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PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION
Image (from Latin word ‘imago’), is an artifact like
a two dimensional picture, that has a similar
appearance to some subject like a physical
object or a person.
Image processing is any form of signal
processing for which the input is an image and
the output may either be an image or a set of
characteristics or parameters related to the
image.
Image processing is used in areas such as
multimedia, computing, secured image
communication, biomedical imaging, remote
sensing, pattern recognition, image compression
and retrieval, etc.
BIOMEDICAL IMAGING
It is the technique and process used to create
images of the human body or parts of it for
clinical purposes or for studying anatomy and
physiology.
A multitude of diagnostic medical imaging
systems are used to probe the human body.
They comprise both microscopic (viz. cellular
level) and macroscopic (viz. organ and systems
level) modalities.
Biomedical image processing includes the
analysis, enhancement and display of images
captured via instruments such as X-Ray,
Ultrasound, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging),
CT scanners, nuclear medicine and optical
imaging technologies.
NEED OF IMAGE
PROCESSING IN MEDICINE
The images produced by equipments (like CT scanner,
MRI, etc.) are composed of pixels, to which discrete
brightness and color values are assigned.
Through image processing they can be efficiently
processed, evaluated and analyzed, and through
compression stored and made available to many places
at the same time through appropriate communication
networks and protocols.
It is possible for doctors to see the interior portions of
the human body, with extreme clarity, ease and detail,
thus facilitating easy detection and diagnosis of various
diseases.
It has also helped doctors to make keyhole surgeries
without opening too much of the body.
Image processing techniques that were originally
developed for analyzing remote sensing data can be
modified to analyze the outputs of medical imaging
systems to get the best advantage to analyze
symptoms of patients with ease.
NEED OF IMAGE
PROCESSING IN MEDICINE
Main tasks performed by the image processing unit in medicine are:
Interfacing analog outputs of sensors such as microscopes,
endoscopes, ultrasound etc., to digitizers and in turn to Image
Processing systems.
Image enhancements.
Changing density dynamic range of B/W images.
Color correction and manipulating of colors within a color image.
Contour detection and area calculations of the cells of a biomedical
image.
Restoration and smoothing of images.
Registration of multiple images and creating mosaic of multiple
images.
Construction of 3-D images from 2-D images.
Generation of negative images.
Zooming of images.
Removal of artifacts from the image.
PRINCIPLES OF IMAGE
PROCESSING
An image is usually a function of two spatial
variables, e.g. f[x, y], which represents the
brightness f at the Cartesian location [x, y].
It can also be defined as an array, or a matrix,
of square pixels (picture elements) arranged
in columns and rows.
After converting image information into an
array of integers, the image can be
manipulated, processed, and displayed by
computer.
Computer processing is used for image
enhancement, restoration, segmentation,
description, recognition, coding,
reconstruction, transformation.
Types Of Images
1. Analog image
An analog image is described by the spatial
distribution of brightness or gray levels that
reflect a distribution of detected energy.
The image can be displayed using a
medium such as paper or film.
Black and white images require only one
gray level or intensity variable while color
images require multiple variable like the
three basic colors red, blue, green(RGB).
When combined together, the RGB
intensities can produce a selected color at a
spatial location of the image.
Types Of Images
2. Digital image
A digital image is discrete in both spatial
and intensity (gray level) domains.
A discrete spatial location of finite size with
a discrete gray-level value is called a pixel.
For example, an image of 1024 x 1024
pixels may be displayed in 8-bit gray-level
resolution. This means that each pixel in the
image may have any value from 0 to 255
(i.e. total of 256 gray levels).
The pixel dimensions would depend on the
spatial sampling.
Color Formats Used In Image
Processing
1. The RGB color model
It relates very closely to the way we perceive
color with the r, g and b receptors in our retinas.
RGB uses additive color mixing and is the basic
color model used in television or any other
medium that projects color with light as in
computers and for web graphics, but it cannot be
used for print production.
Color Formats Used In Image
Processing
2. The CMYK color model
The 4-colour CMYK model used in printing lays
down overlapping layers of varying percentages
of transparent cyan (C), magenta (M) and yellow
(Y) inks. In addition a layer of black (K) ink can be
added.
The CMYK model uses the subtractive color
model. Cya
n
Magent Yellow
a
Fourier Transform
The Fourier transform plays a very significant role in medical
imaging and image analysis.
The Fourier transform is a linear transform that provides information
about the frequency spectrum of the signal. The Fourier
transformation F (w) of a function of time F (t) is given by,