Slide 1  ___________________________________ 

Chapter 13

Meiosis and Sexual ___________________________________ 

Life Cycles
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PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
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Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 
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Slide 2  Key Terms and Definitions 1 ___________________________________ 

• Genome _______________________________________
• Chromosome ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 
• Gene __________________________________________
• Locus _________________________________________
• Genotype ______________________________________ ___________________________________ 
• Phenotype _____________________________________
• Genetics _______________________________________
• Heredity _______________________________________ ___________________________________ 
• Variation ______________________________________
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Slide 3  Fig. 16-

21b
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Chromatid
(700 nm)

30-nm fiber ___________________________________ 

Loops Scaffold

300-nm fiber
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Replicated
chromosome
(1,400 nm) ___________________________________ 
30-nm fiber Looped domains Metaphase
(300-nm fiber) chromosome
 
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Slide 4  ___________________________________ 

Nucleosome
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(10 nm in diameter)
DNA
double helix
(2 nm in diameter)
H1 ___________________________________ 
Histones
Histone tail

DNA, the double helix Histones Nucleosomes, or “beads

on a string” (10-nm fiber)
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Slide 5  Fig. 5-28 5' end 3' end

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Two polynucleotides Sugar-phosphate
spiraling around an backbones
imaginary axis form
Base pair (joined by
a Double Helix hydrogen bonding)

Old strands
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Nucleotide
What is meant about to be
by Antiparallel? added to a
new strand
3' end
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5' end

New
strands

3' end 5' end

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5' end 3' end
 
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Slide 6  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-3
APPLICATION

• Human somatic cells –

___ pairs of chromosomes

•The two chromosomes in

each pair = ____________ ___________________________________ 
• Are these chromosomes
TECHNIQUE identical?
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5 µm

Pair of homologous
replicated chromosomes
• A karyotype - an ordered
Centromere display of the pairs of
chromosomes from a cell

Sister
chromatids
• What information can you ___________________________________ 
Metaphase
chromosome
get from a karyotype?

 
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Slide 7  DNA inherited by organisms lead to specific traits ___________________________________ 
Which of the following illustrate genotype? Phenotype?

Nucleotide #17 - Adenine (A) is

replaced by Thymine (T), resulting
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in a Val for Glu substitution at
amino acid #6.

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A BRCA1
mutation

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Breast Cancer Cell

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Slide 8  Key Terms and Definitions 2 ___________________________________ 

• Life cycle ______________________________________
• Genetic inheritance _____________________________ ___________________________________ 
• Asexual reproduction ____________________________
• Clone _________________________________________
• Sexual reproduction _____________________________ ___________________________________ 
• Gametes _______________________________________
• Fertilization ____________________________________
• Somatic cells ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 
• Allele _________________________________________
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Slide 9  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-2

0.5 mm

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Parent
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Bud

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(a) Hydra (b) Redwoods
 
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Slide 10  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-6

Sexual Life Cycles

Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)

n Gametes n
Haploid multi-
cellular organism
(gametophyte)
Haploid unicellular or
multicellular organism
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n Mitosis n Mitosis Mitosis n Mitosis
n n
n n n
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION Spores n n
Gametes
Gametes n

2n Zygote
2n
MEIOSIS

2n
FERTILIZATION

2n
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION ___________________________________ 
Diploid Zygote
Diploid 2n
multicellular Mitosis multicellular Mitosis
organism Zygote
organism
(sporophyte)

Animals Plants and some algae

Most fungi and
some protists
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Slide 11  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-5
Key Haploid gametes (n = 23)
Haploid (n)
Egg (n)
Diploid (2n)

Sperm (n)
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MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Ovary Testis ___________________________________ 

Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)

Mitosis and
development ___________________________________ 
Multicellular diploid
adults (2n = 46)
 
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Slide 12  The Animal Life Cycle ___________________________________ 

• The sex chromosomes are called X and Y

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• Human females have a homologous pair of X
chromosomes (XX)
• Human males have one X and one Y ___________________________________ 
chromosome
• The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not
determine sex are called autosomes ___________________________________ 
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Slide 13  The Animal Life Cycle ___________________________________ 
• A diploid cell (2n) has two sets of chromosomes
• n = # of chromosomes in a gametes ___________________________________ 
• For humans, the diploid number is 46 (2n = 46)
(Fruit flies 2n = 8, Dogs 2n = 78) ___________________________________ 
Polyploidy = more than 2 sets of chromosomes
(common in plants)
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Are humans ever polyploids?
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Slide 14  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-4

Label the following

Key
Maternal set of
diagram
chromosomes (n = 3)
2n = 6
Paternal set of
chromosomes (n = 3) ___________________________________ 

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Slide 15  The Animal Life Cycle

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• A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set
of chromosomes, and is haploid (n)
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• For humans, the haploid number is 23 (n = 23)
• Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and a
single sex chromosome ___________________________________ 
• In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex
chromosome is X
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• In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be
either X or Y
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 
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Slide 16  The Animal Life Cycle ___________________________________ 
• Fertilization is the union of gametes (the
sperm and the egg) ___________________________________ 
• The fertilized egg is called a zygote and has
one set of chromosomes from each parent
• The zygote produces somatic cells by _______ ___________________________________ 
and develops into an adult

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Slide 17  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-5
Key
Haploid
Individual
Egg (n) eggs and sperm
Diploid
are different from
each other and
from the parent –

Key Concept:
Sperm (n)
therefore, so
are siblings ___________________________________ 
Much of our MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION
inheritable
variation
results from
changes to the
Ovary Testis ___________________________________ 
parent’s DNA Diploid
that occur zygote
during meiosis Mitosis and
development

What’s the difference

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Multicellular diploid between fraternal and
adults (2n = 46) identical twins?
 
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Slide 18  The BIG PICTURE of Meiosis ___________________________________ 

• One Interphase just like Mitosis
• G1, S-Phase, G2
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• diploid 46 chromosomes replicate to form 92 sisters joined in pairs

• Followed by Two Cell Divisions instead of One

• In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate resulting in two
haploid daughters with 46 sisters joined in 23 pairs
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• it is called the reductional division
• In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate resulting in four haploid
daughters with 23 unjoined chromosomes (much like mitosis)
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• it is called the equational division

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 
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Slide 19  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-7-3
Interphase
Homologous pair of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell

Chromosomes
replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes
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Sister
chromatids Diploid cell with
replicated
chromosomes

Meiosis I
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reductional division 1 Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Haploid cells with
replicated chromosomes

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Meiosis II

2 Sister chromatids
separate

equational division

 
Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

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Slide 20  ___________________________________ 
Remind me what prophase is again........
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Slide 21  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-8a

Telophase I and
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Cytokinesis

Centrosome
(with centriole pair) Sister chromatids
remain attached
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Centromere
Sister Chiasmata (with kinetochore)
chromatids
Spindle Metaphase
plate

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Homologous Homologous Cleavage
chromosomes chromosomes furrow
separate
Fragments Microtubule
of nuclear
envelope
attached to
kinetochore ___________________________________ 
What are chiasmata?
 
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Slide 22  ___________________________________ 
Remind me what telophase is again........

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Fig. 13-8d

Slide 23  ___________________________________ 
Telophase II and
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II
Cytokinesis

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Sister chromatids
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separate Haploid daughter cells
forming

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Slide 24  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-7-3
Interphase
Homologous pair of chromosomes
in diploid parent cell
Are chromosomes condensed during
Interphase?

Which of the 3 stages shown are

Chromosomes
different from mitosis? In what way?
replicate
Homologous pair of replicated chromosomes
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Sister
chromatids Diploid cell with
replicated
chromosomes

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Meiosis I

Reductional division =
1 Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Haploid cells with
replicated chromosomes
Meiosis II
Equational division =
2 Sister chromatids
separate
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Haploid cells with unreplicated chromosomes

 
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Slide 25  A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis ___________________________________ 
• Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome
sets, producing cells that are genetically
identical to the parent cell
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• Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes
sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid),
producing cells that differ genetically from each
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other and from the parent cell
• The mechanism for separating sister
chromatids is virtually identical in meiosis II and ___________________________________ 
mitosis
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Slide 26  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-9a

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Chiasma MEIOSIS I
Parent cell
Chromosome Chromosome
Prophase replication replication Prophase I
Homologous

Replicated chromosome 2n = 6
chromosome
pair ___________________________________ 
Metaphase Metaphase I

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Anaphase Anaphase I
Telophase Telophase I
Haploid
n=3
Daughter

2n 2n
cells of
meiosis I
MEIOSIS II
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Daughter cells n n n n
of mitosis Daughter cells of meiosis II

 
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Slide 27  ___________________________________ 
• Three events are unique to meiosis, and all
three occur in meiosis l:
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Formation of tetrads at the metaphase plate

Synapsis (cohesion) and crossing over amongst 4

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sisters

Separation of homologous chromosomes ___________________________________ 

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 Fig. 13-UN2

Slide 28  meiosis I
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tetrads

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F
cohesions
H

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homologous
chromosomes
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Slide 29  ___________________________________ 
Remember Our Key Concept:
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• Much of our inheritable variation results
from changes to the parent’s DNA that
occur during meiosis
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• These changes occur in both parents
and are then combined at fertilization
to create most of the variation that ___________________________________ 
arises in each generation
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 
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Slide 30  Concept 13.4: Genetic variation produced in ___________________________________ 

sexual life cycles contributes to evolution

• Mutations (changes in an organism’s DNA) are

the primary source of genetic diversity
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• Mutations create different versions of genes
called alleles (which reside on homologous
chromosomes)
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• Reshuffling of alleles during sexual
reproduction produces genetic variation
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Slide 31  Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring ___________________________________ 
Three mechanisms contribute to genetic
variation:
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– Independent assortment of chromosomes
– Crossing over
– Random fertilization
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Slide 32  Independent assortment of chromosomes ___________________________________ 

Possibility 1 Possibility 2

Two equally probable

arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I
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Metaphase II ___________________________________ 

Daughter

Combination 1 Combination 2
cells
Combination 3 Combination 4
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Slide 33  Independent Assortment of Chromosomes ___________________________________ 

• Homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly at
metaphase I of meiosis
• In independent assortment, each pair of chromosomes
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sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter
cells independently of the other pairs
• The number of combinations possible when chromosomes
assort independently into gametes is 2n, where n is the
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haploid number
• For humans (n = 23), there are more than 8 million (223)
possible combinations of chromosomes ___________________________________ 
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Slide 34  ___________________________________ 
Fig. 13-12-5
Prophase I Nonsister
of meiosis chromatids
Pair of held together
homologs during synapsis

Chiasma

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Centromere
Crossing over
TEM

Anaphase I
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Anaphase II

Daughter
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cells
Recombinant chromosomes
 
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Slide 35  Crossing Over ___________________________________ 

• Crossing over produces recombinant
chromosomes, which combine genes inherited
from each parent
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• Crossing over begins very early in prophase I, as
homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene
___________________________________ 
• In crossing over, homologous portions of two
nonsister chromatids trade places
• Crossing over contributes to genetic variation by
combining DNA from two parents into a single ___________________________________ 
chromosome
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 
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Slide 36  Random Fertilization ___________________________________ 

• Random fertilization adds to genetic variation
because any sperm can fuse with any ovum
(unfertilized egg)
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• The fusion of two gametes (each with 8.4
million possible chromosome combinations
from independent assortment) produces a
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zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid
combinations
___________________________________ 
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Slide 37  The Evolutionary Significance of Genetic ___________________________________ 
Variation Within Populations
• Natural selection results in the accumulation of
genetic variations favored by the environment
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• Sexual reproduction contributes to the genetic
variation in a population, which originates from
mutations
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 
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