1.

2. The example of Old English Until Modern English are :

Old English

Old English is a language brought by the Anglo-Saxons who invaded the British Isles.

These Anglo-Saxons are Germanic speakers. That is why it is not surprising that Old English

grammar is similar to Germanic. At that time, English was called Englisc. Englisc was written

using runes instead of the Latin script we know today.

Here is a brief explanation of Old English grammar (grammar):

1. Noun

Nouns in Old English have five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and

instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, and neutral), and two numbers or numbers

(singular and plural, and forms strong or weak).

2. Adjective

Adjective Old English must match the noun. For this reason, before using adjectives in Old

English, we must first identify the gender and noun numbers. Adjective has strong and weak

endings. Weak endings are used together with definite or possessive determinants.

3. Pronoun

Just like adjective, the use of pronoun in English must also adjust to the noun.

4. Verb
Old English Verb conjugates three people (first, second and third), two numbers (singular and

plural), two tenses (present and past), three moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative), and

two changes ( strong and weak). Verb also has two forms of infinitive and participle. Just like

modern English, the use of verbs in Old English must also be in accordance with the subject.

Medieval English

Middle English began to emerge during the Norman invasion. During this period, English

experienced significant changes in vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and writing. In this

period also some grammar in Old English experienced simulations or even eliminated altogether.

Middle English adopts some vocabulary from Norman French. This is mainly vocabulary in the

fields of politics, law, religion, and art. While everyday English still uses vocabulary adopted

from Germanic with the influence of Old Norse Language.

Let's look at the following brief description of Middle English grammar:

1. Noun (Noun)

Just like Old English, Middle English also recognizes two numbers in nouns, singular and plural,

and strong and weak. Initially, Middle English had four case grammars, namely nominative,

accusative, dative, and genitive. But over time, dative cases are no longer used, whereas genitive

cases are still used but rarely.

Compared to more complex Old English, Middle English only has two suffixes for nouns,

namely -es or -s for strong nouns, and -en or -n for weak nouns.

The use of gender for nouns in Middle English is also reduced.

2. Pronoun (pronouns)

Pronoun in Middle English is mostly derived from Old English, except for the pronouns for

plural third persons borrowed from Old Norse.

For past tense with weak form verbs, the suffix used is -ede, -ed, -de, -e, -t, or -te. As for the

strong form verb, the stem vowel is changed. For example singen becomes songen.

These strong and weak Verbs will later be known as irregular verbs and regular verbs in Modern

English.

Modern English

Modern English or New English (New English) originated from the Great Vowel Shift

that made the English pronunciation system change significantly. Early 17th century texts, such

as William Shakespeare's text and the King James Bible, use vocabulary that is different from

the vocabulary of the earlier English period. The vocabulary contained in the text is considered

to be the beginning of the Modern English period. During this period, the use of second-person

pronouns, such as thou, thee, thine, thy began to be used and were quite popular.

Here are just a few of the changes that occur in Modern English:

1. Verb (Verb)

Starting with the terms regular and irregular verb (regular and irregular verbs).
The appearance of mandative subjunctive or removal of the suffix -s in verb for third-person

singular in subjunctive sentences.

Use of auxiliary verb "wanna", "gotta", "gonna".

Use of verbs with more than one word, for example: used to, had better, ought to, etc.

The use of progressive verbs in the form of present perfect and past perfect.

2. Pronoun (pronouns)

The loss of the difference in the use of "who" and "who".

Use "they" as a pronoun from a singular neutral gender noun.

Placing adverbs of frequency in front of the auxiliary verb.

That is a brief explanation of the differences between Old English and Modern English. In

essence, over time, English experiences simplification and fusion in its grammar. In addition,

English also experienced changes in pronunciation and writing. English will still evolve as long

as humans who use it remain.

The example of differences Old English vs. Modern English

The Lord Prayer

Old English Middle English Modern English

 Fæder ure şu şe eart on  Oure fadir şat art in  Our father which art in
heofonum, heuenes heaven,
 si şin nama gehalgod. halwid be şi name; hallowed be the name.
 to becume şin rice,  şi reume or kyngdom  The kingdom come.
gewurşe ğin willa, come to be.  The will be done
on eorğan swa swa on  Be şi wille don in earth as it is in
heofonum. in herşe as it is dounin heaven.
 urne gedæghwamlican heuene.  Give us this day our
hlaf syle us todæg,  yeue to us today oure daily bread.
 and forgyf us ure eche dayes bred.  And forgive us our
gyltas,  And foryeue to us oure trespasses
 swa swa we forgyfağ dettis şat is oure synnys  as we forgive those who
urum gyltendum.  as we foryeuen to oure trespass against us.
 and ne gelæd şu us on dettouris şat is to men  And lead us not into
costnunge, şat han synned in us. temptation,
 ac alys us of yfele  And lede us not into  but deliver us from ev
soşlice. temptacion
but delyuere us from
euyl.