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2.5 m F
2
3.5 m 24.5 KN / m
1m
D
34.3 KN / m2
Elevation Plan
MAD = w x l2 / 12 =
2
= 24.5 x 4 / 12 = -32.66 KNm
Kani's Method :-
- 32.66 73.5
-3/10 40.84 -2/10
0 -12.25 -8.17 0
0 -12.25 -8.17 0
D 0 A 0 B
-57.16 57.16
Rotation factor at Joint A
Relative Rotation Factor
Joint Member ∑K u =(-1/2) k / ∑ K
Stiffness( K )
AB I/6 - 2 / 10
A 5 * I / 12
AD I/4 - 3 / 10
Sum of FEM
MAF = 73.5-32.66
40.84 KNm
At centre
M= 8.16 KNm
T= 73.5 KN tension on liquid face
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d
= 8.16 x 10 6 / 150 x 0.872 x 417
= 150 mm2
Horizontal steel :-
Remote face ( e) - Provide 12 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 869 mm2
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 385 mm2
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392 mm2
= 76.50 mm
dshort = 150 - 15(cover) - 5
= 130 > 76.50 mm …………(O.K.)
dlong = 130 - 10 = 120 mm
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
Mu / b x d2 (short) = 16.15 x 106 / 1000 x 130 x 130
= 0.96
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.88) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.29%
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /264
= 190 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 190 mm c/c = 264 mm2 .
B
4m
C
TABLE 9-6
Balanced Design Factors for members in bending
For M20 Grade Concrete Mix
Mild steel HYSD bars
d/D 2
Q = M / bD Pt Q = M / bD2 Pt
0.75 0.3 0.4 0.295 0.289
0.8 0.305 0.37 0.299 0.272
TABLE 9-5
Members in bending ( Cracked condition )
Coefficients for balanced design
Grade of Grade of σcbc σst
concrete steel N / mm 2
N / mm2 k j Q
For members less than 225mm thickness and tension on liquid face
M20 Fe250 7 115 0.445 0.851 1.33
Fe415 7 150 0.384 0.872 1.17
For members more than 225mm thickness and tension away from liquid face
M20 Fe250 7 125 0.427 0.858 1.28
Fe415 7 190 0.329 0.89 1.03
D/2
e=M/T
TABLE 9-3
Minimum Reinforcement for Liquid Retaining Structures
% of reinforcement
Thickness, mm
Mild Steel HYSD bars
100 0.3 0.24
150 0.286 0.229
200 0.271 0.217
250 0.257 0.206
300 0.243 0.194
350 0.229 0.183
400 0.214 0.171
450 or more 0.2 0.16
10 O @ 210 c/c 8 O @ 190 c/c
150
150 Free board
10 O @ 200 c/c - shape
Elevation
1500
450
1000 16 O @ 130 c/c (a)
16 O @ 200 c/c (b) (c)
10 O @ 200 c/c both faces (c)
(d)
4000 8 O @ 130 c/c (d)
12 O @ 130 c/c (e)
(a) ( a ) 1000
(b) (d)
1000 vv vv
450
1500 1500
6000
450 450
Section A-A
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
fy, N / mm2
fck N / mm2
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
ion )
Pt,bal
1.36
0.98
1.2
0.61
Design of Rectangular water tank CASE-2 ( L / B ≥ 2 )
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high (given)
Material M20 Grade Concrete (given)
Fe 415 Grade HYSD reinforcement (given)
Solution :-
Size of tank : 3.6 m x 8.0 m x 3.0 m high
Volume = 3.6 x 8 x 3.0 x 10 3 = 86400 Litres
L/B= 8 / 3.6 = 2.22 >2.
The long walls are designed as vertical cantilevers from the base.
The short walls are designed as supported on long walls.
If thickness of long walls is 400 mm, the span of the short wall = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4.0 m.
bottom 1 m or H / 4 whichever is more is designed as cantilever.
H/4= 3.0 / 4 = 0.75 m
bottom h = 1 m will be designed as cantilever.
1000
203.56
400 367
163.44
checking :
modular ratio m = 280 / 3 x σcbc
= 13.33
b x D2 / 2 + Ast ( m - 1 ) x d
x=
b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
= 203.56 mm
D-x= 196.44 mm
d-x= 163.44 mm
AT = b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
= 1000 x 400 + (13.33 - 1 ) x 706
= 408705 mm2
Ixx = ( 1 / 3 ) x b x ( x3 + ( D - x )3 ) + ( m - 1 ) x Ast x ( d - x )2
3 3 2
= ( 1 / 3 ) x 1000 x ( 203.56 + 196.44 ) + ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 x 163.44
= 5.34E+09 + 2.33E+08
4
= 5.57E+09 mm
fct = T / AT
3
= 19.6 x 10 / 408705
= 0.048 N / mm2
fcbt = M x ( d - x ) / Ixx
6 9
= 26.13 x 10 x 163.44 / 5.57 x 10
= 0.767 N / mm2
check :
( fct / σct ) + ( fcbt / σcbt ) ≤ 1
( 0.048 / 1.2 ) + ( 0.767 / 1.7 ) ≤ 1 From Table 9-2
0.04 + 0.4512 ≤ 1
0.4912 ≤ 1 ………………….. ( O. K. )
At centre :
M= 19.6 KNm
T= 19.6 KN
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d
6
= 19.6 x 10 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
= 408 mm2
Base slab :-
Base slab is resting on ground. For a water head 3 m, provide 150 mm thick slab.
From table 9-3
Minimum steel = 0.229%
= 0.229 / 100 x 1000 x 150
= 344 mm2 ,172 mm2 bothway
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /172
= 292 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 290 mm C/C both ways, top and bottom.
Ast = 346 mm2
Designed section,Elevation etc. are shown in fig.
Top slab may be designed as a one-way slab as usual for a live load of 1.5 KN / m 2
Top slab : -
consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 150 mm thick slab.
lx = 3.6 + 0.4 = 4 say 4 m
ly = 8 + 0.15 = 8.15 say 8.5 m
Dead Load : self 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m2
floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2
Live load = 1.5 KN / m2
6.25 KN / m2
For 1 m wide strip
PU = 1.5 x 6.25
= 9.38 KN / m
= 82.44 mm
dprovided = 150 - 15(cover) - 6
= 129 > 82.44 …………(O.K.)
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
Design for flexure :
Mu / b x d2 = 18.76 x 106 / 1000 x 129 x 129
= 1.13
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.86) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.34%
Provide 6 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 28.26 x 1000 /180
= 157 mm
Provide 6 mm O bar @ 150 mm c/c = 188 mm2 .
+ 0.4 = 4.0 m.
Table 9-2
Permissible concrete stresses in calculations relating
to resistance to cracking
Grade of Permissible stresses in N / mm2
Direct Tension due to Shear stress
concrete
tension σct bending σcbt ﺡv = V / b j d
M15 1.1 1.5 1.5
M20 1.2 1.7 1.7
M25 1.3 1.8 1.9
M30 1.5 2.0 2.2
M35 1.6 2.2 2.5
M40 1.7 2.4 2.7
8 O @ 110 c/c 6 O @ 150 c/c
150
12 O @ 200 c/c
8 O @ 140 c/c - shape
3000
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 290 c/c both ways top and bottom
2000
2000
150
150
1 : 4 : 8 P.C.C. 150
150 400 8000 400
Section A-A
2000 B 8 O @ 140 mm c/c
400
900 16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )
12 O @ 160 c/c(chipiya)
8 O @ 140 c/c (chipiya)
3600 A 8 O @ 140 c/c A
12 O @ 200 c/c
900
900 vv vv
400
2000 2000
B
8000
400 Sectional plan 400
150
8 O @ 140 c/c
3000
Base details not
900 900 shown for clarity
Base details not
900 900 shown for clarity
150
150
150 400 3600 400 150
Section B- B
Design of simply supported one way slab
effective span = 4 m supported on masonry wall of 230 mm thickness ( given )
Live load = 2.5 KN / m2 ( given )
Floor finish = 1 KN / m2 ( given )
material M15 grade concrete ( given )
HYSD reinforcement grade Fe415 ( given )
solution : -
Assume 0.4 % steel , a trial depth by deflection criteria
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.26
for simply supported, basic span / effective depth ratio = 20
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.26 x 20
= 25.2
drequired = 4000 / 25.2
= 158.7 mm
D = 158.7 + 15 ( cover ) + 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 178.7 mm
Assume an overall depth = 180 mm
2
DL = 0.18 x 25 = 4.5 KN / m
Floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2
Live load = 2.5 KN / m2
Total 8.0 KN / m2
Factored load = 1.5 x 8 = 12 KN / m
Consider 1 m length of slab
Maximum moment = w x l2 / 8
= 12 x 42 / 8
= 24 KNm
Maximum shear = w x l / 2
= 12 x 4 / 2
= 24 KN
Design for flexure : -
d = 180 - 15 - 5
= 160 mm
6 2
Mu / b x d2 = 24 x 10 / 1000 x (160)
= 0.94
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.84) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.289%
Ast = 0.289 x 1000 x 160 / 100
= 462 mm2
Provide 10 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 78.50 x 1000 /462
= 170 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 170 mm c/c = 462 mm2 .
Half the bars are bent at 0.1 l = 400 mm , and
remaining bars provide 231 mm2 area
100 x As / ( b x D ) = 100 x 231 / ( 1000 x 180 )
= 0.128 > 0.12 % ( minimum steel for Fe415)
i.e. remaining bars provide minimum steel. Thus, half the bars may be bent up.
Distribution steel = ( 0.12 /100 ) x 1000 x 180
= 216 mm2
Maximum spacing = 5 x 160 = 800 or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.24 x 1000 /216
= 233 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 230 mm c/c = 218 mm2 .
Check for shear : -
Vu = 24 KN
Actual Shear stress = Vu / b x d
3
= 24 x 10 / 1000 x 160
= 0.150 N / mm2 < ( ﺡC ) N / mm2 ( too small )
For bars at support
d = 160 mm
As = 231 mm2 .
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 231 / 1000 x 160
= 0.144
Design shear strength ﺡc = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.144
= 12.1
Design shear strength ﺡc = 0.85 √ 0.8 x 15 ( √ 1 + 5 x 12.1 - 1 )
6 x 12.1
= 0.277
IS 456-2000 Table 19 from table 7-1
2
for Pt = 0.144 ﺡc = 0.28 N / mm
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 25 difference -0.05
k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth 20 difference ? -0.04
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.28
= 0.347 N / mm2 ……………….( O.K.)
Check for development length : -
Assuming L0 = 8 O (HYSD Fe415 steel ) For continuing bars
As = 231 mm2
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d { 1 - ( fy x Ast / fck x b x d ) } OR
= 0.87 x 415 x 231 x 160 { 1 - (415 x 231 / 15 x 1000 x 160 ) }
= 13.34 { 1- 0.0399 }
= 12.812 KNm
Vu = 24 KN
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ﺡbd = 56 O ( from Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 12.81 x 106 / 24 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56 O
693.875 + 8 O ≥ 56 O
48 O ≤ 693.88
which gives O ≤ 14.46 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.42
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.42 x 20
= 28.4
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 4000 / 160
= 25.00 < 28.4 ……………….( O.K.)
The depth could be reduced
Check for cracking : -
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm whichever is small
= 3 x 160 = 480 mm or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
spacing provided = 170 mm < 300 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Distribution bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 450 mm whichever is s
= 5 x 160 = 800 mm
spacing provided = 230 mm < 450 mm ……………….( O.K.)
For tying the bent bars at top , provide 8 mm O @ 230 mm c/c
NOTE : -
If clear span = 3.77 m , effective span = 3.77 + 0.23 = 4 m OR
effective span = 3.77 + 0.16 ( effective depth ) = 3.93 m
0.6 % for mild steel reinforcement and 0.3 to 0.4 % for HYSD Fe415 grade
reinforcement
NOTE : -
For mild steel minimum reinforcement 0.15 %
For checking development length , l0
may be assumed as 8 O for HYSD
Pt = 100 x As / b x d bars ( usually end anchorage is not
provided ) and 12 O for mild steel (
= 100 x 231 / 1000 x 160
U hook is provided usually whose
= 0.14
From equation anchorage length is 16 O.
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
we get , Mu1 / b x d2 = 0.49
2 -6
Mu1 = 0.49x 1000 x 160 x 10
= 12.54 KNm
160
180 v
v v v
8 O @ 230 c/c
400 10 O @ 170 c/c 400
( alternate bent )
4000
SS22 S1
A 3m B 1.2m C
S2 S1
A 3m B 1.2m C
= 0.82
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.865) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.405%
= 50 [(1-0.812) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.564%
0.15m B3
B2 B1
1m high parapet
ly = 6m S2 S1
B4
0.15m
0.15m 0.15m
lx = 3m 1.2m
0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x Ast / b x d x fck )
-6
0.87 x 250 x 231 x 99 ( 1 - 250 x 231 / 1000 x 99 x 15 ) x 10
( 1 - 0.0389 )
KNm
1200 1200
120 125
10 O @ 170 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
300 600
150 3000 150 1200
= 50 [(1-0.885) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.208%
Ast = 0.208 x 1000 x 120 / 100
= 250 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 / 250
= 200.96 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 200 mm c/c = 251 mm2.
6 2
Mu / b x d2 ( - ) = 13.66 x 10 / 1000 x (130)
= 0.81
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.867) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.240%
8 O @ 260 c/c
B
625 3750 625
8 O @ 200 c/c
A A
3750 S1
8 O @ 260 c/c
625
B 8 O @ 150 c/c
500 8 O @ 200 c/c 8 O @ 260 c/c
150
8 O @ 260 c/c
1500 1500
625 3750 625
Section A-A
lab 5m
5m S1
-0.047
1
B
-0.047
0.035
3
Edge strip
Edge strip 5
5m S1
2 0.035
Middle Strip
A 4 B
8 O @ 240 c/c
1000
625 3750 625
8 O @ 140 c/c
1500 1500
500
3750 S1
1500
8 O @ 240 c/c
625
1500
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c 500 8 O @ 240 c/c
150
8 O @ 180 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c
1500 1500
625 3750 625
-0.047
3
Design of Continuous One-way slab
A five span continuous one-way slab used as an office floor.
The centre-to-centre distance of supporting beams is 3 m
Live load 3 KN / m2 and floor finish 1 KN / m2 given
Material M15 grade concrete
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415
Solution : -
Try 120 mm thick slab DL LL
Dead load 0.12 x 25 = 3 0 KN / m2
floor finish = 1 0 KN / m2
live load = 0 3 KN / m2
Total 4 3 KN / m2
factored load = 1.5 ( 4 + 3 )
2
= ( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m
Consider 1 m wide strip of the slab.
( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m
1 2 2 2 1
A 3m B 3m C 3m D 3m E 3m F
The factored moments at different points using the coefficients are as follows :
2 2
Mu1 ( + ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l + ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( LL ) x l
= ( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 10 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 4.5 + 4.05
= 8.55 KNm
Mu2 ( + ) = ( 1 / 16 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 16 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 12 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 3.38 + 3.38
= 6.75 KNm
Mu3 ( - ) = ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
= ( 1 / 10 ) x 6 x 32 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 32
= 5.4 + 4.5
= 9.9 KNm
Mu4 ( - ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l2 + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l2
2 2
= ( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 3 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 3
= 4.50 + 4.50
=9 KNm
Maximum shear is Vu(BA) = 0.6 x w x l + 0.6 x w x l
= 0.6 x 6 x 3 + 0.6 x 4.5 x 3
= 18.9 KN
Maximum moment is Mu3 ( - ) = 9.9 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q = 2.07
drequired =√M / Q x b
= √9.9 x 10 6 / 2.07 x 1000
= 69.2 mm,
Try 110 mm overall depth
dprovided = 110 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 90 mm, ……………….( O.K.)
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
Ast = Pt x b x d / 100
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
Table
Factored Ast
point moment Mu/(b x d2 ) Pt Steel Provided
KNm mm2
10 mm O @ 440 c/c + 8 mm O @ 440 c/c
1(+) 8.55 1.06 0.322 290
= 178 +114 = 292 mm2 (Half 10 O+half 8 O)
8 mm O @ 220 c/c
2(+) 6.75 0.83 0.248 223
= 228 mm2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
3(-) 9.9 1.22 0.38 342
= 357 mm2
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
4(-) 9.0 1.11 0.34 306
= 357 mm2
For Main steel ,HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
= 132 mm2
For Distribution steel , mild steel Fe250 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
= 165 mm2
Use 6 mm O
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 28.26 x 1000 /165
= 171
Use 6 mm O @ 160 mm c/c = 177 mm2.
Note that the positive bars cannot be curtailed as the remaining bars in the internal
spans ( + ve moment ) will not provide minimum area.
Provide 50 % Ast at end support top bars i.e. 292 / 2 = 146 mm 2 .
Use 8 mm O
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /146
= 344
Use 8 mm O @ 340 mm c/c = 148 mm2.
Check for shear : -
Maximum shear = 18.9 KN
Actual Shear stress = Vu / b x d
3
= 18.9 x 10 / 1000 x 90
= 0.210 N / mm2 < ( ﺡC ) N / mm2 ( too small )
imposed load ( + 1 / 10 + 1 / 12 -1 / 9
not fixed )
NOTE -For obtaining the bending moment, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total
design load and effective span.
Table 13 Shear Force coefficients
110 90
6 O @ 160 c/c
8 O @ 440 c/c 8 O @ 220 c/c
+ 10 O @ 440 c/c
3000 3000
t reinforcement ( 292 mm 2 )
0.87 x fy x Ast x d ( 1 - fy x Ast / b x d x fck )
-6
0.87 x 415 x 292 x 90 ( 1 - 415 x 292 / 1000 x 90 x 15 ) x 10
( 1 - 0.0898 )
KNm
s critical in span AB
-1 / 12
-1 / 9
icients
At all other
interior
supports
0.5
0.6
( 0.3 l1 )
900
10 O @ 220 c/c
3000
Design of Simply supported two way slab
residential building drawing room 4.3 m x 6.55 m
It is supported on 350 mm thick walls on all four sides.
given
material M15 grade concrete
HYSD reinforcement of grade Fe415
Solution :
Consider 1 m wide strip. Assume 180 mm thick slab.
lx = 4.3 + 0.18 = 4.48 say 4.5 m
ly = 6.55+0.18 = 6.73 say 6.75 m
Dead load : self 0.18 x 25 = 4.5 KN / m2
floor finish = 1.0 KN / m2
Live load ( residence ) = 2.0 KN / m2
Total 7.5 KN / m2
For 1 m wide strip
Pu = 1.5 x 7.5
= 11.25 KN / m
ly / lx = 6.75 / 4.5
= 1.5
IS 456-2000 Table -27
Mux = 2
αx x w x lx = 0.104 x 11.25 x 4.52 = 23.7 KNm
2
Muy = αy x w x lx2 = 0.046 x 11.25 x 4.5 = 10.48 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q = 2.07
drequired =√M / Q x b
= √23.7 x 10 6 / 2.07 x 1000
= 107 mm,
dshort provided = 180 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 160 mm, > 107 mm ……………….( O.K.)
dlong provided = 160 - 10
= 150 mm, > 107 mm
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
6 2
Mu / b x d2 ( short ) = 23.7 x 10 / 1000 x (160)
= 0.926
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.846) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.28%
= 50 [(1-0.926) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.134%
Table - 27 Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angles , simp
350
460 10 O @ 340 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
6900
PLAN
46010 O @ 340 c/c 460
180
v v v v v v
10 O @ 170 c/c
8 O @ 230 c/c
- - - - 0.045
0.063 0.068 0.080 0.088 0.035
- - - - 0.057
0.071 0.076 0.087 0.096 0.043
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
36 KN / m 36 KN / m
A B B C
162 162
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648 = 648
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 648 As MA = 0 …………………….( 1 )
Using three moment equation for span BCD
MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3)
36 KN / m 22 KN / m
B C C D
162 99
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 648 = 396
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0 …………………….( 2 )
4MB + MC = - 648 …………………….( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522 …………………….( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 648
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 648
15 MC = - 1440
MC = - 96 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 96 ) = - 648
4 MB = - 552
MB = - 138 KNm
36 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
138
162 (-) 96
(+) 162 99
(-) (+)
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.68 )
415 / 15
= 0.549
2
Ast = ( 0.549 / 100 ) x 230 x 535 = 676 mm
20 % of steel should be carried through the span = 0.2 x 676 = 135 mm 2
Provide 2- 10 mm O anchor bars = 157 mm 2 . At support , provide 3 - 16 mm O extra at top = 603 mm 2 ,
one of which may be curtailed at 0.15 ℓ = 900 mm from centre of support B and remaining 2 - 16 mm O
at 0.25 ℓ = 1500 mm from B .
In span AB , curtail 3 - 12 O at 300 mm ( 0.05 ℓ ) from A and at 900 mm ( 0.15 ℓ ) from B.
The moment of resistance of remaining bars
= 0.87 fy Ast ( d - Df / 2 )
-6
= 0.87 x 415 x 339 ( 535 - 60 ) x 10
= 58.14 KNm
Note that lever arm assumed here is d - Df / 2
Theoretical cut off point can be found out from case ( c ) as
58.14 = 89.6 x - 36 x2 / 2
i. e. x2 - 4.98 x + 3.23 = 0
x = ( -b + √ b2 - 4ac ) / 2 a
= 4.98 + √ 4.982 - 4 x 1 x 3.23 / 2 or = ( 4.98 - √ 4.982 - 4 x 1 x 3.23 ) / 2
= ( 4.98 + 3.45 ) / 2 = ( 4.98 - 3.45 ) / 2
x = 4.22 m x = 0.765
According to curtailment rules, the bars are cut off at 12 O or d eff whichever is greater i.e. 535 mm
From A , curtail 3 - 12 O bars at 765 - 535 = 230 mm ( i.e. 230 - 115 = 115 mm from face of support say 300 m
and at 4220 + 535 = 4755 mm ( i.e. 1245 mm from B say 300 mm ).
The curtailment rules are to be satisfied . The third rule that the continuing bars provide double the area
required for flexure at cut off point and the shear does not exceed 3 / 4 th that permitted.
Moment at 0.230 m from A
2
= 89.6 x 0.23 - ( 0.23 / 2 ) x 36
= 19.66 KNm < ( 1 / 2 ) x 58.14 KNm ………….( O.K.)
Moment at 4.755 m from A
2
= 89.6 x 4.755 - ( 4.755 / 2 ) x 36
= 19.07 KNm < ( 1 / 2 ) x 58.14 KNm ………….( O.K.)
Minimum design shears at cut off points, referring to design shear diagram .
Vu = 4 / 3 [ 81.32 ] = 108.43 KN at 0.23 m from A < 89.6 KN ,take 81.32 KN
Vu = 4 / 3 [ 81.56 ] = 108.75 KN at 1.245 m from B. < 126.4 KN
Negative moment reinforcement
20 % of steel should be carried through the span = 0.2 x 676 = 135 mm 2
Provide 2- 10 mm O anchor bars = 157 mm 2 . At support , provide 3 - 16 mm O extra at top = 603 mm 2 ,
one of which may be curtailed at 0.15 ℓ = 900 mm from centre of support B and remaining 2 - 16 mm O
at 0.25 ℓ = 1500 mm from B . For negative moment top is tension and bottom is compression.
The theoretical cut-off points and actual positions for curtailing 40 % bars i.e. 2 - 16 O may now be determine
Remaining bars 2-10 O & 2-16 O provide 157 + 402 = 559 mm 2 area.
The strength of section is controlled by top reinforcement only and is given approximately by
M.R. = 0.87 fy Ast ( d - Df / 2 )
M.R. = 0.87 x 415 x 559 ( 535 - 60 ) x 10-6
= 0.20 x 475
= 95.00 KNm
The theoretical cut off can be given by an equation
89.6 x - 36 x2 / 2 = -95 [ case ( a ) ]
x2 - 4.98 x - 5.28 = 0
x = ( -b + √ b2 - 4ac ) / 2 a
2
= 4.98 + √ 4.98 + 4 x 1 x 5.28 / 2
= ( 4.98 + 6.776 ) / 2
x = 5.88 m from A
i.e. 0.12 m from B
Cut off 3 - 16 O bars at 120 + 535 ( deff ) = 655 mm say 900 mm from B .
At 900 mm from B i.e. at 5.1 m from A , the moment is
89.6 x 5.1 - 36 x 5.12 / 2 = -11.22 KNm
Moment capacity required at actual cut off point as per curtailment rules = 2 ( -11.22 ) = - 22.44 KNm
Moment capacity of the section = - 95 KNm ………………( O.K. )
Note that shear capacity will be increased as per positive reinforcement curtailment check.
Let us now determine the point of curtailment of 80 % of bars.
Remaining bars are 2-10 O , i.e. 157 mm2
Moment capacity = 0.87 fy Ast ( d - Df / 2 )
= 0.87 x 415 x 157 ( 535 - 60 ) x 10-6
= 0.057 x 475
= 27.08 KNm
Distance from A for this moment
89.6 x - 36 x2 / 2 = - 27.08
x2 - 4.98 x - 1.50 = 0
x = ( -b + √ b2 - 4ac ) / 2 a
2
= 4.98 + √ 4.98 + 4 x 1 x 1.50 / 2
= ( 4.98 + 5.55 ) / 2
x = 5.27 m from A
i.e. at 0.73 m from B .
Cut off the bars at 730 + 535 ( deff ) = 1265 mm say 1500 mm from B.
20 % bars shall be continued throughout the span. Note that this is required for case ( c ) in span BC
where point of contraflexure lies at 3 m from B.
Continue 2 no. 10 mm O bars giving Ast = 157 mm2 area . These will be used as anchor bars.
( c ) design for shear reinforcement :
At A , Vu = 89.6 KN also Vu = 81.32 KN upto 0.23 m from A
100 As / bd = 100 x 3 x 113 / 230 x 535 0.25 diff. 0.11
= 0.28 0.22 diff. ? -0.10
( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
Design ( permissible )shear strength of concrete , ﺡC, = 0.36 N / mm2
Actual shear strength ﺡv = Vu / bd
3
= 81.32 x 10 / ( 230 x 535 )
= 0.661 N / mm2 > ﺡc
shear design is necessary .
At support ,
Vus = Vu - ﺡc b d OR Vus = ( 0.661 - 0.36 ) 230 x 535 x 10-3
= 81.32 - 0.36 x 230 x 535 x 10-3 = 37.038 KN
= 81.32 - 44.298
= 37.02 KN
Assuming 6 mm O two - legged stirrups , Asv = 57 mm2 , fy = 415 N / mm2 .
Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
3
= 0.87 x 250 x 57 x 535 / 37.02 x 10
= 179 mm
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 mm O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 57 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 134.8 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 535 = 401.25 mm
( iii ) ≤134.8 mm ( minimum )
( iv ) 179 mm ( designed )
Minimum shear reinforcement of 6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c will be used .
capacity of section with minimum shear reinforcement
Vus = 0.87 fy Asv d / Sv
-3
= ( 0.87 x 250 x 57 x 535 / 130 ) x 10
= 51 KN > 37.02 KN ………………….( O.K.)
At B , Vu = 126.4 KN also Vu = 108.75 KN upto 1.245 m from B.
2-10 O + 3-16 O = 157 + 603 = 760 mm2
100 As / bd = 100 x 760 / 230 x 535 0.25 diff. 0.08
= 0.62 0.13 diff. ? -0.04
( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
Design ( permissible )shear strength of concrete , ﺡC, = 0.50 N / mm2
Actual shear strength ﺡv = Vu / bd
3
= 108.75 x 10 / ( 230 x 535 )
= 0.884 N / mm2 > ﺡc
shear design is necessary .
At support ,
Vus = Vu - ﺡc b d OR Vus = ( 0.884 - 0.50 ) 230 x 535 x 10-3
-3
= 108.75 - 0.50 x 230 x 535 x 10 = 47.251 KN
= 108.75 - 61.525
= 47.23 KN
Assuming 6 mm O two - legged stirrups , Asv = 57 mm2 , fy = 415 N / mm2 .
Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
3
= 0.87 x 250 x 57 x 535 / 47.23 x 10
= 140 mm
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 mm O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 57 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 134.8 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 535 = 401.25 mm
( iii ) ≤134.8 mm ( minimum )
( iv ) 140 mm ( designed )
Minimum shear reinforcement of 6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c will be used .
capacity of section with minimum shear reinforcement
Vus = 0.87 fy Asv d / Sv
-3
= ( 0.87 x 250 x 57 x 535 / 130 ) x 10
= 51 KN > 47.25 KN ………………….( O.K.)
( d ) Check for development length :
At A, Mu1 = 58.14 KNm ( Calculated previously )
Vu = 89.6 KN
L0 = 12 O
Ld = 56.4 O
check 1.3 Mu1 / Vu + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x 58.14 x 106 / 89.6 x 103 + 12 O ≥ 56.4 O
843.549107 ≥ 44.4 O
O ≤ 19 mm ………………….( O.K.)
At point of contraflexure i.e. 1.245 m from B
Mu1 = 58.14 KNm
Vu = 126.4 - 1.245 x 36 = 81.58 KN 115.6
L0 = 12 O ( L0 is much more than this . It can be taken equal to deff.However to permit
the lapping of bars we shall consider 12 O . )
check 1.3 Mu1 / Vu + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x 58.14 x 106 / 81.58 x 103 + 12 O ≥ 56.4 O
926.477078 ≥ 44.4 O
O ≤ 21 mm ………………….( O.K.)
( e ) Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 26
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 678 / 1650 x 535 = 0.077
modification factor = 2 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
bw / bf = 230 / 1650 = 0.14 < 0.3 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-6 ,for flanged beam
Reduction factor = 0.8
Span / d permissible = 26 x 2 x 0.8 = 41.6
Actual span / d = 6000 / 535 = 11.21 ………………………( safe )
( d ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 12 ) / 2 = 72 mm
Minimum clear distance permitted
= hagg + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 12 mm ( O of bar ) i.e. 25 mm .
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 180 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-200 , table 15 ) ………………………( safe )
A B
2 - 10 O + 2 - 16 O
2 - 10 O + 3 - 16 O ( Extra )
1500 1500 1500 1500
2 - 10 O 900 900 2 - 10 O 900 900 2 - 10 O
300 6- 12 O 300 3 - 12 O 6- 12 O
300
6000 6000 6000
A B
D D D
N 6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c N 6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c N 6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
S S S
2 - 10 O 2-10 O + 3
120 120
450 450
20 O pin
6 - 12 O 3-
230 230
Section A - A Section B - B
3m
B11 B12
3m
6m 6m
6m 6m 6m
A B C
Using three moment equation for span ABC
) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2) MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a
22 KN / m
A B B
99
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 =
= 396 =
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 522 As MA = 0
Using three moment equation for span BCD
) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3) MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a
36 KN / m
B C C
162
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 =
= 648 =
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0
4MB + MC = - 522 …………………….( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522 …………………….( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 522
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 522
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 104 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 418
MB = - 104 KNm
22 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C104
104
99 (-) 99
162 (-) (+)
47 58 47
69 ( 162 - 69 = 93 KNm )
(+) (+) (+)
48 ( 99 - 48 = 51 KNm ) (-) (-)
21 ( 162 - ( 96 + 21 ) = 45 KNm )
104 104
104 104
108
48.67
X dist. 85 83.33
6 - X dist. 131
131 X =85 ( 6 - X ) 2.21 m
216 X = 510
X = 2.36 m 108
83.33
.However to permit
or tension reinforcement
2.1 fig-6 ,for flanged beam
ar ) i.e. 25 mm .
D
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c N
S
10 O + 3-16 O Extra
at top
3 - 12 O
m positive moment in span BC Case ( c ) Maximum positive mom
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
6m 6m
D A
t equation for span ABC Using three moment equation for
L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2) MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I
36 KN / m
C A
162
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 =
648 =
a2 = 3 m a1 = 3 m
/ I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) +
= - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ] 6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] -
As MA = 0 …………………….( 1 ) 4MB + MC = - 522
t equation for span BCD Using three moment equation for
L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3) MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I
22 KN / m
D B
99
A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 =
396 =
a3 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
/ I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) +
= - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ] 6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1188 ] -
As MD = 0 …………………….( 2 ) MB + 4MC = - 522
…………………….( 1 ) 4MB + MC = - 522
…………………….( 2 ) MB + 4MC = - 522
MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 ) By putting Value of MB from Equa
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 522
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 522
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104.4 KNm
MC into Equation ( 1 ) By putting Value of MC into Equa
4MB + ( - 104.4 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 417.6
MB = - 104.4 KNm
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
6m 6m
D A
99 162
(+) (+)
47
6 m Distance 104 KNm
110
3 m Distance (?) 52 ( 99 - 52 = 47 KNm )
(+) Moment in span BC = ( 162 - 104 ) = 58 KNm (+)
MB = - 104 KNm
90.67
VA x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -104 X dist. 48.67
VA = 48.67 KN 6 - X dist. 83.33
VA + VB = 22 x 6 83.33 X = 48.67 ( 6 - X ) 2.52 m
48.67 VB = 132 - 48.67 132 X = 292.02
VB = 83.33 KN X = 2.21 m
ve width of flange ,
ce between points of zero moments in the beam ,
ension Reinforcement
um reinforcement - The minimum area of tension reinforcement
e less than that given by the following :
Table 6-3
ment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
nforced rectangular sections
fy, N / mm2
500 550
2.00 1.94
2.66 2.58
3.33 3.23
3.99 3.87
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , ﺡC, N / mm2
Concrete grade
M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01
The above given table is based on the following formula
Design shear strength ﺡc = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ﺡC, N / mm2
ever is greater
of steel placed over support B
Cut off not more than 40 % of steel at B
6m 6m 6m
B C D
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
36 KN / m 22 KN / m
B B C
162 99
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
648 = 396
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
4MB + MC = - 522 As MA = 0 …………………….( 1 )
Using three moment equation for span BCD
MB ( L2 / I2 ) + 2MC ( L2 / I2 + L3 / I3 ) + MD ( L3 / I3 ) = - 6 A2a2 / ( I2 L2 ) -6 A3a3 / ( I3L3)
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
C C D
99 162
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
396 = 648
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0 …………………….( 2 )
4MB + MC = - 522 …………………….( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522 …………………….( 2 )
By putting Value of MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 522
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 522
15 MC = - 1566
MC = - 104.4 KNm
By putting Value of MC into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 104.4 ) = - 522
4 MB = - 417.6
MB = - 104.4 KNm
36 KN / m 22 KN / m 36 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
B C 162 D
104 104
162 (+)
(-) (-)
99
104 104
104 104
125.33 MB = - 104 KNm
66
VA x 6 -36 x 6 x 3 = -104 X dist. 90.67
VA = 90.67 KN 6 - X dist. 125.33
VA + VB = 36 x 6 125.33 X =90.67 ( 6 - X )
66 VB = 216 - 90.67 216 X = 544.02
90.67
VB = 125.33 KN X = 2.52 m
125.33
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.71 )
250 / 15
= 0.93
2
Ast = ( 0.93 / 100 ) x 230 x 515 = 1102 mm
Provide 4 - 20 mm O giving Ast = 4 x 314 = 1256 mm2 .
Check for development length :
Ld = 1102 / 1256 = 55 O ( From Table 7-6 )
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ﺡbd
= O ( 0.87 x 250 x 1102 ) / ( 1256 x 4 x 1.0 )
= 47.71 O
= 47.71 x 20
= 954 mm
The bar shall extend into the support for a straight length of 954 mm . Provide
anchorage of 1200 mm . If in some case the bars are to be bent e.g. anchored in
column , the bearing stress around the bend has to be checked as discussed
in the next example .
Check for shear :
Vu = 69.6 KN
Actual shear strength ﺡv = Vu / bd
3
= 69.6 x 10 / ( 230 x 515 )
= 0.588 N / mm2
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 1256 ) / ( 230 x 515 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-1 )
= 1.06 0.25 difference
2
design ( permissible ) shear strength ﺡc = 0.61 N / mm > ﺡv 0.19 difference
Provide minimum shear reinforcement . For 230 mm wide beam ,
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 O stirrups
= 0.87 Asv fy / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 56 x 250 / 0.4 x 230
= 132.4 mm
spacing should not exceed
( i ) 450 mm
( ii ) 0.75 d = 0.75 x 515 = 386 mm
( iii ) ≤132.4 mm ( minimum )
( iv ) 569.2 mm ( designed )
Provide 6 mm O two-legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c
Check for deflection :
Basic span / d ratio = 7
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 1256 / 230 x 515 = 1.06
modification factor = 1.4 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
Span / d permissible = 7 x 1.4 = 9.8
Actual span / d = 3000 / 515 = 5.83 < 9.8 ………………………( safe )
Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 10 mm
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 300 mm ( cracking - table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) ………………………( safe )
The design beam is shown in fig.
4 -20 O
v v v v
550
Fixed end 2-12 O
support
v v
1200 3000
230
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.46 )
415 / 15
= 0.464
2
Ast = ( 0.464 / 100 ) x 230 x 517 = 552 mm
Provide 16 mm O - 3 No. = 603 mm2.
Use 2- 10 mm O as bottom anchor bars .
( b ) Check for development length :
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ﺡbd
Stress in bar σs = 0.87 x fy = 0.87 x 415 x 552 / 603 = 330.5 N / mm2
( ﺡbd = 1.6 x 1 = 1.6 N / mm
2
50
279 3-16 O
295
r internal radius
108 r = 180
r 550
295
150 2-10 O
500 3000 mm
3m
69.6 KN
104.4 KNm -
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
nsion reinforcement
………………………( safe )
4-20 O
v
2-12 O
v
( given )
alent to an anchorage
( = ( 230 - 50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 + 16 = 82 mm )
33 82 82 33
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.2.2.5 Bearing stresses at bends
The bearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks described in IS : 2502-1963
16 25 need not be checked . The bearing stress inside a bend in any other bend shall b
calculated as given below :
The bearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks described in IS : 2502-1963
16 25 need not be checked . The bearing stress inside a bend in any other bend shall b
calculated as given below :
Bearing stress = Fbt / r O
Where ,
230 Fbt = tensile force due to design loads in a bar or group of bars,
r = internal radius of the bend , and
O = size of the bar or , in bundle , the size of bar of equivalent area
For Limit state method of design , this stress shall not exceed 1.5 f ck / [ ( 1+ 2O/a
Where,
fck is the characteristic strength of concrete and
a is the centre to centre distance between bars or group of bars , for a bar or gro
of bars adjacent to the face of the member a shall be taken as the cover plus size
bar ( O )
KN
nsion reinforcement
………………………( safe )
3-16 O
2-10 O
230
ble 19
x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
2-16 O 2-16 O
545 600
DIA 8O 8O 8O
NO. 4 rest 4
SPA. 300 390 300
Table 6-6
STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT fsc ,
N / mm2 IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
d'/d
fy N / mm2
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
250 217 217 217 217
415 355 353 342 329
500 424 412 395 370
2.07 x 230 x 5452 x 10-6 550 458 441 419 380
If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensions of section o
Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional moment of res
needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement and additional
reinforcement. Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim as explained below .
Ast,lim = Mu,lim / ( 0.87 fy ( d - 0.42 Xu,max ) )
Asc = Mu2 / ( fsc x ( d - d' ) )
Ast2 = Asc fsc / 0.87 fy
Ast = Ast,lim + Ast2 .
If Xu < Xu,max the section is under-reinforced ( singly reinforced )
If Xu = Xu,max the section is balanced
If Xu > Xu,max the section is over-reinforced ( doubly reinforced )
where ,
Xu,max = 0.53 x d ( for Fe250 mild steel )
Xu,max = 0.48 x d ( for Fe415 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.46 x d ( for Fe500 HYSD steel )
Xu,max = 0.44 x d ( for Fe550 HYSD steel )
Xu =( 0.87 fy Ast ) / ( 0.36 fck b )
, table 19 table 7-1 )
nsion reinforcement
mpression reinforcement
………………………( safe )
her increasing the dimensions of section or deign as
rced beam ).The additional moment of resistance M u2
ession( top ) reinforcement and additional tensile
ained below .
565 600
750 4- 16 O ( 2 straight +
2 bent )
230 4- 16 O
6000 c/c
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
6 mm O @ 130 mm c/c
Consider width of the beam equal to 230 mm. The depth may be assumed
as 1 / 10 to 1 / 8 of the span.
To find steel area
( 1 ) For a given ultimate moment ( also known as factored moment )
and assumed width of section , find out d from equation
d = √ Mu / Qlim b
This is a balanced section and steel area may be found out from table P t,lim , SP : 16 ,2.3
Table 6-2
Limiting Moment of Resistance and Reinforcement
Index for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
fy , N / mm2 250 415 500 550
2
Mu,lim / fck b d 0.148 0.138 0.133 0.129
Pt,lim fy / fck 21.93 19.86 19.03 18.2
Table 6-3
2
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
Table 6-4
n , shear at distance d Limiting Percentage of Reinforcement Pt,lim
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck fy, N / mm2
N / mm2 250 415 500 550
15 1.32 0.72 0.57 0.50
20 1.75 0.96 0.76 0.66
, table 19 table 7-1 ) 25 2.19 1.20 0.95 0.83
0.11 30 2.63 1.44 1.14 0.99
? -0.084
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5 Requirements of Reinforcement for
-3
Vus = ( 0.562 - 0.376 ) x 230 x 565 x10 Structural Members
KN 26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension Reinforcement
a ) Minimum reinforcement - The minimum area of tension reinforcement
shall not be less than that given by the following :
As / b d = 0.85 / fy
where ,
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement ,
b = breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
d = effective depth , and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N / mm 2 .
b ) Maximum reinforcement - The maximum area of tension
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.
Minimum steel %
For mild steel
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 250 = 0.34
For HYSD steel , Fe415 grade
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 415 = 0.205
For HYSD steel , Fe500 grade
100 As / b d = 100 x 0.85 / 500 = 0.17
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ﺡC, N / mm2
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
2
( ﺡc )max N/mm 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
s factored moment )
explained in ( 1 ).
asing the dimensions of section or deign as
m ).The additional moment of resistance M u2
op ) reinforcement and additional tensile
ow .
a of tension reinforcement
ea of tension
hichever is greater
ups shall be provided
s effective in shear ,
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension = 40 kNm at top and 22.5 KNm at bottom.
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension = 30 kNm at top and 20 KNm at bottom.
Solution : -
About x axis :
β1 and β2 are the same
For Beam :
bf = l0 / 6 + bw + 6 Df
= 0.7 x 5000 / 6 + 230 + 6 x 120
= 1533.3333
bf / bw = 1533.3 / 230 = 6.67
Df / D = 120 / 600 = 0.2
Kt from chart 88 , SP : 16 = 2.07
Beam stiffness
Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l
= 1.5 x ( 2.07 x ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 6203 ) / 5000
= 2836699 mm3
Column stiffness
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 230 x 4003 / 7000
= 175238.1 mm3
β1 = β2 = ∑ Kc / ( ∑Kc + ∑Kb )
= 2 x 175238 / 2 ( 175238 + 2836699 )
= 0.0582
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l = 1.035 < 1.2 ……………….consider 1.2
lex = 1.2 x unsupported length
= 1.2 ( 7000 - 620 )
= 7656 mm
lex / D = 7656/400
= 19.14 > 12
The column is long about x direction.
About Y axis :
Beam stiffness
Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l
3
= 1.5 x ( ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 420 ) / 5000
= 426006 mm3
Column stiffness
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 400 x 2303 / 7000
= 57938.095 mm3
β1 = β2 = ∑ Kc / ( ∑Kc + ∑Kb )
= 2 x 57938.1 / 2 ( 57938.1 + 426006 )
= 0.1197
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l = 1.06 < 1.2 ……………….consider 1.2
ley = 1.2 x unsupported length
= 1.2 ( 7000 -420 )
= 7896 mm
ley / b = 7896/300
= 26.32 > 12
The column is long about Y direction.
The column is bent in double curvature. Reinforcement will be distributed equally on four sides.
ℓex / D = 6000 / 400
= 15.0 > 12
ℓey / b = 5000 / 300
= 16.7 > 12
Therefore the column is slender about both the axes.
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ℓex / D )2
2 -3
= ( 1500 x 400 / 2000 ) x (15) x 10
= 67.5 KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ℓey / b )2
2 -3
= ( 1500 x 300 / 2000 ) x (16.7) x 10
= 62.75 KNm
The above moments will have to be reduced in accordance with clause 39.7.1.1 of the IS 456-2000
but multiplication factors can be evaluated only if the reinforcement is known.
For first trial , assume p = 3.0 ( with reinforcement equally on all the four sides ).
Ag = 400 x 300 Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
2
= 120000 mm Ac = 400 x 300 - 120000*3/100
2
From chart 63 , puz / Ag = 22.5 N/mm2 OR = 116400 mm
-3
Puz = 22.5 x 120000 x 10 Puz = 0.45 x 30 x 116400 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 36
= 2700 KN = 1571.4 +
Calculation of Pb : = 2692 KN
Assuming 25 mm dia bars with 40 mm cover
d' / D ( about xx-axis ) = 52.5 / 400 = 0.13 ……………use d' / D = 0.15
d' / D ( about yy-axis ) = 52.5 / 300 = 0.18 ……………use d' / D = 0.2
From Table 60 , SP 16
Pb ( about xx-axis ) = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Pbx = ( 0.196 + 0.203 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10 -3
= 779 KN
Pb ( about yy-axis ) = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Pby = ( 0.184 + 0.028 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10 -3
= 672 KN
Kx = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pbx )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 779 )
= 1200 / 1921
= 0.625
Ky = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pby )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 672 )
= 1200 / 2028
= 0.592
The additional moments calculated earlier , will now be multiplied by the above values of k .
Max = 67.5 x 0.625 = 42.2 KNm
May = 62.75 x 0.592 = 37.15 KNm
The additional moments due to slenderness effects should be added to the initial moments
after modifying the initial moments as follows ( see note 1 under 39.7.1 of the code IS 456-2000 )
Mux = ( 0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 22.5 ) = 15.0 KNm
Muy = ( 0.6 x 30 - 0.4 x 20 ) = 10.0 KNm
The above actual moments should be compared with those calculated from minimum eccentricity
consideration ( see 25.4 of the code ) and greater value is to be taken as the initial moment for
adding the additional moments.
ex = ( ℓ / 500 ) + ( D / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 400 / 30) = 27.333
ey = ( ℓ / 500 ) + ( b / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 300 / 30) = 24
Moments due to minimum eccentricity :
-3
Mux = 1500 x 27.33 x 10 = 41.0 KNm > 15.0 KNm
-3
Muy = 1500 x 24 x 10 = 36.0 KNm > 10.0 KNm
Total moments for which the column is to be designed are :
Mux = 41.0 + 42.2 = 83.2 KNm
Muy = 36.0 + 37.15 = 73.15 KNm
The section is to be checked for biaxial bending
3
Pu / fck b D = 1500 x 10 / ( 30 x 300 x 400 )
= 0.417
p / fck = 3 / 30 = 0.10
referring to chart 45 (d' / D = 0.15 ) ,
Mu / fck b D2 = 0.104
2
Mux1 = 0.104 x 30 x 300 x 400
= 149.8 KNm
referring to chart 46 (d' / D = 0.2 ) ,
Mu / fck b D2 = 0.096
2
Muy1 = 0.096 x 30 x 400 x 300
= 103.7 KNm
Mux / Mux1 = 83.2 / 149.8 = 0.56
Muy / Muy1 = 73.15 / 103.7 = 0.71
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2700 = 0.56
referring to chart 64 , the maximum allowable value of Mux / Mux1 corresponding to the
above values of Muy / Muy1 and Pu / Puz is 0.58 which is slightly higher than the actual
value of 0.56 . The assumed reinforcement of 3.0 % is therefore satisfactory.
for Pu / Puz = 0.56 , αn = 1.602
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
αn = 1.602 0.2 difference 0.34
check : αn αn 0.04 difference ?
Mux Muy
Mux1
+ Muy1
≤1
1.602
( 0.56 ) + 1.602
( 0.71 )
0.395 + 0.577
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.
0.446 + 0.51
IS 456 : 2000
Table 28 Effective Length of Compression Members ( C
Degree of End Restraint of
Symbol
Compression members
( i + 1 ) th floor slab
Beam
( i ) th floor
Effective length of column ( ℓef ) : It is the distance between the points of zero moment
column height .
SP : 16 ,Table 60
Slender compression members- Values of P b
Rectangular sections : Pb / fck b D = k1 + k2 . p / fck
Circular sections : Pb / fck D2 = k1 + k2 . p / fck
Values of k1
Section d' / D
0.05 0.10 0.15
Rectangular 0.219 0.207 0.196
Circular 0.172 0.160 0.149
Values of k2
Section d' / D
2
fy N/ mm 0.05 0.10
Rectangular ; equal 250 -0.045 -0.045
reinforcement on two 415 0.096 0.082
opposite sides 500 0.213 0.173
Rectangular ; equal 250 0.215 0.146
reinforcement on four 415 0.424 0.328
sides 500 0.545 0.425
e above values of k . 250 0.193 0.148
Circular 415 0.410 0.323
500 0.543 0.443
the initial moments IS 456-2000 clause 39.7.1
of the code IS 456-2000 ) The additional moments Max and May shall be calculated by the following formula
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ℓex / D )2
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ℓey / b )2
from minimum eccentricity Where ,
as the initial moment for Pu = axial load on the member,
ℓex = effective length in respect of the major axis ,
mm > 20 mm ℓey = effective length in respect of the minor axis ,
mm > 20 mm D = depth of the cross - section at right angles to
the major axis , and
b = width of the member
NOTES : -
1) A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral
stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls or
bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in
that plane. It should otherwise be considered unbraced.
2 ) In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads
occurring in its height, the additional moment shall be added
to an initial moment equal to sum of 0.4 Mu1, and 0.6 Mu2,
where Mu2 is the larger end moment and Mu1 is the smaller
end moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double
curvature). In no case shall the initial moment be less than
0.4 Mu2 nor the total moment including the initial moment be
less than Mu2. For unbraced columns, the additional moment
shall be added to the end moments.
3 ) Unbraced compression members, at any given level or storey,
subject to lateral load are usually constrained to deflect
equally. In such cases slenderness ratio for each column may
be taken as the average for all columns acting in the same
direction.
IS 456-2000 clause 39.7.1.1
The values given by equation 39.7.1 may be multiplied by the following factor :
K = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pb ) ≤1
where ,
Pu = axial load on compression member,
Puz = as defined in 39.6, Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
-0.068 Pb = axial load corresponding to the condition
of maximum compressive strain of
0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of
0.002 in outer most layer of tension steel.
8-25 O
8O@
O tr 300 c/c
(two sets )
(two sets )
shall be used .
r internal bars would be
bending )
4-25 O
+ 4 -20 O
450
8 O @ 230 mm c/c
( three sets )
0.5 ℓ 0.65 ℓ
0.7 ℓ 0.8 ℓ
1.0 ℓ 1.0 ℓ
1.0 ℓ 1.2 ℓ
- 1.5 ℓ
2.0 ℓ 2.0 ℓ
2.0 ℓ 2.0 ℓ
2.0 ℓ 2.0 ℓ
slab
Beam
s the distance between the points of zero moment (contraflexure ) along the
members- Values of P b
/ fck b D = k1 + k2 . p / fck
ck D2 = k1 + k2 . p / fck
d' / D
0.20
0.184
0.138
d' / D
0.15 0.20
-0.045 -0.045
0.046 -0.022
0.104 -0.001
0.061 -0.011
0.203 0.028
0.256 0.040
0.077 -0.020
0.201 0.036
0.291 0.056
0.273 + 0.433
0.706 ≤1
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties. 500
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
( i ) 500 mm 4-25 O +
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm 500 4-20 O
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 350 mm c/c
8O@
350 c/c
0.2 + 0.77
0.97 ≤1
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
500
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties. 500
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
( i ) 300 mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm 300
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 300 mm c/c
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal
bars would be sufficient.
90 + 120 = 210 KNm .
αn is related to Pu/Puz
where Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
For values of Pu / Puz = 0.2 to 0.8, ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )the values of αn vary
linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0.( 1.0 , 1.33 , 1.67 , 2.0 ) For values less than 0.2, α n is
1 .O; for values greater than 0.8, αn is 2.0.
25 O + ( least lateral dimension )
20 O ( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( 48 times diameter of tie )
8O@
350 c/c
8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )
ies shall be used .
Mux , Muy = moments about x and y axes
due to design loads,
Mux1, Muy1 = maximum uniaxial moment
capacity for an axial load of Pu,
bending about x and y axes
respectively, and
8-25 O
+ 2-12 O
450
6 - 20 O
35
8 mm O @
35 mm c/c
Design of short column
Factored load = 1500 KN
Assume emin < 0.05 D
Given
Material M15 grade concrete
mild steel Fe250
Solution : -
Here , emin < 0.05 D , But emin = 20 mm
Therefore , size of column shall be minimum ( 20 / 0.05 = 400 ) 400 mm x 400 mm
Assume 0.8 % minimum steel.
Then , Asc = 0.008 Ag
Ac = Ag - Asc
= 0.992 Ag
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
= 0.4 x 15 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 250 x 0.008 Ag
1500 x 103 = 5.952 Ag + 1.34 Ag
3
1500 x 10 = 7.292 Ag
2
Ag = 205705 mm
If the column is to be a square , the side of column = √205705 = 453 mm
Adopt 450 mm x 450 mm size column .
Then ,
1500 x 103 = 0.4 x 15 x ( 450 x 450 - Asc )+ 0.67 x 250 x Asc
1500 x 103 = 1215000 - 6 Asc + 167.5 Asc
285000 = 161.5 Asc
2
Asc = 1765 mm
Provide 20 mm diameter bars = ( 1765 / 314 ) = 6 No.
giving , Asc = 6 x 314 = 1884 mm2
Note that the distance between the bars exceeds 300 mm on two parallel sides .
the arrangement of reinforcement should be changed.
Provide then 4 no. 20 mm diameter bars plus 4 no. 16 mm diameter bars giving
Asc = 4 x 314 + 4 x 201
= 1256 + 804
2
= 2060 mm
Lateral ties :
Use 6 mm O lateral ties.
Spacing should be lesser of :
( i ) 450 mm ( least lateral dimension )
( ii ) 16 x 16 = 256 mm ( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
(iii) 48 x 6 = 288 mm . ( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide 6 mm O ties about 250 mm c/c .
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 450 - 80 -20 = 350 > 48 x 6 = 288 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 6 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.
450 450
6 - 20 O
4 - 20 O
+ 4 - 16 O
450 450
6 mm O @ 250 mm c/c
(double ties )
ed by the following
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (1.37)
415 / 15
= 0.431
Ast = 0.431 x 1000 x 159 / 100
= 685 mm2.
Provide 12 mm O bar Area of one bar = 113
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 113 x 1000 /685
= 165 mm
Provide 12 mm O bar @ 160 mm c/c = 706 mm2 .
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 706 / 1000 x 159
= 0.444
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.25
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.25 x 20
= 25
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 3680 / 159
= 23.14 < 25 ……………….( O.K.)
Negative moment reinforcement :
Mu ( - ) = 13.51 KNm.
d = 150 - 15 ( cover ) - 5 = 130 mm.
2 6 2
Mu / b x d = 13.51 x 10 / 1000 x 130
= 0.8 < 2.07 For M15 Fe415 , Q = 2.07
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 1-√1-(4.6 / 15) x (0.8)
415 / 15
= 0.237
Ast = 0.237 x 1000 x 130 / 100
= 308 mm2.
Provide 10 mm O bar Area of one bar = 78.5
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 78.5 x 1000 /308
= 255 mm
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm c/c = 392 mm2 .
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 7
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 392 / 1000 x 130
= 0.302
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.42
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.42 x 7
= 9.94
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 1150 / 130
= 8.85 < 9.94 ……………….( O.K.)
Check for shear : -
At A , Vu = 40.33 KN
Shear stress ﺡv = Vu / b x d
3
= 40.33 x 10 / 1000 x 159
= 0.254 N / mm2 < ( ﺡC ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 706 / 1000 x 159
= 0.444
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.11
for Pt = 0.444 ﺡc = 0.435 N / mm2 0.056 diff. ?
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth 25 diff. -0.05
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.435 20 diff. ?
= 0.539 N / mm2 > ﺡv ……………….( O.K.)
At B , Vu = 20.48 KN
Shear stress ﺡv = Vu / b x d
3
= 20.48 x 10 / 1000 x 130
= 0.158 N / mm2 < ( ﺡC ) N / mm2 ( as calculated below )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 392 / 1000 x 130
= 0.302
from table 7-1 0.25 diff. 0.11
for Pt = 0.302 ﺡc = 0.373 N / mm2 0.198 diff. ?
( Mu / b x d2 ) = 1.405
-6
Mu1 = 1.405 x 1000 x 159 x 159 x 10
= 35.52 KNm.
Vu = 40.33 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 35.52 x 106 / 40.33 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
1144.95 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 1144.95
which gives O ≤ 23.66 mm ……………….( O.K.)
At point of contraflexure ( 0.15 ℓ from B )
Mu1 = 35.52 KNm.
Vu = 33.94 KN.
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
1.3 x ( 35.52 x 106 / 33.94 x 103 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
1360.52 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 1360.52
which gives O ≤ 28.11 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Development length for negative moment reinforcement
= 56.4 x 10 = 564 mm …………………………………..( 1 )
Anchorage beyond point of contraflexure = 12 diameter
i.e. 0.15 x 3680 + 12 x 10 mm from B
= 672 mm. …………………………………..( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) anchorage required = 672 mm.
As a thumb rule provide anchorage of 1000 mm i.e. equal to the cantilever.
The negative moment reinforcement is placed in the form of alternate chipiya as shown in fig.
Distribution steel :
According to IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.2.1 Minimum steel 0.15 % for Fe250 and 0.12
% for Fe415
In AB portion
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 180
= 216 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50.2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.2 x 1000 /216
= 232 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 230 mm c/c = 218 mm2 .
In BC portion
Minimum steel = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
= 180 mm2
Provide 8 mm O bar Area of one bar = 50.2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m 2 /m
= 50.2 x 1000 /180
= 279 mm 10 mm O @ 200 c/c
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 250 mm c/c = 200 mm2 . ( alternate Chipiya )
1000
Sketch :
1000 16
15
1000 16
15
14
Chipiya
13
12
Beam at slab
16level
230 11
10 8 mm O @ 230 mm c/c
200 9 12 mm O @ 160 mm c/c
8
180 mm thick waist slab
7
6
5
4
3
2
Plinth level
1
v
Beam with minimum reinforcements
Wall from foundation
Note : At plinth level a small beam over the masonry is usually provided with minimum
reinforcement and with minimum 230 mm x 230 mm size to give proper seating to the stair
Building inside 230 mm thick wall
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
( 3.75 + 0 ) KN
( 3.75 + 0 ) KN
( 19 + 4.5 ) KN / m
(10.5 + 4.5 )
A B C
3.68 m 1.115 m
RA + Rx ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
40.33 + 0 ) = 23.5 x ( x ) )
um when shear is zero )
Table 6-3
2
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
fck fy, N / mm2
N / mm2 250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
0.087
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
fy N / Tension bars Compression bars
mm2 M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
10 mm O @ 200 c/c
( alternate Chipiya )
1000
150
150
Beam at slab
16level
8 mm O @ 230 mm c/c
26.2.1.1
M40
1.9
for bars in compression
irming to IS : 1786-1985 ,
0 %.
12 O , whichever is greater
ed by a compressive
3 M1 / V )
Design of dog-legged staircase
230
1 5 9 10
UP 900
20 19 15 11 900
v 230
vv
300 900 2250 900 230
Design of flight : -
Span and loading on both the flights are the same. Therefore same design will be
adopted.
Loads :
Inclined length of waist slab for one step = √ 2502 + 1602
= 296.8 mm
Assuming 150 mm thick waist slab
self-load in plan = ( 296.8 / 250 ) x 0.15 x 25 = 4.45 KN / m2
Floor finish length for one step = 160 + 250
= 410 mm
floor finish = ( 410 / 250 ) x 1 = 1.64 KN / m2 250
Weight of step ( ( 0 + 160 ) / 2000 ) x 25 = 2.00 KN / m2 160 296.8
2
Live load = 3.00 KN / m
Total = 4.45 + 1.64 + 2.00 + 3.00
= 11.09 KN / m2
Pu = 1.5 x 11.09 = 16.64 KN / m2
IS 456-2000 , clause 33.2
Landing is spanning in transverse direction. The span of stair according to discussion
made in art 13-1 and loading for 1 m width of stair is shown in fig below.
16.64 KN / m
11.63 KN / m 11.63 KN / m
RA = 24.83 KN RB = 24.83 KN
525 2250 525 525 = 900 / 2 +75
3300
= 1.32
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.77) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.687%
175 mm to 200 mm
250 mm to 280 mm
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm2
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
2 fy, N / mm2
fck N / mm
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20 2.96 2.76 2.66 2.58
25 3.70 3.45 3.33 3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , ﺡC, N / mm2
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ﺡc )max N / mm 2
2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7
check for development length
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x ﺡbd
IS 456-200 clause 26.2.1.1
Table 7-5
Design bond stress (ﺡbd ) for plain bars in tension
Concrete grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
( ﺡbd N / mm 2
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
Note-1 : ﺡbd shall be increased by 25 % for bars in compression
Note-2 : In case of deformed bars confirming to IS : 1786-1985 , the
value of ﺡbd shall be increased by 60 %.
For mild steel Fe250 σs = 0.87 x fy
For Fe415 σs = 0.67 x fy
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.3.3
Ld ≤ M1 / V + L0
L0 = effective depth of the members or 12 O , whichever is greater
if ends of the reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction M1
/ V increased by 30 % ( 1.3 M1 / V )
Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
Tension bars Compression bars
fy N / mm2
M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
sketch :
The reinforcements for both the flights are shown in fig.
700
700
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing ) v v
v v
v v
12 O @ 125 c/c
150 mm thick waist slab v
v
v
8 O @ 220 c/c
v
12 O @ 125 c/c v
v
12 O @ 125 c/c
Flight-B
vv
v
v
v
v
v
v 8 O @ 220 c/c
v
v 12 O @ 125 c/c
v v v v v v
e , ﺡC, N / mm2
e grade
M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
20
, N / mm2
M40
4.0
2.1.1
n bars in tension
M40
1.9
rs in compression
o IS : 1786-1985 , the
or spans upto 10 m :
be multiplied by
hich case deflection
150 or
175 less
1.25 1.30
v
v
v
v 150
v
v
v v v v
vv v v v
vv
vv
vv
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
12 O @ 125 c/c
8 O @ 220 c/c