Activities 10 & 11

ABDUSALAM | ANDRES | HONG | PAGARUGAN | ROMERO, K.

14 FEBRUARY 2019
PRESENTED TO

Microbiology and Parasitology Laboratory Instructor

NEMATODES
ACTIVITY 10
(Roundworms) 5

Many species of nematodes are free living forms however,

several species are parasitic to man. The target member of
helminthes parasites of man belongs to the group of
INTRODUCTION roundworms. Among the species that are parasitic to man
include: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichinela spiralis,
Wuchereria bancrofti (or Bancroft’s filarial worm),
Enterobius vermicularis, or pin worms and Trichiuris
trichiura.

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1. To compare the morphological characteristics of different

roundworms.

2. To draw the developmental stages/ life cycle of roundworms.

3. To describe the mode of entry and method of reproduction of

each roundworm.

4. To identify methods of treatment .nursing management or

interventions and health teachings.

MATERIALS: PROCEDURE:
1. Obtain a prepared slide of the following
MICROSCOPE roundworms:
PREPARED SLIDES: a.) Ascaris lumbricoides
b.) Trichinela spiralis
Ascaris lumbricoides c.) Enterobius vermicularis
or pin worms d.) Trichiuris trichiura
Trichinela spiralis
2. Examine the prepared slides under №e
Enterobius vermicularis or pin worms microscope using LPO and HPO.

Trichiuris trichiura 3. Draw each organism/s observed. Place

your drawings in the space in the
worksheet.

5. Using your reference book, draw the

developmental stages (life cycle) of each
roundworm that you examined.

6. Describe and discuss the mode of entry

and method of reproduction of each
roundworms.

7. Write your answer and descriptions in the

worksheet.
DIFFERENT ROUNDWORMS THAT INFEST HUMAN BEINGS
OBSERVATIONS 8

Ascaris lumbricoides Trichinella spiralis Enterobius vermicularis Trichiuris trichiura

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GUIDE QUESTIONS
ACTIVITY 10 9
1. Compare the morphological characteristics of the
roundworms that you have drawn. IMAGES
The adult Ascaris worm is creamy to pinkish- Trichinella spiralis Trichiuris trichiura
white in color. It's cylindrical in shape with
tapering at both ends of the worm. It can reach
up to 35cm in length, with females longer than
males. Adult male: 15-30 cm in length, 3-4 mm
in diameter, tail curved. Adult female; 20-40 cm Ascaris lumbricoides
length, 2-6mm diameter, tail straight Trichinella
species, the smallest nematode parasite of
humans. Males of T. spiralis measure between
1.4 and 1.6 mm long, and are more flat Trichinella spiralis
anteriorly than posteriorly. The females of T.
spiralis are about twice the size of the males.

Pin worms

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DEVELOPMENTAL
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STAGES/LIFE CYCLES 10

Life cycle of A. lumbrecoides

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DEVELOPMENTAL
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STAGES/LIFE CYCLES 11

Life cycle of T. spiralis

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 DEVELOPMENTAL
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STAGES/LIFE CYCLES 12

Life cycle of E. vermicularis

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DEVELOPMENTAL
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STAGES/LIFE CYCLES 13

Life cycle of T. trichiura

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MODE OF ENTRY AND METHOD OF REPRODUCTION OF:
ACTIVITY 10 14
1. Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lives in the intestine and Ascaris eggs
are passed in the feces of infected persons. If
the infected person defecates outside (near
bushes, in a garden, or field), or if the feces of
an infected person are used as fertilizer, then
eggs are deposited on the soil. They can then
mature into a form that is infective. Ascariasis
is caused by ingesting infective eggs. This can
happen when hands or fingers that have
contaminated dirt on them are put in the mouth
or by consuming vegetables or fruits that have
not been carefully cooked, washed or peeled.

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MODE OF ENTRY AND METHOD OF REPRODUCTION OF:
ACTIVITY 10 15
2. Trichinela spiralis
Transmission of Trichinella spiralis only
occurs through the consumption of animal
meat infected with pathogenic cysts, encasing
T.spiralis larvae. Natural hosts of the pathogen
include rodents, bears, dogs, and even horses.
Animals in close contact with rodents, such as
domesticated hogs, are at the highest risk of
contracting the infection. The worm is generally
found in abundance on the tongue, diaphragm,
and with less frequency in skeletal muscles. As
a result of persistent nature of the pathogen,
human contraction of Trichinosis is generally
attributed to consumption of raw or
undercooked domesticated swine infected with
T.spiralis larvae.

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 MODE OF ENTRY AND METHOD OF REPRODUCTION OF:
ACTIVITY 10 16
3. Enterobius vermicularis or pinworm 4. Trichiuris trichiura
Pinworm infection is spread by the fecal-oral route, that is by Humans can become infected with the parasite due
the transfer of infective pinworm eggs from the anus to
to ingestion of infective eggs by mouth contact with
someone’s mouth, either directly by hand or indirectly through
contaminated clothing, bedding, food, or other articles. It is hands or food contaminated with egg-carrying soil.
transmitted when the female pinworm deposits her eggs in However, there have also been rare reported cases of
and around the anus. When you touch the eggs with your transmission of T. trichiura by sexual contact. Some
fingers, the eggs will enter your mouth and travel to your
major outbreaks have been traced to contaminated
intestines. These eggs are also able to cling to bedding,
clothing, toys, doorknobs, furniture, and faucets for up to two vegetables (due to presumed soil contamination).
weeks.
Pinworm eggs become infective within a few hours after
being deposited on the skin around the anus and can survive
for 2 to 3 weeks on clothing, bedding, or other objects. People
become infected, usually unknowingly, by swallowing
(ingesting) infective pinworm eggs that are on fingers, under
fingernails, or on clothing, bedding, and other contaminated
objects and surfaces. It commonly occurs as a result of nail
biting, poor hygiene, or inadequate hand-washing. Because of
their small size, pinworm eggs sometimes can become
airborne and ingested while breathing.

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EXPLAIN HOW DIAGNOSIS OF ROUNDWORM INFESTATION CAN BE ESTABLISHED
ACTIVITY 10 17
Roundworms are parasites that live in your intestine. A
parasite is a creature that lives in or on another creature
in order to survive. They have long round bodies and
range in size. Roundworms can live in or on humans, and
can cause many problems. They are usually found in soil
and stool and can enter the body through the mouth or
direct contact with the skin. They can live in the human
intestine for a very long time.
A roundworm infection doesn't usually cause any
noticeable symptoms. People usually see their GP
because they've seen a worm in their stools (feces).Less
commonly, symptoms can include a high temperature
and dry cough 4-16 days after swallowing the eggs. If a
large number of eggs have been ingested, or if the
worms move from the small intestine to other parts of
the body, they can cause serious complications, such as
a bowel obstruction.

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 EXPLAIN HOW DIAGNOSIS OF ROUNDWORM INFESTATION CAN BE ESTABLISHED
ACTIVITY 10 18
3. DIAGNOSIS CONT…
In heavy infestations, it's possible to find worms after you cough or
vomit, and the worms can come out of other body openings, such as IMAGING TESTS
your mouth or nostrils. If this happens to you, take the worm to your
• X-rays. If you're infested with worms, the mass of
doctor to identify it and prescribe the proper treatment.
worms may be visible in an X-ray of your abdomen. In
STOOL TESTS- Mature female ascariasis worms in your some cases, a chest X-ray can reveal the larvae in
intestine begin laying eggs. These eggs travel through your your lungs.
digestive system and eventually can be found in your stool. • Ultrasound. An ultrasound may show worms in your
To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor will examine your stool pancreas or liver. This technology uses sound waves
for the microscopic eggs and larvae. But eggs won't appear to create images of internal organs.
in stool until at least 40 days after you're infected. And if
you're infected with only male worms, you won't have eggs. • CT scans or MRIs. Both types of tests create
detailed images of your internal structures, which can
BLOOD TESTS- Your blood can be tested for the presence of help your doctor detect worms that are blocking
an increased number of a certain type of white blood cell, ducts in your liver or pancreas. CT scans combine X-
called eosinophils. Ascariasis can elevate your eosinophils, ray images taken from many angles; MRI uses radio
but so can other types of health problems. waves and a strong magnetic field.

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 *INSERT NUMBER 4*
ACTIVITY 10 19
3. DIAGNOSIS CONT…
In heavy infestations, it's possible to find worms after you cough or
vomit, and the worms can come out of other body openings, such as
IMAGING TESTS
your mouth or nostrils. If this happens to you, take the worm to your
• X-rays. If you're infested with worms, the mass of worms
doctor to identify it and prescribe the proper treatment.
may be visible in an X-ray of your abdomen. In some cases, a
STOOL TESTS chest X-ray can reveal the larvae in your lungs.

• Ultrasound. An ultrasound may show worms in your

Mature female ascariasis worms in your intestine begin laying eggs.
These eggs travel through your digestive system and eventually can
be found in your stool.
To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor will examine your stool for the
microscopic eggs and larvae. But eggs won't appear in stool until at
least 40 days after you're infected. And if you're infected with only
male worms, you won't have eggs.
pancreas or liver. This technology uses sound waves to create
images of internal organs.
• CT scans or MRIs. Both types of tests create detailed images
of your internal structures, which can help your doctor detect
worms that are blocking ducts in your liver or pancreas. CT
scans combine X-ray images taken from many angles; MRI
uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field.

BLOOD TESTS
Your blood can be tested for the presence of an increased number of
a certain type of white blood cell, called eosinophils. Ascariasis can
elevate your eosinophils, but so can other types of health problems.

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 POSSIBLE TREATMENT CAN BE USED TO CONTROL ROUNDWORM INFESTATIONS
ACTIVITY 10
1. Mebendazole
Mebendazole is recommended for treating roundworm
infections in adults and children over the age of one.
It works by stopping the roundworms using glucose
(sugar). Without glucose, the cells of the roundworms lose
their energy supply and quickly die. A three-day course of
mebendazole is usually recommended. This involves
taking one tablet twice a day.
2. Albendazole
Albendazole is an anthelmintic (an-thel-MIN-tik) or anti-
worm medication. It prevents newly hatched insect larvae
(worms) from growing or multiplying in your body.
Albendazole is used to treat certain infections caused by
worms such as pork tapeworm and dog tapeworm.
Albendazole binds irreversibly to the nematodal isoform of
β-tubulin, blocking microtubule assembly, disrupting
tegumental integrity, inhibiting motility, and impeding
glucose uptake by the worm.
20
3. Piperazine
Piperazine is recommended for babies aged 3-11
months. It's available as a powder that you dissolve
in water. Most children only require a single dose.
Their mode of action is generally by paralysing
parasites, which allows the host body to easily
remove or expel the invading organism. Piperazine
acts as a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist,
causing chloride channel opening, neural
hyperpolarization and flaccid paralysis of susceptible
parasites. Affected worms are then expelled from
their predilection sites by normal enteric movements.
In the absence of peristaltic waves, worms may
recover from paralysis and resume their parasitic
state.
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3 MEASURES THAT WILL CONTROL PARASITIC INFESTATION
ACTIVITY 10 21
NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3
Wash your hands regularly, Drink clean water, including Practice safe sex, using a
especially after handling bottled water when you’re condom
uncooked food or feces. travelling. Avoid swallowing
water from lakes, streams,
or ponds. Also, cook food to
its recommended internal
temperature.

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NEMATODES
ACTIVITY 11
(Hookworms) 22
Hookworms are several parasitic roundworms that have
hook-like appendages surrounding their mouth. They
usually bore through the skin which attach itself to
intestinal walls. As intestinal parasites, they are marked by
anemia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
INTRODUCTION
Hookqorms belong to class Nematoda and are classified as
Ancylostoma, Necator, and Unicinaria. The species include
Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum,
Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, and
Necator americanus. Among the species mentioned, the
most common to humans are Ancylostoma duodenale and
Necator americanus.

MICROPARA LAB
1. Describe the morphological characteristics of the different

hookworms.

2. Illustrate the developmental stages/life cycle of hookworms.

3. Differentiate Ancylostoma duodenalis and Necator

americanus in terms of

a. Mode of entry & method of reproduction

b. Larvae and adult structure

4. Identify methods of treatment and appropriate nursing

management intervention in cases of hookworm infections.

MATERIALS: PROCEDURE:
1. Obtain a prepared slide of any
MICROSCOPE representative sp. Of hookworms
PREPARED SLIDES (ova stage) provided by your
REFERENCE BOOKS instructor

2. Examine prepared slide under the

microscope using LPO and HPO.

3. Draw the observed ova on the

space provided in the worksheet.
OVA OF HOOKWORM
ACTIVITY 11 25

LPO HPO

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ADULT STAGE OF HOOKWORM
ACTIVITY 11 26

LPO HPO

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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOOKWORMS
ACTIVITY 11 27
Ancylostoma duodenale
A duodenale is small, cylindrical worm, greyish-white in color. It
has two ventral plates on the anterior margin of the buccal
capsule. Each of them has two large teeth that are fused at their
bases

Necator Americanus
a parasite that has two dorsal and two ventral cutting plates
around the anterior margin of the buccal capsule. It also has a
pair of subdorsal and a pair of sub ventral teeth located close to
the rear. Males are usually 7–9 mm long, whereas females are
about 9–11 mm long

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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOOKWORMS
ACTIVITY 11 28
Ancylostoma braziliense
Like many other worms, the female worm is larger than the male. Also,
the females are more difficult to distinguish because the teeth sizes
appear very similar among the various species of Ancylostoma. Male
worms, however, have two broad lateral lobes and a smaller dorsal lobe
with rays on the copulatory bursa. These bursal rays' aids in
distinguishing the different species of Ancylostoma

Ancylostoma caninum
A. caninum females are typically 14–16 mm (0.55–0.63 in) long
and 0.5 mm (0.02 in) wide, while the males are smaller at 10–12
mm (0.39–0.47 in) in length and 0.36 mm (0.01 in) in width. On
males, a copulatory bursa exists, which during copulation,
attaches the female via a roughly 0.9-mm-long, spine-like
spicules positioned on three muscular rays.

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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOOKWORMS
ACTIVITY 11 29
Ancylostoma ceylanicum
A. ceylanicum has a mouth with cutting plate with a sharp dorsal
end that looks like a tooth and a less distinct sharp ventral
end.The adult hookworms are white and about 6–10 mm long.
They are generally stouter than A. braziliense

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DEVELOPMENTAL
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STAGES/LIFE CYCLES 30

Life cycle of A. duodenale

and A. ceylanicum

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DEVELOPMENTAL
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Life cycle of N. americanus

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DEVELOPMENTAL
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Life cycle of A. braziliense

and A. caninum

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DIFFERENTIATE MODE OF ENTRY AND REPRODUCTION
ACTIVITY 11 33

Necator can only be transmitted through penetration of the skin whereas Ancylostoma can
be transmitted percutaneously, orally, and probably transplacentally. When A. duodenale is
transmitted orally, the early migrations of the larvae cause Wakana disease which is
characterized by nausea, vomiting, pharyngeal irritation, cough, dyspnea, and hoarseness.
The N. americanus lifecycle only differs slightly from that of A. duodenale. N. americanus
has no development arrest in immune hosts and it must migrate through the lungs.

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HOW DIAGNOSIS OF HOOKWORM INFESTATION CAN BE ESTABLISHED
ACTIVITY 11 34

The standard method for diagnosing the presence of hookworm is by identifying

hookworm eggs in a stool sample using a microscope. Because eggs may be difficult to
find in light infections, a concentration procedure is recommended.

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TREATMENT OF BEHAVIOUR OR DRUG CAN BE USED TO EVADE
HOOKWORM INFESTATIONS 35

Anthelminthic medications (drugs that rid the body of parasitic worms), such as
albendazole and mebendazole, are the drugs of choice for treatment of hookworm
infections. Infections are generally treated for 1-3 days. The recommended medications are
effective and appear to have few side effects. Iron supplements may also be prescribed if
the infected person has anemia.

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MEASURES THAT WILL CONTROL PARASITIC INFESTATION IN MAN
ACTIVITY 11 36
NO. 1 NO. 2 NO. 3
Practice good hygiene. Drink clean water, including Practice safe sex, using a
Wash your hands regularly, bottled water when you’re condom
especially after handling travelling. Avoid swallowing
uncooked food or feces. water from lakes, streams,
or ponds. Also, cook food to
its recommended internal
temperature.

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ABDUSALAM | ANDRES | HONG | PAGARUGAN | ROMERO, K.