CHAPTER 2: EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY

ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARD

EXPOSURE
1) Elements at risk from hazards
2) Human beings
3) Dwellings or households and communities;
4) Buildings, structures;
5) Public facilities and infrastructure assets;
6) Public transport system;
7) Agricultural commodities; and
8) Environmental asses

Elements at risk – intangible elements like economic activities, infra

networks

VULNERABILITY
Characteristics, circumstances of community, system, assets making it
susceptible to damage of hazard
Many aspects [United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
(UNISDR)]:
Physical – settlement, site, design, materials
Social – inability of people
Economic - status
Environmental factors – lmfao yeah

Poor design, construction of buildings

Inadequate protection of assets
Lack of public info, awareness
Limited recog of risks, preparation measures
Disregard for wise env management

WHY CERT SECTORS ARE MORE VULNERABLE

Vulnerability is result of process in which various things cause it to be
Split into demographic and socio-economic
Preparedness, management after effects

1. Demographic
Population density
Age of population
Distribution of population
2. Socio-economic factors
Wealth
Education
Nature of society
Understanding of the area
3. Community preparedness
Building codes
Scientific monitoring, early warning systems
Communication networks
Emergency planning
4. Dealing with after effects
Insurance cover
Emergency personnel
Aid request
ELEMENTS AT RISK, EXPOSED TO HAZARDS
 Persons
 Houses
 Buildings
 Infrastructures
 Transportation systems
 Financial establishments
 Crops
 Environmental sources of living

RISK FACTORS
Possibility of adverse effects in future
Derived from interaction of social and environmental processes, combination of
physical hazards and vulnerabilities of exposed elements

Three factors of risk 8 of 10 cities most exposed

Hazard More than half of 100 are in four
 Earthquake n shit Asian nations
Exposure (21 in PH, 16 CH, 11 JP, 8 BD)
 People
Verisk Maplecroft – 1,300 cities
 Buildings
TOP TEN
 Businesses 1. Port Vila, Vanuatu
 infrastructure 2. Tuguegarao, Cagayan
Vulnerability 3. Lucena, Quezon
 Engineering 4. Manila
 Economic 5. San Fernando, Pampanga
 Social 6. Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
7. Batangas
Risk = Hazard x Exposure x 8. Taipei
Vulnerability / Capacity 9. San Carlos, Pangasinan
PHILIPPINE EXPOSURE N VULNERABILITY 10. Naga, Bicol Reg

PHILIPPINE VULNERABILITIES
Climate Change Primer Manuscript, 2014:
Pacific typhoon belt, avg 20 typhoons/year
Rugged landscape = landslides
Archipelagic with islets
At or below sea level thus flooding and sea level rise
One of longest coastlines at 32,400km
Agricultural, fishing economy disruptions
Poor institutional and societal capacity
High risk due to entrenched corruption and poverty
Risk at volcanic eruptions, quakes, floods

CHAPTER 3: BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARDS

Hazards
Burton et al 1978: elements of physical environment, harmful to man and caused
by forces extraneous to him
Standards Australia 2000: source of potential harm/situation with potential to
cause loss
Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC): potential to cause harm or loss
USGS Hazard Terminologies: a phenomenon, situation and shit which has
potential to cause disruption or damage to people, property, services and
environment

Most are dormant, potential = theoretical risk of harm

Active = emergency
Hazardous come to pass = incident

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS

Natural hazards
Quasi-natural – interaction of natural and human
Technological (human made) hazards

IMPACTS OF VARIOUS HAZARDS ON EXPOSED ELEMENTS

According to International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
Impact of hazards vary in severity and vary in regard to how long they last
Physical impact Economic
Death Job
Destruction of infra Harvest, livestock
Widespread housing loss Farms, cages, living
Money, valuables
Psychological
Grief, trauma Environmental
Marital conflicts Forests
Depression Freshwater
Chronic anxiety Biodiversity
Tributaries
Socio-cultural
Displacement Biological
Loss of cultural identity Epidemic
Culture adoption Chronic illness
Ethnic conflicts Mental disorders from consumption
Bacterial, viral diseases

CHAPTER 4: EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Earthquake (quake, tremor, temblor) perceptible shaking of surface of the
Earth, resulting from sudden release of energy in crust creating seismic waves
(US Geological Sciences)

Potential Hazards 6. Earthquake-induced landslides

Depends on:
Seismic activity
Local topographic, built features
Subsurface geology and groundwater
Different Hazards
1. Ground Shaking/Ground Motion
2. Ground or Surface Rupture
3. Liquefaction
4. Earthquake-induced ground
subsidence and lateral
spreading
5. Tsunami
Natural Signs
1. Animal Behavior
2. Drawback
 Typical wave period is about
12 minutes
 Areas below sea level is
exposed after 3 minutes
 Next 6 minutes, wave changes
from ridge to trough
 Seismometer – detecting,
monitoring earthquake

Safety Prec 6. Follow safety measures by

Before
1. Engage in preparedness
2. Participate in drills
3. Participate in training
4. Share knowledge
During
1. Stay indoors if structurally
sound
2. Quickly open door if not safe
3. Duck under, protect head if
caught inside
4. Stay away from fragile, heavy
objects
5. Beware of falling objects, be
alert and keep eyes open
PHIVOLCS
Stay away from trees, power
lines, posts, concrete struc
Move away from steep slopes
If near shore, move to high
ground
7. If in moving vehicle, stop and
get out – do not cross bridge
n shit
After
1. Take fastest, safest out of
building
2. Do not use elevators
3. Do not enter damaged building
4. Do not use telephones
5. Do not panic

CHAPTER 5: VOLCANIC HAZARDS

USGS Bulletin common volcanic hazards:
Lahars – mudflow made up volcanic debris
Form bc:
1) Small slope collapses gather water on their way down volcano
2) Rapid melting of snow, ice during eruption
3) Heavy rainfall on debris
4) Volcano erupts through a crater lake
5) Crater lake drains bc overflow, wall collapse
Characteristics
 1. Moves rapidly on valleys
2. Occur with or without eruption
3. Pick up material
4. Economic, environmental damage

Ash Fall – consists fragments of pulverized rock, less than 0.079” diameter
Tephra – explosive eruption products
Dissolved gases in magma expand, escape violently into atmosphere

Pyroclastic Flows – high-density mic of hot lava blocks, pumice, ash, volcanic
gas
High speed
Two parts: a lower (basal) flow of coarse fragments, turbulent cloud of ash
above basal
Flows in different ways
 Collapse of eruption column
 Boiling over from eruptive vent
 Collapse of lava domes of flows

Volcanic Gases – magma contains dissolved gases providing driving force =

eruptions
Pressure decreases as it flows

Harmful Effects
1. Carbon dioxide, lethal
2. Sulfur dioxide, irritating to eyes
3. Hydrogen sulfide, toxic in high
4. Hydrogen halides, strong, toxic acids

Lava Flows
Speed depends on:
1. Type of lava, viscosity
2. Steepness
3. Lava as broad sheet, through confined channel, lava tube
4. Rate of lava prod at vent

Devastating effects
1. Instigate other types
2. Knocked over, surrounded, buried, ignited
3. Boil violently
4. Far reaching lahars ice, snow
5. Methane gas migrate subsurface
6. Build dome, collapse to form fast-moving pyro flow

Ballistic projectiles
Devastating
1. Force impact
2. Loss of agri land
3. Clog by particles
4. Carrying shit
5. Burial tephra

Signs of impending
Various types of warning
Changes in heat flow
Detection, interpretation of precursory events

Before 4. Close all doors if inside,

1. Be aware stay
2. Prepare necessary 5. Stay in evac, do not leave if
3. Store needs evacuated
4. Be prepared to cover nose,
mouth After
5. Prioritize 1. Check house if safe
2. Clean, check damage
During 3. Use masks in cleaning
1. Avoid low-lying 4. Wait for further
2. Seek cover announcements, news
3. Use masks
5. Make sure house is safe for
family