ETHICS

1. VIRTUE. This refers to an excellence of moral or intellectual character.

2. THEORY OF FORMS The theory that is central to Plato’s philosophy
3. NICOMACHEAN ETHICS This has been regarded as the Ethics of Aristotle since the beginning of the Christian
era.
4. THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES According to Aquinas , these virtues are concerned directly with God and provide us
with true knowledge and desire of God and of his will.
5. AQUINAS The philosopher who believes that all the actions are directed towards ends and happiness is
the final end
6. MORAL VIRTUE For Aristotle, this is a state of character manifested in choice and action, resting in the golden
mean, resolved by the prescription that a wise person would determine.
7. PHRONESIS Aristotle regards this is a kind of moral knowledge which guides us to what is appropriate in
conjunction with moral virtue.
8. TEMPERANCE This is the mean between gluttony (excess) and extreme frugality(deficiency) .
9. GORGIAS. In this dialogue written by Plato, Socrates indicates the pleasure and pain fail to provide an
objective standard for determining moral from immoral since they do not exist apart from one another, while
good and evil do.
10. HAPPINESS Aristotle considers this as the summum bonum- the greatest good of all human life.

II. Identification. Identify the particular philosopher being referred to (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Aquinas).

1. PLATO Everything in the material world is what it is by virtue of its resemblance to, or participation in,
this universal Form or Idea.
2. ARISTOTLE For this philosopher, when someone acts in line with his nature or end (“telos”) and thus
realizes his full potential, he does moral and will be happy.
3. AQUINAS He declares that ultimate happiness is not attainable in this life, for happiness in the present life
remains imperfect.
4. PLATO He holds that the goodness of badness of an action lies in the interior act of will, in the external
bodily act, in the very nature of the act, and even in its consequences.
5. PLATO He believes that the ultimate human goal is self-realization.
6. SOCRATES He believed in the existence of objective ethical standards through he admitted that it is not
that easy to specify them.
7. ARISTOTLE He believes that the essence or essential nature of beings, including humans, lay not at their
cause (or beginning) but at their end (“telos”).
8. AQUINAS Typology of laws is central to the ethics of this philosopher.
9. PLATO Circularity and squareness are good examples of what this philosopher meant by forms.
10. AQUINAS The Italian philosopher and theologian hailed as the Angelic Doctor and the Prince of
Scholastics.

III. Enumerations

A. Basic Moral Virtue (Aristotle)

1. COURAGE
2. TEMPERANCE
3. JUSTICE
4. PRUDENCE
B. Four Primary types of law (Aquinas)
5. ETERNAL LAW
6. NATURAL LAW
 7. HUMAN LAW
8. DIVINE LAW
C. Three Aspects through which the morality of an act can be determined (Aquinas)
9. SPECIES
10. ACCIDENTS
11. END
D. Two kinds of infused virtues (Aquinas)
12. MORAL
13. THEOLOGICAL
E. Two kinds of virtues (Aristotle)
14. EUDEMIAN ETHICS
15. NICOMACHEAN ETHICS