lhen
p 1 (n 2 x n 3 )+ p 2 (n 3 x ni) + p , (n 1 X n 2 )is
(a)!...:...!.= !..:1'. =: - 1 (b) !...:...!. =1 - y = : - 1
S 1 2 -s 1 2
cqual to (e) x - 1 =!..:1'. =: - 1 (d) x - 1 = y - 1 =.:...::..!.
(a) 1 (b) 2 O -10 -s - 10 O -s
(e) O (d)-1
55, A varinble plane nt n distanc,.. of 1 w lit from lhe origin
48. Thc equation of lhe plane which passes lhrough the line cuts lhe nxes nt A, B nnd C. lf the centroid D ( x, y, :) of
of intersection of the planes r. n 1 = q 1, r. n 2 = q 2 and is
parallel to lhe fine of intersection of lhe planes 6.ABC sntisfies the relntion ....!... + ....!... + ....!... = K. then the
:-.-z )'z :z
r.n, = q, and r . n • = q •, is
vnlue of K is
(a)[n 2 n, n, )(r. n 1 -q,) = [n1 n, n 4 )(r.n 2 - q2 )
(n) 3 (b) 1
(b)[n, n 2 n,)(r.n, -q,) = [n, n , n,)(r. n 2 -q1 )
(c)[n, n, n,)(r.n, - q,) = [n, n 2 n,)(r.n, -q1) (e)!. (.1) 9
3
(d) Nonc of lhe abovc
56. The angle between the lines AB and CD, where 64. Through the point P (h, k, /)aplane is drawn ai right
A=(0,0,0).B=(l,1,1).C=(-1 -1 -l)andD=(O 1 O)is angles to OP to meet co-ordinate axes at A, B and C. If
given by ' ' ' ' OP = p then the arca of the li.ABC is
1 4 s p'
(a) cos8 = ✓3 (b) cos8 =-;;: (a)L (b) -
3.-.,2 2hkl hkl
1
(e) cos8 = ../s (d) cos 8 = ✓
1 ' p'
22 (c)..L.
2hkl
(d)-
hkl
57. The shortest distance of a point (1, 2, - 3) from a plane 65. Toe volume of the tetrahedron included between the
making intercepts 1, 2 and 3 units on position X, Y and plane 3x + 4y - Sz - 60 = Oand the co-ordinate planes is
Z-axes respectively, is (a) 60 (b) 600
(a) 2 (b) o (e) 720 (d) 400
(e)~ (d)~ 66. The angle between the lines whose direction cosines are
12 7 2
given by lhe equations 12 + m 2 - n = O, 1 + m + n =Ois
58. A tetrahedron has vertices O (O, o, O), A (1,'2, 1), B (2, 1, 3) (a) cos-• (2✓3) (b) cos- • ✓3
and C ( -1, 1, 2). Then the angle between the faces OAB
(e) ~ (d)~
and ABC wi11 be 3 2
(a)cos-• (*) (b)cos-• (*) 67. The distance between the line
r=Ú-2} +3k + À. (i- j+ 4k)and lhe plane
(c) 30º (d)90º
r-(i+Sj+k) =S is
59. The direction ratios ofline 11 passing through P(l,3, 4)
. . x- 1 y-2 z ·-3 (a)~ . (b) ~
and perpendicular to line l 2 -- =--= - - 3✓3 3
2 3 4
(e)~ (d)~
(where, I 1 and I 2 are coplanar) is 9 ✓3
(a) 14, 8, 1 (b) -14. 8, -1
(e) 14,-8, - 1 (d)-14. -8, 1
68. The Cartesian equation of the plane perpendicular to the
. x- 1 y-3 z-4 .
60. Equation of the plane through three points A, B and C line - - =- - = - - and passmg through lhe origin
2 -1 2
with position vectors -6i + 3j + 2k, 3i - 2j + 4k and · is
Si +7j +3k is equal to (a) 2x - y + 2z - 7 = O (b) 2x + y + 2z O =
(a) r.(i - j + 7k) + 23 =O (b) r.(i + j + 7k) =23 (e) 2x_- y + 2z = O (d) 2x - y - z = O
(e) r .(i +j - 7k) + 23 = O (d) r.(i - j - 7k) = 23
69. Let P (3, 2, 6) be a point in space and Q be a point on lhe
61. OABC is a tetrahedron. Toe position vectors of A, B and line r= (i- j + 2k) + µ (- 3i + j + Sk). The~ the value of
e are i, i + j and j + k, respectively. O is origin. Toe µ for which the vector PQ is parallel to the plane
height of the tetrahedron (taking plane ABC as base) is x - 4y + 3z = 1 is
1 1
(a) - (b) Ti (a).!. (b)-.!.
2 4 4
1 (d) No~e of these (e).!_
(c) 2✓2 (d)_,!_
8 8
62. The plane x - y - z = 4 is rotated through an angle 90° 70. A plane makes intercepts OA, OB and OC whose
about its line of intersection with the plane measurements are a. b ande on the OX, OY and OZ axes.
x + y + 2z = 4. Then the equation of lhe plane in its new The area of triangle ABC is
position is 1 1
(a) -(ab + bc + ca) (b) - abc (a+ b + e)
(a) x + y + 4z = 20 (b) X+ Sy + 4z = 20 2 2
(e) x + y _ 4Z =20 (d) 5x + y + 4z = 20 1 .
2 2
(e) - (a b + b 2c 2 + c 2a 2 ) 112 (d)! (a + b + e)'
A A be the arca of lhe projection of a 2 2
63• Le t A ry• yz, u
plane arca A on the xy, yz, zx plane respectively 11. The radius of lhe circle in which lhe sphere
2 2 2 ,
Then A =
2 x +y + z +2x - 2y-4z-19=01scutbytheplane
(a) A~ + A~ + A:,
(b) ✓A~ +A~+ A:, X +2y +2z + 7 = Ois
(a) 2 (b) 3
(d) ✓A..,,+ A,. + Au (e) 4 (d) 1
(e) A..,, + Ay, + A.,
72. Let a = i + j and b = 2i - k, then the point of 80. ln a three dimensional coordinate system P, Q and R are
intersection of the lines r x a = b ·x a and r x b = a x bis images of a point A(a, b, e) in the XY they YZ and the ZX
(a)(3, - 1, 1) (b)(3, 1, -1) planes respectively. IfG is the centroid of trianglc PQR.
(e) (-3, 1, 1) (d)(-3, -1, -!) tlien area of triangle AOG is (O is the origin)
2 2 2
73. The co-ordinates of the point P on the line (a) O (b) a + b + c
r= (l + J+ k) + À. (-i + ]- k)which is nearest to thc (e) ~(a 2 + b' + c 2 ) (d) Nonc of these
origin is 3
(a)(~.~.~)
3 3 3
81. A plane 2x + 3y + 5z = 1 has a point P which is at
minimum distance from line joining
(e)(~.~.-~)
3 3 3
(d) None of these A(l, O, -3), _a:1, -5, 7), then distance AP is equal to
(a) 3.JS (b) 2✓5
14. The 3-dimensional vectors v 1 , v 2 , v 3 satisfying (e) 4.fs (d) None of thcsc
v 1 . v 1 =4,v 1 . v 2 =-2, v 1 .v 3 =6,v 2 .v 2 =2,v 2 .v 3 = - 5, 82. The locus of a point which moves in such a way that its
v 3 .v 3 =29,thenv 3 maybe
(a) -3l + 2j ± 4k (b) 3l - 23 ± 4k
distance from the line ~ =l:'. =
1 .1
-=-
is twice the distance
-1
(c)-2i + 3) ± 4k (d) 2l + 3) ± 4k from the plane x + y + z = Ois
(a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 5x - 3y -3z = O
75. The points i - j + 3k and 31 + 3j + 3k. are equidístant 2 2
(b) x + y + z 2 + 5x + 3y + 3z = O
from the plane r.(5i + 2J - 7k) + 9 = O. then they are
(e) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 5xy - 3yz - 3u = O
(a) on the sarne sides of the plane
(b) parallel of the plane
(d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 5xy + 3yz + 3u = O
(e) on the opposite sides of the plane 83. A cube C = {(x, y, z) 1OS x, y, z S 1} is cut by a sharp knife
along the plane x = y, y = z, z = x. If no piece is moved
76. A, B, C, D are four points in space. Then, until ali thrce cuts are madc, the number of pieces is
AC 2 +BD 2 +AD 2 +BC ~
2 (a) 6 (b) 7
1 1 (e) 8 (d) 27
2 2
(a) AB + CD (b) AB' - CD'
84. A ray oflight is sent through the point P(t, 2, 3) and is
1 1 f
(e) CD' - AB' (d) None o these reflected on the XY-plane. lf the reflected ray passes
through the point Q(3, 2, 5), then the equation of the
77. Ifl x11> IY,I + lz,l, IYzl> 1x2I + lz,I, lz3I> 1X3I + IY,I, reflected ray is
then x,i + y,j + z.k, x 2 l + y 2 J+ z,k and (a) x-3 =y-2 = :...=2 (b) x - 3 =y - 2 =:...=2
1 O 1 1 O - 4
x 3 i + y 3 j + z 3 k are
(c) x-3 = y-2 =:...=2 (d)~=y-2 =z-3
(a) perpendicular (b) collinear
1 O 4 1 O 4
(c) coplanar (d) non-coplanar
85. A plane cutting the axes in P, Q, R passes through
78. The position vector of the point of intersection of three
planesr.n 1 =q,.r.n 2 =q 2 , r.n 3 =q 3 ,where n 1,n 2 (a - 13, 13 - y, y - Cl~ If O is the origin, then locus of
and n 3 are non-coplanar vectors, is centre of sphere OPQR is
1 (a)ax + l3y + yz = 4
(a) [q3 (n1 x n 2 ) + q1 (n 2 x n 3 ) + q2 (n, x n,)] (b)(a -P)x + (13 - y)y + (y-a)z =O
[n1 n 2 n,]
(c)(a - P)yz + (j3 -y)u + (y-a)xy = 2:iyz
1
(b) [q, (n1·x n 2 ) + q2 (n2 x n,) + q, (n, X n,)]
[n1 n 2 n,] (d)(...!....+.!.+ .!.)x' + y 2 + z 2 ) = xyz
1 a' 13' y'
(c) - [q1 (n1 X n 2) + q2 (n2 X n,) + q, (n, X n,)]
[n 3 n 1 n 2 ] 86. The shortest distance betwecn any two oppositc edgcs
(d) None of the above of thc tetrahedron formed by planes x + y = O. y + z =O.
19. A pentagon is formed by cutting a triangular comer z + x = O, x + y + z = a is constant, equal to
2a
from a rectangular piece of paper. The five sides of lhe (a) 2a (b) 'J6
pentagon have length 13, 19, 20, 25 and 31 not
necessarily in that arder. Thc arca of the pentagon Is (c)76 (d)T3
(a) 459 sq units (b) 600 sq units
(e) 680 sq units (d) 745 sq units
87. Toe angle

.
bct1 1
"'~n t te pnir of planes represcnted by (a) lhe Jircclion cosines of thrce mutually perp<ndiculnr
Ntuahon 2x 2 - 2 linrs
m
2 . 2
Y + -1. + 6x:: + 2y:: + 3xy =Ois
(a) ros·• (b) ros·• (t) (b) lhe direclion ratios of thr« mulunlly pcrp<ndicular lines
which art- not dirrction cosinC's
(e) lhe direclion cosincs of thrcc lincs which n«d nol bc
(e) cos· • (¾) (d) ro,·• (-i) P"~ndicul>r
(d) lhe direclion ralios but nol lhe dirrction cosincs of lhree
88· Let (p, q, r) bc a point 011 the plane 2:c + 2y + z = 6. lhcn linrs which need not bc perpendicular
lh e least value of p 2 + q 2 + r 1 is equal 10 93. lf ABCD is n tctrahedron such that ench 6/\DC, 6.ABO
W4 OOs W6 oos and d.ACD has n riitht a nglc at A lf nr(óABC) = k 1•
89· Toe four lincs drawing from lhe vcrtices of any ar(M8O) = k 2 • nr(68CO) = k 3 • lhe n nr (óACO) is
tctrahedron to the centroid of the opposite faces meet in (b) k1k,J,;1

a pomt whosc distance from cach vcrtcx is 'k' limes lhe k, + k, + k,
(e) ✓1 Ã:1 + ki - kJ 1 JI ki - k,' - k; 1

~stancc from ench vcrtex to lhe opposite face, wherc k 2
(d)
IS
94. ln a regular tetrahedron, if thc distancc bctwccn the
(a)! (b) ! (e) ! (d) ~
3 2 4 4 mid•points of opposite edgcs is unity. its volume is
90. Toe shortest distance from (1. t. t) to the line of (a) ! (b) !
3 2
intcrsection of lhe pair of planes xy + yz + zx + y2 = o is 1 1
Tz (d) 6✓ 2
(a) J
,3
(b) 4
v3
(e)~
v3
(d)~
3
(e)
95. A variable plane makes intercepts on X, l' nnd Z -axes

91. Thc shortest distance bc tween the tiva lines L 1 : x = k 1; and it makes a telrahedron of volume 64 cu. u. The locus
y = k 2 and L 2 : :e = k,: y = k • is equal to of foot of perpendicular from orig in o n this plane is
2 2 2 1
(a)(x + y + z ) = 384 xyz
(a) 1 R-;-JJ - r,;r;/J 1 (b) J k,k, + k}:,
{e) J (k, + k,)' + (k, + k, )2 (d) ✓~
(k-
, -- k,-)'_+_(_k,--- k,
·- )-, · (b) xy:t = 681
(c)(x + y + z) (.!. + .!.y + .!.)' = 16

X Z
92. A= [:: :: : : ]andB= [ =: :: ~:],where
r, m, n, p , q, r, (d)xy:,(x +y+z)=81
96. lf P, Q. R. S are four coplanar points on the sides AB. BC,

p 1• q1 , r, are lhe cofoctors of lhe elements I;', m 1 , n I for
; = t. 2. l If(/ 1, m 1, n.), (1 2 , m 2 , n 2 )and(I, , m 3 , n 3 ) are CD, DA of a skew quadrilateral, then AP . BQ CR DS
the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular PB QC RD SA
lincs, then (p 1• q 1, r, Hpz. q z, r 2) and (p,, q 3 , r 3 ) are equals
(a) 1 (b)-1 (e) 3 (d) - 3
Three Dimensional Coordinate System Exercise 2 ·

More than One Correct Option Type Questions ·
97. Given the eqUJ1tions of lhe line 3:r - y + z + 1 = Oand (e) Equation of the plane through (2, 1, ~) and ('<"rp<,ndicular
sx + y + 3z = o. Then, which of thc following is correct ? to lhe given lines u 2.Y - y + z - 7 = O.
(a) Syuunctrical form of the eqialions of tine u (d) Equalion of lhe plane lhrou~h (~. 1, ~) .ind P<'~ndiculo.r
1 S
to lhe gíven lin.s is x + y - 1= .., s = o.
y- - •+ - 98. Consider the famili• of planes x + )' + = = r wht're t· is a
!. ., :__! -
_J._
2 -1 1 parametcr intcrsccting lhe ruordmatc a~•s at P, Q and R
(b) s yuunetrical form of 1hc rqialíon• of hne h anda. 1\ a nd y arc thc an~lcs 111.hlr b)' <'dCh 111• 1n'hér of
1 S lhis famil)' with positive ., , y afül : ·~xcs. Wh ich ,,fthe
X+ i = y -8_ = ..:.., following lntcrprdalions hold ~uod for th,s famil )'~
l - 1 -2
(a) Each mcm~r of this family is equally inclinM \\ith

coordinate a.xes. (a) ~ = !!. = ~ is true for thc tine to be perpendicular to lhe
a b e
(b)sin'a +sin' ~+sin1 y= l plane
(c) ros' a+ cos' ~ + cos1 y=2 (b) A(a+3)+B(b -l)+C(c-2)=0
(d) For r = 3 area of thc 6PQR is 3✓3 sq units. (c) 2aA + 3bB + -kC =O
(d) Aa + Bb + Cc = O
99. Equation oflhe line through the point (1, J, J) and 2 1 1
intersecting lhe tines 2x - y - z - 2 =O= x + y + z - J 105. The tine x - = Y + = z - intersects lhe c~e
3 2 - 1
and x-y-z -3 =0=2x + 4y -z -4
(a) x - 1 =O, 7x + 17y -3z - 134 = O x2 2 2
+y = r ,==0 then
(b)x-1 =0,9x+ 15y-5z - 19=0 (a) Equation of lhe plane lhrough (O, O. O) perpendicular lo
(c) X - 1 = 0, )' - I =:...=.! lhe given tine is 3x + 2y - : = O
1 3 (b) r = ./u (e) r =6
(d) x -2y + 2z -1 = O. 9x + 15y-5z - 19 = O (d) r = 7
100. Through a point P (h, k, /) a plane is drawn at right 106. A veclor equally inclined to the vectors i - j + k and
angles to OP lo meet lhe coordinate axes in A, B and C. If i + j - k lhen lhe plane conlaining lhem is
OP = p, A,y is area of projection of MBC on xy-plane,
A>• is area of projection of MBC on yz-plane, lhen (a) I + J - ic
✓3
(b) J- ic (c) 2i (d) i
(a) ó =ILI hkl

(b) ó =ILl(c)
2hkl
A,,_ =
A ,,
l!h..I (d) A,,
A.,. =l!!.I1 107. Consider lhe plane through (2, 3, -1) and at right angles
to lhe vector 3i - 4j + 7k from lhe origin is
101. Wh.ich of lhe following statements is/are correct? (a) The equation of lhe plane lhrough lhe given point is
(a) If n.a = O. n. b = O and n.c = Ofor some non-zero vector n. 3x - 4y + 7z + 13 = O
then[a b c]=O
(b) There exist a veclor making angles 30º and 45" with x--a.xis
(b) perpendicular distance of plane from origin ~
and Y-a.xis.
(e) Locus of point for which x =3 and y = 4 is a tine parallcl to (c) perpendicular distance ofplane from origin ~
v74
thc Z-ax:is " 'hose distance from thc Z-a.xis is 5
(d) Thc vertices of regular tetrahedron are O. A, B, C where (d) perpendicular distancc of plane from origin ~
v74
·ais the origin. The vector OA + OB + OC is
perpendicular to thc plane ABC 108. A plane passes through a füed point (a, b, e) and cuts the
102. Wh.ich of the following is/are correct about a axes in A, B. C. The locus of a point equidistant from
origin, A, B and C must be
tetrahedron ?
a b e
(a) Centroid of a tetrahedron lies on tines joining any verte.x (a) ayz + bzx + cry = 2xyz (b)- + - + - = 1
X )' Z
to the centroid opposite face
a b e
(b) Centroid of a tetrahedron lics on the tines joining lhe mid (c)-+ -+- =2
point of the opposile faces X y Z
(c) Distance of centroid from ali the vertices are equal 109. Let A be vector parallel to tine of intersection of planes
(d) None of the above P1 and P2 • Plane P1 is parallel to the vectors 2j + 3k and
103. A variable plane cutting coordinate axes in A, B. C is at a 4j - 3k and that P2 is pnrallel to j - k nnd 3i + 3j, then
constan t distance from lhe origin. Then lhe locus of the angle between vector A and a given vector
centroid of the ô.ABC is 2i + j-2k is
(a) x·l + y·' + ,-, = 16 (b) x·2 + y·' + z·' =9
(a)~ (b)~ (e)~ (d) 31t
2 4 6 4
(c) ! {_I_ + _I_ + _I_ }_, =o (d) X + Y =O
9 x' y' z' 110. Consider the lines x = y = =and thc line
. . x-x , 2x + y + z - 1 = O = 3x + y + 2z - 2, thcn
104. Equation of any p lane conlaining the !me - -
a- = (o) lhe shortest dislnnce b<twtcn the t:wo lints is "Ji
y- Yi = ~ is A (x - x 1 )+ B(y-y.) + C(z -z.) = O. (b) the shortest dlstancc ~twtcn lhe two tines is ./2
b e (e) plant rontoining 2nd tine paralltl to 1st: tine is y- z + 1 = O
then p ick correct allematives
(d) 1:ht shorlt,sl: distance betw.-en the t--.•o lines .fj
2
111. lf P1, P2, p 3 denote the perpendicular distances ofthe 119. Let a plane pass through origin and is parallel to the tine
plane 2x - 3y + 4z + 2 = Ofrom the parallel planes. x - 1 = Y + 3 = z + 1 such that distance bdween plane
(a) PI + Sp, - p, =o (b) p, =16p, 2 - 1 -2
(e) Sp, = PI (d) PI + 2p, + 3p, =,/29 .and lhe tine is-.
5 Then, equatlon
· of the p 1ane ts
· ........ .
112. A tine segrnent has length 63 and direction ratios are 3, 3
-2,6. Toe components of the line vector are (a) r - 2y + 2z = O (b) X - 2y - 2z = O
(a) - 27, 18, 54 (b) 27, -18, -54 (c) 2x + 2y + z O = (d) x + y + z = O
(e) 27, - 18, 54 (d)-27, 18, -54 120. OABC is a regular tetrahedron of side unity, lhen
113. Toe tines x - 2 = y - 3 =z - 4 and x - 1 = y - 4 =z - 5 (a) lhe Icngth of perpendicular from onc ,•crtcx to opposilc
1 1 -k k 2 1 face isJzÍJ
are coplanar if (b) lhe perpendicular distancc from mid•point of OA to lhe
(a)k = o (b)k= - 1 plane ABC is l / ✓6
(e) k = 2 (d) k = - 3 (c) lhe anglc ~twccn two skew edgcs is lt / 2
114. Toe points A (4, 5, 10), B(2. 3, 4) and C (1, 2.-1) are three (d) lhe distancc of ccntroid of the tctrahedron form any
vertices of a parallelogram ABCD, then vcrtex is ./3Í8
(a) Vector cquation of AB is Zi + 3j + 4k + À. (i + j + 3k)
121. lfOABC is a tetrahedron such that
(b) Cartcsian equation of BC is r -
2
=~ = z - 4
OA 2 +BC 2 =0B 2 +CA 2 =0C +AB
2 2
, lhen
1 1 5
(e) Coord.inatcs of D are (3, 4, 5) (a) OA .L BC (b) OB .L AC
(d) ABCD is a rectanglc (e) OC .L AB (d) AB .L AC
115. Toe line x =y = z meets the plane x + y + z =1 at the 122. lf the line.:. = l = =. intersects lhe line
point P and the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 at the points R l 2 3
andS. then $ x + 3{1-2a}y + Z =3= _ _!. {6<X 2 X+ 3(1 -2j3)y + 2z}

2
2
(a) PR+ PS =2 (b) PR x PS=~ then point (a., 13, 1) lie on lhe plane
3
(e) PR= PS (d) PR+ PS= RS (a) 2x - y + z = 4 (b) x + y - z = 2
(c)x - Zy=O (d)2x - y = O
116. A rod of length 2 units whose one end is(l, 0, - 1) and
~ther end touches the plane x - 2y + 2z + 4 =O, then 123. Let PM be lhe perpendicular from lhe point P( 1, 2, 3) to
(a) Toe rod swccps lhe figure whose volume is 1t cubic units. XY plane. lf OP makes an angle 8 wilh lhe positive
(b) Tbc arca of lhe rcgion which lhe rod traces on lhe plane is direction of Z-axis and OM makes an angle 9 with lhe
2lt. positive direction of X -a.xi.s, where O is the origin and 8
(e) Thc Jcngth of projection of lhe rod on the plane is ../3 units. and li> are acute angles, then
(d) Toe centre oflhc region which lhe rod traces on lhe plane ✓5 2
(a) tan8 = - (b)sin8 sin 9 = -
is G· ;· ~5} (e) tan9 =2
3 ../14
l
(d) cos8 cos 9 =---,-.
117. Consider tbe planes P, :2x + y +z + 4 = O ... 14
p : y - z + 4 = o and P, : 3x + 2y + z + 8 = o 124. A variable plane which remains a t a constant distance p
2
Let L,, L,. L, be the lines ofintersection ofthe planes from lhe origin (O) cuts lhe coordinate axes in A, B. C
p and P,. P, and P1, and P1 and P2 respectively. Then, (a) Locus of centroid of tetrahcdzon OABC is
2
(a) ai leasl two of lhe lines L,, L, and L, are non-parallel :! 2 2 2 2 2 16 z ? 2
(b) ai least 1wo of lhe tines .1.,. L, and L, are parallel xy +yz +zx =,xy:
p
(c) lhe three planes inlersect in a linc
(d) lhe thrcc planes forma triangular prism (b) Locus oí ccntroid of tctrahedron OABC is
xlyl + ylzl + zlxl = ~ x~lzl
118. Toe volume ofa right t riangular prism ABCA , B1C 1 is p'
equal to 3. Find the coordinates ofthe vertex A 1 , ifthe (e) Paramelric cquation oí lhe centroid oí the letrahNlron is
coordinates ofthe base vertices ofthe prism are
A(l. o, l}, B(2. o, O} and C (O, 1, O). oílhc fonn (!:secasecll,~s«:a cosec li,.!'. cosec
~ ~ ~
ªf
(a)(- 2. 0,2) (b)(O, -2. O) a. ll eco. 21t)- l 1t 12, 1t, 31t 121
(c) (O, 2, O) (d) (2, 2, 2) (d) None of thc abovc
Three Dimensional Coordinate System Exercise 3 :

• Directions (Q. Nos. 125 to 138) For the following · x-4 y+S z-1 x-2 y+l z
questions, choose the correct answers from the codes (a), 130. Given lines - - = - - =- - and - - =- - =-2
2 4 -3 1 3
(b), (e) and (d) defined as follows :
Statemenl I The lines intersecL
(a) Statement I is true, Statement Il is also true; Statement II
is the correct e.xplanation of Statement 1 Statement II They are not parallel.
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also truc; Statement II. 131. ConsiderthelinesL 1 : r=a+À bandL2 : r=b+µa,
is not the correct e~-planation of Statement 1
wh ere a and b are non-zero and non-collinear vectors.
(e) Statement I is true,.Statcment Il is false
Statement I L1 and L 2 are coplanar and the plane
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
containing these lines passes through origin.
125. Statement I Let A (i + j + k) and B (i - j + k) be two Statement ll (a - b).(b x a) =Oand the plane containing
points, P (2i + 3j + k) lies exterior to the sphere with AB L1 and L 2 is [r a b) = Owhich passes through origin.
as one of its diameters. 132. Statement I P is a point ( a. b, e} Lei A, B. C be the
Statement II If A and B are any two points and Pisa images of P in Y2, z:c and xy planes respectively, then
point in space such that PA. PB > O, then the point P equation of the plane passing through lhe points
lies e..xte.rior to the sphere with AB as one of its A, B and C is ~ + l'. + .:. = 1
diameters. a b e
126. Statement I If r = .xi + ).j + zk, then equation Statement ll Toe image of a point P in a plane is the
foot of lhe perpendicular dra,vn from P on the plane.
r x (2i - j + 3k) =3i + k represents a straight tine.
133. Statement I The locus of a point which is equidistant
Statement II If r =.xi+ ).j + zk, lhen equation from the points whose position vectors are 3i - 2j + Sk
r x (i + 2j-3k) =2i - j represents a straight tine. and i +2j-k is r(i - 2j +3k )=8.
127. Statement I Let 8 be lhe angle between lhe line Statement II The locus of a point which is equidistant
x - 2 = Y - 1 = z + 2 and lhe plane x + y - z = 5. from lhe points whose position vectors are a and b is
2 -3 -2 1r- a; b 1.(a - b) =O
Then, 8 =sin - • ( Js-i) 134. Statement I If lhe vectors a and e are non-collinear
Statement II Angle between a straight line and a plane then the lines r = 6a - e+ À (2c - a) and
is the complement of angle between lhe line and normal r =a - e+µ (a + 3c) are coplanar.
to the plane. Statement II There exist À and µ such that the two
values of r in Statement 1becomes sarne.
128. Statement I A point on lhe straight line 2x + 3y - 4z = 5
and 3~ - 2y + 4z = 7 can be determine.d by taking x = k 135. Statement I The lines x - 1 =1'... = z + 1 and
and lhen solving lhe two equations for y and z, where k 1 - 1 1
x-2 y+l z
is any real number. - - = - - =- are coplanar and equation of the plane
1 2 3
Statement II If e'$ kc, lhen lhe straight line
ax + by + cz +d= O, Kax + Kby + e' z + d' = O, does not
containing them is Sx + 2y - 3z - 8 = O
intersect lhe plane z = a. where a is any real number. 2
Statement Il The line x - = Y + 1 is =:.
x-1 y -3 z-1 1 2 3
129. Let lhe line L having equation - - =- - =- -. perpendicular to the plane 3x + 6}' + 9: - 8 = o and
2 5 3 parallel to lhe plane x + y - : = O
intersects lhe plane P. having equation x - y + z = 5 at
lhe point A. 136. The equation of two straight lines are
x - 1 _ y + 3 _ : - 2 and x -2 _ y - 1 _ z + 3
Stalemenl I Equation of the line L' through the point
A, lying in lhe plane P and having minimum inclination 2 1 -3 1 -3 2 .
wilh line L is 8x + y - 72- 4 =O= x - y + z - 5 Statement I The given lines are coplanar.
Statemenl II Line L' must be lhe projection of the line Statement II The equ:itions 2x 1 - y 1 = t. x, + 3y1 = 4
L in lhe plane P. and 3x 1 + 2y1 = 5 are consistent.
137· St atement I A plane passes through lhe poinl 138. Statement I AI least two oflhe lines L1 • L: and L> are
A (2._1, - 3). If distance of lhis plane from origin is non-parallel.
ffi3Xlmum, lhen ils equation is 2x + y - 3z = 14. Statement II The three planes do not have a common
Statement II lf lhe plane passing through lhe poini poinl
A (a) 1s al maximum distance from origin, then normal
to th e plane is vector a.
[:] Three Dimensional Coordinate System Exercise 4 :

Passage Based Questions
Passage I Passagem
(Q. Nos. 139 to 142) (Q. Nos. 145 to 148)
LetA ( 1,2,3). B(O,O, l )andC(-1 , 1, l )are1heverticesof Considera triangular py ramid ABCD 1he posi1ion ,·ector of
ó. ABC. whose angular poinls are A(3. 0.1). 8(-l-t. l). C(5. 2. 3) and
139. The equation ofinternal angle bisector through A to side D(O, -5, 4). Lei G be 1he poinl ofintersec1ion 0/1/,e
BC is medians ofrhe ó.BCD.
(a) r = i + 2J + 3k + µ (3i + 2] + 3k) 145. Toe length of lhe vector AG is
(b) r = i + 2J + 3k + µ (3i + 4] + 3k) (a) .,Ri (b) ✓5Í (e} ✓
5Í (d)/59
(e) r = i + 2] + Jk + µ (Ji + 3] + 2k) 3 9 ~
(d) r =; + 2] + 3 k + µ (31 + 3] + 4k) 146. Area oflhe óABC (in sq units) is

(a) 24 (b) s../6
140. The equalion of altitude lhrough B to side AC is
(a) r = k + 1 (7i - 10] + 2 k ) · (e) 4,Í6 (d) Nane of lhese
(b) r = k + 1 (-7i + 10] + 2k) 147. The length of lhe perpendicular from lhe vertex D on
(cl r = k + 1 (7l - 10] -2k) lhe opposile face is
(d) r = k + 1 (71 + 10] + 2k ) la) ~ (b) 2
✓6 ✓6
141. The equation of median through C to side AB is (c) 2.. (d) Nane of lhese
(a) r = - i + J + k + p (31 - 2k) ,Í6
(bl r = - i + J + i< + p (31 + 2i<J 148. Equation of lhe plane ABC is
(cl r = - l + J + k + p (- 3i + 2i<J (a) X+ y + 2z = 5 =)
(b) .T - }' - 2.:
(d) r = - i + J + k + p (31 + 2]) (e) 2x + y - 2z = 4 (d) x + y - 2.: = 1
142. The area of(ó.ABC) is equal to Passage IV

(a)~ (b) -Ri (e)~ (d) ~
(Q. Nos. 149 to 151)
2 2 2 2 A line Li passing lhrougl, a point with posiria11 ,·ector
Passage II P = i + 2j + 3k and para/lei a = i + 2 j + 3k. Another tine L,
(Q. Nos. 143 to 144) passing 1/rro11gh a poinl wi1h position ,·eclor =:!i + 3 j + 3k
and para/lei lo b = 3i + j + 2k .
Considera plane x + y- z = 1and the point A (1, 2, - 3).
A /inelhas1heequationx=1+3r. y= 2 - r, z = 3+ 4r 149. Equation of plane equidistant from line L1 :1.nd L, is
(a)r.(i - 7j- 5k ) = 3 (b) r.(i +7j+ Sk)=:I
143. The coordinate of a point B of line L, such lhat AB is
(c)r.(i -7j-Sk) = 9 (d) r.(i +7j -Sk) =q
parallel to the plane, is
(a)(lO, -1, 15) (b)(-5.4, - 5) 150. Equation of a line passing through lhe point (:!. - l 2) and
(c)(◄. t, 7) (d)(-8,5, -9) equally inclined to lhe line L1 anel L, may h< equ.il to
144.· Equation of the plane containing the line l. and lhe poinl (a) ~ = ~ - = (h) ~ = ,. • J = : - ~
3
2 -1
.:...=2
1 -~ .
A has the equation
(a) X - 3y + 5 = 0 (b) X+ 3y - 7 = O (e) ~ = L:2 = : - S (,1) ~~..: = )' + 3 = ~
(d)3x + y - 5 • o -1 3 2 4 3 -5
(c)3x - Y - 1 = o
151. Toe minimum distance of origin from the plane passing 158. A point Pmoves in lhe space such that 3PA = 2PB. then
througb lhe point "ith position ,-eçtor p and the locus of P is
perpendicular to the line L: is (>) x' + y 1 + z 1 + 28x - !2y + 1oz -247 = O
(a) ../1-1
i
(b) r.:
-.,H
(b) x' + y' + =' -28x + 12y + IOz -247 = O
(e) x' + y' + =' + 28x -12y - IOz + 247 = O
(e)...!!_ (d) Nonc ofthese
.Ji.i (d) x' + y 2 + z' -28x + 12y-10z + 247 = O
159. Coordinates of lhe point P wlúch divides the join of A

Passage V
and B in the ratio 2: 3 intemally are
(Q. Nos. 152 to lS-1)
For posirfre l, m and ll if rhe planes x =ny+ m=., y= l= + llT, (a)(~.-¾, 9) (b)(4, O. 7)
z =m:: + ly in1ersec1 in a srraighr fine, rhen
152. 1, m and n satisfy the equation
(e)(~.-~
5
..!2)
5 5
(d) (20. o. 35)
(a)l 2 + m' + n' = 2 (b) I' + m' + n' + 2lmn = 1 160. Equation of a line L, perpendicular to the line AB is
(e) I' + m' + n' =1 (d) None of these (a) X+ 2 =)'
-2 % -3 =
IS -5 10
153. cos-1 1+ cos-• m + cos-• n is equal to
(b)x-2 = y+2=z+3
(a) 90" (b) so• 3 13 2
(e) 180" (d) None ofthese (c)x+2=y-2=.:...=l.
15'. Toe equation of lhe straight line is ~ =
a
rb =.:.e .whcre lhe 3 13
(d) x-Z=y+2 ==+3
2
15 -5 10
ordered traid (a, b. e) is
(a) ,/1 -12. ,/1 - m ,/1 - n'
2
• Passage VIII
(b)I, m and n (Q. Nos. 161 to 163)
(e) 1 • m • and n The l"ecror equarion ofa plane is a relarion satisfied by
µ ,/1-m• ./1-n' posirion l"ecrors ofali rhe points on the plane. .lfP is a
(d) Nonc ofthc abo,·c plane and ri is a w1il ,·ector through origin wl,ich is
perpendicular to the plane P then ,·ecror equarion ofthe
Passage VI
plane must be r.í\ =d where d represenrs perpendicular
(Q. Nos. 155 to 157) distance ofplane p from origi11.
.lfa =61 + 7J + 7k, b =31 +2J-2k. P(I, 2, 3)
161. lf A is a point vector a then perpendicular distance of A
155. Toe position vector of L, lhe foot of lhe perpendicular from the plane r. n= d must be
from P on the line r =a + Àb is (a) ld + ..;,I (b) ld - ..;,I
W~+~+~ OO~+zj-~ (c)lal -dl (d) ld -àl
W~+~+~ OOd+~+~
162. Ifb be lhe foot of perpendicular from A to lhe plane
156. Toe image of lhe point P in the line r =a + Àb is r. ii = d then b must be
(a)(ll, 12. li) (b)(S.2,-7) (a)a+(d-a.ô)ti (b)a-(d-a.ô)ô
(c)(S.8. 15) (d}(l7, 16, 7) (c)a+a.ô (d)a-a.ô
157. lf A is lh,e point wilh position vector a th,en area of the 163. Toe position vector ofthe image of the point a in the
triangle MLA is sq. units is equal to plane r. n= d must be (d;,, O)
(a) 3✓6
1-m
(b) -2-
(a)--<1.ô (b)a - 2(d -a.ti) ti
(c)a + 2(d - a.ô) ô (d)a + d(-a.ti)
(c) -W (d)~
2 Passage IX
(Q. Nos. 164 to 166)
Passage VII A circle is the locus ofa poilll in a plane such that its
(Q. Nos. 158 to 160) distance from a fixed poilll in the plane is constant.
A(-2,2,3) and 8(13, -3, 13) and Lisa line through À. Anologo11sly. a sphcre is the locus ofa point in space such
that its disrance from a fu:ed point in space is constant.
The fu:ed point is called the centre and the constant Passage XI
distance is ca/led the radius o/the circlelsphere. (Q. Nos. 169 to 171)
ln anology with the equation o/the circle I z - c 1 = a, the The /ine o/greatesf s/ope 011 a11 inclined plane Pi is that
equation o/a sphere o/radius a is I r - e 1 = a, where e is the fine in the plane which is perpe11dic11/ar to the fine nf
position vector o/the centre and r is the position vector o/ intersection o/plane Pi a11d a horizontal plane Pz.
any point on the surface o/ the sphere. ln Cartesian system, 169. Assuming the plane 4x - 3y + 7z = Oto be horizontal, the
the equation o/the sphere, with centre at (- g, - f, -h) is direction cosines of the line of greatest slope in lhe
2
.x + y 2 + z 2 +2g.x +2/y+2hz + c=0 and its radius is plane 2x + y - Sz = Oare
✓/2 +g2 +h2 -c. 3 -1
(a) ( ./!l' ./!l'
1 )
./!l (b)
3 ✓111 ' ./!l
(Jii• -1)
164. Radius of the sphere, with (2, - 3, 4) and (- 5, 6, - 7) as
extremities of a diarneter, is (e) (
- 3 1
./!l' Jii.•./!l
1 )
(d)
3 ✓-1)
(✓111' Jii' li
(a)~ (b)~ 170. The equation of a line of greatest slope can be

(a)~= l =....:.... (b) ~ = L =:.
(c)!{I (d)~ 3 1 -1 3 -1 1
(e) ....:.... = l =:.

165. Toe centre of the sphere -3 1 1
2
(x-4)(x+4)+(y-3)(y+3)+z =Ois
171. The coordinates of a point on the plane 2x + y - Sz =Ois
(a)(4,3,0) (b)(-4,-3, 0)
(e) (O, o, O) (d) Nane af these
.Jü units away from the line of intersection of lhe given
two planes are
166. Equation of the sphere having centre at (3, 6, - 4) and (a)(3, 1, - 1) (b)(-3. 1, 1)
touching the plane r ·(2i - 2j - k) = 10, is (e) (3. - 1. 1) (d) (1, 3, -1)
2
(x _ 3) 2 + (y-6)2 + (z + 4) = k2, where k is equal to
Passage XII
(a) 3 (b) 4 (Q. Nos. 172 to 174)
(e) 6 (d) ✓17
Givenfour points A(2, 1, O), B(I, O, 1), C(3, O, 1) and
Passage X D(O, O, 2). Point D fies on a fine L orthogonal to the pla11e
(Q. Nos. 167 to 168) determined by the points A, B and C.
Let A(2, 3, 5), B(-1, 3, 2), C(A, 5, µ) are the vertices o/a 172. The equation of the plane ABC is
triangle and its median through A (i.e.) AD is equally (a) x + y +z - 3=O (b) y + z - 1 = O
(e) x + z - 1 = O (d) 2y + z - 1 = o
inc/ined to the coordinates axes.
On the basis o/the above in/ormation answer the following 173. The equation of the tine L is
(a) r = 2k + À(i + k)
167. Toe value of2À. - µ is equal to
(b) r = 2k + ;1.(2) + k)
(a) 13 (b) 4
(e) 3 (d) Nane af these (e) r = 2k + :i.(3 + k)
(d) Nane af lhe abave
168, Projeclion of AB on BC is
8✓3 (b) -8✓3 174. The perpendicular distance of D from lhe plane ABC is
(a)ll li (a) ✓ 2 (b) 1/2
(d) 48 (e) 2 (d) l / ✓2
(e) - 48
242 Textbook of Vector & 3D Geometry,
.,,.-:·

175. Con sider the following four pairs of line in Colurnn J Match the statement ofColumn I with values ofColumn
and match the m with one o r more entries in Colurnn II. II.
Columnl Column II Column I ColumoU
(A) l 1:x = I+ r,y= r,z = 2-5r (p) non•coplanar (A) L1, L,_ and lJ are concurrerit, if (p) k =-9,-~,5
L,_:r= (2, 1, -3)+ À(2, 2, - 10) lines 5
(B) L,:x- 1 = y - 3 =z-2 (q) lines lie in a (B) One ofl 1 , Li and lJ is paraUel to (q) k=-~. - 9
2 2 -1 unique plane atleast one of lhe otber two, if 5
L,_:x-2 = y - 6 = z+ 2 (C) L,. L, and lJ fonn a triangle, if (r) k =I
1 -1 - 1 6
(C) L ,:x = -6t,y= 1+ 9r,z = - 31 (r) infinite planes (D) L , , L, and lJ do not fonn a (s) k=5
L,_:x = I + 2s,y= 4-3s, z = s containing both triangle, if (t) k=0
lhe lines
(D) L ,:=. = y -1 =z - 2 (s) lines are not 179. A variable p lane cu ts lhe x, y and z-axes at the points,
1 2 3 intcrsecting at a A, B and C. respectively such lhat the volume of the
L,:x - 3=y- 2=z - l unique point tetrahedron OABC remain constant equal to 32 cu units
--4 -3 2 and O is lhe origin of lhe coordinate syst em .
176. P(O, 3, -2), Q(3, 7, - 1) and R(l, -

3. - 1) are 3 given points. Columo I ColumnU
Let L1 be th e line passing throu gh P and Q ·and L 2 be the (A) Toe locus of the centroid of lhe (p) .xyz = 24
tetrahedron is
line throu g h R and p arallel to lhe vector V = i + k.
(B) Toe locus of the point equidistant (q) (x2 + J + z2)
C olumn I Column II .. fromO,A,B andC is
= 192.xyz
- -------- - . _ - -- -- - - - -- -- - = =-
(A) P ~ d ~; r -distance of P from L1 (p) 7✓3 (C) Toe locus of lhe foot of (r) .xyz = 3
perpendicular from origin to lhe
(B)_Sho~est dist~ce hetween L1 andl,z (q) 2 _ _ _
plane is
(9_~aoftheM'QR (r) 6 (D) lf PA, PB and PC are mutually (s) (x2 + + z2)3 J
(D) Distance from (O, O, O) to lhe plane (s) 19 perpendicular, then the locus of P is
= 1536 .xyz
PQR ✓147
180. Match the statem ents of Colurnn I with valu es of
177. Match lhe statements o f Colurnn I w ith values of Colum n II.
Column!I.
Column I ColumnU
_ _ _ ___C_olumn I _ _ __ _ ___
C_o_lu_m_n= II=--
(A) The area of the triangle whose vertices (p) o
(A) lfthe line ~ = y + 1 = :2....1 lies in (p) sin- 1 {6 _ . are (O, O, O) (3, 4, 7) and (5, 2, 6)._i_s _ __
1 -2 À '/'ii (B) Tbe smallest radius ofthe spbere (q) 70
the plane 3x - 2y+ Sz = O, then À is
passing through ( 1, O, O), (O, l , O) and 3
cqual to (O, O, 1)._i_s _ _ _ __ __
(B) If (3, À, µ ) is a point on lhe line (q) 7
(r) ~
(C) The value(s) ofÀ for which lhe
2...- + y+ z-3 = 0=x-2y + z- 1,lhen 5 triangle with venices
À + µ is equal to
A(6., 10, 10) B(l , O, - 5)and
(C) The angle between lhe line x = y = z (r) -3 C(6, -1 0, Ã)will bc a right angled
and thc plane 4x - 3 y !J:_: --3_ (~ . triangle (right anglcd at A) is/are
_ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
(D) The angle bctween the planes (s) cos·' fI (D) d is the perpendicular distance from (s) ~../65
x+ y+z = 0 and 3x-4y+ Sz=0 'f is ( 1, 3,4) to ~ = L=.1. = =-. then 2
-1 1 1
178. C onsider lhe lines g iven by L 1 : x + 3y - 5 = O. d
value of .fj
L 2 :3x-ky - l = 0and L 3 : 5x + 2y -1 2=0. 2
181. Match the statements ofColumn I wilh values ofColwnn li. Consider the cube
Column I Column ú '
(A) Angle between any two solid diagonal (p) - 1 2
cos -/6
(B) Angle betwcen a solid diagonal anda plane
- - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- 1
(C) Angle between plane diagonais of adjaccnt faces (r) cos- • _
3
(D) The values of la X hl (s)
2

182. ln a tetrahedron OABC, if OA = i, 0B = i + Jand 192. If the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC where A, B, C
are the points (a, 2, 3), (1. b, 2) and (2, 1, e) be (1, 2, 3), then
OC = i + 2j + k, if shortest distance between edges OA
the point (a, b, e) is at distance s.fi: from origin, then À:
and BC is m, then ✓Zm is equal to ... (Where O is the
must be equal to ...........
origin)
193. If the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are
183. A parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn through the (3, 2, - 5), (- 3, 8, - 5) and (- 3, 2, 1) is (- 1, À, -3) the integer
points (2, 4, 5) and (5, 9, 7) parallel tç, the coordinate À must be equal to ...........
planes. The lenglh of lhe diagonal of the parallelopiped
is ........ . 194. lf P1P2 is perpendicular to P2 P3 , then the value ofk is,
where P1(k, 1, -1), P2 (2k, O, 2) and P3 (2 + 2k, k, 1) is ...........
184. lf the perpendicular distance of the point (6, 5, 8) from
the Y -axis is SÃ units, then À is equal to ........ . 195. Let the equation of the p lane containing Une
x - y - z - 4 = O= x + y + 2z - 4 and parallel to lhe line
185. lf the shortest distance between the lines of intersection of the planes 2x + 3y + z = 1 and
x -3 = y-8 = z - 3 and x + 3 = y + 7 = z - 6 is Ã✓'JÕ x + 3y + 2z = 2 be x + Ay + Bz + C = O. Then the values
3 -1 1 -3 2 2 oflA + B+C - 41 is ............ .
units, then the value of À is ........ .
196. Lei P(a, b, e) be any poin t on the plane 3x + 2y + z = 7,
186. lfthe planes x -cy- bz = O.ex- y + az = 0and then find lhe least value of 2(a 2 + b 2 + e 2 i
bx + ay - z = Opass through a line lhen the values of
a 2 +b 2 +c 2 +2abcis ........... 197. The plane denoted by P1 : 4x + 7y + 4z + 8 t =Ois rotated
through a right angle about its Une of intersection with
187. If xz-plane divide the join of point (2. 3, 4) and (1, - 1, 5) in the plane P2: 5x + 3y + !0z = 25. If the plane in its new
the ratio À : 1, lhen the integer Â should be equal to position be denoted by P, and the distance of this plane
188, If the triangle ABC whose vertices are from the. origin is d, then the value of[~] (where [.)
· A (-1, 1, 1), B(t, - 1, 1) and C (1, 1, -1) is projected on
xy-plane, then the area of the projecled triangles is .......... represents greatest inleger less than or equal to k) is ......
189. The equation of a plane which bisects the line joining 198. Toe distance of the point P(-2, 3, - 4) from the line
(1, 5, 7) and (-3, 1, - 1) is x + y + 2z = À, lhen À must x+2 2y+3 3z+4
- - = - - = - - measured parallel to lhe plane
be ........... 3 4 5
190. Toe shortest distance between origin and a point on the 4x + 12y - 3z + 1 =O is d, then find the value of (2d-8).
is ...........
space curve x = 2sin t, y = 2cos t, z = 31 is ...........
191. Toe plane 2x - 2y + z + 12 = Otouches the surface· 199. The position vectors of the four angular poinls of a
tetrahedron OABC are (O, O, O), (O. O. 2~ (O. 4. O) and (6, o, oi
x + y' + z - zx- 4y+2z - 3=0only at poin t
2 2
respectively. A point P inside the telrahedron is at lhe
(- 1, Â, -2). Toe value of Â must be sarne distance ',' from the four plane faces of the
tctrahedron. "!"hen. the value of9, is .............. .
200. Value of À do the planes x - y + z + 1 = O, denotes lhe volume of tetrahedron OABC and Vz that of
À.x + 3y + 2: -3 =O. 3x + Ày + z -2 =Ofonn a triangular the parallelepiped with OG1,0G2 and OG1 as three
prism must be concurrent edges, then lhe value o f 4 V, I V2 is (wh ere O
201. lf lhe bttice pomt P(x, y, z); x. y, z > Oand x, y, z E f with is the origin)
least value of z such that lhe •P' lies on the planes 205. A vaiiable plane whlch remains at a constanl distance p
7 x + 6y + 2z = 272 and x - y + z = 16, lhen the value of from the o rigin cuts the coordinate axes in A, B, C. Toe
(x + y + z - 42) is equal to locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is
202. lf the line x = y = z intersect the line x2y2 +y2z2 +z2x2 =_!.._x2y2z2, then 1/zkis
xsinA+ysinB+zsinC-2d 2 =O pz
= xsin2.A + ysin2B + zsin C- d 2, where A, B. C are the
206. lf(/ 1 , m1 , n 1 ); (/2 , m 2, n 2 ) are D.C's of two lines, then
t ai angeso
'mem I fatnangean
' 1 d sm-sm
. A . -sm-=k,
B .C 2
(1 1m 2 -1 2m 1 ) 2 + (m1 n 2 - m 2n 1 )
2 2 2 2
then lhe value of64k is equal to 2
+(n 112 -n 2 1,l +(/112 +m 1m 2 +n,n 2 ) =
203. The number of real values of k for which lhe lines 207. If lhe coordinates (x, y, z) of the point S whlch is
x y- 1 z x-k y -k z-2 . 5
-=--=-and--=--=--arecoplanar 1s equidistant from the points 0(0. O, oi A (n , O, O)
1 k - 1 2k 3k-l k '
B(O, n 4, oi C(O. O. n) obey the relation 2(x + y + z) + 1 = O.
204. Let Gt, G 2 and G, be the centroids of lhe triangular Ifn E Z, then I n 1= _ _ _ Q•I is the modulus
. faces OBC, OCA and OAB of a tetrahedron OABC. If V1 function) .
Three Dimensional Coordinate System El_(ercise 7 :

208. Find the angle between the lines whose direction 213. Vertices B and C of ó.ABC lie along lhe
cosines has the relation 1+ m + n = Oand . x+2 y- 1 z-0 .
line - - = - - = - - . Fmd the arca of lhe triangle
21 2 +2m 2 -n 2 = 0. 2 1 4
given that A has coordinates ( 1, - 1, 2) and line segment
209. Prove that the two tines whose direction cosines are BC has length s.
connected by the two relations ai+ bm + cn = Oand
ui 2 + vm 2 + wn 2 = Oare perpendicular if 214. A point P moves on the plane =.. + l. +:. = 1 whlch is
a b e
2 2 2 fixed. The plane through P perpendicular to OP meets
a (v + w)+ b ( w + u)+ c (u + v) = O
the axes in A, B and C. The planes through A, B. C
2b2 c2
and parallel if ~ + - + - = O. parallel to yz, zx, xy planes intcrsect in Q. Prove that if
U V W the axis bc rectangular, then lhe locus ofQ is
x+2 y+l z -3
210• Find th e point on the line - - = - - = - - at a ....!.... + ....!.... +...!... = _!__ + _!__ +..!..
3 2 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 ax by cz
dislance of3✓2 from the point (!, 2, 3).
215, Prove thal the distance of the point of intersection of the
211. A line passes through (2. - 1, 3) and is perpendicular to x-2 y+l z - 2
line - - = - - = - - nnd the plane x - y + z = 5
the lines r·(i + j- k) + À(2i -2j + k) and 3 4 12
from lhe point(- 1, -5,- IO)is 13.
r = (2i - j- 3k) + µ( i + 2j + 2k) obla in ils equation.
216. Find lhe cquntion of lhe plane tl1rough the inlersection
212. Fim! lhe equations ofthe two lines lhrough the origin of lhe planes x + 3y + 6=0nnd 3x - y- 4z =O. whose
x-3 y-3 z li
which intersecl the line - - = - - = - nt nngle of - perpcncliculnr dislnnce from lhe origin is unity.
2 1 1 3
217. Find lhe ,·quntion of lh,, imnge of th.- plane
each.
x - 2y + 2z - 3 = Oin lhe plnne x + y + : - 1 = o.

Questions Asked in Previous Vears Exam
(i) JEE Advanced & IIT JEE (a) (:, :, ~) (b) (- !, - 1, O)
3 3 3
218, Considera pyramid OPQRS located in the first octant
(x ~ O, y ~ O. z ~ O) with O as origin and OP and OR along
(e) (!, ! , 1) (d) (9'79'78)9
lhe X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively. Toe base OPQR of 223. Perpendicular are drawn from points on the line
lhe pyramid is a square with OP = 3. Toe point S is
directly above the mid-point T of diagonal OQ such that
x +2 = Y+ 1=
2 -1 3
=
to the plane x + y + z = 3. Toe feet of
IS = '.i Then, perpendiculars lie on th e line
[More than One Correct Type Questlon, 2016 Adv.) [Slngle Optlon Correct Type Questlon, 2013 Adv.)
x y-1 z-2 (b) x y-1 _z - 2
(a) the acute angle between OQ and OS is ~ (a) s=-s-=--=iJ ;= -3-- -=s
3
(b) lhe equation of the plane containing the t.OQS is (e) !. = y - J =~ (d) !. = y - 1=z- 2
x-y=O 4 3 - 7· 2 -7 5
(e) lhe lenglh oflhe perpendicula:r from P ta the plane . . x- 1 · y z+3
224. Cons1der the tines L, : - - = - = - -.
containing the t.OQS is }i x-4y+3 z+3 ·
2 - 1 1
(d) lhe perpendicula:r distance from O to lhe straight tine L 2 : - - = - - = - - and the planes
1 1 2
..
contauung
RS" (Is
1s Vl P1 : 7 x + y + 2z = 3, P2 : 3x + 5y - 6z = 4. Let
ax + by + cz = d lhe equation of the p lane passing
219. Let P be the image of lhe point (3, 1, 7) with respect to through the point of intersection of lines L I and L 2 and
the plane x - y + z = 3. Then, the equation of lhe plane perpendicular to planes P, and P2 •
passing through P and containing lhe straight tine Match List I wilh List II and select the correct answer
using lhe code given below the lists.
~ = I=~is
1 2 1 [Slngle Optlon Correct Type Questlon, 201 3 Adv,J
(Slngle Optlon Correct Type Question, 2016 Adv.J List I List n
(a) x + y -3z O = (b) 3x + z = O
P. a= 1. 13
(e) x - 4y + 7z O = (d) 2x - y =O
Q. b= 2. -3
220. From a point P(À,À, :i..i perpendiculars PQ and PR are R. e= 3.
drawn respectively on lhe tines y = x, z = 1 and S. d= 4. -2
y = - x, z = - l If P is such lhat L QPR is a right angle,
lhen the possible value(s) ofÀ is (are) Codes
(Single Option Correct Type Questlon, 2014 Adv.)
p Q R s p Q R s
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 1 3 4 2
(a) ./2 (b) 1 (e) - 1 (d) -✓2
(e) 3 2 1 4 (d) 2 4 ! 3
221. Two Jines L 1:x = 5, - y - = ...:.. and L 2 : x =<X, 1'... = -z-
3-a -2 -1 2- a 225. If the straight tines x -
2
1
=Y+
k
1
= =
2
and
are coplanar. Then, a can take value(s)

[More than One Correct Type Questlon, 2013 Adv.)
x+l
-
5
- =-
y+ l
2
- = kz are coplanar, then the plane(s)
(a) J (b) 2 containing these two tines is/are
(e) 3 (d) 4 (More than One Correct Type Question, IIT..JEE 2012]
222. A Jine I passing through the origin is perpendicular to (a) y + 2z = - 1 (b) y + z J =-
the lines [More than One Correct Type Questlon, 2013 Adv.J (e) y - z =-1 (d) y - 2z =- 1
11 : (3 + , >i + c- 1 + 21 >j + e• + 2, >k. - < , < -
00 226. lf the distance between the plane A x - 2y + z = d and
1
/ : (3+2.1)1 + (3 + 2.l)J + (2+s)k,-oo< s< oo the plane containing the lines x - = Y - 2 = : - 3 and
2
2 3 4
Then, the coordinate(s) of the point(s) on 12 at a x - 2 y - 3 z -4,
distance of ./17 from the point of lntersection of I and - - = - - = - - 1s ✓6, then is equal to....
3 4 5
ldl
11 is (are) [Slngl• Option Correct Type Queation, IIT..JEE 201 O)
Passage 230. Consider three planes

(Q. Nos. 227-229) P1 :x-y+z=l, P2 :x+y-z=-1
Read thefollowing passage and answer the questions. and · P3 : x - 3y + 3z = 2
Consider t/ze lincs
Lei L 1, L2 , L3 be the lines ofinlersection ofthe planes
L, : x + 1 = y + 2 = z + 1 P2 and P3 , P3 and Pi, P1 and P2 , respectively.
3 1 2 Statement IAtleast two ofthe lines L 1 , L 2 and L 3 are
L : x-2=y+2=z-3 non-parallel.
2
1 2 3 Statement li The three planes do not have a common
[Passage Type Questlon, IIT.JEE 2008) point. [Assertlon and Reason Type Questlon, IIT.JEE 2008)
227. The dislance oflhe point (1, 1, 1) from lhe plane passing 231. Consider lhe planes
through the point (-1, -2, -1) and whose normal is 3x-6y-2z=15 and 2x+y -2z=5.
perpendicular lo both the tines L 1 and L2 , is Statement I The parametric equations of the line of
(a) 2/✓75 unit (b) 7/✓75 unit intersection ofthe given p lanes are x = 3+ 14t,
(e) 13/✓75 units (d) 23/✓75 units y = l+2t, z=l5t.
228. The shortesl distance between L 1 and L2 is Statement li The vectors 14 í + 2 j + 15 k is parallel to
(a) OWlit (b) 17 t..fi units the line of intersection of lhe given planes.
(e) 41 15..fi units (d) 17 /5✓ 3 units [Assertlon and Reason Type Questlon, IIT.JEE 2007)
229. The unit vector perpendicular to both L 1 and L 2 is 232. Consider the following linear equations
u+~+cr=~~+cy+a=~a+~+h = O
Cal - i + 1i + 1ic - i - 1j +5k [Matchlng Type Questlon, IIT.JEE 2007)
../99 (b) 5✓3
<cl -i + 1 j + 5k (d) 71 - 71-k Column 1 Columnll
5✓3 ✓
99 A. a+ b + e-;, Oand p.
The equations represent
a 2 + b2 + c2 = ab+ bc + ca
planes meeting only at
• Directions (Q. Nos. 230-231) For the following questions, _ _ _ _ _ __ __________ ___ a single p_~ _____ _
choose the correct answer from the codes (a), (b), (e) and B. a+ b + e = Oand q. The equations represent lhe
(d) defmed as follows.
a2+b,+ <f -;,ab+bc +ca line x= y=z
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement ll
is lhe correct explanation of Statement I C. a+ b + e-;, Oand r. The equations represent
(b) Statement J is true, Statement li is also true; Statement ll c2 -;, ab+ bc + ca
a 2 + b2 + identical planes
is not lhe correcl explanation of Statement I ---------- - - - - - -
D. a+ b+ e = Oand r. Toe equations represent lhe
(e) Statement J is true; Statement II is false
a + b2 + c2 = ab+ bc + ca
2
whole oflhe
(d) Statement I is false; Statement li is true lhree-dimensional space
(ii] JEE Main and AIEEE

233. lf the image of lhe point P(l, - 2, 3) in the plane 235. The distance of lhe point (1, - 5, 9) from the plane
2x + 3y - 4z + 22 = Omeasured parallel to the line x- y + z = 5 measured along lhe line x = y = z is
(b) 10✓3
!. =2'. =:. is Q, then PQ is equal to (a) 3-JIÕ (2016 JEE Maln)
1 4 5 (2017 JEE Maln] (e)~ (d)~
(a) 3.Js (b) 2✓ 42 ✓3 3
(e) ✓ 42 (d) 6.Js 3 2
236. Ifthe line, x - = y+ = z + 4 lies in the plane
234. The distance of lhe point (1, 3, - 7) from the 2 -1 3 '
2
plane passing lhrough lhe point (1, - 1, - 1) lx + my - z = 9, then / +m2 is equal to (2016 JEE Malnl
having normal perpendicular to bolh the lines (a) 26 (b) 18 (c) 5 (d) 2
x - 1 = y + 2 = z - 4 and ~ = y + l = z + 7, is 237. The dislance of the point (1, O, 2) from the point of
1 -2 3 2 - 1 -1 . . f h 1· x - 2 y + 1 z - 2
20 . mlerseclton o t e me - - = - - = - - and the
(a) Jf,. umts (b) ~ units 3 4 12
v 83 . [2017 JEE MalnJ plane x - y + z = 16. is (2015 JEE Maln)
5 .
(e) -:/83 umts (J)~units (n) 2,/14 (b)8
v74
(c)Jm (d) l3
238. The equation of the plane containing the line 246. Statement I The point A (1,0, 7) is the mirror image of
2x - 5y + z = 3, x + y + 4z = 5 and parallel to the plane . .x y-l_z-2
the point B(l,6,3)in the line
x + 3y + 6z = 1, is
(a) 2x + 6y + 12z = 13
(2015 JEE Maln]
(b) x + 3y + 6z = -7
1=- 2
- - - - .
3
(c)x+3y+6z=7 (d)2x+6y+l2z=-13 Statement Il The line 1x = -y -2-1 = -z 3-- 2 b.isects the rme
239. Toe angle between the lines whose direction cosines
~egment joining A (1, O, 7) and B (1, 6, 3} (AJEEE 2011)
satisfy the equations 1 + m + n =Oand 12 = m 2 + n' is
(a) Statcment I is true, Statement II is true; Stalemenl Il ,s nota
(a).::. (b).::. corrcct explanalion for Statement I
3 4 (2014 JEE Maln] (b) .Slalement I is lrue, Slalemenl li is false
(e).::. (d).::.
6 2 (e) Stalemenl I is false, Slalement li is lrue .
(d) Slatemenl J is lruc. Slalemenl II is lrue; Statemenl Il JS a
240• The .unage of the line
. x-1 y-3 z-4 ·
- - = - - = - - in the plane correcl explanalion for Slalemcnt 1
3 1 -5
2x - y + z + 3 =Ois the line (2014 JEE Maln)
247. The length of the perpendicular drawn from the,point
(a) x + 3 _ y - 5 _ z - 2 (b) x + 3 = y - 5 _ z + 2 • X y-2 _ z-3.
3 -51 -3 -1 5
(3,-1, 'l) to the lme 2 = -3- -4 IS (AJEEE 2011)
(e) x - 3 _ y + 5 _ z - 2 (d) x - 3 _ y + 5 _ :....:3. (a) ✓66 (b) ✓29

3 1 -5 -3 -1 5 (c)$3 . (d) ✓53
241. Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8 and 248. The distance ofthe point(l,-5, 9)from the plane
4x+2y+4z+5=0is ( 2013 JEE Maln] x-y+z = 5 measured alonga stra.ight line x = y = z, is
(a) ~ (b) ~ (AIEEE 2010)
2 2 (a) 3./s (b) 10✓ 3
(e) 5✓3
(e) ~ (d) ~ (d) 3..JtÔ
2 2
249. Aline AB in three-dimensional space makes angles 45•
242. If the lines and 120· with the positive X-axis and lhe positive Y-axis,
x-2=y-3=z-4andx-l=y-4=~ respectively. If AB makes an acute angle 8 with the
1 1 -k k 2 1 positive Z-axis, then 8 equals [AJEEE 201 O]
(a) 30º (b) 45•
are coplanar, then k can have (2013 JEE Maln] (e) 60º (d) 75•
(a) any value (b) cxactly one value
(e) exactly two values (d) exactly three values 250. Statement I The point A(3, 1, 6) is the mirror image of
the point B(1, 3, 4) in the plane x-y+z =5 .
243. An equation of a plane parallel to lhe plane . .
x _ 2 + 2z - 5 = oand ata unit distance from the ongm Statement II The plane x - y + z = 5 bisects the line
is y [AJEEE 20121 segment joining A(3, 1, 6) and B(l, 3_, 4). [AJEEE 2010)
(a) x - 2y + 2z - 3 = O (b) x - 2y + 2z + 1 = O (a) Slalemenl I is lrue, Slalement 11 is true;
(e) x - 2y + 2z - 1 = O (d) x - 2y + 2z + 5 = O Slalemenl li is lhe correct explanation of Slatemcnt I
(b) Slatemenl 1 is true, Stalemenl ll is lrue;
.
x -l _y+l=~andx - 3=y-k = ~
244. Ifthe line - -. - 4
1 2 1 S1:i,1ement ll is not lhe correct explanation of Slalement I
2 3
(AIEEE 2012) (e) Slalemenl I is true, Slalemenl II is false
intersect, then k is equal to
(d) Slalement I is falsc, Statement li is true
(a) -1 (b) 9~
x-2 y-1 z+2
251. Let the line - - = - - = - - lies in the plane
3 -5 2
·(e) ~ (d) O
2 x + 3y -cxz +~=O. Then, (ex,~) equals [AJEEE 2009]
. y- l _z-3 e (a) (6, - 17) (b) (-6. 7) (e) (5, - 15) (d) (-5, 15)
245. If the angle between the line x = - - -
2
T and th
252. The projections of a vector on the three coordinate axes
pi:: + 3z = 4 iscos -1
x Y
( /5}
VÜ
then À. equals
(AJEEE 2011)
are 6, - 3, 2, respectively. The direction cosines of the
vector are [AJEEE 2009]
(b) ~
(a) 6, - 3, 2 (b) ~.-~. ~
5 5 5 5
(d)~ (e)~-- ~-~ (d)-~.-~.~
3 7 7 .7 7 7 7
253. The line passing through the points (5, 1 ai and (3, b, 1) (a) aa' + cc' = 1 (b) ~ + ~ =- 1
a' e'
. ( O, 17 , -- 13)
crosses the YZ-plane at the pomt - Then,
2 2 (d)aa' + cc' =- 1
[AIEEE 2008)
(a) a =8, b =2 (b) a=2.b=8 259. The image of the point ( -1, 3, 4) in the plane x - 21 = Ois
(e) a = 4. b =6 (d) a=6.b=4
(a) (15, 11, 4) (b) ( - .!.z, - ~. 1)
254. If the straight lines 3 3· [AlEEE 2006)
i-l=y-2=z - 3 and x-2 =y- 3=z-l (c)(8, 4, 4) (d) U• -~. 4)

k 2 3 3 k 2
260. If the plane 2ax -3ay + 4az + 6 = Opasses through the
intersect ata poinl, then the inleger k is equal to
[AJEEE 2008) mid-point of the line joining the centres of lhe spheres
(a) - 2 (b) -5 X
2
+y 2 +z 2 +6x-8y - 2z=13and
2
(e) 5 (d) 2 x +y 2 +z 2 - lOx + 4y-2z = S. then a equals
255. Lei L be the line of inlersection of the planes (AIEEE 2005)
(a) 2 (b) - 2
2x +3y + z = 1 and x + 3y +2z = 2. If L makes an anglea
(e) 1 (d) - 1
with the positive X-axis, then cosa equals [AIEEE 2007]
(a) 1 /✓3 (b) 1/2 261. If the angle 8 between the line x + 1 = Y - 1 = z - 2 and
(c) 1 (d) 1/✓2 1 2 2
the plane 2x - y + ../'Ã.z + 4 =Ois such that sin 8 = !.The
256. If a line makes an angle of ~ with the positive directions 3
4 value of Â. is [AJEEE 2005)
of each of X-axis and Y-axis, then the angle that the line
makes with the positive direction of the Z-axis is
(a) -~ (b) ~
3 4
(AJEEE 2007)
(a) 1t/6 (b) 7t / 3 (e) -~ (d) ~
5 3
(e) 7t/ 4 (d)1t/2
262. The angle between the lines 2x =3y =- z and
257. If (2, 3, 5) is one end of a diameter of lhe sphere
2 2 2
x + y +z - 6x-12y-2z +20 = O, then the coordinales 6x =- y =- 4z is [AJEEE 2005]
(a) 30° (b) 45º
of the other end of the diameler are [AJEEE 2007) (e) 90° (d) Oº
(a) (4. 9, -3) (b) (4, -3, 3)
(e) (4, 3, 5) (d) (4, 3, -3) 263. The plane x + 2y - z = 4 cuts lhe sphere
258. The two lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x 2 + Y2 + Z
2
- x + z -2 = Oin a circle ofradius
x = a' y + b' , z = e' y + d' are perpendicular to each [AlEEE 2005)
(a) .fi (b) 2
other, if [AIEEE 2006,2003)
(e) 1 (d) 3
Answers
Exercise for Session l 48. (o)
43. (e) 44. (e) 45. (e) 46. (o) 47. (b)
t. 8 2.JJ lk 1 49. (d) 50. (e) 51 . (e) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (a)
4. (1,2, 3). (3, 4, 5). (- l, 6, - 7)
5. 5 6. (4, 5 , 6) 7. 90° 55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (e) 60. (a)
8. -1 9.0 61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65. (b) 66. (e)
2 - 1 2) (- 2 1 - 2) 67. (a) 68. (e) 69. (o) 70. (e) 71. (b) 72. (b)
li . ( 3'3'3 or 3'3'3
12• ./i4 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (e) 76. (n) 77. (d) 78. (a)
79. (d) 80. (a) 81. (b) 82. (e) 83. (a) 84. (e)
Exercise for Session 2 85. (e) 86. (b) 87. (e) 88. (a) 89. (e) 90. (a)
91. (d) 92. (a} 93. (e) 94. (a) 9S. (a) 96. (a)
1. r = Ji - j + 3k + Ã(ii - 2j + 5kl 97. (b,d) 98. (o.b.c) 99. (b,c)
2. r =2i-Jj+ 4k + À(Ji + 4J - 5kl. x- 2 = y+ 3 = ~ 100. (b,e) 101. (o,c,d) 102. (a.b)
. 3 4 - 5 103. (b,c) 104. (a,b) 105. (a.b)
, cos_, (19) 106. (c,d) 107. (b,c) 108. (a,e)
•. 5. (- 1, - 1, - 1)
21 109. (b,d) 110. (o.e) 11 1. (a,b,c,d)
112. (c,d) 113. (•.d) 114. (a.b.c)
7.~ 115. (a,b,d) 116. (a,c,d) 117. (b,c)
10
118. (b,d) 119. (a.e) 120. (a,b,c.d)
8. ~ = l = or .:.=! ~ =.2'... = ~ 121. (a,b,c) 122. (o,b,c) 123. (a.b.c)
-1 2 - 7 1 -2 7
124. (a,b) 125. (d) 126. (d)
9.~ =y-2=~ 10. (5, 8, 15) 127. (a) 128. (b) 129. (b) 130. (d) 131. (a) 132. (e)
1 -2 1
133. (a) 134. (a) 135. (b) 136. (a) 137. (a) 138. (d)
Exercise for Session 3 139. (d) 140. (b) 141. (b) 142. (b) 143. (d) 144. (b)
1. 2x- y+3z= 9 145. (b) 146. (e) 147. (a) 148. (d) 149. (d) 150. (b)
2. ± .!.. c2i + 2j + kl · 151. (e) 152. (b) 153. (e) 154. (o) 155. (e) 156. (e)
3
3. 4.r- 3y+ 2z = 3 4. 5.r+ 18y+ 6z = O 157. (b) 158. (a) 159. (b) 160. (e) 161. (b) 162. (a)
5. .r - 5 y- 2z + 6 = O, 3x - y + 4z - 2 = O 163. (e) 164. (e) 165. (e) 166. (b) 167. (b) 168. (b)
169. (a) 170. (b) 171. (e) 172. (b) 173. (e) 174. (d)
6.(-3,5,2) 7.sin-•C~) 175. (A) ➔ r (B) ➔ q, (C) ➔ (q.s)(D)-+ (p.s)
176. (A) ➔ r (B)-+ q, (C)-+ p. (D)-+ s
8. y+ z = 2 9. _13
177. (A) ➔ q (8)-+ r, (C)-+ p (D)-+ s
10. 17.r - 47 y- 24z + 172 = O
11.3.r- y+ 3z + 10 =0 178. (A} ➔ s (8) ➔ q, (C) ➔ (r, t) (D)-+ (p.s)
179. (A)-+ r (B)-+ q, (C)-+ q, (D)-+ (s)
12. .r - 2y+ 2z =Oand.r- 2y+2z -6 = O
180. (A)-+ .r, (B)-+ r, (C) ➔ q. (D)-+ (s)
13. 25.r + 17 y + 62z = 238 (acutc anglc bisector)
181. (A) ➔ r (8)-+ p, (C)-+ q
.r + 35y- l Oz = 256(obtusc anglc bisector)
182. (1) 183. (7) 184. (2) 185. (3) 186. (1)
14. .r-8y+4z=7 187. (3)
188. (2) 189. (8) 190. (2) 191. (4) 192. (3)
JS.2x + 2y+z =9 193. (4)
194. (3) 195. (7) 196. (7) 197. (7) 198. (9)
199. (6)
Exercise for Session 4 200. (4) 201. (4) 202. (4) 203. ( 1) 204. (9) 205. (2)
. {sf 206. (1) 207. (1)
J. Centre (2, - 2, O). Rad1us = Vl
208. co~-•(:!.) 210. (-2, - 1, 3)and (~. ~- ~ )
2 . .r2 +I + z' - 4.r + 4y-4z + 9 = O, Centre(2,- 2, 2) 3 17 17 17
211. r = cii-i+ 3kJ+µ(2j+i-2k>
3. .r2 + I + ,' - 2JJy-1 =o
◄. 9x2 + 91 + 9z 2 - 54.r-108y+ 72z + 545 = O 212. ~ =l =.!. and !:. = l =...:..
1 2 -1 -1 1 -2
S. Ã=J3±3
6. 2.r2 + 21 + 2,' - 6.r +2y - 4z = 25 213. JW sq units 216. 2x+ y- 2: + 3 = O and x - 2y- 2: - 3 = o
2·2·- 2) e··>
7.(i) ( J 1 m cm> 5
li 2
217 . .r- 8y+ 4z- 7 = O
218. (b, e, d) 219. (e) 220.- (e) 22 1. (n.d) 222. (b.J)
223. (d) 224. (a) 225. (b. e) 226. (b) 227. (e) 228. (d)
Chapter Exercises 229. (b) 230. (d) 231. (d)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) ◄. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 232. (A) ➔ (r); (8)-+ (q); (C)-+ (b); (D) -+ (s)
7. (b) 1. (b) 9. (b) 10. (e) 11. (b) 12. (a) 233. (b) 234. (b) 235. (b) 236. (d) 237. (d) 238. (e)
13. (e) J ◄. (a) 15. (d) 16. (e) 17. (a) 18. (b) 239. (a) 240. (o) 241 . (e) 242. (e) 24.l. (a) 244. \e)
19. (b) 20. (a) 21 . (e) 22. (e) 23. (d) 24. (a) 245. (d) 246. (d) 247. (d) 24N. (h) 249. (e) 250. (ul
25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. <•> 29. (d) 30.(d) 251. (b) 252. (e) 253. (d) 254. (b) 255. (a) 256. (dl
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (e) 257. (a) 258. (d) 259. (d) 260. (b) 261. (d) 262. (<l
37. (b) 31. (e) 39. (e) 40. (e) 41. (d) 42. (e) 263. (e)
Solutions
6. We have, a = 45° and P = 60°
Suppose OP makes angle y with OZ. Thcn.
cos' a+ cos'P + cos' r = 1 ·
=> UJ (ff + + cos' y = 1

1. Suppose xy-plane divides lhe line joining the given points in
cos2y = _!_ => cosy= ± .!.
the ratio À : 1. The coordinate of the point of division are 4 2
2À - 1 -SÀ + 3 6À + 4)
( ~ -~ · T"+"J . y =60°, 120°
7. Lei OA and 08 be two lines with direction /1, n;, 1>iand
This point lies on xy-planc.
12• m,, n2•
6À + 4 =O => À=-~ Let OA = 08 = 1. Then. the coordinales of A and B are
À+l 3 (/1o "'1, n1) and (/2, m,, n2) respectivcly. Lei OC be thc bisector of
Hence, xy-planc divides extemally in the ratio 2 : 3. L AOB. Then, C is tbe mid point of AB and so its coordinates
~Her We know lhat the xy-plane divides the line segment are
JOlillng P (x1, Y1, z,) and Q (x2, y 2, z 2}ln the ratio -z1 : z,. _2 "'1 +2_m, ' _n1 +
11 +_ 12 ___ 2_"•)
(
Therefore, xy-plane divides the segment joining (-1, 3, 4) and
(2,-5, 6) in lhe ratio -4: 6 i.e. 2 : 3 extemally. y
2. Suppose zx-plane divides the join of (l. 2, 3) and (4, 2, 1) in the

a H2.m,11,>
c['1 ~l2.~n,+n2)
ratio À : ! . Then, the co-ordinates of the point of division are 2 2 2
4À + 1 • 2À + 2 • À + 3) A(-J,.m,111)
( À+I À+I À+I
This point lies on zx-plane
2 2
y -coordinale =O => " + =o=> À= - 1
À+ 1 D (-/2 ,-m2 ,-n,)
Hence, zx-plane divides lhe join of (1, 2, 3) and (4, 2, 1)
externally ln the ratio J : 1. Y'
Aliter We know lhat lhe zx-plane divides the segment joining
P (x1, y 1, zi) and Q (x2, y ,, z2) in lhe ralio -Y1 : Y2· :.Direction ratios of OC are 11 + 12 "'1 + m, "1 + n,
r
:.zx-plane divides lhe join of(I. 2, 3) and (4, 2, 1) in the ratio 2 ' 2 ' 2
- 2 : 2 i.e. 1 : 1 extemally.
3. Suppose R divides PQ in the ratio À : 1. Then, the coordinales Now, oc = (11 ; t, )' + ( "'1 .; m,) + ( n, : n,
of R are
+
SÀ + 3_ 4À 2' -6À - 4) OC= .!.
2
( À+I À + l À+ l
✓(/12 2
+ "'1 + n~) + (/: + m; + n:) + 2(1112 + "'im, + n1n2)
But, tbe coordinates of R are given as (9, 8, - 10).
SÀ + 3 =
9
4À + 2 = 8 oc = 1 .J2 + 2cose [-:cose = 1112 + "'im, + n,n, J
2
À+l ' À+l
and -6À - 4 = -IO => À= -~ OC = ~.J2+2cos8 =co{n

À+ 1 2
:. Direction cosines of OC are
Hence, R divides PQ extemally in the ratio 3 : 2.
11 + 12 "'1 + m2 n1 + n2
4. D divides BC in the ratio AB: AC i.e. 3 : 13. Therefore, 2(0C)' 2(0C) ' 2(0C)
coordinates of D are
l1 + 1 "'1 + m n +n
3X-9 +!3 X5 , 3X6+13X3 . 3X-3+ 13 X2) or (~ , ~ , !.?_) - -e-2 · - -e-2 ·--e
1
.
or, -2
( 3 + 13 3 + 13 3 + 13 8 16 16 2(cos-) 2(cos-) (2cos- )
2 2 2
5. Lei /,m,n be the direction cosines oflhe given line. Then, as it 8. The givcn lin·e is parallel to lhe vector n = i - + 2k. The J
makes an acule angle with x-axis. Therefore, 1> O. Toe line
passes through (6, - 7, - 1) and (2, - 3, 1). Therefore, lts direction
required plane passes lhrough lhe point (2, 3, t) i.e., 21 + 3] + k
r atios are and is perpendicular to lhe vector n = i - + 2k. So, ils J
6 - 2, - 7 + 3, - 1 -1 or 4, - 4, -2 or2,-2, -1 equation is
Hence, direction coslnes ofthe given tine are~.-~.-.!.

{r - c2I + 3) + k )}-(1 - J+ 2ic) = 00000
3 3 3
9. Lc lhe posltlon veclors of lhe glven points A and B be a and b 15. lei A(l,O,-l),B(-1,2,2)
~h:~cctlvd y nnd lhat of lhe varlable polnt p be r. lt is given Direction ratíos of segmenl AB are < 2,-2,-3 >.
~Xl+3(-2)-5(-3~ li _ li
PA' - PB'=k - (constant) cosa--/1+9+25-/4+4+9 ✓ 17..J35- ../595
lAPI' -IBP\ 2 =k
Length of projectíon = (AB)sín ·e
1r - •1 2 - 1r - bl' = k
=> tl•I' + lal' - 2r -af-tlrJ' +lbl'- 2r -b}=k
= ✓(2)2 +(2) 2
+(3)
2
X✓I - 595
121
2r ·(b -a) =k + lbl' - lal'

=✓17 =✓474==m74 .
,.,17,.,35
-uruts
35
r ·(b -a)~)., where). = ! {k + lbl' -lal'I
2 16. Let the poínt be A, B, C and D
Clcarly, it reprcsents a plane. The number of planes which have three poínts on one side and
10. The ~osition ~cclors of two given points are a= i-]+3Íc and the fowth poínt on olher side is 4. The number of planes
b=3 1+3] +3k and lhe cquation of lhe given plane is which have two points on each side of lhe plane is 3.
r = (51 + 2}-7Íc)+9=0 => Number of P.lanes is 7.
or r.n+d=O 17. Point A is (a, b, e) => Points P, Q, R are (a, b, - e), (-a, b, e) and
We have a. n +d=(i-J +3Íc), (5l+2}-7k)+9 (a, -b, e) respectivcly.
= 5-2-21+9< 0 => Ccnlroid oftriangle PQR is(~.!:,:.) =>G ,. (~. !:, :.)
333 333
and b.n+d = (31 +3]+3k) ·(5i +2]- 7Íc)+9
=> A, o,'Gare collinear => arca of triangle AOG is zero.
= 15+6-21+9>0
So, lhe points a and b are on lhe opposite sides of the plane. 18. Let the equation of the plane be ~ + 1:'. +.:. = 1
a b e
11. The equation of a plane parallel to lhe pla,;e 1 1 1
=> -+-+-=1
r ·(4l-12}-3k)-7=0 is, a b e
r ·(4i-12] -3Íc)+ :l.=O => Volume oftetrahedron OABC =V= !(a b e)
6
This passes through 2i - ]-4k
(2i-J - 4k) ·(4i-12]-3k)+). =O Now, (abc)
11
' ~ 1
~ l > 3 (G.M ~ H.M)
-+-+-
=> . 8+12+12+:l.=O ª b e
=> :l.=-32 => abc~21=>V~~
So, lhe required plane is r ·(41 -12]-3k)- 32=0 2
19.
Lj'''
12. Equation of lhe plane containing I,,
A(x-2)+ B(y-l)+C(z+ l)= O
where A+2C=0; A+ B.:.C=0
=> A=-2C, B=3C, C=C
=> Plane is-2(x-2)+3(y-l)+z+ l =O
or 2x- 3y - z - 2=0
O 8()., 2À, 3).)
Hence, p=l~l=l Let any point of second tine bc ()., 2)., 3 ).)
13. (1, 2, 3) satisfies lhe plane x-2y + z=0 and also cos8 = -;.., sin8 = ✓6
✓ 42 ./42
(i+2]+3k) (l-2]+k)= O
daAe = !(OA)OBsin 8
Sínce lhe línes x- l =Y-2 =z-3 and 2
1 2 3
=!✓3).✓14x ~= ✓6 => :l. = 2
!=1:'.=:. bolh satisfy (0,0,0) and (1, 2, 3), both are sarne. Given 2 ✓ 42
1 2 3 So, B is (2, 4, 6).
tine is obviously parallel lo the plane x-2y+ z=6
20, Equation oftine x + 2y + z _ 1 + :l.(-x + y -2z _ 2) = 0 ...(i)
14. Vector(3l-zJ+ k)x(4l-3)+ 4k) is perpendicular to zI-J+mic
X+ Y - 2 + µ(x + z - 2): 0 ...(ü)
3 -2
4 -3
~4 = O => m=- 2
(O, O, 1) lles on li
=> :l.=0, µ = -2
12 -1 For point of lntersection, z = oand solve (i) and (ü).
21. K + !. = 1 aml !.. + l. + :.. .. 1 26. Glvcn linrs nrc skcw linrs nntl nnglc hctwrrn lhcm
Thc planes are=. +
a b ~ a' b'
Sinr,, lhe perpendicular distancc of lhe orlgin on lhe planrs b
,:'
"JjsJif
• t·os · •ll2+3+ º]
some, thcrcforc _, 5
• cus Jrs
-1 -1
27.
~ + ~ + ~ Ja'., + b'., + ; ,
E<Juntlon of plnnt•
lx~I
y-1
3
r -1,
-2 a O
~ 1 1 1 1 1 1
a' + b' + e' a' 1 b'' - ,:' 2 - O O 2
22. Givcn onc vcrtcx A(7, 2. 4) nnd linc $ (X, y,L)
r+6 y + 10
- 5- = - 3- ª
z + 14
- 8-
~-''
Gcncral point on nbovc linc, D• (5À -6, 3À - 10, 8À - 14)
0 (2, 4, -1) ( I , 1. J)
Dirrction r•tlos oflinc AD are< 5À - 13, 3À - 12, 8À - 18 >
Oirrction rnlio• of linc BC nrc < 5, 3, 8 >
~ 2(Jx - 3 - y + 1) .. o
Sincc, anglc bctwrcn AD ond fJC is .1:, ~ Jx-y • 2
4
cos.1: = (5À -3)5 + 3(3À - 12) + 8(8À - 18) 28. ..-lntcrcrpl = .I . ! L
·li
2
4 r---- SÀ - 13)
X1 l • li e q :) X1 111 ...!L.
✓s' + 3 2 + s' • + (3Ã -12)' l·n
+ (8À -18)2 29. li " 4x + 6y - 7r - 1 • o
Squarlng nnd solving, wc havc À = 3, 2 P, a •lx +6y-7r-2a0
=~
7 2 d 1 1
Hrncc, cquation of tines are " - =Y-
2 -3 6 - ✓16 + 36 + 19 • Jiõj
and
=-..::2 = y -2 = ~ Hcnce, IOI X I0 2 =5151
3 6 2 2
23. I.,L, intcrsecting; L,L, parallel; L,L, skcw. 30. r ond r •lntrrccpt of lhe plane Is 4 nnd lt I• 1>amllcl to y-1uds,
24, À. = µ = 1 (point of intersection of two lines) hence cquullon of thc plunc i• x + z • 4,
lts dlslancc from (O, O, O) Is 2Jí.
~ r =a + 1 or b + m, i.e., r =i + 2j + k
25. Bolh lhe tines pass lhrough origin.
31. Coordlnntc of L(O, g, h) nnd M(f, o, h~ Now, to On,l the
cquation of OLM.
Une L, is pazallel to lhe vector ,-------~
7''
V1 =(cos8 + ✓ 3)i + (v'2sin8}J +(cos8- ✓3)kand L, is parallcl • O (O. O. 0)
to lhe vcctor
V2 = ai + bj + de
cosa= Vj •V,
1v, 11v,1
_____
._ • I (O, a, -h) _,
• M(/,0,h)
a(cos 8 + ✓
/
3) + (bv'Z)sin 8 + ~cos 8 - ✓3)
vº 1 + b1 + e
, (cos 8 + ✓3) + 2sin 8
+ (cos O - ✓J)'
1 2
~ 1:; ;,,-o
f o h
(a+ c)co• O -t bv'Zsin O+ (o - c)✓J ~ (gh)x + (jh)y - (,ef)r ·• O
Ja• + b' + e' ✓2 + 6 or -
X \' %
t- '- - - • O
f X h
ln ordrr that coa a ln indrpcndcnt ofO
a ♦ c•O 32. y -cou111inatc of I' Is icro.
and b• O
20 ./i ✓3
cosa•;Jí:ili.• z
--ri. 3), +(-1)
'~
ff
~ a• -
6
Chap 03 Three Dimensional Coordinate System
253
all 11O tw O on•collinear vector

33, ~ = li, ll = V, ~ = W 38. Plane through a and par •e
ak ~ 1 wilh b x e both sides)
4 4 4 (r .-a) ·(bxc)=O ~
x, = 4u,y1 = 4v,z1 = 4w
V =~I ;
O
:vO ~
4w
\= (~)uvw ~
(r - (i _ j)-(5i -2)-31<) =O
64( u:w) = 6_4k 1 i.e..
r -(5i - 2)-3k) =7
39. lnte1rst~g.~f3;p l =I ~ : 13;pl
-1 2 -3 - 1 2 -3
"• - 4 (-15 + 13 -p) =0
Aliter
p=-2
Y, (À + 2) = - (µ + 3) ...(i)
2À + p = 2µ + 7 ...(ü)
xyz =6k' ...(iii)
3À.+13=p-3µ
34. From Eq. (i) µ =(-À+ 5)
z, O(0,0,cf)
On putting in Eq. (ü), 2À + 9 = -2(À + 5) + 7
À =-3
Now, from Eq. (iii), - 9 + 13 = p + 6
p=-2
B(b,0,0)
40. r =a + ')b + µe
Taking dot with b x e
C(O,c,O) [r b e] = [a b e] [where, a= (O, 1, I)]
b =(l, -1, l)and e =(2,- 1, O)
Area of 6.BCD = .!_I BC BD 1
~ ~
X
2
[a bc] = I ~: 1=0-(0-2)+ 1(- 1 +2)=3
= .!.1 (bi
2
-cJ) x (bi - dk) 1= .!.12 bd J + bc ic +dei 1
=.!.Jb'c' + c 2d 2 + d ' b' ...(i)
2
Now,6 =bc,8 = cd, 10 =bd
and [rbc]=l~ =: ~l=*+l)-y(0-2)+z(-1+2)
b2c 2 + c'd' + d 2b 2 = 200

=x+ 2y + z
On substituting lhe value in Eq. (i), we get Hence, equation of plane is x + 2y + z = 3
=.!_.Jzoõ =5✓2
A
2 p=\i\=l
35. r = 2i + j + oic + t(i + j) x Ü + k)
=(2, 1, O)+ t(k - j + i)=(2, 1, O)+ 1(1. -1, 1) 41.
2-o 9 -7 13 -(-2)
1 2 3 =O
l
2 2 2 1 -1 2 -3
36. Option (a), -
3 = - 3'# 9 => a= -3
Option (b). 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 identical 42. On (1, 2, 3) satisfies lhe plane x - 2y + z = Oand also
-2 -2 -2 3
Option(c), = = ci + 23 + 3kl · Ci - 23 + ic) = o
3 3 3 5 '#
Since, lhe tines ~ = y - 2 = ~

°:~;,n:~· 2}= 2 '#-6
1
1 2 3
37. y=8;y=2
and !:. = l = :. both satisfy 1 + 1 and 31 + 3.
1 2 3
z=5;z = 3 Hence, both are sarne.
Edges of lhe cuboid are 8, 6 and 2. Civen Une is obviously parallel to the plane x - 2y + z =6
(Pi + Àp2 )(n 2 x n ,) = kp 3(n 2 x n ,)

1 -e -b 1
43. Infinite solu tion e . -1 a = O = p3(n 2 x n 1 ) •••(iv)
1b a - 1 J>i(n 2 x n 1) + p 2À(n 2 x n 3) + p 1(n 1 + n 2) = O
a'+ b2 + c2 =1
= J>i(n 2 x n 3 ) + p 2(n 3 x n 1) + p 3(n 1 x n 2) = O
(Using Eq. (ili))
Note lhat 3 such planes can meet only a t one point i.e. (O, o, O)
or lhey may have lhe sarne line of intersection i.e., at infinite 48. Equation of any plane through lhe intersection of r · n 1 = q1
solution. · and r · n 2 = q, is of the form
r • n 1 + Àr · n 2 = q, + Àq2 ...(i)
44. The g iven line[s ~e co;:nar,
2 1 4
~~~ = = where À is a parametei-.
51 0
i -1 -11
1 1 -k =o
So, n 1 + Ànz is normal to lhe plane (i). Now, any plane parallel
k 2 1 l
k 2 1
to the line of intersection of lhe planes r · n , = q3 and
r · n, = q, is of lhe form. ,
r·(n 3 + µn , ) = q3 + µq,, hence we m ust have
= 1: : l~kl = O n 1 + Àn 2 = lc( n , + µn,) for some k
(n1 + Àn 2 ] · (n , X n, ) = O
kk+21+k
= 2(1 + k) - (k + 2)(1 - k) = o [n 1 n 3 n, ] + À[n, n , n, J = O
k 2 + 3k = o= o or - 3 À = _ [n 1 n 3 n , )
if k= = [n 2 n 3 n , J
45. Put z = O in the line given x = 5 and y = 1 On putting this value in-Eq. (i), we havc lhe cquation o f
= 5· 1 =e' required plane as
[n, n 3 n , ]
46. Equation o f lhe line is x -
2 2
= y + = ~= À ...(i) r · n, -q1 -
[n 2 n 3 .n, J
(r· n , .- q,)
1 -3 2
Hence, any point on the tine (i) can be taken as = [n, n , n ,](r · n , -q1 )
x=À +2 = [n1 n , n ,J(r· n , -q 2 )
=
y - (3À + 2) 49. Equation of line is
z =(2À + 5) r =l + oJ + ic + l(l + 3) - k) ...(iJ
From some À point lies on lhe plane Eq. (i) lies in x + y + cz = d
2x - 3y + 4z = 163 .,.(ii)
l +O+c=d
2(À + 2) + 3(3À + 2) + 4(2À + 5) = 163 l +c =d
19À = 133
Also, 1· 1+ 1·3+<{-1)=0
= À=7 c=4
Hence, P "' (9, - 23, 19) 1 +4=d=d =5
Also, Eq. (i) intersect YZ-plane i.e., x = O = (c+d) = 4+5=9
À+2=0
x - = y + = ~ can be
2 1
50. Any point on
Hence, À= -2 2 4 12
:. i;xo. 4, 1) (2r + 2, 4r - 1, 12r + 2)
So, PQ = J9' + 27 2
+ 18
2 which lies o n x -y + z = 5
(2r + 2)-(4r - 1) + 12r + 2 = 5
=9✓1 + 3 2 2
+ 2 =9../14
r=O
= a=9and b =l4 :. Point on lhe plane ., (2, - 1, 2)
Hence, a+ b = 9 + 14 = 23 Distance between (2, -1, 2) and (- 1, -5, -10)
47. Equa tion of lhe plane passing through lhe line of intersection = ✓(2 + 1) 2 + (- 1 + 5)2 + (2 + 10) 2
of the first two planes is r ·(n 1 + Àn 2 ), = Pi+ Àp2• where À is a
parameter = 13
Since, three planes have a common line of intersection the 51. R(r) moves on PQ,
above equation should be identical wilh r · n, = /J3 for some À:
R( r )
That is for some À,
n 1 + Ãn 2 =!m, ...(i) P(p ) Q(q)
Pi+ Àpz = kp, ...(ii)
and 52. (f + ]J x (J + k) = 1- J + k = Unit vector perpendicular as to
From Eq. (i)
n 1 X n , + Àn 2 X n , = O thc plane ofl + Jand J+ k is ....!...(i - J+ ic~
Jj
and n 1 x n, = kn, x n 2 ...(ili)
Simllarly, o ther two unit vectors a re
From Eq. (ii)
~
1 1
,'3(i + J- k) and ,fj(-1 + J + k~
"' ..
55. Lei =.a + lb + :.e = 1 be the variable.
1
V= [ô,, ô,- õ,J= 311 ~l -1 ~11 = 31 So that, =1
1 1 1
Alitor ;;-+b'+~
~t a = i + J. b = J + k and e = k + l. Then. lhe coordinates of ruIBC are A(a. O, O). B(0, b, O) and
Now, [a X b.bx e.e x a) = [a b c]1 C(O. O. e~
Toe centroid of ruIBC is(~.!.~)
= 1: :
1
~
O 1
1· = [1(1) - 1(0 - 1))1 = 4
X =
a b
3' y = 3' z = 3
3 3 3
e
Hcnce, actual volume with unit vecto~

- + 2.. + 2.. =9
4 x2 y2 z2
laxbjlbxcltcxal
56. Direction ratios of AB are 1 : 1 : 1.
Now,I a X b 1= ✓a'b' -(a· b)' = Ft = ✓3 etc. Direction ratios of CD are 1 : 2 : 1.
4 Angle between AB and CD,
v,m><1 = 3✓3 1x1+1x2+1x1 4
53. n = 3i - } + 4k cos 9 = ✓3✓6 = 3✓ 2
Llne through A are parallel to n is 57. Equation of plane is =.1 + l2 + :.3 = 1
r = i + 2} + 3k + À(3Í - } Hk)
= 3À + 1, 2 - À. 3 + 4À ...(i) 1 2 3
-+ - - -- 1
:. Required distance 1, , ~16=:1<2....a36== - = O
ffi
Hence, Eq. (i) must satisfy lhe plane
3x-y+4z=0
3(3À + 1)-(2-À)+ 4(3+ 4À)=0
=OAxO8 = 1 2
2 3
(ff (ff (ff
58. Angle between lhe faces = Angle between lhe normais
n 1 = Vector normal to face OAB
= 5Í-}-3k
+ +
it
26À+J3=0 n 2 = Vector normal to face ABC
À=-.!. it
2 =ABxAC= 1 -1 2
Hence. A' is (-i• ~- 1) wlúch is lhe foot of lhe ~rpmdicular -2 -1
from A on lhe given plane. = i -5}-3k

54. On solving ,e+ 2y - 4z = 0and2x-y + 2z = O, we gel
Angle between faces = co,- • ~ = co,-•(~)
=.O = L- 10 =..:...
-5
(n,] [n 2] 35
59. Q " (1 + 2À.2 + 3À.3 +4À)
One point P on line is(0, -101, -51)andQ,.(l, 1, 1)
Direction ratio of PQ = 2À, 3À -1, 4À - 1
Direction ratio of PQ " (1, 1 + 101, 1 + 51) Now, (2À)2+ (31C - 1)3 + (4À -1)4 = O)
0-10-1001-5-251=0
29À =7
3
l=--
25 À =2..
29
P•(o.n) Direction rntio of tine PQ is (1-1. -8. - 1~
x - 1 1 - y z-1 60. Equatlon of the phme pnssi.ng through thr~ points A. B and c
Hence, required equation - - =- - =- - - with posítion vector "· b nnd e is
5 1 2
r •(a x b + b x c+ c x a)=a•bxc
So lhat, ifa, b, e represent the given vectors, lhen

A =!_ _p'_p' A =!..J!..P',
J k "' 2 h Jc' "' 2 /e 1
axb+b xc+cx a= -6 3 2 1 p2 p'
3 -2 4 Au =z·Th
k k A= JA;,_ + A:. + At
+ 3 -2 4 + S 7 3 • I' + h' + Jc' p' ~ p'
S73 -632 =: h 2/c 2/ 2 = 2Vffl = 2hlcl
= -13i + 13)-9121< p'
6 Hence Ar(DABC) = hlcl
2
and a · aXc = 1~ ~2 :1=299 65. Equation of the given plane can be written as
S 7 3
~+1'..+_z_=l
So, lhe required equation of lhe plane is 20 JS - 12
r.(-13i + 13]-91k) = 299 or r •(i - + 7k) + 23 = O J which m eets lhe co-ordinates axes in poinls A(20, O, O),
B{0, JS, O) and C(0, O, - 12) and lhe co-ordinates oflhe origin
61. The volume of tetrahedron
are (O, O, O).
~ :.The volume of lhe tetrahedron OABC is

= !.(OA 0B OC) = !.I :
6
Area of lhe base = !.1 (i +

6
O 1
·
J- i) x (] + k - i) 1
: 1= !. units
1
6
: li
-12
=/ix2o x 1sx(-12)/=600
2
1• • 1
66, I + m + n = O, / 2 + m2 - n 2 = O
= 11 +k l =72
2 => / 2 + m2 -(-/ - m) 2 = O
H . h 3 x Volume 3./z 1 => 2/m =Oi.e.,/ = Oor m = O
eig t - Area of base = 6 = ✓2 lf/ =0,m =- nandifm = O,/ =-n
Since d.r.'s of lhe two Unes are O, J, - J and J, o, -1
62. X - y - Z - 4 =0, X + y + 2z - 4 =0
cose 0x J+J x0+(-l )x(-1) J
Required plane is of lhe form
(x - y - z - 4) + À(x + y + 2z - 4) = O
J2.rz 2
Since, this plane is perpendicular to lhe plane x - y ~ z - 4 = O => 8=.'.:

3
3
.·. 1 +À+ (À -1)(-1) + (2À -1)(-1) = o, À= 2 67. <i - J+ 41<) •<i + sJ + k) = o
:. Required plane Sx + y + 4z = 20 Therefore lhe Une and lhe plane are parallel. A point on lhe
line is (2. -2, 3). Required dislance is equal to dislance of
63. Lct /, m, n be lhe direction cosines of lhe normal to lhe plane
(2. -2, 3) from lhe given plane 12 + 5(-2) + 3 -S 1= ~
on which Ues lhe plane arca A.
.J12 +s 2 +1 2 ,Í27
Then, A.,, = projection of A on lhe xy-plane
= A cos a, where a is lhe angle between lhe plane 68. ·: Plane is perpendicular to Üte line
and xy-plane. :. Equation of plane is of lhe fonn 2x - y + 2z + /e = o
/.O + m.O + 11.l ·: lf passes through origin :. /e= o
cosa
1 2x-y+2z=0
Since, Úte normal lo lhe xy-plane has direction cosines (O, O, 1) 69. PQ = I(-2 -3µ) + J(µ -3) + k(sµ - 4)
A.,, =A,, PQ is parallel to x - 4y + 3z = 1
Similarly, Ayu = A 1
=> 1(-2-3µ)-4(µ-3 )+3(5µ -4)=0
Au = A,,, 1
:.A~+ A:.+ At =A 2 µ =-
4
64. Equation of lhe plane through P(h, /e, /) perpendicular to OP is 70, Plane meets axes ai A(a, O, O), 8(0, b, O) and C(O. O, c~
xh + ylc + zl = h 2 + /c2 + 12 = p 2
TI1en area of ó.ABC= !.1 AB x AC 1
where, p' = h' + Jc' + J' 2
~+L+~= I = !.1(-ai+ bj) x (-ai xck) 1
t.p' p' 2
h /e I 2
= !..J(a b2 + b2c 2 + c 2a 2
2
71. Centre oflhe sphere is (-1, 1, 2) nnd its radius => J}=-2
2
and v,- v, =29=a' + ll' + 'Y
=.Jl+1+ 4+19=5
CL, perpendicular distnncc ofC from plane, is => -y=± 4
v,
=31 -2) ± 4k
-1+ 2+4+71=4
1 ./1 + 4 + 4 75. Thc given plane is r ·(5i + 2j -7k) = -9
Length of lhe perpendicular from l - } + 3k to it is
- 9 -(1 - } + 3k ) · (5l + 2} - 7k) - 9 - 5 + 2 + 21 _ 9
.Js+ 4 +49 J'i8 ✓78
Lenglh oflhe perpendicular from3l + 3} + 3k
-9-(3l+3)+3k)·(5l+2}-1ic) -9 -15-6+21 =- 9
Now. AI}= CA 2 -CL2 =25 -16 =9 ✓7â ..fi8 ✓-78
Hence, radius of lhe circle = ./9 = 3 Thus, lhe length of lhe two perpendiculars are equal in
magnitude bul opposite in sign. Hencc, they are located on
72. Let rxa=bxa
opposite side of lhe plane.
=> (r-b) x a = O
76. Lei lhe position vcctor of A, B, C, D be a. b, c and d
=> r = b+ta respectivcly.
Similarly, olher line r =a+ kb, where I and k are scalars. 2
Then, AC' + BD2 + AD' + BC
Now a + kb = b + ta
=(e -a)•(c-a) + (d - b) ·(d - b)
=> 1 = 1. k = 1 (equation lhe coefficienls of a and b)
+ (d -a)·(d - a) + (e - b) ·(c- b)
r =a+ b = i + J + 2l - ié
= 1e I' + 1a I' - 2a · e+ 1d 12 + 1b 1'
=Ji+ J -ié 2
- 2d · b + 1 d 1 + 1 a 12 - 2a · d + 1e I'
i.e. (3, 1, -1)
+l b l2 -2b· c
73. Lei lhe point P be (x, y, z ), lhen lhe vector ri + J3 + .tk will lie
2
on lhe line = la I' + 1b 1 - 2a · b + 1e I' + 1d I'
=> (x - l )i + (y -1)) + (z - l)k - 2c · d + 1a I' + 1b I' + 1e 12 + 1d I'
=-Ãl + ;.J-;.ié + 2a• b + 2C· d -2a·c-2b · d
=> x= l -À,y=l+Àandz= I -À -2a· d -2d·c
Now poinl P in ncarcst lo lhe origin. = (a - b)·(a - d )+ (e - d )·(c - d)+
2 2 +(a+ b - e - d )·(a + b - e - d )
=> D= (1 - Ã)2 + (1 + À) + (1 - À)
= AB' +CD'+ (a+ b - e - d )·(a + b - e - d )
=> dD = - 4(1 - À)+ 2(1 + À)= O
áJ.. ~AB' + cv2
=> À=.!.
3 77. If lhe given vcctors are coplanar, lhcn 1:: ;: :: 1= 0
=> The point is(~.~.~)- x, Y, Z3
3 3 3
The sei of cquation
74. Wehave, I v1 =2,I v,1= ✓2andl v,l=ffe
1
x1x + YtY + z1z = o
lf8 is lhe angle between v, and V2, lhen x2r + Y,Y + z,z = O
2✓2cos 8 =-2 x,r + y,y + z,z =O
=> cos8=- }i => 8=135° has a non-trivial solution.

Let thc givcn set has a non-trivial solution x, y. z wilhout loss
of gcncrality, wc can assume that r ~ y ~ z.
L V2
Lei v1 = 21, v 2 = -1 + } and v, = ai + Jl} + -yk

For the givcn cqualion x1r + YtY + z 1z = o, we have
=>
=>
=>
X1X = -ytY - Z1Z
1 r,x 1 = 1YtY + z,z 1:SI YtY 1 + 1z,z 1

1 x,r 1:SI y,r 1 + 1 z,x 1
lr,l<ly,l+ l z, I
Sinée v ,• v , = 6=2a Which is a contradiction to lhe givcn inequality.
=> (X =3 1 x, 1> 1 y, 1 + 1 z, 1
Also, v ,•v, = -5 =-a+ J}
Similarly. thc other incqualities rule out the possibility of a 82 Q=~~-~

non-trivial solution.
Therefore, the given equations have only a trivial solution. PQ perpendicular .=. = l. = .!...
l l - 1
So, the given vectors are non-coplanar.
(a -r)· l + (ll-r) · l + (y + r)(-1) = O
78. Thc vectors n, x n 2, n , x n , and n 3 x n 1 are non-coplanar a +P-r
vectors, so every vector can be written as r = -- -
3
r = a(n 1 x n 2 ) + b(n 2 x n,) + c{n , x n 1 )
Substituting this value in r · n 1 = q1, a, b, we gel PQ' = ~ {a' + 13' + r' - af3 + PY + 'Yl
3
a(n1 x n 2 ) • n 1 + b(n 2 x n,)· n 1 + c{n , x n 1 )· n 1 = q1
ButPQ=2
b(n1 n 2 n,) = q1 => b = __q_,- {perpendicular distance from P(a, 13, y) to plane x + Y + z = O}
2
n1 n z D3
2
Since, the rcquired point of intersection will have the position :. ;<a' +P'+ r - aP+Pr+..,a)= 4 {ª+l+y}
vector,
:. a '+ P' + y' + sap + 3f3y + 3')0 = o
r = ---- [q3(n 1 x n 2 ) + q1(n 2 x n 3 )+ q2(n 1 x n 1 ))
(n 1 n 2 n 1 ) 83. The cut x = y separatcs the cube into points with x < Y and
those with x > y.
79. S~ce r 2 + s 2 =e2
:. So, number of pieces equals to the number of ways of
=> e = 31 ore= 19 is not possiblc. arrangements of x, y and z which is 3! =6.
Thcrcfore, e cquals 13, 20 or 25. Aliter Since in each coordinate there is inequality x > y > r.
The possibility for tripiei {r, s, e} are {5, 12, 13}, {12, 16, 20}, So, number of pieces = number of ways of arranging x, y, z = 6
{15, 20, 25}, {7. 24, 25}.
84. Here P and Q lie on the sarne side of XY plane
b
J---7ª
Image P(l. 2, 3) on the XY plane is P'(l, 2, -3)
Reflcctcd ray is P'Q => x- 3 = y -z = ~
2 O 8
L_2ds d
x-3=y - 2=z-5
1 O 4
r 85. Let .=. + l. + :. = 1 be required plane.
a b e
Sincc 16, 15 and 24 do not appcar among any of pair wisc Lei thc sphcre be x' + y 1 + z 1 + 2u.r + 2vy + 2wz + d = O
differences of 13, 19, 20, 25, 31
d = Oif it passes through origin.
:>a= 19, b = 25, e= 31, d = 20, e= 13
Also, a =-2u, b = - 2v,c =-2w
Hence, required area = 745 sq wtits.
and a-p +p - y+y-a=l
80. Point A is (a, b, e) - 2u -2v -2w
=> Points P, Q, R are (a, b, - e), (- a, b, e) and (a, - b, e) Locus of centre (- u, - v, - w) is I(a - f3)yz = 2xyz
respcctively.
86.
⇒ Centroid of triangle PQR is ( i' i' i) On solving the given planes, lhe vertices are 0(0, O, O),
A(- a, a, a~ B(a, - a, a~ q a, a, - a ).
Consider lhe edgcs OA, BC whose equations are ....!:._ = l. = :.;
⇒o .. (f•i•i) - 1 1 1
~=y+ a =~
⇒ A, O, G are collinear ⇒ Arca of triangle AOG is zero. O 1 - 1
81. Let line joining AB meet plane 2x + 3y + Sz = 1 at P. Now, find S.D. between lhe tines.
Let p = ( À + 1 - SÃ. . 7Â. - 3) [AP = 1..] 87. The ang)e between lhe pair of planes is
Ã.+ l 'Ã.+1 Ã.+1 PB 2
ax' + by + cz 2 + 2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy = Ois
3
2.1 + 3 ( ~ ) + 5
Ã.+ 1
(7Â.À+- l ) = 1 8= tan·•(2✓f' + g 2 + h1 - ab-bc -ca )
a+b +c
2(+ 1) - lSÀ + 35À - 15 =À+ l
88. 2p+ 2q+r=6
À=~
3 => (2I + 2) + k) •(pi + qJ + r k) =6
P=(l,- 2, 1) (a •b)' Sl•l'I bJ1
AP = 2../s 2
6 S9(p
2
+ q' + r 2 )
p' + q' + r 1 S 4
89. Lei ~(x,, y., z,), B(x , y , z ), C(x,, y,, z,), D(x , y , z ) ~ lhe ' • X y Z
2 2 2 4 4 4 95. Toe plane equation in lhe intercept forms is -;;- + b+ ; = 1.
vertices of tetrahedron. lf E is lhe centroid of face BCD and G is
lhe centro,d of ABCD lhen AG = 3 1 4(AE) · Volume of tetrahedron OABC is
:. K=3/ 4. v = abc = 64 ~ abc =384
6
90. y(x + y) + z(:r + y) = O
Foot of perpendicular from (O, O, O) on this plane is
x + y = O = dr's are b1 = (1, 1, o) ~-..L..=~ = 1 k
and y+z=O ⇒ dr'sareb 2 =(0, 1, 1) 1/ a-1/b 1 / c 2.+2.+2.
az b? ,z
k
Now, b1 x b , =1 O = (1,-1,1)
⇒
k
x=~y=?z=;
k k
o
1 1 1 1
and a, -a, = (1, 1, 1) -(O, O, O)= (1, 1, 1) and k=;;,+;;,+~
SO = 1(1, 1, 1) X (1, - 1, 1)1 1(- 2, O, 2)1 2 2 2
.!_ = x + y + z
1(1, -1, 1) 1 1(1, -1. 1)1 2
k k
- ..J4+0+4 - /a ⇒ x 2 +y 2 +z 2 =k
- .J1 + 1 + 1 - V3
:.(x' + y 2 + z 2 )' = k' = abc xyz = 384 X)>: is lhe requircd
91. I. IIL, Then requiced distance =distance between(k1, k2, o~ locus.
(k,, k, , O)
96. Lei A(x1, y 1, z,~ B(x2, y 2, z,)
= .j(k, - k3) 2 + (k2 - k, ) 2
C(x,, y 3, z,), D(x,, y 4 , z,)
92. Lei a = 11i + "'ij + n}c, b = 12i + mJ + n,k and lhe equation of lhe plane containing P, Q. R and S is
ax + by + e, + d = Oand kR = ax, + by, + cz, + d
and e = l,i + mJ + n,k
AP . BQ . CR . DS =- K, . -K,. -K, . -K, _ 1
Given that a, b, e are three mutually perpendicular unit
PB QC RD SA K, K, K, K,
vectors.
Then, p,i + q,J + r,k = b x e= a 97. Lei a. b ande~ lhe DR's oflhe given tine. Thm.
(·: b x e parallel to a and b x e, a are unit veétors) wehave 3a - b+c = O
Similarly, p,i + qJ + r2k = e X a = b Sa+b+3c=O
and p,i+qJ+r,k=a Xb=c On solving. we gel~ = ~ = ..E..
1 1 -2
These vectors also mutually perpendicular unit vectors.
Again, suppose lhe given tine intersect the plane : = o at
93. Lei us suppose A ~ origin. (:r,, y,, O~ lhen 3x1 - y 1 + 1 = O and Sx1 + y 1 = o
2 2
ar(ÁABC)2 + ar(.6.ACD) 2 + ar(6.ABD) = ar(ABCD) 0n solving. we gel x, =_.!.. y, =~
Hence lhe result follows.
8 8
Hence, lhe symmetrical form of lhe line is
94. a, b, c~P.V. of A, B, C,la I =1 bl = 1 e 1= K
OD =H =b;.,OEI __
8
1
x+-
1
=--
1
y- -
ª =.!...
-2
5
Equation of plane through (2, 1, 4) is

Given, IDE l =l=l b +;-a/=1 = l b +c - a l=2
a(x - 2) + b(y - 1) + <iz - 4) = O
~
when a= 1, b = 1 ande= -21
3k + 2
2k'(.!.2 - .!_2 - .!.)
2
=4 X - 2 + y - 1 - 2(z - 4) =0
x+y-2:+5=0
98. Vector normal to lhe plane
n=!+J+k
K= ✓2
.~ sma
v. = r. v, = i V, = k
cos(90° -a)= V, · n
.
ln l
=Jj
1
Volume= i (base area x height) =

1
34
(./3 1
(k) X
(2 ) = 1
,J'/ 3 Similarly, sin P= "Ji and sin y-= "Ji
Hence, I,sin'a =1 = {(a+ b+ c)-c}b-{(a + b + c) -a}b

+ {(a + b + e) · e} b- {(a+ b +e) •b} X e
and I, cos'a =2 + {(a+ b + c) -a}c - {(a + b + c)·a}a
Also, plane is equally inclined with lhe coordinate axes. =(a+ b + c)-(b-c)a +(a + b .+- e)
+ 92 + 9 2 = ✓
9
Also A=;..J9• 3 {c-a)b +{(a+ b + c)•(a - b)}c
' 2 2 =(a· b -a -e+ b 2 - c 2 )a + (b -c- b -a
99. 2x - y - z -2 + À(x + y + z -1) = Osatisfies (1, 1, 1) + (c 2 -a 2)b + (a 2 - b 2 + e-a- c - b)c = O
2-1-1-2+ À(3-l}=0 Thus, lhe statement is true.
À= 1
102. Let A(a), B(d), C(c) and D(d) be lhe vertices of a tetzahedron,
X =1 .•.(i)
lhen centroid of lhe tetrahedron is
X -y - % -3 + µ(2r + 4y - %- 4) = 0
a+ b + c + d
-4 + µ (1) =o 4
µ =4 b+c+d
X - y -: Z - 3 + 4{2X + 4y - %- 4) =0 centroid G1 of lhe face BCD is
3
9x+ ISy-Sz - 19=0 ...(ü) Now, centroid of lhe tetzahedron G1 divides AGi in lhe ratio
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 3:].
x-1 = 0, 9x+ ISy -Sz -19=0 3(b + c+d) + a a + b+c+a
i.e.
a = Oande =3b 3+1 4
y- 1 z-1 ;. C lies on AC,.
x- 1 = 0, - - = - -
1 3 (b) The edges AB and CD. Let E be lhe mid point of AB and F
100. OP =✓h' + k 2 + 12 be lhe mid point of CD
:. Positive vector of E is a+ b
Direction ratios ofOP are (!!..~.!...) 2
p p p
hx ky lz Positive vector of F i s ~
Equation ofplane is - + - + - = p 2
p p p A
A(:'. o. o} a(o. ~. o}c(o.º· f)

z
e
Mid·point of EF is ª + b +e+ d which is lhe centroid of lhe

4
tetrahedron ABCD.
103. Let lhe plane be ~ + f + =. = 1
101. (a) Since, n-a = n · b = n •c = O a b e
:. a, b and e are coplanar

[a, b,c]= 0
(;J +(ff +(ff

2 2
(b) cos'30º + cos 45° + cos y = 1
;. sin 2 r = ~ + ;. = ~ which is not possible.

4 2 4
The plane cuts the coordinatcs axcs at A(a, o, O). B(o, b, O).
(e) Obvious c(0, O, e). The centroid of t.ABC is
(d) AB x BC is perpendicular to the plane ABC.
AB x BC =(OB - OA) x(OC- OB) (i•~• i) = (x, y , z) (lei)
= OB x 0C -OA x OC + OA X OB
= OAxOB+ OB x OC + OA xOB
x-•+ y-• + z-• =9
i.e. a x b + b x e+ e x a is perpendicular the plane ABC. or ;_{..!._+..!..+..!..}_
2 2
, =O
~+b+tjx~xb+bxc+cx~ 9 x- y' z
104. When a line lies in a plane, then it is at right angles to lhe :. Angle between A and Zi + J- 2k is
no~ to the plane. Here, d.r's ofthe Une are< a, b, e> and
altitude numbers of the plane are being taken as < A, B, C >.
c-s4J + 54kJ•(2i + J -2kJ = ± ...!...
cos 8 = ± 54✓23 ✓2
So, we mustaA + bB + cC = o.
1t3lt
105, For lhe given curve z = O, therefore, the Une and the curve 8=-or -
4 4
m,etwbere.=..=!. =y + 1 = ~
3 2 -1 110. Any plane tbrougb tbe second !ine is
. x-2 y+l 2x + y + z - 1 + k(3x + y + 2z - 2) = O
Le. wbere - - = 1, - z - = 1 i.e., wbere x = 5, y = 1
3 If tbis is parallel to l he first line, tben
So, lhe gi~en line and the given curve meet in the poinl . (2 + 3 k ) + (1 + k) + (1 + 2k) = O
(5, 1, O). Smce, this point lies on the curve also, therefore,
2
5 +1 2 = r 2 k=-~
3
r' =(✓?i.)'
=>Plane is2x+ y + z - 1 -~(3x + y + 2z-2) = O
⇒
r=± ✓?i. 3
106. A vector coplanar with given vectors is or y - z + 1 = o. The required SD must be distance of tbis
(1 + À)i + (À - 1)} + (1 - À)k. Since it is equally inclined to plane from any point on the !ine x = y = z say ( 1, 1, 1)
the two given vectors 1- 1+ 1 1
(1 + À)i + (À - l)J+ (1 - À)k (i - + k) J => SD= .Jo' + 1 2 + (- 1)2 .= ✓2

1<1 + i..Ji + Ci.. - 1)3 + (1 - i..Jk 1· ~ 4 1/2 1 8
111. p., = ✓29,p, = ./29 = 2./29,p' = ✓29
(1 + À)i + (À - l)j + (1 - À)k (i + 3:... k)
1(1 + i..)i +(i.. - 1JJ +(1-i..Jk l· ~ For these values alJ the choices are easily verified.
À= 1 112. Lei the components of tbe Une segment vector be a, b, e, then
R~quired vector is 2i or i
a' + b' + c 2 = (63) 2 •••(i)
107. Toe equation ~fthe plan~ through (2, 3, - 1) and perpendicular
0
to the vector3i - 4J + 7k is also ~ = _I,_ = .: = À (say) tben
3 -2 6
3(x - 2) + (-4)(y -3) + 7(z -(- 1)) = O
a=3À,b= - 2À and c=6À
or 3x - 4y + 7z + 13 = O and from (i), we have
Distance of this plane fro.;, lhe origin 2
9À + 4i..2 + 36i..2 =(63) 2
13 X O - 4 X O+ 7 X O+ 131 12
49À2 = (63) 2
= ✓3' + (-4)' + 1' '"J14 =>
108. l.et A, B, C be (a, O, O), (O, J3, O) and (O, O, y) tben tbe plane ABC
is~+K+:'.=1 Tbe required components are 27, - 18, 54 or - 27 , 18, - 54
a p r 113. Tbe given lines are coplanar if
Since it always passes through a, b, e
~+~+~= 1 ...(i) 0=\2: 1 3 : 4 4-~51
a P r
2 k 2 1
Ifp is (u, v, w) tben OP2 = AP' = BP = CP'
1~ ~ ~~ H~
1
⇒
2
u 2 +v 2 +w' =(u - a) 2 +v2 +w
U V W
= .. . => a=2·P=2· 1 = 2 = k: 2
On putting a, J3, r in (i), we get or if2(1 + k) - (k + 2)(1 - k) = o
~+~+ ..:. =2
2
or if k + 3k = Oor if k =o, -3.
U V W
a b
=> Locus of(u, v, w) is - + - + - = 2
e 114. Direction ratios of AB are 4 - 2, 5 -3, 10 - 4 or 1, 1, 3. So AB in
X y Z parallel to li;• J
ve~tor i_ + + 3k and passes througb B (2, 3, 4),
lhe vector2i + 3J + 4k, its equation is
109. Nonnal of plandl is
2i + 3] + 4k + i..(i + + 3kJ J
n 1 =(ZJ + 3k) x(4)-3k) = - 181
Sirnilarly, BC passes through the points B (2. 3, 4) and its
Nonnal to plane P2 is direction ratios are 2 - 1, 3 - 2, 4 + 1 or 1, 1, 5.
n, = u - kl x(3i + 3)J=3i -3]-3k So its cartesian equation is
:. Aisparallel to(n 1 <n 2 )=±(- 54) - 54k) X- 2 y - 3 Z- 4
- 1- = - 1- =-5-
262 Te,tb-."Ok of Vt.-cror S. 3D Geometry
Nnt., i f I> i, \"- /\ ,·~ thcn si,1,"<' AIJCD is" p.,rnlld.-p,tm mid 118. Volume= ;\rr:1 ofl,asr X hright
l'<'Ínl ,,f .~C l\11,I 60 is s;unc. (di,l!-,'\m,\ls <1f n l'lrnllcl<>i;.rnm
t-is.--'1 c-1,-h ,, ther) A 1(a.b.c)
~ (~ ~•3·~)-(~.!.~)
:: : : :l :! :!
.~/; is 11\>I 1X'1'<'1\\lk111.lr to /: l'<'\-,.u_~

I X l+l :-. 1 +3'<5"-l\
,\ /:CD \s ,,_,t " =t:m~k
115. Toe '"''"lin~trs \Ú /' \\'herr lhe tine x : _,. : : m«ts lhe plane
x + y + : • 1 dft' (1 '.\ 1 '. \ 1'.1) ~nd thr ,-o-onli,utrs l.lÍ ond S
wherr lhe linc m«ts thc "J'h<rr, : + ,.: + ,: : 1 orr
.R
(11 , .. 11,/i 11 , 'l)"n,t\-1 1 , i - 1 /i -11 , -:ii i
h = ../6
So 1113I
f.R=, IU-*)l=,'3(* -;) (A,A)' = h' =6
.md
r:; -,~1u•*l
I) .
A 1 A · AB = O
A 1A·AC = O
AA 1 · BC = O
r.R • /'S ='(;- Q = i On soh;ng. we i:et position vector of ,\1 Me (O. - 2, O) o r (2, 2, 2).
l'R + l'S: ~ 119. Let lhe eq111lion of plnne be L~ + my + n= = O. where /, m. n be

,RS = ✓r-
(l_/_,
....,.<_j'=-
+-1-/-,-=-).,-'-X-3 =Z d.c's ==> I ' + m2 + n 2 =1 ➔ (i)
1 3
= .Y + = = + ==> 21 - m - 2n =O ➔ (ü);
1
l'R + r:; = .RS Gi,·tn line x -
2 -1 -2
116.. TI,., roJ swttps out lhe 11,.;:>tff' which is a cone. / -Jm -n 5
Also,
J11 + mi+ n: = J
==> 1 - Jm - n = ~-+ (iii)
·3
Soh'ing (i). (ii) and (iü), "'" gct <'qUation of planr as
x - 2y + 2= = O or 2x + 2y + : = O.
120. (a)Hcight=h = ✓l - i =l
Toe disb.nt't' ofpoinl A(I. CI. -1) from the pl:u,c is
11 - .fo
2 + •I -
= luru1.
(b) R,quired distnn~ = i(l ) 7i =
(e) Angle=.'.:
Toe slant hd~t / of thC' con<' is 2 units. 2
Then the n.dius of the b3sr of the cone is
J1'- 1 = Ft = .Ji (d) R,quired distnn~ = !(h) = ! ( ~ ) =
• • ti v~s
Hcnae. the ,-olume of the cone is .'.:(.fj)' · 1 = :t cubk units.. 121. Ltt O.~= a. OB = b. OC = r thrn
3
a-a+ (b - c) •(b - e) = b·b + (r - a ) -(c - a)
Arca ofth., circlc on thC' pl.tne whkh thC' rod tra~s is 311.
= -~b-c=-Z,··a=(a·~)-c=O
Also. tht ttnlr<' ofthe circlc is {Xx. y, =).
or B.~ ·OC = O
Tom ~=>·-O = ~
fünce, AB .l OC similotly BC .l O.~ and CA .l OB.
1 -2 2
~ I - O -~ + 4) 122. lntcl'S<"<·tion oflinr with bl.lth ú,~ ph\l\rs ar, thr s;,,m.,
• t' + ( -2)' + ~ · 3 -o
=
or
• -2 , -
Q(x.y,:)• ( :,
3 3 3
-s} ==>
:l(l' -+ f(I - :in) + 3 ó<l 1 + o(I - ~) + 6
:.'(ll - 1)' + :l(11 -~)' = 0==>11 =:!. ~= 1
117. Ob«n.,. that thr lm,s 4 , L, and L, arr p&nilld to thr \'f'Clor 123. lf r br (x, )', : ) thrn fmm thr tigur.-.
(1. -1. - 1). > v rsintlNSQ. )' = r sh10si11Q.: = r cos8
Also. 6 = O = 6 1 and l\r, - 1',<) -, O ==> 1 =r sinOcos Q, 2 =r sinOsinQ. 3 .. rros8
2 2
=> 1 + 2 + 3' =,, => r =± ..f14 1(-3y -2z) - .l(-3x - z) + k(2x - y)
· O .t. I 2 3 -3y -2z =2, 3x + z =-1, 2x - y =O
sm cos.,. = ~ • sin Osin 4' = ../14' cos 9 = ../14
i.e. -6x - 2z =2, 3x + z =1.
z :.Straight line 2x - y =O, 3x + z =-1
Statement 1
P(<,y,z) J k
r x (2i - J+ 3k) = x y z
8 2 -1 3
Jf.------y = i(3y + z) - .l(Jx -2z) + k(-x-2y)
Jy + z = 3, 3x - 2z = O, -x -2y = 1
3x-2(3-3y)=O
M 3x + 6y =6
(neglecting negative sign as 9 and $ are acute) => X+ 2y = 2
Now, x + 2y = -1, x + 2y = 2 a.rc parallel planes.
sin 9 sin $ = ~ => ton 4' = 2
sin 9 cos ,> l :.r x (21 - J + 3k) = 3i + k is nota straight line.
- 3+ ✓
2
Also, tan9 = ./s
3
127. sin9 =
2
I.J4+9 3 1 = ,151
+4 3
~
124. Let (/, m. n) bc the direction cosines of the line perpendicular to :.Slatement I is true, Slatemenl ll is true by definitíon.
the plane.
128. Statement 1
=> Equation of lhe plane /x + my + nz = p
3y - 4z = 5 -2k
-2y + 4z = 7 - 3k
31
:. x = k, y = 12 - Sk, z = - IJk is a point on the line for ali
4
A(p //,O, O), B(O, p I m. O), C(O, O, p / n) real value of k.
Centroid oftetrahedron OABC is Statement I is true.
(x,y, z) = (fi• :'m• t) Statement D Direclion ratios of the straight line are
< bc' -kbc, kac - ac', O> direclíon ratios of normal to be plane
<0,0,!>
Using, 11 + m' + n2 = 1
Now, O X (bc' - kbc) + O x (kac - ac') + ! x O = o
x 2y 2 + y 2z' + z'x2 = ~x'y'z' :. The straight line is parallel lo the plane.
p'
Statement li is the true but does not explain Statement 1.
1 1 1 16
=> - + -2+ -2 = -2 129. Equation of the plane, perpendicular to the plane p and
x' y z p
containing tine L is8x + y -7z = 4.
Put x = E.secasecll, y = E.seca cosec ll , z = E. cosec a 130. L, and L, are obviously not parallel.
4 4 4
Consider the determinent
..!. = ~ cosacosll, ..!. = ~cosasinll, .!. = ~sina
p y p p
X Z
D=1: -44 ~31
(;)'+(tr +(ff =;, 1 3 2
= 2(8 + 9) + 4(4 + 3) + 1(6 - 4)
[cos 2 a cos'll + cos 2asin'll + sin'a]
=34+28+2
lú 2 . 2 16 D,o O=> Skew
=-[cos a+stn a] = ,
p' p Hence, Statement 1 is false.
125. Statement I PA · PB = 9 > O 131. n = a x b. Equalion of lhe plane
:.P is exterior to the sphere
~
Statement li i., true (,tondord result)
t k
126. Statement li r x (1 + 2J - 3k) = x y z
2 -3 (r -a)•(a x b) = O
(rab)~o
132. Statement D is not true because image of Pina plane is a point 138. If 1, m, n denote the dircction ratios of L, and 1+ m - n = Oand
M such that PM is perpendicular to lhe plane and lhe 1 - 3m + 3n =O ⇒ 1 = O, m = n
mid-point of PM lies on the plane.
⇒ direction ralios of L, are O, 1, 1 similarly for L, and L,. we
The point A, B, C are respectively(-a, b, e), (a, -b, e) and find that lhe direction ratios of both are O, 1, 1 showing that I.,,
(a, b, -e)
L,, L, are parallcl, thus Staterncnt I is Falsc. '
which lie on the plane~+ 1:'.. + :. = 1 and thus State~ent 1 is Staterncnt II is True, beca use solving lhe given equation we gel
a b e 2
true. x= o, y - z = -1 and y - z = ~ which is not possible.
133. ln Statement D, let r be the position vector of the point on the Solution (Q. Nos. 139-142)
locus, then
l r -al=l r-b l ⇒ (r-a) 2 =(r-b)2 139. Here, .óADC is an isosceles with AB = AC
2
=> 2
1 r 1 + 1a I' - 2r · a = 1 r 1 + 1 b 1 2
- 2r · b So, internai bisector of A is perpendicular to BC.
~
⇒ 2r·(a- b)+ l bl' - l • l'=o
⇒ 2r·(a - b)+(b -a) ·(b +a)=O
=> (, - •:b}(a-b)=O
Showing that Statement D is true using it for Statement 1.

we fet the_req~ired }ocu.5 as • • 8(0, 0, 1) M-12 C(- 1, 1, 1)
3i - 2j + 5k + i + 2j + k l
l r- 2 J .óAMB =.óAMC (RHS rule)
M is mid-point of BC.
{31 - 2) + sfc -<l + 2) - kl = o
-1 - 1 )
⇒ [r - (2l + 2fcJ-(2l - 4) + 6k)] = o So, Me ( 2'2'1
⇒ r •(l - 2J + 3k) = 2 x 1 - O x 2 + 2 x 3 = 8
:.Equation of internai bisector through A to side BC is
and thus Slatement I is also lrue.
134. Since a and e are non-collinear. Equating lhe coefficients of a r = (l + 2) + 3k) + µ(i l + i) + 2fc)
and e in lhe Lwo values of r we gel.
6 - À. = 1 + µ , 2À. - 1 = 3µ - 1 ⇒ À = 3, µ = 2 ⇒ r =<l + 2) + 3k) + µ(3l + 3) + 4k)
So there ex.is! values for À. and µ such that lhe two values of r Ali ter Equ_ation of BC is r = k + .Ã(l - ))
are sarne showing that the lines intersect and hence they are Lei position vector of M on BC be r .
coplanar. Thus, statement I and statement II both are true and
the first follows from the sccond.
Now, AM =Position vector of M - Position vector of A
1
=(À.l -Ã) + kJ-<l + 2J+ 3k)
1 2
135.Since,1 ~ º : / - \-ºl=l~l - 1 ~ 1= 0 = (À.- 1)l-(À.+2)) -2fc
1 2 3 1 2 3 Since, AM •(l-])=O ⇒ À.= -l
2
Toe lines in Statement I are coplanar and equation of-lhe plane
Position vector of point, M = .:.!.1 + ! ) + k
containing thel: ~ 1 ~1 z; 1 1= - (Sx + 2y -3z -8) = O
2 2
Equation of internai bisector through A to the side BC is
1 2 3 r = (l + 2) + 3k) + µn l + ~) + 2 1c)
So Statement I is true.
⇒ r = (l + 2) + 3kl + µ(3l + 3] + 4kl
Also, Statement li is true because ! = ~ = _'.!, and 1 + 2 - 3 = O
3 6 9 140. Now, equation of AC is
But does not lead to Statement 1. r = (l + 2) + 3k) + ;1.c2l + J+ 2fc>
136. Any point on the first line is (2x1 + 1, x 1 - 3, -3x1 + 2).
~
Any point on lhe second line is (y, + 2, -3y1 + 1, 2y1 - 3)
lf two lines are coplanar, then 2r1 - y, = 1, x, + 3y1 = 4 nnd
3x1 + 2y1 = 5 are consistent.
137. Toe direction co~inrs of segment OA are~- ~ and ~ -
vl4 vl4 vl4
OA = ✓ 14
8(0, o. 1) C(- 1, ,. 1)
This mcans OA will be normal to the plane nnd lhe equntion of Also, BM =(1 + 2Ã)i + (2 + ;\.)) + 2(1 + À.)k
the plane is2x + y - 3: = 14.
BM ·(21 + ) + 2k) = o
2(1 + 2À) + (2 +À)+ 4(1 +À)= O Solution (Q. Nos. 145-148)

À= -8
9 145. 1 AG 1
2
= (ff i (ff
+ + = ~
Position vector of N -71 + 10) + llk ✓SÍ
9
I AGl=-3-
Equation of altitude through B to side AC is
146. AB = - 41 + 4) + Ok
r= k + t (-ã1.i + 10 J + 11 k- - k·) AC = 21 + 2) + 2k
9 8
r = k + 1(-11 + 10) + 2k )
141. Clearly, mid-point L of AB is G, 1, 2).
Equation of median through C to AB is
1,,~ 8(- 1, 4, 1)
j k
8(0, O, 1) C(-1, 1, 1)
ABX AC=-8 1 -1 O
1 1
r =<-i + J+ k) + pul + k) =-8H-J + 2kJ=8(i + J-2kJ = n
=> r = <-1 + J + kl + Jl(3i + 2k) :.Arca of t.ABC =!1 AB X AC 1= 4✓6
. 2
3 + 3 -(✓
2
2) 2 2
142. We have, cosA = :_~__;e=:... 147, h = 1Projection of AD on n 1
2(3)(3)
AD = -3l - sj+3k
cosA =~=~
18 9 =I ~~- n
1
H(-31 -sJ + 1<1 + J-2k ) 1
Now, area(ó ABC)= !(3)(3)
=1- 1- 1= 1
2 3 6
sinA=~J1-~
2 81 148. Equation oflhe plane ABC
=
9
x__ =-
✓17 ✓17
-
.
sq uruts + (z - 1) = O
A(x - 3) + By
2 9 2 where, A= l,B= l.C=-2
Solution (Q. Nos. 143- 144) x-3+y -2z+ 2=0
143. Line x - l = y - 2 = ~ = r x+y-2z= l
. 3 -1 4 Solutio n (Q. Nos. 149-151)
Any point B ., 3r + 1, 2 - r. 3 + 4r (on lhe line L) 149, Line L, is parallel to a = i + 2) + 3k
AB =3r, -r, 4r + 6
Line L, is parallel to b = 3i + J + 2k
Hence, AB is parallel to x + y - z = 1.
Normal to lhe plane perpendicular to line L, and L, is
Hence, 3r - r - 4r - 6 = O
2r=-6; r =-3 a X b =(1 + 7) - Sk)
Hence, Bis (-8. 5, - 9) and plane passes through lhe point wilh positive vector
144. Equation of plane containing the line L is =~i + ~J + 2k
2 2
A(x - 1) + B(y-2) + C(z - 3) = O
...(ü) Equation of plane is r -(i + 7) - Sk) = 9
where, 3A - B + 4C= O
;.Eq. (i) also contains the point A(l, 2, -1) 150. Angle bisector of vector a and b is,
C=0,3A =B 1 ~ '\ ..
Hence, r1 = Ji'4(21 - J - k )
Equation of plane x - 1 + 3(y - 2) = 9
X +3y - 7 =0
and r1 = ~(41 + 3) + Sk)
,tl4
Hcncc, thc plane with cithcr(2,-l, - l )or(4,3, 5) as thc

dircction ratio of normal and passing through (2, -3, 2) is thc
rcquircd plane. ·
2
• :. Equation oflinc is x - = y + 3 = 3 - 2
2 -1 -1
and x-2=y+3=~
4 3 S
x-2
-2- =y+ 3 = z- 2 or
x-2 = y+3=~
4 3 5 152. (b) 153. (c) 154. (a)
Solution (Q. Nos. 155-157)
151. :. Equation of rcquircd plane is 155. Lei lhe position vcctor of L bc a + iJ,
J
r ·(3i + +2k) =íê
= r · (3l+ ]+2k)-11 = O
So, PL = (6 + 3i..)i + (7 + 2À)J + (7 -2i,)k -(i + 2Í + 3k)
."e Rcqutrc
9 1 4
I
. ddistance = ✓ +li + = ./14
li I =(5 + 3À) i + (5+ 2À) j + (4 -21.) k
Since, PL is pcrpcndic:ular to the given line .,.ilid, is p,=5d t3
■ Solutions (Q. Nos. 152-154) b = 3i+2j-2Jê
The thrcc plane intcrsect in a straight tine. All thrce plane pass = 3(5 + 3À) + 2(5 + 2À) -2(4 -21.) = O
through origin (cleady). ' = À = - 1 and thus the position vector of L is 3Í + 5] + 9k
: =: -~ 1= 1(1-1 2
) + n(- n - lm) - m(nl + m)
156. Lct the position vector ofQ, thc imagc of P in ~ gire::, E= ce
x,i + y,J + z1k, then L is the mid-point ofPQ.
1m 1 ~ .
1 = 12 + m 2 + n 2 + 2l mn
= 3i+sj+9k_i+2]+3Jê+.r,i+yJ + =-:k
2
Let / = cos 0 1, m = cos 0 2, n = cos 0, (since, 1, 111, n E (0, 1)] :r, +! =3. y, +2 =S. z, +3 =9
⇒
cos 2 0, + cos2 0, + cos'e, + 2cos0, cos0,cos0, = 1 2 2 2
2 ⇒ x1 =S,y1 =8,z1 =15
cos 2 0, + (2cos0, cos0,)cos0, + cos 0, + cos'e, - 1 = O
⇒ Imagc of P in thc tine is (5, 8, IS)
cose,
2
-2cos0,cos0, ± .j4cos2 0,cos 2 0, -4cos'e, - 4cos 0 , + 4 157. Arca ofthc MLA = ! IPL[IALI
2
= 2
= - cose, cose, ± ✓1 - cose, .J1 - cos e ,
2 = ~12r + 3} + 6k lJ-3f- 2} + 219
cose, = (cose, cose, - sin0,sin0,) 1 ~ -- - 7 ✓17
=2.J4+ 9+36 .,/9 + 4+ -4 =-2-S<lutlts.
cos01 = - cos(0 2 + 0,)
01 + a, a,
+ = it Solution (Q. Nos. 1ss:160)
y-lz 158. Lct P(x, y, z) be any point on thc locus thcn3P.-\ =:2FS
ny + mz=-n-
⇒ 9 (PA)'= 4 (PB)'
n2y + mnz = y - lz
2 ⇒ 9[(x + 2) 2 + (y - 2) 2 + (: -3)']
(1 + mn)z = (1- n )y
= ◄ [(x - 13): + (y + 3)' + (: - nf)
=. = 1- n 2
=5 (x +
2
y2 + z2) + HOx-60y + 50: -1:l.SS=O
y 1 + mn
~=y-nx = x' + y 2 +: 2 +2Sx- 12y+ 10:-247=0
m 1 159. Thc rcquircd coordinates are,
lx- nly =my - mnx 2 X 13 + 3(-2) 2 X (- 3) + 3fl) 2 X 13 + 3 , ~)
(/ + mn)x = (m + nl)y ( 2+3 ' 2+3 ' 2+:, =(-1..(\:)
y I+ mn
-; = m + nl 160. Dlrcction ri1tios of AB tll'<' 13 + l, - 3 - ::. 1~ - ,
y - /z = z -ly i.e. I S, - 5, 10
n m Ld lhe cquation of lhe n-qui""I linc L l'C'
• my - mlz =nz - nly = (m + nl)y =(n + ml)z
z m + nl sin01sin0, sin0 0
~
1
- L.:'.
m
- !..::1
n
y= n + mi = sin8 2 sin01 =sin0 2 lhen 151 - Sm + IOn • O
whlch Mtisfied by (e)
Solution (Q. Nos. 161-163) X y. - %

-3-=--=--i"°--
1-
161. Equation r = a + tn is line passing through a and paralld to íi .
This will m eet the plane r · íi = d at point for which
Jii Jii Jii
(a+ tn). íi =d ⇒ t = d - a. i,. 171. The point on the line ata distance Jo from the 9rigin is lhe
Required distance =~a+ (d - a. n)íi - ai = jd - a. nl required point and it is (3, - 1, 1)
162. Foot of the perpendicular from the point A to plane r. í\. = d

=a+ (d -a.íi) í\.
163. let b be position vector of image of a
b +a
- - =a+ (d -a.íi) íi
~ "'·º·"
2 \ "'-..._P(x, y,z)
b = a + 2(d - a. íi) í\.
Solution (Q. Nos. 164-166) C(3, 0, 1)
164. Toe centre ofthe sphere is at the mid·P,oint ofthe extremities
of a diameter ⇒ the centre (- ~. ~ - ~)
. 2 2' 2
x-~ 2 y_-1 1 :1=0
l 1 -1 1
and hence the radius = (ff (ff + + ( ~)' (r-2)((- 1) -(1)]-(y-1)[(- l)-1] + z[ l + 1] = O
2(y- 1) + 2z = O
165. Equ ation of the circle can be written as ~ y+z-1 = 0
x
2
- 16x + y
2
- 9 + z2 =O The vector normal lo the plane is r = ol + j + ic
or 2
x +y +z
2 2
= 25 The equation of lhe line through (O, O, 2) and parallel to n is
166. Distance of the point (3, 6, - 4) from the given plane is equal to r = 2ic + >..(j + k)
the radius o f the sphere ⇒ the radius of the sphere The perpendicular distance o f D(O, O, 2) from plane.
= 1 (3i + 6j - 4k) -(2l - 2} - ic> - 10 \= 16 - 12 + 4 - 10 1= 4 172. (b) 173. (e) 174. (d)
..J4+4+l 3 175. (A) L, ; ~ = y - o = ~ ; v, =l+ 3...: 5k;
1 1 -5
167. Mid-point ofBC = ( -
À -1 µ + 2)
2
- ,-
2
-
L,,r-2=y-l=z+3;
2 2 -10
V,=2(l+j-5k)
À- 5 µ -8) Hen ce, lines are parallel and both contains th e points (1, O, 2)
DR's AD = ( - 2-, 1, - 2 - and (2, 1, - 3) Coincident lines both L, and L, may lie in an
infinite number of p lanes.
AD is equally inclined to axes ⇒ À= 7, µ = 10, 2À -µ = 4
(B)
v, = 2l+2j-ic]
• , • ⇒ lines not parallel
168. A(Z. 3, 5) B(- 1, 2. 3) C(7, 5, 10) V2 =i-2J+3k
Projection of AB = -3l -3k on BC =Si+ 2j + 8k Also, both intersect at (3, 5, 1)
AB·BC = -8./3 Hence, lines are intersecting, hence they lie on a uniqu e p lane.
1 BCI 11 (C) L, : r - O = y - 1 = z - O = t
-6 9 -3
169. Horizontal plane l\ is ofthe form L, , x-1 =y -4 = • - 0=s
r · n 1 = O, where n 1 =(4, - 3, 7) 2 -3 1 . parallel to -6i• +
L, 1s 9) -3k' ]
Plane P, i.s of the form r · n 2 = O, w here ií, = (2, 1, - 5) L, is parallel to 2[ -3) + ic
Toe vector b along the line of interaction ⇒ lines parallel but not coincident.
= n, x n 2 =(4. 17, 5) = n3 (say)
Since, (O, 1, O) does not lie on L,, not lntcrscct ing.
Since the tine of greatest slope is perpendicular t o n , and n ,, Hence L,, L, lies ln unique planes.
the vcctor along thc linc of grcatcst slope
(D) lines are skew can be vcrifled.
= n 2 x n , = (3, - 1, 1) = n,
176. L, :~=y-3 = ~ ...(i) (pnssing throu~h P and Q)
3 4 1
and n, =(¼•7ii•7ii)
...(ii)
170 s· e (O o o) is a point on bolh the planes, 1t is a polnl on lhe
' iJ::ec of ~t;rsection and hence lhe cquatio n of a linc of greatcst
(passlng Uirough R nnd parullel lo v = 1 + k)
slope is
(A) Dislnnce of P(O, 3, - 2) from L, Distance from (O, O, O) of the plane

PN = (1 + 1) l - 6) + 2(1 - 1) k 19 19
Now, PN · V=O d=
1
25 + 1 + 121 = ✓147
[(1+ l)l-6)+(1+ l)k] •(l + k) = O
__e
1n. (A)3·1-2(-2)+5(À.)=O
=>
(B) Point (3, À., µ) lies o n

2x+y+z-3=0
[(1+1),-3, t- 1)---... L2 = x-2y + z - 1
v=i+oj + k 3 · 2 + À + µ - 3 = o and 3 - 2Â + µ - 1 = O
(1 + 1) + (1 + 1) = O; 1 = - 1 . À + µ + 3 = o and 2À. -µ - 2 = O
H,nce, PN = 6] So, À.+µ= -3
1· 4+ 1(-3)+ 1·5 6
J PN J = 1 -6} 1 = 6
(C) sin8 r=.:=-~-';-~==:=== ~
(B) Dislance between Li !lnd L, ✓1'+1'+1',/16+9+25 ✓3 ✓50
L~t_,
O (3, 7, -1) a
P (O, 3, -2)
R (1, -3, - 1)
(D) cos O
• 0=sin_,g
1·3+ 1(-4)+ 1· 5
✓3 ,}16 + 9 + 25 =
8=cos-1 {I_
'{is
4
✓3 J5Õ
Equation of plane containing Li and paraliei to L, 178. /: -:k· ~~1=1(12k+2)-3(-36+5) - 5(6+5k)

Ax + B{y-3) + C(z + 2) = O
where 3A + 4B + C=O =12k + 2 + 108-15-30-25k= o
And A+B+C =0 k=S
A+ C=O Li, L, and L, are concurrent for k = 5.
C = À., A= - À, B = + À./2
Slope of Li = - !, Slope ofr =~
:. Equation of plane 3 ..,., k'
À.
- Âx + (y - 3) + À(z + 2) = O Slope of L, = - ~
2 2
2x - y + 3 - 2z - 4 = O 3 1 .
2x - y - 2z = 1 ...(i) k=-3 => k=-9
Now, distance of the point(t, -3, - 1) lying on lhe line li from
lhe plane (i) ~=-~ => k= -~
k 2 5
li, L, and L, forro a triangle, ifthey are non-concurrent or any
(C) Area of M'QR two out or three are not parall,I.
6
QR =a= 21 + 10] + Ok k ,. - 9, - ,s
QP =b = 31 + 4] + k
5
5
k = and OwilJ be lhe valucs for which Li, L, and L, forma
3 k 6
a X b =2 1 5 O triangle.
3 4 1 179. Giv,n, a:c = 32, wh erc A, B and C are resptttivcly, (a, o, o~
= 2[i(5) - j(l) + k(4 -15)] = 2(51 - J- llk] (O, b, O), (0. O, ci
jaxbl = ,}25+ 1 + 121 = ✓147 = ~=7✓3 (A) Ccntroid oftctrah,dron [a, 13. y) = (~. ~. :)
2 4 4 4
(D) Distance of(O, O, O) from PQR a = 4a, b = 4f3, e= 4y
Equation of plane PQR is (r - p) · n 64af3y =32 X6
= (.ri+ (y - 3)) + (z + 2)k] · [si - J- 11k] af3y=3
=Sx -(y - 3) - l l(z + 2) = O
(B) Equidistant point (a. 13. y),. ( ~. ~ . : )
=Sx-y - llz - 19=0 2 2 2
a = 2a, b = 21}, e = 2y (8) Lei lhe rcquired sphere be

x' + y' + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + wz +d= O...(1) substituting givcn
8aJ}y=32 X6
apy =24 poinls then we gel 1 + 2u + d = O
1 + 2v + d = O and 1 + 2w + d = O
(C) Thc cquation of lhe plane is=. + f + :. = 1 1+d
a b e = u~v=w = -
2
-
:.Fool of lhe perpendicular from lhe origin
lf R be lhe radius of lhe sphere,
a (a, p, y)"' ( ~ -2!!!.._2 ____:!_5_) lhen R 2 = u' + v' + w' - d
L, 1 1 a'' L 1 1 b ' L 1 / e' coverl above equation in terms of d diffcrentialc, equate to
1 1 1
zero solve for d.
;;ã = bl} =~ =1 (C) Let lhe given points bc A, 8 and C respectivcly.
2 2
whcrc, 1 1 1 1 Then fmd AB, AC. BC and then apply AB + AC = BC' lhen
t=;,:+b2+~=2,~
solve for lhe À.
or 1 =<a' + P' + y' )1 2 (D) Any point on lhe line is (1 - r, r + 1, r)
The direction ratio of thc line joining (1. 3, 4) & (1 - ,, , + 1, r)
1- 1
a'+ P' + r' is-r,r -2. r-4
(-1)(-r) + 1 · (, - 2) + (, - 4) = O
and a= a'+ P' + y' b =a'+ P' + y'
a ' p , r + r -2+ r - 4 = O
3, =6 => r =2
e= a'+ P' + y' :.Fool of lhe perpendicular is (-1, 3, + 2)
'Y :.Distancc = .j(2)2 + O+ 4 = 2✓2
Now, abc =6 x32
d =2✓2
(a'+ P' + y') = 192 al}y
d 2✓2 ✓2
(D) Lct P bc (a, p, y), lhen PA .l PB
=> a(a-a)+Jl(ll-b)+'Y'(=0
w =zJj =7J
=> aa+bl}=a'+P'+r' 181. The solid diagonais may be taken as lhe Unes join (~. o, O),
(a, a, a) and (a, a, O) and (O, O, a). The direction ratios will be
PB .L PC a, a, a,; a, a, -a.
=> aa+b(J} - b)+c(y-c)=0
ª2 + ª2 _ ª2 l l
=> bl}+cy = a ' +P'+y' cose
J3a' x .,fi;;, 3 => 8 = cos- •3
a b e
1/a =u"ii ~ 1/y Let us tal<e ~e solid diagonal as lhe one joining (O, o, o)(a, a, a)
and plane diagonal as joining (O, O, O) and (a, a, O). Wc easily
a =a'+P'+y' b=a'+~'+y'
get lhe angle ascos-• .3...
2a ' 2p -./6'
e = a '+ ~•+ y' The lhird pari is casily found ascos-'(½)
and
2y
abc =6 x32 Hencc, matching follows(A)-+ (r) ;(8) -+ (p); (C)-+ (q)
(a'+~•+ r'l = 192 x 8al}y 182. (i) Shorlest distancc
= 1536al}y ) O8-OA x 8CI Jl + ))· l x <J x k)I 1
180. Lei (X0, O, O), A(3, 4, 7) and 8(5, 2, 6) be lhe givcn poinl IOAxBCI lx(J+k) ✓2
=> ✓2m= 1
Areaof ÁOAB = ~OA ·08 sin(LAOB)
2
183, Thc lenglh of lhe edges are given by a = 5 - 2 = 3. b = 9 _ 3 = 6
Now, 0A = -b' + 4 2
+7 =✓
74 2
ande= 7 - 5 = 2, so lcnglh of Ih< diagonal
0B =.Js' + 2 2 + 6 2 =./65 = .Ja' + b' + e' = ,/9 + 36 + ~ = 7 wlits
Also dc's of lhe línc 0A and 08 are 184. Fool of perpendicular, from (6, 5, 8) on )~axis is (O, s, o),
3 4 7 5 2 6
=✓74' --:fi4' ✓74 and ✓65' Ji;s· ✓65 Requircd distonce
= .Jr(6- -- o-)-=-
, -+-(5- - 5)..,.
'_+_(_
8 --o-)' = ,o
:. Rcquircd arca~ x
2
✓74 X ./65 X~=~
,J74 2
./65
=> SÀ a 10 => À => .1_.c! = 2
s
185. G iven lines are => Distance o f centroid from origin is

r = (3. 8, 3) + À(-3. !, 1) J1'+ 25 + 49 = ✓75 =5✓3 => À = 3
and r =(- 3, - 7, 6) + µ(-3, 2, 4)
where, À andµ are paràmeters 193. Equating 1he dislances of circumccntre (-1, À, -3) from
Shortest distance {3,2, - 5)and(-3,8,-5)wegct 2 ' ,
(-3 -3, -7 -8, 6 - 3)· ((3, - 1, 1) X (-3, 2, 4)] 2'+(À+2) 2 + (-3+5) 2 =(-1+3) +(À-8) +(- 3+5)
1(3, - 1, 1) x(- 3, z. 4)1 => À= 4

(-6, - 15, 3)-(- 6, - 15, 3) Note : Verify
,j36 + 225 + 9 (i)(-1, À, -3) is ai the sarne distancc from third vertex.
(ii)(-1, À, -3) Jics on the plane conlaining lhree pomls
= ..fiiõ = 3✓3Ô units = À ✓3Ô (3, 2, -5); (-3, 8, -5) and (-3, 2, 1).
À =3
194, D.R's of flP2 = (k, - 1, 3)
186. Given planes are
D.R's of P,P, = (2, k, -1)
x-cy-bz =O ...(i) l\P, .L P,P,
cx-y + az = O ...(ii) k(2) - k - 3 =O: k = 3
bx + acy - z = O ...(iii)
195. A plane containing line of inlerseclion of the given planes is
Equation of plane passing through the line of intersection of
planes (i) and (ü) may be taken as x - y - z - 4 + À(x + y + 2z - 4) = O
(x - cy- bz) + À (ex - y + az) = O ••. (iv) i.e.,(À + l)x + (À - l)y + (2À - l)z - 4(À + 1) = O
Now, climinating À we gel vector normal to it
a' + b2 + e' + 2abc =1 V =(À+ 1) l + (À - l)j + (2À - l)k
À(-1)+ 1 X3 Now lhe vector along lhe line of inlersection of lhe planes
187, We must have À+ - O => À =3 2x + 3y + z - 1 = O
1
and x + 3y + 2z - 2 = Ois given by
À =3
188. Toe coordinates of vertices of projected triangle will be
i J ic
n =2 3 1 =3(i - J + icJ
1 3_ 2
::::fl::::l~~,l~~- ~:• l: O,~wo dimension arca formula)
As n is parallel to the plane (i), therefore n • V = O
1 1 1 (À+ 1)-(À -1) + (2À -1) = O
= 2 square units. 2 + 2À-l = O =>À=-!
2
189. Plane must pass through
Hence, lhe required plane is~ - ~ - 2z - 2 = O
2 2
(~ 2 '
~ - ~ ) o r ( -1,3,3)
2 2 X - 3y - 4z - 4 = 0
=> -! +3+2 X3= À => À=8 Hence I A + B + C-41 = 7

190. x' + y' + z' = square of d istance from origin 196. Clearly, minimum value of a 2 + b 2 + e'
4sin 2 t + 4cos2 1 + 91 2 = 4 + 9t'

= (13(0) + 2(0) + (O) - 71) = ~ = ~ units
which is shortest at t = O ✓(3) 2 + (2) 2 + (1) 2 14 2
=> Shortest distance = 2
197. 4x + 7y + 4z + 81 = O ...(i)
191, Toe point (- 1, À, - 2) must be lic on the plane
5x+ 3y + !Oz = 25 ...(ii)
2x -2y + z + 12 = O
Equation of plane passing lhrough lhcir line of intersection is
- 2 -2À -2 + 12 = O
(4x+7y + 4z +81)+ À(5x+3y+ l Oz - 25)=0
À= 4
or(4 + 5À)x + (7 + 3À)y + (4 + lOÀ)z + 8 1 - 25À = O ...(üi)
We can easily show that lhe distancc of(-1, 4. -2) from centre plane (iii) .L lo (i), so
of the sphcrc (1, 2, -1) is cqual to its radius.
4(4 + 5À) + 7(7 + 3À) + 4(4 + l OÀ) = O
a+1+2+0 2+b+l+O À =- 1
192. 1= 4 '2= 4 from (iii), equation of plane is
3+2+c+O -x+ 4y-6z + 106=0 ...(iv)
3=~--- Dislancc of (lv) from (O, O, O)
4
a = 1, b = S, e = 7 106 106
= J1+ 16 + 36 = "Jsi
Chap 03 Three Dimensional Coordinate Systern 271
198. Llne ilirough point P(- 2. 3- - 4) and parallcl to the given line Applying e,-+ e, I+_~· andºC,-+ ~' +lc,. then
X + 2 2y + 3 3z + 4 ... (ii)
- 3 - = -4- = - 5 - t., = 3 5 O = - S(Â - 2)
3 4 À À+ l À- 2
x+2 y +- z+-
is - -=:........l.= _ _3 =À.
3 2 5 1 1 1 1
t., = À 2 -3
3
13 1 -2
Any point on tlús line is ll3À. - 2, 2À. - ~. ),_ - ~ ~lj.
2 3 3 Applying e, -+ e, 1-1~· an~-~'-+ e~ - cl,. then
. - . r r
4),, - 9 s).. + 81
D irection ratios o 1'Q are l3À., - - , _ _ j t., = À 2- À - 3 - À = 3À - 16 ... (iii)
2 3
3 -2 -5
Now, PQis parallcl to the given plane 4x + 12y -3z + 1 = O
⇒ tine is perpendicular t o the normal to the plane 1 - 1 1 1
t., =
⇒ 4 9 8 À 3 -3
4(3Ã.) + 12( \ - )-3(5\+ ) = O
13 À -2
⇒ À =2 ⇒ Q(4,}.,2) Applying e, -+ c, ; __e, ~~ e, -+ ~' - cl, . the n
2
t., = À 3+ À -3 - À = (À + 3)(À - 2) ... (iv)
PQ= (6) +(½- 3)' +(6)' = f 3 3+À - 5
1
199. The given points are ~O. O, O), A(O, O, O~ B(O, 4. O) and C(6, O, O) lf the given planes form a tr iangular prism, then we know that
t., = o and none of 6 1, 6 2 , t.3 is zero. H ere from Eqs. (i), (ii),
Here. ~ ee faces of t etrahedron are xy, yz, zx plane. (ili) and (iv) w e fmd that if À. = 4, then 6 4 = O and none of 6 1,
Since point P is equidistance from zx, xy and y, planes, its 6 2, 6 3 is zero. Consequently for À = 4, then g iven planes form
coordinates are P(r, r, r) a triangular prism.
Equation of plane ABC is
201. 1x + 6y + 2z =272 and x -y + z = 16
2x + 3y + 6z =12 (from intercept form)
P is also at distance r from plane ABC ⇒ 5x+8y=240 ⇒ x=48 - ~y
5
l2r+ 3r+6r - 12I
~ =r ⇒ ( llr - 12 (=7r lct y = SÀ, À E / ⇒ X = 48 - 8À
-,pT 7 TJ6
and z = 16 + y - x = 13À - 32
12
llr - 12 = ±7r ⇒ r= -,3
18 But x > O, y > O and z > O
r =2/3 (as r < 2)

⇒ À S 5 and 13À - 32 >o ⇒ À> ~
200. Toe equation of the given planes can be written as 13
x-y+z+J=O À ~3
. Àxz + 3y + 2z - 3 = O À E [3, 5)
3x+Ày + z-2=0 Zm1n=39-32=7 ⇒ x=24,y= 15
x+ y + z - 42 =4
The rectangular analy ~ ~
31
~ -l = 202, The given two tines are intersect each other, then
0 a,a + h.P+ c1y + d, a.p. + b,P + c2y + d 2
31
3 À 1 - 2 a 2I + b2m + c,n
~ ~1
. - d'
t., =I -/ sinA + sinB + sinC sin2A + sin2B + sin 2C

3 À 1 . A . B. C l
sm-sm-stn- = -
Applying e,-+ e, + e, ande, -+ e, + e..then 2 2 2 16
t.. =1~ 3·:\ 2-~ºÀl=(À-4)(À+3) ... (i) 203. [c-abc)=O
3 3+À -2
⇒ k' - 4k 2 + 8k - 2 = O
1-/ ~ ~ l
2
Here J(k) = 3k -8k + 8 > Ov' k e R
Also, 61 = 3
(·; lts d iscr imin ate is n egative)
À -2
Toe equntion has o nly one real root.
204. Taking O as the origin, Jet the position vectors of A, B and C :. Dircction cosines are
be a. b, e respectivcly. Then the position vectors of G,, G, and
G, are (l· l-i}(l--i--l)
b + e, e + a and a+ b
3 3
1
3 or (-l,- l,Jf)
\lj =
1
6 [a b c ) and V, = (00 1 OG 2 OG,J
2
and (--J;.--J;.-Jf)
V2 =-[b + cc+a a+ b) =-[a b e)
27 27
Toe angle between in both the cases JS cos
. -1 (-1)
3 .
V2 =2_ X6\lj =>ÍlV2 = 4\/j
27
209. Eliminalion n betwcen thc given relations, wc get
205. Let the equation of planes is Ix + my + nz = p
2
ul +vm +w ( ~
2 ai+ bm)' =O
:.A= ( 7- O, O) B (O,!• O) C
= = ( O, O,~) respectively
2 ,, / 2 2 )
=> (c2u+a w)- ...(i)
Centroid of OABC = (p_4/ ...!!....,
4m 4n
.1!...) = (x ,y ,zi)
1 1 (say) m2
+2abw. -+(b w+c v = O
m
2
2
/
2
+ m2 + n 2 = 1
/ I
...!... • _!_ =product of1oots =-b2- w +- c2- v
m, m, cu+a w
p' p' p'
or 1112 m,,m2 n1n2
- -+
2
- - + - -2= l (by symmetry)
16x1 16y.' 16z1 b2w + c 2v = c 2u + a 2w = a 2v + b2u
2 2 2 2 2 _ 16 2 2 2
:Z
X1Y1 + y,z1 + z,-x, - ;zx,y,z, If lines are perpendicular, lhen
1112 + m,m2 + n1n2 = O
k = 16 => 2k = 32 => l/2k = 2 => 2 2
a (v + w) + b (w + u) + c (u + v)
2
=O
206. li' + mi' + n.' = !, It + m: + n; = 1 Again, if the lines be parallel, then lheir d' e are equal so lhat
lhe roots of Eq. (i) should be equal, i.e. discr iminate = O
(/1 + m, + n1 ) (lt + m: + n;) - (/111 + m,m, + n1n2 )
2 2 2 2
2
4a 2b 2w 2 - 4(c 2u + a 2w) (b 2w + c 2v) = O
=(m,n, - m,n1 ) 2 + (n,12 - n,11 ) 2 + (11m2 - 12m,)
2
a 2c 2vw + b 2c2uw + c 4 uv = O
2
(11m, - /2m,) 2 + (m,n2 - m,n1 ) + (n,12 - n 211 ) ª2 b:z cz
- + -+ - = O
+ (/1/ 2 + m,m2 + n1n 2) 2 = 1 U V W
207. Coordinates ofthe point,S = ( f. f. f)

210. The coordinales of any point on lhe line
~ = l...:!:....!. = :....:!_ = À are given by
3 2 2 ·
(3À - 2, 2À - 1, 2À + 3)
=> 2 x (f + n; +f) =- 1 The distance between lhe above point and (1, 2, 3) is 3,/2.
=> n(n' +n'+t)= -1 :. .j(3À - 2 - 1)2 + (2À - 1 - 2)2 + (ZÀ + 3 - 3)2 = 3,/2
n =- t is the only solution. => À=~- º
208. We have, / + m+ n=O ...(i) 17
.
:. Requrred pomts are (-2,-1, 3) and (56 43, -Ili)
- .-
and 21 2 ~ zm' - n2 = o ...(ii) 17 17 17
2
Now, 2(1' + m2 )-n =0 211. Thc réquired line is perp!ndi~ul"!: to the line..5 whjch a~e
=> 2(1 - n 2 ) - n 2 = O
2 2
[·: 1 + m + n' = 1) =
parallel to vectors b1 Zi - ZJ + k and b2 i + 2j + 2k =
2 respectively. So, it is parallel to lhe vector b = b, x b2.
3n =2
i j .k
2
n=±i 2 2
Now, b = b1 X b 2 = 2 -2
1 2
1 = -61 -3j + 6k
2
Again, 2(/ +m )=n
=> 2((/ + m) 2 - 2/m] = (- (/ + m))2 Thus, lhe required line passes through lhe point (2, - 1, 3) and
=> l=m is parallel to lhe vcctor b = - 6i - 3 + 6k. J
/ + m=± i => 21 = ± i So, its vector equation is
r =(2i - j + 3kJ + t..(- 61 - 3] + 6k)
=>
1
l=± ✓6=m or r = (2i - j + 3k) + µ(2i + J- 2k ~
whrre µ = - 3À.
lPA x b\
212. The coordinates of any point on the line x - 3 =Y - 3 =:. are 1, _ lhl
2 1 1
given by X -
3 = Y - 3 =:. = ).., . PA = -31 + 2) - 2i<0nd b =- 2i +) + 4 k
Now,
. 2 1 1
So, let the coordinates of A be (Zi.. + 3, >.. + 3, >.. ). i J tê
PA xb = -3 2 - 2 = 1oi + 8 - 2k
L<t the line through 0(0, O, O) and making an angle !!. with the
3 2 4
given line be along OA Then, its d' r are proportional to
2>.. + 3 - o, Ã. + 3 - o, >.. - O
IPA x bl=J10 2
+s' + (-7)' =M
2 2
or 2>.. + 3, Ã. + 3, >.. and
2
lb l =.J2 + 1 + 4 =../21
The direction ratios of lhe given line are proportional to 2, 1, 1. IPA x bl
It is given lhat the angle between lhe given line and the line h= - lb_l _
along OA is !:..
3 _M=@.
7t (2À + 3) X 2 + (À + 3) X 1 + À X I -Ti 'fi
cos-
3 .Jc2>.. + 3l' + e>.. + 3)' + >..' .j22 + 1• + 1' [l is given 1hat the lenglh of BC is 5 units.
6À+9 Arca of ôABC = ! (BC X/,)
- ✓6Ã.2 + !SÃ. + 18 ✓6
À. = -1, -2.
2
= -t x 5 X -
2
Nl
7
= JIW775 .
- - sq unais.
28
0(0, O, O)
214. lf lhe coordinates of the point P be (a, P, y).
Then, ~ + !! + '!. = 1 ...(i)
a p e
Again d' e of OP are proportional lo a, Jl y and hence these are
also the d' r of the normal to the plane which is perpendicular
A B to OP and since il passes through P, ils equation is
a(x - a)+ P(y - P) + i'(z - y) = O
x-3 =y-3 ==- or ax + py + yz = a 2 + P' + y 2 ••• (ii)
2 1 1
It meets the axes in A, B, C and hence the coordinates of these
Putting these values of À. in the coordinates of A i.e.
(Zi.. + 3, Ã. + 3, Ã.), we find the coordinates of A and B i.e. points are ( a '+ a
P'+y' , O, O) etc.
A(l, 2, - 1) and B(-1, !, - 2).
So, the equations of OA and 0B are The equation of lhe plane through A and parallel to the YZ
x-0 y-0_ z-0 a'+P'+y'
plane is x = - --'-- -'-
1-0 =2-Õ- - 1 - 0 a
x-0 y-0 _ z-0 Similarly the equations of other planes are
-1-0 =J-ã- -2-0 y
a'+P' +y'
=-----"--'- a'+P'+y'
and z =-----'---'--
p y
or !: =l=-=-
1 2 -1 The locus of lheir point of intersection is obtained by
elimination a , Jl y between the thrce equations of lhe planes
and relation (i)
_!_ + _!_ + _!_ = a'+ P' + y'
213. Clearly, height h of ôAEC is the length ofperpendicular from
x
2
y' z2 (a'+ P' + y2 )'
x+2
y- 1 z - 0 .
A(I _ 1 2) to the line - - =- - =- - which passes 1
' ' 2 1 4
through P(-2. t, O) and is parallel to b = 21 + 3+ 4k. a '+P'+y'
(~)+(~)+(~)
~
1 1 1
Again, - + - + - = -'-"-'-,-----'-~-'-"-'-
ax by cz a 2 + P' + y'
(from Eq. (il]

a'+ll' +y'
1 1 1
8 P(- 2,1,0) M C
;,+-;,+;,=;;;+ by +;;
215. Any point on lhe line is (3r + 2, 4r -1, 12r + 2). Since, S is directly above lhe mid-poinl T of diagonal 0Q and
Jf il lies on lhe plane x - y + z = 5, lhen sr =3.
(3r+2)-(4r-1)+(12r+2) =5 ie. srn+3)
=H = 0
Hence, poinl of interscction is (2, -1, 2).
lts distance from (-1, - 5, - 10) is
Here, DR's ofOQ(3, 3, O) and DR's ofOSrn, ~.3 J
9 9
✓<2 + 1) 2 + (-1 + 5)2 + (2 + 10)2
= J9 + 16 + 144 = ✓169 = 13 :. cos8 =
✓9+9+0
- +-
2 *! 9 =
-+-+9 ,,i18: -
4 4
9
= ff7
2
=
1
✓3
216. Any plane lhrough lhe intersection of given planes is
(x + 3y + 6 + À (3x - y - 4z) = O :. Option (a) is incorrect.
or(l + 3À)x + (3 - À)y - 4Àz + 6 = O ...(i) Now, equatioln :'he ran~ cl~~airúng lhe t.OQS is
Its perpendicular distance from (O, O, O) is 1.
1✓(1
6
1
:. + 3À)2 + (3 - À) 2 +(-4À) 2 1= 3/2 3 /2 3
⇒ ~ ~
=>À=± l
:.Requircd planes are 2x + y - 2z + 3 = Oand 1 ~- /=O
X - 2y - 2z - 3 = 0.
217. The image of lhe plane => x(2 - O) - y(2 - O)+ z(l -1) = O
x-2y+2z-3=0 ...(i) ⇒ 2x - 2y = O or x - y = O
in lhe plane x + y + z - 1= o ...(ii) :. Oplion (b) is correct.
passes_lhrough lhe line of intersection of lhe given planes. Now, lenglh ofthe perpendicular from P(3, O, O) to lhe plane
Therefore, lhe equation of such a plane is containing t.OQS is ·
(x -2y + 2z -;3) + l(x + y + z -1) = O 13-0j 3
=> (1 + t)x + (- 2 + l)y + (2 + l)z - 3 - 1 = O ...(ili)

Ji':t'i. =✓2
Now, plane (ii) makes lhe sarne angle with plane (i) and imagc :. Option (e) is correct.
plane (iii). Thus, Here, equation of RS is
1-2+2 _ ± 1+1 - 2+1+2+1 x-0 = y-3 =~=À
~ - ✓3 ✓(1 +1) 2 +(t-2) 2 +(2+1) 2 3/2 -3 /2 3 .
=>
2
1 = o, --
⇒ x=~À.y=-~À+3,z=3À
2 2
3
2 To find lhe dislance from 0(0, O, O) to RS.
For t = O, we gel plane (i); hcnce for irnage plane, 1 = - Lei M be lhe foot of.perpendicular.
3
The cquation of lhe irnage plane
3(x - 2y + 2z - 3) - 2(x + y + z - 1) = O
=> x - 8y+4z-7=0.
218. Given, square base OP =OR = 3
P (3.0.0), R =(0,3,0) R M S
.
s
,,,
(0,3,0) (3À 3À ) (3 3 '
2·3-2,3À 2·23,
,-/' i \\\ R(0,3,0) OM.l.RS => OM·RS=o

9 ' y
9À 3( 3À)
4 - 2 3 - 2 +3(3À)=O
=>
=> À=.!.
3
M(.!.2' 2'~ 1)
OM= ✓.!.+~+I= (Si
Also, mid-poinl ofOQis rG, ~,o). =>
:, Oplion (d) is correct.
4 •
~=
V4 i/2
219. ,,,or ""~.1.7

Lct ima- rn. >".r.t.
. x - y+ == ~P(a.l\.y}
3 Dittction rntios of PQare À-Cl, À-a, À-1.
~=~ = y-7 _ -2(3-1 +7 -3) Now, PQl.L,
I -1 1 - 1'+ (-1)' +(1 )' l(À-a)+ 1 · (À-a)+ O·(À-1' = o
a-3= 1 -J3 = y-,7 = - ◄
=> À=a
ll=-l,J3 =S. y =3 Hence. Q(À,À,l )
Direction ratios of PR are À-1\.À + I\.À + 1.
0(3.1 .7) Now, PR l. L 2
l(À-P) +(-l)(À + P) + O(À + 1) = O
À-!3-À-P=O => 13=0
Hence, R(O. O, -1)
Now, as LQPR = 90°
x-y+z•3 (as o1o 2 + bib, + qc2 = O, if two tines with DR's a,,bi,c1;a2 ,b2 ,c2
are perpendicular]
;. (À-À)(À-O)+(À-À)(À-O)+(À-l)(À + 1) = O
P(a. jl. li
=> (À - l)(À + 1) = O => À = 1 or À = -1
Hmc-e. the im11ge ofQ:3. 1, 7) is P(- 1, s, 3~ À = 1, rejecled as P and Q are different points.
To find cquation of plane passing through => À = -1
P (- 1, S. 3) and conmining ~ = l. = :. 221. lftwo straight tines are coplanar,
1 2 1
x- x, = y - y, = % - z,
a, bi e,
and x - x, = y - Y, = z - z, are coplanar
ª2 b2 c2
A (x 1,y1, z 1)
(a1,b 1,c1) OR's
=> 1;
~ 1- 0
~ =i ;=~
=i s-o 1= o 3- 0
DR's
=> x(6 -5)-y (3 + l ) + =(S + 2) = O
x- ◄y + 1= = O Thm, (x2 - r,, Y2 - Y1, Z2 - z, ), (a,, bi, c1) and (a 2, b2, c2 ) are
coplanar,
220. (i) Di.rection ratios ofa tine joining two points (x1,y1,=1) and
(x,-y,-:,) att x, -r,,y, - y ,,:2 - :,.
i.,.
x,-x, y 2 -y1 z,-z; 1
(ii) lfthe two tines with direction ratios a,,bi,c,;a,,b,.c2 are 0, bi e, =O
perpendicular, thm a1 a, + bi b, + e, e, = O l a, b, e,
Une L, is gi\"cn b)' y = x;: = 1 can ~ expresse<!
L 1-~=l.= =-• =a [say]
Here, r =S.-y-
3 -a
=-=-
-2
• 1 1 O
r-S y-o z-0
=> r=a.y = a .: = I - o-= -(a-3) = ~ ...(i)
Lei the coordinates of Qon I., ~(a.a.•~
= =
Une L, gi,·w by y - r,: - 1 can ~ expcessed ns and x=a,L=_z_
-1 2- a
L,,~1 = L-1 =.:...!.!.=li
O
[say]
~=y-0=~
o -1 2-a ...(ii)
=> x=l\.y=-Jl.: =-1
Lct the coocdinates of R on L 2 ~ (1\.-1\.- 1~
li'
=> 1S~Cl 3~a ~21=0
0 -1 2 -Cl
=> (S -a)[(3-a)(2 -a)-2] = o
=> (5 - a)[a' -sa + ◄)=o
=> (5-a)(a-i)(a-4)=0
P(Ã.À.À) R(0, 0 .-1)
a = 1, 4, s
222. Equnbon of straight tine is 1 : x - x, = Y -y, = z - z, 224, i. : X 2-1 = y -1

- 0 =Z -(-3)
1
a b e
Since, / is perpendicular to 11 and 12 • ; k
So, its DR's are cross·product ofl, and /2 . Normal ofplane P : D = 7 1 2
Now, to finda point on 12 whose distance is given, assume a 3 5 -6
point and fmd its distance to obtain point.
Lei l,x-O=y - O=z-0 = i(-16) - j-42 -6) + k02)
a b e = - 16i + 48) + 321<
which is perpendicular to
DR's of normal D i -3} - 2k
t, , (3i - J+ 4k) + r(i + 2) + 21<> =
Point of intersection of I. and L,.

12 :(3i + 3j + 2k) + s(Ú + Zj + k)
⇒ 2K, + 1 =K2 + 4
k and -ki = k, -3
DR'soflis 1 2 2 =-Ú+3j -2k ⇒ Jc. = 2 and k2 = 1
2 2 : ..Point of intersection (5, -z. -1)
Now equation of plane.
1: _,!_ = l =..:... = k1, k,
-2 3 - 2 1 ·(:r-5) - 3()' + 2) - 2(z + 1) = O
Now, A(-2k1, 3k1, -2k1 ) and B(-2k2 , 3k2 , -2k2 ), ⇒ :r - 3y -2z - 13=0
Since, Alies on 11• ⇒ x-3y-2z= l3
(-2k,)i + (3k,)j -(2k,)k = (3 + t)i + (-1 + 21)j+ (4 + 21)k a=l,b =-3.c=-2, d =13
⇒ 3+t=-2k1,-1+21=3k1,4+21= - 2k1 1 1
225. Since, x - = y + = =-
k, =- 1 2 K 2
⇒ A(2, - 3, 2) and X+ 1 = y + 1 = =- att coplanar.
Let any point on 12 (3 + 2s, 3 + 2s-, 2 + s) 5 2 k
✓<2 - 3 - 2s) 2 + (- 3-3 -2s)2 + (2-2 - s) 2 = ✓17

9s 2 + 28s + _37 = 17
: ; :1=0
9s 2 + 28s + 20 = O
1s K 2
⇒
K =4 ⇒ K =±2
2
⇒
⇒ 9s 2 + 18s +!Os+ 20 = O
n1 = b, x d, =6)-6k. for /e =2
⇒ (9s + IO)(s + 2) =O
- 10
n2 = b2 x d2 = HJ + 14k, for/e = -2
s =-2. - · So, equation of planes att(r - a) • n 1 = O
9
·
Hence,(-1,-1,0)and (7 ,97,98) arereqwre. dpom.
. ts ⇒
=
y - z=-1 and (r-a)·n, = 0
y+z=- 1
9
x+2 y+I z ,._ 226. Equation of lhe plane containing the lines
223. Any point on - - = ~ = =
2 3 x-2=y - 3=z-4
⇒ X = 21,. - 2, y = - 1,. - 1, Z = 31,.
3 4 5
Let foot ofperpendicular from (2"- - 2, -"- - 1, 3"-) and :r- l = y-2=z - 3
2 3 4
to x + y + z = 3 be (:r2, y 2 , z 2 ).
x, -(2"- - 2) y, - (-"- - 1) _ z, -(31,.) isa(:r-2) + b(y-3) +c(z - 4) = O _ (i)
.-. 1 - 1 where, 3a+4b +5c=0 - íúl
(21,. - 2-1,.- l +31,.-3) 2a +3b + 4c=O - flii}
1+ 1+ 1 anda(l-2) + b(2-3) + c(2-3) = O
i.e. a + b + e =O ...(h-)
⇒ x, - 21,. + 2 = Y2 + ,._ + 1 = z, - 31,. = 2 - 34"-
From Eqs. (ü) and (iü), ~ = ~ = ~. which Mtisfy Eq. (h·).
:r2 :
2"- ,y =J -
7"- ,z =2 +
51,. 1 -2 1
3 2
3 2
3 Plane through lines is x - 2y + : = O.
,._ x, - O y, - 1 _ z, - 2 Given plane is A x - 2y + : = d is ./i,.
= ~ = -113 -m Planes must be parallel, so A = 1 and then
Hence, foot of perpendicular lle on ldl
✓
- r:
6-'o/6
x y -1 z-2 ⇒ x_y-l_z-2
2/3 - -7/3 5/ 3 2 -7 5 ⇒ ldl=6
227. The eq uation of lhe plane pnssing lhrough the polnt Thcn lhe DR's of llnc of lnlcrscctlon of plane• Is< 1-1. 2, 1S >
(-:1, -2:-1) and whose normnl is perpcndieular lo bolh lhe eml llne Is
gtvcn lmcs L, and L, may bc writtcn as ~=L!:.2. .. ~ .. À l••Yl
(x + 1) + 7 (y + 2) - 5 (z + 1) = O => x + 7y - 5: + 10 = o M 2 15
The distance ofthe poinl (1, 1, 1) from the plane x= M À.+3,y =2 À.-l.z O ISÀ.
1+7-5+ 10 13 . Hcnce, Slatcmenl I is fnlse.
= 1 + 49 + 25 =
1
un11s J75 llul Slnlemcnl 111• lruc.
228. The sho rlest dislance between L, and L, is
1 1(2 -(-1)) i + (2 - 2) j + ~3 ; (-1)) k) · (-Í -7i + Sk) 1

232. Lctll. =1:e :a :1
b
= I (3Í + 4k )•(-i -1i + Sk) 1

= -~(a+ b + c)((a -b) 2 + (ú - c,2 + (e-a)']
2
sJ3 2
(A) lf a+ b +e" Onnd ,,' + b +e'= aú + úc + ca
17 .
=S✓J umls => ó = O uncl a = ú = e ,. O
=> The cqualions rcprescnl ldcnllcal planes.
229. The equalions o f givcn Unes ln vector form may be written as (B) a+ b +e= O nnd a 2 + b 2 + c 2
,. ab + bc + ca
1., ,-; =<-i-2i-kl+ À.(Ji + i +2kJ => ó = o
and L, : -; = (zi - 2j + 3k) + µ (Í + 2j + 3k) => The cqualions havc inílnilcly many solution., .
ax + by =(a+b)z, bx +cy =(b+c)z
Since, lhe vector is perpendicular lo both L, and L, .
=> (b' -ac)y =(b' -ac)z => y =z
i j k
2 =-i -1j + si< => ax + by + cy =O => ax =a y => x =y =:
2 3 (C) a+ b+ e,. Oanda 2 + b' + c 2 "ab+ úc+ ca
:. Required unit vector

The equations represenl planc11 mecting at
_ <- i -1i +skJ
only one point.
- ./(-1)' + (-7) 2 + (s)'
(D) a+ b + e = Oand a 2 + b' + e' = ab + bc + ca
1 • • •
= S✓3 (-l - 7j + Sk) => a=b=c=0
=> The equations rcpresenl wholc of t hc
230. Given three planes are · lhree-dimcnsional space.
P, : x-y+z =1
P2 :x+y-z=-1
...(i)
...(ü) .
233. Any line parallel to f = ~ = ~ and passing through P(l, - 2, 3)
and P, : x - 3y + 3z = 2 ...(iü) is
7ctJ-~.''.,,_,,.,,.,
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we gel
x=0,z = l+y
which does not satisfy Eq. (iii).
As x-3y + 3z = 0-Jy + 3(1 + y)=3(,<2)
So, Statcment li is truc.
Ncxt, sincc we know lhat direction ralios o f line of interscclion
of planes a,x + qy + c1z + d, = O
and a, x + b,y + c,z + d2 =O is ~_y+2=.:..::2=À.
(sny)
q c2 - b,c,, c,a, - a,c,, a,b, - a,bi 1 4 S
Using abovc result, Any point on abovc line can bc wrillrn ns
Direclion ratios oflinta L,, L, and Li are (À + 1, 4À.-2,SÀ. + 3).
º·
0,2,2; -4, -4; -2, -2 º· :.Coordinalcs of R nre (À + 1, 4À. - 2, SÀ. + 3~
Since, ali thc th ree Unes L,, L, and I,. are paralld pairwise. Slncc, po inl R llrs 0 11 lhe 11bovr pl• n r .
Hence, Statement I is false. :, 2(À. + 1) + :l(4).. - 2) - -1(5).. + 3) + 22 " O => ).. ~ 1
231. Given planes are 3x-6y-2z O IS and 2x + y-2z = S. So, polnl R l• (2, 2, H).
For z = O, wc gel x = 3, y = - 1 Now, l'R • Jr(2- -- l-,-, ) 2_+_(_8 -- -3 )- , = .f,íí
) 1;-+- (_2_+_2-:
Since, dircction ratios of planes are
l'Q .. 2PR =2./ü
<3,-6.-2 > and <2.1,-2 >
234. Given, equations of lines are Any point on the line (i) is
x-l_y+2_z-4and x - 2 _ y+ l_z+7 (3À + 2. 4À - 1, 12À + 2)
1 - 2 3 2 .- 1 -1 Lct this point be point of inlcrscction of the line and plane.
(3À + 2) -(4À - 1) + (12À + 2) = 16
Let n 1 = i - 2J + 3k and n 2 = 2i - J- k
= IIÀ + 5 = 16
:.Any vector n perpendicular to both n,, n, is given by = llÀ = 11
n = n1 x n 2
'= À= l
j k :.Point of intersection is (5, 3, 14).
= D = 1 - 2 3 =Si + ?j + 3k Now, distancc bclwecn the points (1, O, 2) and (5, 3, 14)
~✓(5 -1)' + (3 - o)' + (14 -2)
2
-1 -1
: .Equation of a plane passing through (1, - 1, - 1) and = J 16 + 9 + 144

perpendicular to n is given by = ✓169
S(x -1) + 7(y + 1) + J(z + 1) = O = 13
= Sx + ?y + 3z + S = O 238. Lei equation of plane containing the lines 2x - 5y + z = 3 and
s = ~ wtits
x+y+4z=5bc
21
:.Required distance =IS+ - 21 + (2x - 5y + z -3) + À(x + y + 4z - 5) = O
s ' + 1' + 3 2 v83 = (2 + À)x + (À -5)y + (4À + l)z -3 -5À = O •..(i)
235. Equation oflinc passing lhrough(l. - s. 9) and parallel to This plane is parallel to lhe plane x + 3y + 6z = 1.
x =y = z is 2 + À À-5 4À + 1
--=--= - -
X ; 1_ y ; S = Z ; 9 =À (say) 3 6.
On laking first two equalities, wc gct
Thus, any point on this line is of the form 6 + 3À = À-5
(À + 1, À - s. À + 9). = 2À= - 11
Now, if P(À + 1, À - 5, À + 9) is lhe poinl of inlersection of line
and plane, then
= À= -.!:.
2
(À+ 1) - (À -5) +À + 9 = 5 On laking last two cqualilies, we gel
6À-30 =3 + 12À
= À+ 15 =5
= - 6À = 33
= À =-10
:.Coordinales ofpoinl Pare(-9, -15, -1~ =
Hencc, lhe requ~ir_e_d_di _ c_e_ __ __ --=-
_·s_ian
2 So, lhe equation of required plane is
= ✓(1 + 9) 2 + (-5 + 15) + (9 + 1)
2
= ✓10' + 102 + 10 = 10✓

3 2 (2-~)x+ (-;l -s)r + (-T+ -3+5 x~=O 1)z
2 4 7 21 42 49
236. Sincc the line x - 3 = y + = z + Ji,s in the plane
' 2 - 1 3
= -2x- 2y-2z+2= 0
lx + my - z = 9, therefore we have '= X + Jy + 6z -1 = 0

21-m-3 =O 239. Given, / + m + n = O = /= - ( m + n)
[·: normal will be perpendicular to lhe linc] = (m + n) = / 2 2
21- m = 3 ...(i)
= = 2 2
m + n + 2mn = m2 + n 2 [·: /
2
=m' + n 2, given]
and 3l - 2m + 4 =9
[·: point(3, -2.- 4) 1ies on the plane] = 2mn=0
3/ - 2m =5
=
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we gel
...(ii)
Case I When m= o. thcn
l=-n
l =landm= - 1
Hencc, (/, m. n) is (1, O, - 1).
12 +m2 =2 Case D When n = O, then
237. Given equation of line is l =-m
x -2=y+ l =:.._:!=À Hence, (/, m. n) is (1, O, - 1).
(say) ...(i)
cose =~ = ~
3 4 12
and equation of plane is ✓2X ✓2 2
X -y + Z = 16 ...(ii)
= 8 =!:
3
240. Plane and line are parallel to each other. Equation of nonnal to Note: lf0 appears in lhe denominator, lhen the correct way of
thc plane through the point (1, 3, 4) is representing lhe equation of straJgbt linc is
~ = L::2 = ~ = k [Say)
~ =y- 3 ,z =4andx = I; y- 4 = ~
2 -1 1 1 1 ' 2 1
Any point in this normal is 243. Given A plane P : x - 2y + 2z - 5 = O
(2k+ 1,- k+3, 4+k). To find The equation of a plane parallel to given plane P and
ata distance of 1 unit from origin. Equation of farnily of planes
=> ( 2k + 21 + 1 ' 3 - : + 3' 4 + : + 4) lies on plane.
parallel to the given plane P is
Q: x - 2y + 2z + d = O
=> 2 (k + 1) -(6; k) + ( 8: k) + 3 = o Also, perpendicular distance of Q from origin is 1 unit.
=> k = -2 => 1 O - 2(0) + 2(0) + d 1= l

2
Hcnce, point through which this iniage pass is ,/1 2 + 2 2 + 2
(2k + l ,3 -k,4 + k)
i.e. (2(- 2) + 1, 3 + 2, 4 -2) = (-3, s, 2) => lfl =! => d =±J
Hence, equation of image line is Her,:e, lhe required equation of the plane parallel to P and at
x+3 =y-5 ==-=3, unit distance from origin is
3 1 -5 X - 2y + 2z ± 3 = 0 -
241. Givcn planes are Hence, out of lhe given equations, option (a) is lhe only correct
2x + y + 2z - 8 = O option.
1 1
and 2x + y + 2z + ~=O 244. Given Two lines L, : x -
2
= y +
3
= =---=--1.
4
2
Distancc between two parallcl planes and L,,x-3=y-k =z- O
5 .1 2 1
-8--
1 d,
- d, 1 2 To f"md The value of'k' of lhe given lines L, and L, are
= Ja2 + b2 + c2 2 2
,/2 + 1 + 2
2 intersecting each other.
~t L,,x-l = y+ l= z -l =p
2 3 4
and L, : x-3 = y -k = z - O = q
1 2 1
242. Thc givcn line are => Any point P on line L, is of type
x-2 y-3 z-4
...(i) P(2p + 1, 3p - 1, 4p + 1) and any point Q online L, is of type
- 1- = -
1-=-::,; Q(q + 3, 2q + k, q).
x-l =y - k = ~ Since, L, and L, are intcrsecting each olher, hence bolh points
and ...(ü)
k 2 1 P and Q should coincide at the point of intersection, Lt.,
Condition for two lines are coplanar. corresponding coordinates of P and Q should be sarne.
x, zx 2
y
1
:Y• z, ~ z, 1=
0
2p + 1 = q + 3, 3p -1 = 2q + k and 4p + 1 = q
On solving 2p + 1 = q + 3 and 4p + 1 = q. we g~t lhe valucs of p
and qas
1 12 m2 nz -3
p= and q=-5
wher,e (x1, y 1, z1 ) and (x2 , y, z 2 ) are any points on the lines (i) 2
and (ü), rcspectivcly and < 11, "'1, n1 > and < 1,. m2, n, > are On substituting thc values of p and q in the third equation
dircction cosines of lines (i) and (ü), rcspectively. · 3p - 1 = 2q + k, we gel
2 - 1 3 - 4 4 - si 3
3 ( ~ ) - 1 = 2(- 5) + k
1 1 -k 1=0
1
k 2 1 k=~
=>
li -~
2
245. Angle bctween straight line r = a + Àb and plcne r - i1 = d is
= ~i= O
sin 8 = ~
2
=> 1 (1 + 2k) + 1 (1 + k ) - (2 - k) = O I hll i, 1
=> k2 + 2k + k = O sin e= (i + 2) + À k) · (l + 2] + 3k)
=> k 2 + 3k = o J, + 4 + ).' ~
=> k = O, - 3
5+3À Hence, coordinates of Q are (2, 5, 7)

·/Ã.'+5 ✓14 IPQl= ✓(3-2)'+(-l-5) 2 +(7-11)
2
:.
Given, cos9= /I
V14
=-h+36+16 =.Js3
248, Let Q be any point on the plane.
. 3 3 5 + 3À
SLn 9 = Ji".j => .J14 = .JÀ' + 5 . .J14 Then equation of PQ is
x-1 _y+S _z-9 =À .\
2 2
9 (À + 5) = 9À + 30À + 25 -1- - 1 - 1
1
9 À2 + 45 =9À2 + 30À + 25 where P = (!, - S, 9)
G
30À =20=> À=~
3
246. Mid-point of AB is M (1, 3, 5).
,:\ (1, o, 7)
1
1
X ' x =À+ 1, y = À-5, z = À +9 lies on lhe plane
: x-y+z =5 f
MP¾ K-l'.=..!- z-2
1-2-3
=> À+ I - À+S+À+9=S
À =-10
''
1
Hence, coordinate ofQ is Q(-9. -IS, - 1)
s (1, s, 3) 1PQI= ✓(10) 2 + (10) 2 + (10) 2 = 10✓3
which lies on ~ = y - 1 = ~ 249. We know that, cos 2 45°+ cos 2 120º+ cos'9 = 1
1 2 3
1 3 - 1 5-2 . => .!. + .!.+ cos2 8 = 1 => cos 2 9 =.!..
as - = - - = - - =>!=!=! 2 4 4
1 2 3
cosa = ±.!. => 9 = 60°or 120·
Hence, Statement ll is true. 2 -
Also, clliections ratios of AB is 250. The image of the point (3, t. 6) with respect to the plane
(1 - 1,6-0,3 - 7) x-y+z =5is
i.e. (O, 6, - 4) , ..(i) x-3 = y- 1 = z-6 = -2(3 - 1 +6-S)
and clliection ratios of straight tine is -1 l+l+I
= y ~ Y1 = Z ~ %1
. (1, 2, 3) ...(ii)
[·: X~ X1
-2(a.r1 + by1 + cz1 + d)jl
The two tines are perpendicular, if a'+ b2 + c2
O(1) + 6 (2) - 4 (3) = 12 - 12 = O
x-3 =J:'..::.!..=z - 6 = - 2
Hence, Statement I is true and statement ll is a correct
1 -1 1
explanations of statement ll.
=> x=3 - 2 = 1
247. Let the coordinates of Q be (2À,' 3À + 2, 4À + 3) which is any
y= t+ 2=3
point on the straight line AB. and z =6 - 2 =4
P(3. -1, 11) which shows that Statement I is true.
We observe that the linc segment joining the points
A(3. 1, 6) and B(I, 3. 4) has clliection ratios 2, - 2, 2 which are
proportional to 1. - 1, 1. The direction ratios of the normal to
the plane. Hence, Statements n is true. Thus. the Statements I
and ll are true and Statement n is correct explanation of
Statement !.
251. Dr's of given tine are (3, - S, 2).
:. DR's of PQ is(2À-3, 3À +3, 4À-8) Dr's of normal to the plane= (1, 3, - a)
. X y -2 z-3 :. Line is perpendicular to the normal.
AJso, perpendicular to straight linc AD
2 = - 3- =- - =À
4 => 3(1) - 5(3) + 2(-a) = o
having DR's (2, 3. 4~ => 3- 1S-2a = O
Thus. 2(2À - 3) + 3(3À + 3) + 4{4À-8) = O => 2a = - 12=> a =-6
4À-6 + 9À+9+ 16À-32 = O Also, point (2, 1, - 2) lies on the plane.
29À-29 = O 2+3 +6(-2)+ P=O=>P = 7
À=l => (a,P> = (-6.7)
252. Projection of a vector on coordinate axes are From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Xz - x,, Yz - Y11 Zz - Z1 ~= ,m =~=k (say)

3 -3 3
Xz -Xi =61 2
y, -y, =-3, We know that, 12 + m2 + n 'ê 1
2 2 2
%2 -z, =2 {3k) + (-3k) + (3k) = 1
Now, .J(x2
2
x1 ) + (y 2 -y1) + (z 2 2
z1 ) 2 1
- -
27k 2 =1 => k = -e
3..;3
·=-J36+9+ 4 =7
1 1
I= ✓ 3 => cosa= ✓ 3
So, the DC's ofthe vector are~. - ~. ~-
7 7 7
253. Equation of line passing through (5, 1, a) and (3, b, 1) is 256. Since a Jine makes an angle of !: with positive direction of
• 4
x-3 y-b z-1 each of X-axis and Y-axis, therefore
... (i)
H=~=;:-i
a =!:, 13=!:
4 4
·; X - X1 = y - Y1 = %- %1 ] 2 2
[
x, - x, Yz - Y1 Zz - z, We know that, cos 2 a + cos 13 + cos y = 1
2
. ( O, 17
P omt , - 13) satis. fj1es Eq. (i), we get cos 2 !: + cos 2 !: + cos y = 1
2 2 4 4
!.?__b _.!,! _1 ! +! + cos 2 y = 1

2 2
- ~ =-
2- = _2_
2 1-b a-1 cos 2 y = O => y = 90°
(-~) 257. Given, equation of sphere is

a-1= (-D =5 => a=6
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 -6x -12y -2z + 20 = O
whose coordinates of centre are (3, 6, 1).
Since, one end of diameter are (2. 3, 5) and the other end of
Also, - 3(1 -b)={~-b) diameter be (a, 13, y),
then a+2 =3, 13+3 =6, y+s =I
3b-3 = 17 -2b 2 2 2
5b =20=ob = 4 => a=4,13=9
and y= -3.
254. Given, ~=y-2=~ ... (i) Hence, the coordinates of other point are (4, 9, - 3).
3
258. Given equations of lines are
and ... (ü)
x = ay + b, z =cy + d
Since, lines intersect at a point. Then, shortest distance and x=a'y+b',z=c'y+d'
between them is zero. These equations can be rewritten as
x - b=y-O=z-d
: : : 1= o a I e
11 -2
and
x-b' y-0 z - d'
-a-,-= - 1- = -,-,-
=o k(- 2k -2)-2(- 6 - 2) + 3(3 -k) = O
=o - 2k 2 - 5k + 25 = O These tines will perpendicular, if aa' +J + cc' = o
=o 2k2 + 5k - 25 = O 1112 + m.m2 + n1n2 =6
=> 2k2 + 10k-5k - 25=0 259. We know that, the image (x, y, z) of a point (x1, y 1, z 1) in a
plane ax + by + cz + d = O is given by
=> 2k(k + 5) - S(k + 5) = O
5 X - x, y - Y, z - z,
2, -5
k = -a-= - b - = - , -
- -2 (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d)
Hence, integer value of k is - 5.
- a'+ b2 + e'
255. Let the drection cosines of line L be 1, m and n. Since, the line
intersect the given planes, then the normal to the planes are Thus, the image ofpoint(-1, 3, 4) ln a plane x -2y =Ois given
perpendicular to the line L. by
21 +3m+ n = O ...(1) x+ 1 =L::2,=z-4
and 1+3m+2n=O ...(ii) 1 -2 O
-2 [1 X (-1) + (- 2)X3 + 0 X 4) 262. If a,, b,, e, and a2 ,b2 ,c2 are DR's of two line,, then lhe ang)e
1+4 betwecn them is givcn by
x+ 1 =y - 3 = ~ = -2(-7)
1 -2 O 5 cos8 = ✓ 2 l 2 2 2
14 9 28 13 a 1 + b,2 + e,2 ya2 + b2 + c2
x=s -1 =s•Y =-5 + 3 = - 5 The given equalions can bc rewrittcn as
and z=4 ~=t=...:... and
3 2 -6
~=L=...:...
2 -12 -3
Hence, the image of point(-1, 3, 4) is(~. - ~• 4}
Angle bctween the lines is given by
2 6-24+ 18
260. 2
Centre of sphere x + y' + z + 2 ux + 2vy + 2wz+d=0 is . cos 8 = r'=~~,=~=;==::-
(-u, -v, -w).
.J9 + 4 +36 ./4 + 144+ 9
Given equation offüst sphere is - ~
- o --o
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 6x -8y -2z = 13 ...(i)
8 =90°
whose centre is (-3, 4. 1)
and equation of second sphere is
263. Since, lhe centre of sphere
x' + y 2 + z'- 1ox+ 4y-2z = 8 ...(ii) 2
x + y2 + z
2
- x + z - 2 =Ois (t -f)
O, and radius of sphere
whose centre is (5, -2, 1).
Mid-pointof(-3, 4. l)and(S, -2, l)is(l, 1, 1). =P·+ ~+2= ✓!Õ
4 4 2
Since, lhe plane passes through (1, l , 1).
2a-3a+4a+6=0
=) 3a =-6 =)O =-2
261. Direction ratios ofline normal are
(a1, b,, c1 ) =(1,2, 2)
and direction ratios of a plane are
(a,, b,, e,) = (2, - 1, .Jf) Oislance of plane from centre of sphere
1 1
Since, sin8
✓at + b,' + c12 ✓a: + b; +c; -+2- 4 3
1 x2 + 2(-l )+2x.Jr ./t+i+i ./6
- ✓(1)+(2) 2 +(2) 2 ✓(2)'+(1)2 +(./I) 2
So, radius of circle = ✓~ - ~
2
!= .Jr =) 5 + À = 4À 4 6
3 3,/5+ À
= /3õ?Tã = vii
v12 /U = 1
À=~
3

Amit M. Agarwal - Vector & 3D Geometry - 1 Ed.

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Skills in

Amit M. Agarwal arihant

2. PRODUCT OF VECTORS 63-166

SYLLABUS FOR JEE MAIN

SYLLABUS FOR JEE ADVANCED

Arihant on Your Mobile !

Scalar and Vector Quantities

Representation of Vectors W'+----- -=1'::---.-4-5-

12. Equality of vectors Two vectors a and b are said to

cos j3 = 1:'.. and cos y = ~

1Example 5. Let a =12i + nj and Ia 1=13, find the Clearly, 12 + m 2 + n 2 = t.

R,11uarh The scal11.rs x and y are called lhe componcnts or resoh·ed

3. 11 r ~ ., i ~ bl +· ck, th<ln" b <1m1 e- 1111, ditt>etlon mtios oi lho

1Example 8. lhe dlreclion cosines of lhe vector

Sol. (h) r ,. 31- 4J +Sk

Exercise for Session 1

4. Answer lhe following as true or false

Addition of Vectors 3. Polygon law of addition

ln the figure, AB + BC+ CD+ DE + EF= AF

4. Addition in Component Form

lJnlt vrrlor p11mllrl lo r . 1.. r

• J,:,• + 6',1+ (-2)', (:JH• r,j• - ZI<)•

1 Example 13. lf S is the mid-point of side QR of a

PQ+ QS= PS ...(i)

1 Example 14. lf ABCDEF Is a regular hexagon, prove Remark

1 Example 15. lf A= (O, 1),B = (1, O), C = (1, 2) and

a+b/ \ b 1Example 24. lf a is a non-zero vector of modulus o

1Example 25. For a non-zero vector a, the set of real Proof

=~-â = ~-!(3i + 4J) a b ,,'

(al IABI = 1(2i + J- 21<)- <i - j - 3k)I

AD = l'osilion vcclor of D -l'osilion veclor of A Magnitude of Resultant of Two Vectors

1Example 30. The median AD of the t::.. ABC is bisected

and b is 2:, is and b=- 2i - j + 2k

Exercise for Session 2

4. ln a regular hexagon ABCDEF, show that AE is equal to AC+ AF- AB

5. Prove that 300+ DA+ DB + DC is equal to OA+ OB- OC.

6. ln a regular hexagon ABCDEF, prove that AB + AC+ AD+ AE+ AF=3AD.

7. ABCDE is a pentagon, prove that AB + BC+ CD+ DE+ EA =0.

12. lf a = 21 +2J-k and jxal = 1, then find x.

Collinearity and Coplanarity of Remarks

scalar x, wc get x+y

Also, x + y+= = x +y -(x +y) =O :. A. B dlld e1\1'(' ~nllinrar.

ª1 ª2 1 Hence. C dh~des AB exl~m~lly in lhe rntio 2: 3.

Jf vectors a,b and c are coplanar, then there exist

Let OA=a, OB=b and OP= r Remark

lf a, b, e, are three non-zero, non-coplanar vectors and

Since, a. b ande are non-coplanar ,,ecto.rs.

4(8 - 30) - 11(28 - 6) + m(35 - 2) = O

::) -2:cr+4y vectors ifT b1 b2 b3 = O.

Linear lndependence and or(x + 2y + 3z)í +(-3r - 4y + 2z)j+(2r- y- :)k = O

i.e. (x + 4y + z)i + (x + 3y + az)j + (x + 4y + Pz)k = O

Exercise for Session 3

9. li l he veclors 2i - j + k, i + 2j -3k and 3j + aj + 5k are coplanar, lhen prove lhal a = 4.

angle ~ with Z-axis. b =(p + l)i + J

r ": k = 2p=±(p+1) ⇒ 3p=-1 or p= I

ICA l=J1"í'7i .:i ~ J'j:j

Sol. (e) AP+ PB+ P C = PQ or AP + PB = PQ+ CP

• Ex. 16 JfO be the'Circumcentre andO' be the

Sol. (b) Lei position vcctor of D is .ri + »+ zk, thcn AB = DC.

• Ex. 14 P is the point of intersection of the diagonais of Sincc, OA + OB + O C = 00" = - 0'0

• Ex. 22 lf position vectors of a point A is a + 2b anda

=> XM =SM -SX =SM-~SM= .!_SM

CD = B D - BC =2✓3)-(i + ✓3j)= - l + ✓3J = AC + U D + C D