KOCAELI UNIVERSITY

Graduate School of
Natural and Applied Sciences

Academic Year 2015/2016

Department of
Communication Engineering
MEH610 Digital Communication Systems

LTE Advance Pro

(Marketed as 4.5 G)
And
Adaptive Beam-Forming Algorithms

Prepared By: Mohammed ABUIBAID

Email: m.a.abuibaid@gmail.com
Submitted to:
Dr. Sultan ALDIRMAZ ÇOLAK

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 KOCAELI UNIVERSITY
Academic Year
2015/2016

Graduate School of
Natural and Applied Sciences
Electronic and Communication Engineering
MEH610 Digital Communication Systems

LTE Advance Pro (Marketed as 4.5 G)

Prepared By: Mohammed ABUIBAID

Email: m.a.abuibaid@gmail.com
Submitted to: Dr. Sultan ALDIRMAZ

Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References

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Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
Paving the path to 5G with LTE Advanced Pro – YouTube

Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References

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 Congratulations to Turkey!

4.5G Launched Simultaneously By All Operators

Unique Achievement!

This table is summarized from Ref. [1]

Overview on 4.5 G Evolution

 The logo ‘4.5G’ is a Marketing Term for what is now known as LTE-Advanced Pro.

 On 29 Aug 2015, three mobile operator in Turkey; namely Turkcell, Vodafone and
Avea, bid total of over €3.35 billion for the right to use 800, 900, 1800, 2100 and
2600 MHz FDD frequencies on ‘4.5G network’. [1]

 On 21 Feb 2016, A strategic cooperation on 4.5G between Huawei and world's

leading telecom operators, including TeliaSonera from Norway, HKT from Hong
Kong, LG Uplus from Korea, P4 from Poland, VIVA from Kuwait, among others,
took place at the 4.5G Industry Summit in Barcelona.[2]

 By April 2016, 4.5G networks are commercially deployed in over 80 cities

throughout Turkey and have secured a position as the world's largest commercial
4.5G network.

 On 10 May 2016, Huawei organized the 4.5G Industry Summit in Istanbul in

cooperation with the three top mobile operators in Turkey.

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 Mobile Technologies' Shares: 2020 Forecast
LTE will be the leading mobile systems technology by 2020
with 44.5% share of subscriptions

Dec 2015 Dec 2020

Source of data: OVUM

Provided to GSA on March 3, 2016

LTE Mobile Technology Development Timeline

8 ms

1 Gbps
LTE LTE-AP
Rel. 8, 9 100 MHz Rel. 13, 14
Marketing
Term 3.9 G 4G 4.5 G 5G

20 MHz LTE-A 640 MHz LTE ??

100 Mbps Rel. 10, 11, 12 > 3 Gbps Rel. 15, ??

20 ms 0.6 ms

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Introducing LTE Advanced Pro
Rising up to meet the significant expanding connectivity needs of tomorrow
PROPEL MOBILE BROADBAND EVEN FURTHER PROLIFERATE LTE TO NEW USE CASES

1. Carrier Aggregation Evolution: 1. Connect the Internet of Things:

Wider Bandwidths
2. LTE In Unlicensed Spectrum:
Make the best use of 5 GHz spectrum
3. Ultra-Low Latency:
Faster, More Flexible
4. Many More Antennas:
Path to Massive MIMO
City infrastructure, Object Tracking,
Wearables, Energy Management …
2. New ways to connect and interact:
LTE-Direct, V2X Communications
3. New classes of services:
- Digital TV broadcasting
- Proximal awareness
- Public safety
- Latency-critical control

Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References

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 1. Evolving Carrier Aggregation (CA)

CA feature allows :

• Higher peak data rate and lower latency

• Better experience for all users
• More capacity and better network efficiency
• Maximize use of spectrum assets

 Carrier aggregation was first introduced in release 10, with aggregation of up to five carriers,
bandwidths up to 100MHz are supported
 More licensed spectrum is also expected to become available, e.g. 3.5GHz band.
 In release 13, the carrier-aggregation framework is extended to handle up to 32 carriers in both the
uplink and downlink.
 This means LTE terminals will be able to handle bandwidths up to 640MHz, part of which can be
located in unlicensed spectrum.
 Accompanied with latency reductions, this will enable tremendous data rates, also in combination
with higher layer protocols such as TCP.
In release 14:
 Uplink & downlink aggregation: carrier-aggregation framework is extended to boost uplink data rates
and capacity in addition to downlink.
 Dual Connectivity: Aggregation of unlicensed and licensed carriers across non-collocated cells.
 Complexity reduction: More efficient HARQ, channel coding and TDD operation for higher data rates.

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 2. LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum, aka Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA)

 One important aspect of LAA is the fair sharing of
the unlicensed spectrum with other operators
and other systems such as Wi-Fi.
 The LAA node searches and finds a part of the
unlicensed spectrum with low load.
 The LAA node include a listen-before-talk mechanism
 LAA targets operator-deployed small cells (e.g.
shopping malls, etc.) in the 5GHz band.
 A complementary solution to exploit unlicensed
spectrum is Wi-Fi integration.

The two most common types of spectrum are:

 Licensed spectrum: where each operator has an exclusive license for a certain frequency range so
the interference situation in the network can be controlled as well as performance and QoS.
 Unlicensed spectrum: free bands but subject to unpredictable interference situations so that QoS
and availability cannot be guaranteed.
 Unlicensed band can be used as a complement to increase user data rates and overall capacity
without compromising on coverage, availability and reliability.
 Release 13 supports this by using the carrier-aggregation framework already present in LTE.
 It known as LAA. Why ? Carriers in licensed spectrum assist the access to unlicensed spectrum.
 LAA will, initially, support downlink traffic with a later extension to handle uplink traffic.
 So far, the integration with WiFi is handled in the core network and therefore cannot offer the full
potential unleashed by LAA.

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 2. Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA)
Unlicensed spectrum carries (parts of)
less demanding QoS traffic.

A primary licensed cell

operating in licensed s pectrum
a ggregated wi th a secondary
cell operating in unlicensed
s pectrum to opportunistically
boos t data rate.

Carries mobility, critical control signaling

and services demanding high QoS.

World’s First Over-the-Air LAA Trial

Outdoor Test Case Example:
 2 LAA/LWA ca pable eNB (licensed + unlicensed)
 2 Wi -Fi AP (i n unlicensed spectrum)
 LAA ba sed on LTE-AP a t 10 MHz cha nnel i n 2600 MHz l i censed
s pectrum with 4W tra nsmit power.
 LWA us i ng 802.11a c
Same configuration for LAA and Wi-Fi:
 2x2 downlink MIMO
 20 MHz cha nnel in 5 GHz unlicensed s pectrum with 1W
tra ns mit power
 Termi nal tra nsmit power 0.2W
 Mobi lity s peed 6-8 mph
Joi nt effort by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and Deutsche
Tel ekom AG i n Nuremberg, Germany during November 2015

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 Approx. 2X Coverage Improvement Outdoors
Downlink throughput in unlicensed spectrum for each location on test route.

2 Ba s ed on geo-binned measurements over test route

LAA Outperforms Wi-Fi in Challenging Radio Conditions

Performance when it matters
LAA’s performance gains grows with more
cha l lenging ra dio conditions, providing more
cons istent throughput over a larger a rea.

Increased coverage
Provi di ng same performance a t a higher
pa th l oss (further distance) contributes to
LAA’s i mproved coverage over Wi-Fi.

Higher averaged throughput

In cha llenging radio conditions LAA offers
s i gnificantly hi gher averaged throughput a t
the s a me distance (same path loss).

2) 25 Mbps LAA vs 10 Mbps Wi-Fi at same path loss. 3) At 10 Mbps downlink speed in 5 GHz

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LAA Benefits Everyone Sharing the Same 5 GHz Channel

Downlink Throughput in 5 GHz

10.8 Mbps

LAA Benefits Everyone Sharing the Same 5 GHz Channel

16.3 Mbps
Downlink Throughput in 5 GHz

10.8 Mbps

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 3. Ultra-Low Latency Enhancements
Lower latency improves throughput performance, enables better user experience for real-time
applications and support for new delay-sensitive use cases, such as traffic safety/control and
control of critical infrastructure and industry processes.
LTE-Advanced Pro tackles the latency problem by:
a) Instant Uplink Access:
- Pre-Allocating Uplink Grants
- Asynchronous Uplink ACK
b) Evolving FDD/TDD design
- Shortening Transmission-Time Interval
- New self-contained TDD sub-frames
- Dynamic UL/DL configuration
c) Reduced Processing Time
in Terminals and Base Stations

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 3. Ultra-Low Latency (Instant Uplink Access)
Pre-Allocating Uplink Grants Asynchronous Uplink ACK

A large part of the latency in the physical layer is caused by the time taken to provide a transmission
grant to the device and acknowledge received data.

 A number of promising solutions for improving uplink grant procedures are under discussion, for
instance:
 Pre-allocating uplink grants will eliminate a large part of the fixed delay.
 This kind of technique is known from semi-persistent scheduling for voice services, but can also be
applied to other services where a small amount of data is transmitted in a more random fashion.
 The fixed latency incurred by the current synchronous ACK is also reconsidered.
 As an alternative, the asynchronous ACK used in the downlink may be employed along with
potentially restricted data sizes

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3. Ultra-Low Latency (Shortening Transmission-Time Interval)
 Shortening the TTI by reducing the number of symbols
is the most promising approach when seeking to
maintain backwards compatibility and usability in
existing LTE bands.
 Shorter Time Transmission Interval (TTI), Significantly
lower Round Trip Time (RTT).
 Longer TTI for higher spectral efficiency (SE).
 New FDD design delivers 10x reduction in latency
Today, Over-the air latency based on:
- LTE HARQ RTT = 20ms (ba sed on 14 s ymbol TTI) FDD
- LTE-A HARQ RTT = 8ms (ba s ed on 7 s ymbol TTI) Faster
HARQ RTT
- LTE-AP HARQ RTT = 0.6ms (ba sed on 1 s ymbol TTI)

3. Ultra-Low Latency (New self-contained TDD sub-frames)

DL Example
New TDD design features:
1. Supports both legacy and new self-
contained sub-frames
2. Significantly lower over-the-air latency (RTT)
3. Faster link adaptation:
e.g. fast SRS for FD-MIMO
4. Retransmission may occur immediately in
the next TDD sub-frame
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS): Signal transmitted
by the UE in the uplink direction; used by the BS to
estimate the uplink channel quality Self-Contained TDD Sub-frame:
UL/DL scheduling info, data and acknowledgement
in the same sub-frame

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 3. Ultra-Low Latency (Adaptive UL/DL Configuration)
New TDD Mode New FDD Mode

DL Band

UL Band

DL Band

UL Band

 Ba s ed on traffic conditions, changing UL/DL configurations dynamically will offer more flexible ca pacity.
 New FDD Adaptive UL/DL Configuration (Proposed in Release 14)
- i s s uitable for small cell deployments where UE a nd BS transmission power a re more similar
- Requires advanced receivers for s uperior performance with Interference Cancellation

4. Many More BS Antennas (Path to Massive MIMO)

Release 13: 2D codebook support for 8, 12 and 16 antenna elements with Reference Signal enhancements for BF
Release 14+: Support higher order massive MIMO > 16 antenna elements which is a key enabler for higher
spectrum bands and an evolution towards Massive MIMO (setting the path to 5G)

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Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References

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 1. Scaling to Connect the Internet of Things (IoE)
The internet of everything (IoE) is bringing a massive surge of smart, connected things

 The number of ‘communicating machines,’ that is, machines sending or receiving information via
LTE, is expected to increase dramatically.
 MTC is a very wide term with vastly different requirements depending on the application, many of
which are already well supported by LTE from the first release.
 One important category of MTC is known as massive MTC, where low cost and low power
consumption at the terminal side are significantly more important than high data rates.
 Examples of massive MTC use cases include remote reading of utility meters, control of door locks
and street lights, road sensors for smarter traffic management, and various kinds of home
automation.
 To expand LTE into an even wider range of massive MTC use cases, 3GPP is working on further
enhancing LTE in terms of:
 reduced device cost
 reduced power consumption
 extended coverage
 Handling massive numbers of devices.

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 Massive Internet of Everything (IoE)
Optimizing to connect anything, anywhere with efficient, low cost communications
Smart Cities Smart Homes Utility Metering

Wearables / Fitness Remote Sensors / Actuators Object Tracking

Power Efficient Low Complexity Long Range

Multi-year battery life Low device and network cost Deep coverage

1. Scaling to Connect the Internet of Things (IoE)

IoE services will transform the way we live and do business with innovative and useful information

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 1. Scaling to Connect the Internet of Things (IoE)

 MTC devi ces operate on half-duplex, single antenna a nd

da ta rate limited to 1Mbit/s, which is more power-efficient
tha n a lower data rate over a longer period of time

 Supporting coexistence of 1.4MHz narrow-band

low-cost MTC devices wi th current LTE devi ces.
 Introducing a new lower device transmission-
power class, a l lowing to integrate baseband a nd
radio parts same chip (wi th cost blew 1 USD !! )

 Provi di ng an improvement of 15dB compa red with

current FDD networks’ coverage.
 Empl oying va rious forms of repetition a nd power-
boosting techniques.

 The first steps were already taken in release 12 but release 13 provides further enhancements.
 Currently, all LTE devices on a carrier must support the full carrier bandwidth of up to 20MHz and therefore, depending
on the carrier frequency, typically support multiple bandwidths.
 This provides a great deal of deployment flexibility, and allows all devices to exploit the full performance of the
bandwidth deployed.
 However, from a cost perspective, a single small bandwidth on the radio side such as 1.4MHz allows for simpler radio
implementation and thereby lower device cost. As the data rates handled are low, this can be done without any negative
impact.
 Release 13 therefore supports the coexistence of 1.4MHz narrow-band devices with current LTE devices on a single,
wider-band carrier.
 To further reduce cost, these low-cost MTC devices operate using half-duplex and a single antenna, and will limit the
data rate to 1Mbit/s – all without negatively impacting the performance of existing fully flexible LTE devices.
 Release 13 also introduces a new lower device transmission-power class, allowing for the baseband and radio parts to
be integrated on the same chip to further reduce cost blew 1 USD.
 Release 12 introduce a power-saving mode that allows a device to operate for more than 10 years on a single AA type
battery.
 Release 13 improves the power-saving mode to maximize the amount of time a device can sleep to save power.
 Since the devices support up to 1Mbit/s, even relatively large amounts of data can be provided in a short period of time,
which is more power-efficient than a lower data rate over a longer period of time.
 Coverage can be a crucial issue for some applications; for example, remote reading of utility meters located in the
basement of a building.
 Release 13 provide an improvement of 15dB compared with current FDD networks ’ coverage.
 Release 13 employs various forms of repetition and power-boosting techniques.
 Although such techniques come at a cost in terms of overhead, the fraction of MTC devices requiring extended coverage
is modest, and hence the overall system impact is fairly small.

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 2. New Ways to Connect and Interact
Devices are no longer just end points but integral parts of the network

Device-to-device (D2D) Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Relays and multi-hop to

discovery and communications Communications extend coverage

Expanding the LTE Direct Device-to-Device (D2D) platform

Release 12 Release 13 Release 14+

Discovery of 1000s of More flexible discovery such as Additional D2D

devices/services in 500m restricted/private and inter-frequency communication capabilities

Reliable one-to-many communications Device-to-network relays Proposed for vehicle-to-

(in- and out-of-coverage) (Designed for Public Safety cases) vehicle (V2V) and beyond

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 Empowering Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communications
Vehicle-to-Vehicle:
Bui ld upon LTE Direct D2D
di s covery a nd communication
des ign, enhancements for high
speeds/ high Doppler and low
latency e.g. e.g. l oca tion, s peed
3. New Classes of Wireless Services
Proximal Awareness:
Expa nding upon LTE Direct platform to
di s cover nearby devices/servi ces
Digital TV Broadcasting:
Evol vi ng LTE Broadcast to deliver a
converged TV network
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure: Safety:
Vehicles s end messages to V2X Enha nces ADAS with 360º
s erver vi a unicast; V2X server us es non-line-of-sight a wareness
LTE Broadcast wi th enhancements to Traffic Efficiency:
broa dcast messages to vehicles a nd Vehi cles exchange i nfo with each
beyond. e.g. road hazard information other a nd i nfrastructure
Public Safety:
Levera ge the vast LTE ecosystem for
robus t public safety communications
Latency-Critical Control:
Util ize reduction i n over-the-air latency
for comma nd-and-control applications
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 Shared LTE Broadcast For New Media Delivery Models*

Common eMBMS-only carrier Users access content Users can access content even
shared across Mobile Operators unbundled from transport without operator’s subscription

* Proposed as part of 3GPP Release 14

New LTE Direct Proximal Awareness Services

Continuous Discovery Personalized Interactions
of relevant people, products, services, events with the user’s surroundings and environment

Social Discovery Loyalty Programs

of friends, colleagues, … Personalizing services and offers

Reverse Auctions
Retail Discovery Personalizing promotions
of merchants, products, …

Digital Out-of-Home
Event Discovery Personalizing digital signs
of music, sporting, …

Service Discovery Personalized Services

of restaurants, transportation, …. Based on the Personalizing experiences, e.g. at a venue
users interests/affinities

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Public Safety Services
Release 13 provide robust D2D communications by
supporting:
1. Both in-coverage and out-of-coverage discovery.
2. Multicarrier discovery.
3. Relaying solutions to extend coverage for example, to
provide communication to rescue personnel deep
inside buildings.
4. Priorities to handle congested situations by assigning
priorities for different groups of users
In D2D communication, the role of network is to assist
in-device discovery, synchronization and security.
Mission-Critical Push-to-Talk
(MCPTT) Safety Service

Potential New Use Cases with Significantly Lower Latencies

Sample Use Cases with Millisecond End-to-End Latency < 2ms
(V2X) Communications Robotics Energy / Smart Grid

Industrial Automation Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Medical

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In summary: a Rich Roadmap of LTE Advanced Pro features

Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References

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 Case Study:
Turkey’s Mobile Operators
Evolution towards 4.5 G

These results as measured in shiftdelete.Net office in 4Levent, Istanbul

YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/kEWzFNPJbmM

Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G

The evolution of Turkey’s mobile operators is considered as LTE-AP because of implementing
the following features:
 4x4 MIMO System
 Active Antenna System (AAU)
 3 CC Carrier Aggregation (CA)
 256 QAM
 Supporting the services:
− VoLTE / ViLTE
− Internet of Everything (IoE)

Active Antenna System offers a wide range of beamforming options

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 In summary: LTE-Advanced Pro ‘4.5G’ Network
A network is considered as LTE-Advanced Pro “4.5G” when one of the following Enhancements is achieved:

a) Ultra-Low Latency Enhancements (Millisecond End-to-End Latency )

b) Enhancements for IoE, including a new low complexity UE (NB-IoT or eMTC)

AND at least one of the following features is deployed:

1) 4 to 32 CC a re combined i n DL. 9) Mi s sion-Cri tical Push-to-Talk (MCPTT)
2) At l east 2 CC a re combined in UL. 10) Vehi cle-to-Everything Communications (V2X)
3) 256 QAM modulation on the DL 11) Hi gher order MIMO systems:
4) 64 QAM modulation on the UL FDD 4T4R / TDD 8T8R or more
5) Total a ggregated bandwidth exceeds 60 MHz 12) Adva nced antenna features (e.g. 3D Beamforming,
6) Li cense-Assisted Access (LAA) operation AAU)
7) Proxi mity Servi ces (ProSe) 13) Superposition coding for enhancement for
8) Enha ncements to i ndoor positioning downlink multiuser tra nsmission

The Meaning of PRO

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 Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References

KOCAELI UNIVERSITY
Academic Year
2015/2016

Graduate School of
Natural and Applied Sciences
Electronic and Communication Engineering
MEH610 Digital Communication Systems

Adaptive Beam-Forming

Prepared By: Mohammed ABUIBAID

Email: m.a.abuibaid@gmail.com
Submitted to: Dr. Sultan ALDIRMAZ

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 Motivation (Why we need Beam-Forming ?)

The radiated energy in almost same The radiated energy in direction to UEs
amount in all direction but a large are much stronger than the other
portions of energy not directed to parts which is not directed to UEs.
those UEs is wasted

Technologies for BeamForming

Switched Array Antenna
 Thi s technique changes the beam
pa ttern by switching on/off
antenna selectively from the a rray
of a a ntenna system.
 Us ed in WPAN a pplications
DSP Based Phase Manipulation
 Thi s technique changes the beam
pa ttern by changing the phase of
the s i gnal going through each
a ntenna.
 Us ed in military a pplications of
SONAR a nd RADAR.
Beamforming by Precoding
 Thi s technique changes the beam
pa ttern by applying a specific
precoding matrix.
 Us ed in 3GPP LTE, WiMax.

SONAR: Sound Navigation and Ranging

RADAR: Radio Detection and Ranging

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 Basic Concept:
Phased Array Beam-Forming
 Phased Array is a directive antenna made with
individual radiating sources (several units to
thousands of elements).
 Radiating Elements might be: dipoles, open-
ended waveguides, slotted waveguides, micro-
strip antennas, helices, spirals etc.
 The Shape and Direction of pattern is
determined by:
1. Number of Radiating Elements
2. Relative Phases and Amplitudes applied to
each radiating element
3. Spacing between radiating elements
4. Operating Frequency

Generic Adaptive
Antenna Array System
For optimal transmission/reception of the
desired signal d, a n a daptive update of the
Weight Vector W i s needed to steer spatial
fi l tering beam to the target’s time-varying
DOA a nd thus get ri d of interferers.

Adaptive Beamforming Schemes:

1. Lea st Mean Squares (LMS) Algorithm
2. Norma lized LMS Al gorithm
3. Recursive Least Square (RLS) Al gorithm
4. Cons tant Modulus (CM) Al gorithm

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 General Classifications Of Adaptive Array Algorithms
Non-blind Adaptive Algorithms Blind Adaptive Algorithms
rel y on s tatistical knowledge do not require prior training, a nd
a bout the transmitted signal i n hence they a re referred to as
order to converge to a s olution. “bl i nd” algorithms.

Least Mean Squares (LMS) Algorithm

LMS Algorithm Summary
The LMS algorithm for a order algorithm can be
summarized as :
Parameters: filter order
= step size
Initialization:
Computation: For
Advantages & DisAdvantages of LMS algorithm:
1. Simplicity in implementation
2. Stable and robust performance against different
signal conditions
3. Slow convergence (due to eigenvalue spread)

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 Adaptive Beam-Forming by LMS Algorithm

Polar Beam Pattern X-Y Beam Pattern

Error and Weight Vector Convergence by LMS Algorithm

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 Error Performance
Adaptive Beam-Forming by LMS
Algorithm

Normalized LMS Algorithm

NLMS Algorithm Summary
The NLMS algorithm for a order algorithm can be summarized as:
Parameters: filter order

= step size

Initialization:

Computation: For

Improvements on ‘Pure’ LMS algorithm:

 LMS a l gorithm is sensitive to the s caling of its input
 Choos ing a l earning rate that guarantees stability of
LMS a l gorithm is i mpossible.
 NLMS Al gori thm solves this problem by normalizing with
the power of the i nput, thereby converging faster than
LMS

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 Adaptive Beam-Forming by NLMS Algorithm

Polar Beam Pattern X-Y Beam Pattern

Error and Weight Vector Convergence by NLMS Algorithm

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 Error Performance
Adaptive Beam-Forming by NLMS
Algorithm

Recursive Least Square (RLS) Algorithm

RLS Algorithm Summary Computation: For
The RLS algorithm for a order RLS filter can be
summarized as:

Parameters: filter order

forgetting factor
value to initialize
Initialization :
w
Advantages & DisAdvantages of RLS algorithm:
 No need to invert matrices, thereby saving computational
power.
 It provides intuition behind its results.
 Faster than LMS and NLMS but more complex

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 Adaptive Beam-Forming by RLS Algorithm

Polar Beam Pattern X-Y Beam Pattern

Error and Weight Vector Convergence by RLS Algorithm

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 Error Performance
Adaptive Beam-Forming by RLS
Algorithm

Constant Modulus (CM) Algorithm

CM Algorithm Summary
 Us ed for blind equalization of signals that have a constant
modulus s uch as MSK s ignal.
 It updates the weight coefficients exactly as LMS a lgorithm
 The error i s defined by

Advantages:
 It onl y needs the instantaneous a mplitude of the array output
, thereby, No s ynchronization is required.
 Si mple to implement.
Non-Constant Modulus CM source
Dis-Advantages: source constellation Constellation
 Li mi ted Applications since it valid only for constant modulus (16-QAM) (4-PSK)
Si gnals

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 Adaptive Beam-Forming by CM Algorithm

Polar Beam Pattern X-Y Beam Pattern

Error and Weight Vector Convergence by CM Algorithm

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 Eye-Diagram Performance
Adaptive Beam-Forming by CM Algorithm
Transmitted Signal Received Signal before BF Received Signal After BF

Motivation to 3D Beam-Forming with

Full Dimension MIMO

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Agenda
1. Introduction Videos about LTE AP Pro
2. Overview on LTE and 4.5 G Evolution Around the World
3. LTE Advance Pro: Enhancements
4. LTE Advance Pro: New Use Cases
5. Case Study: Turkey’s Mobile Operators Evolution towards 4.5 G
6. Summary of LTE Advance Pro
7. MATLAB Simulation: 2D Beamforming algorithms (LMS, NLMS RLS and CM)
8. References

References
[1] http://www.dailysabah.com/technology/2015/08/26/turkeys-45g-mobile-technology-tender-concludes-with-a-record-bid-
of-396-billion
[2] http://www.huawei.com/en/news/2016/2/Huawei-Opened-Massive-Commercial-Use-Era-of-45G
[3] http://www.huawei.com/en/news/2016/5/Huawei-Helps-Turkey-with-45G
[4] White paper: LTE-Advanced Pro Pushing LTE capabilities towards 5G, Nokia Solutions and Networks
[5] White paper: Nokia Active Antenna Systems: A step-change in base station site performance, Nokia Solutions and Networks
[6] Ericsson White paper: LTE release 13, Uen 284 23-8267 | April 2015 ,
[7] Leading the path towards 5G with LTE Advanced Pro January 2016 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
[8] Progress on LAA and its relationship to LTE-U and MulteFire™ Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. February 22, 2016
[9] Mobile technology shares: 2020 forecast, Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA), March 3, 2016.
[10] Global 4.5G Development presented in Turkey 4.5G Industry Summit on May 10, 2016 – Istanbul, Turkey
[11] LTE MTC: Optimizing LTE Advanced for Machine-Type Communications, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. November 2014

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