EAPP Reviewer
of information to come up with acceptable conclusion.
Reading - cognitive process that involves decoding
symbols to arrive at meaning
- active process of constructing meanings of words
- thinking process
Decoding – process of reading words in text
Encoding – process of using letter knowledge to write
Schema – prior knowledge
THE READING PROCESS
• Pre-reading – allows the reader to activate background
knowledge, preview the text, and develop a purpose for
reading.
• During reading – the reader makes predictions.
• After reading – allows the reader to retell the story,
discuss the elements of a story, answer questions, and/or
compare it to another text.
Comprehension – intentional, active and interactive
process that occurs before, during and after reading.
Reading comprehension – mental process that allows
the reader to understand the text. It has 2 elements:
• Vocabulary knowledge – understanding the vocabulary
used by the writer
• Text comprehension – the reader puts together the
vocabulary and different comprehension strategies to
develop an understanding of the text
Strategies to Increase Comprehension
• Skimming – process of speedy reading for general
meaning
• Scanning – process of rapidly running your eyes over a
text to locate specific details
• Note taking
- underline or highlight important words or
phrases
- use keywords to record main headings
- use questions
- summarize
• Making Inferences – ability of understanding implicit
messages
• Drawing Conclusions – putting together various pieces
Utilizing visual clues to figure out something indirectly
stated.
Thesis Statement - a sentence that bears the main idea
of an article or essay.
• Analytical TS – focus on the in-depth analysis issue.
Explain to the reader how exactly you are going to
evaluate your paper.
• Argumentative TS – covers the major argument you are
going to prove with the help of your work.
• Explanatory / Expository TS – explain to the reader what
the major focus of your topic is. Identify the main aspect
and concentrate the reader's attention on its meaning.
Academic Text - a written material in an organized way
and a specific manner
Text Structure – how ideas, facts, and other info on a
text are organized.
Organizational Patterns - a framework or plan being
used to communicate ideas clearly
• Definition - explains the meaning of new words
or phrases
• Classification - divides a topic into parts based
on shared characteristics
• Chronological Order - describes the sequence
in which events occur in time
• Process - describes the order in which things
are done or how things work
• Order of Importance - describes ideas in order
of priority or preference
• Spatial Order - describes physical location or
position in space
• Cause and Effect - describes how one or more
things cause or are related to another
• Comparison and Contrast - discusses
similarities and/or differences among ideas, theories,
concepts, objects, or persons
• Listing/Enumeration - organizes list of
information: characteristics, features, parts, or categories
• Clarification - explaining a concept or idea will
follow
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 • Summary - indicates that a condensed review of • Rejection - process of removing unnecessary
an idea or piece of writing is to follow data
• Generalization and Example - provides • Substitution - includes synthesis. Mode of
examples that clarify a broad and general statement combining several sentences into one sentence
• Addition - indicates that additional information
Paraphrasing – using your own words to express
will follow
someone else's ideas while still preserving the main ideas
Structure of Academic Texts of the original source
- most salient feature is that it's organized in specific way.
Outlining – helps you identify the significant details you
- most texts use IMRAD that stands for Introduction,
need to include and to eliminate the irrelevant ones.
Methods and Materials, Results, and Discussion.
Scope and limitations – backbone of research outline.
- however, it should be complemented with sections for
aims and research questions (backbone of academic text) Parts of an Outline
that appears towards the end of intro.
• Introduction - thesis statement or the topic of your
Parts of the Academic Texts research as well as the purpose of your study
• Body - presenting all your arguments to support your
Aim – establishes the totality of the text and components
thesis statement
in all its parts. Encapsulates what you intend to achieve.
• Conclusion - a summary of all your arguments and state
Research Questions – usually general, specific
your final stand
questions that enable to reach the aim, consider the order
according to importance. Types of Outlining
Introduction – start in a broad and general manner then
• Sentence Outline - consists of complete sentences that
gradually zoom in on your own specific and narrow topic.
would expound the ideas that are presented in the written
- provide everything the reader needs to know in order to
output
understand the aim.
• Topic Outline - presents key words or phrases
- may also be called background. Has a funnel shape.
Body – ideas, concepts and results are discussed. Styles of outlining
Support the article's argument or stance.
• Roman Numeral - widely used in schools and industries
Methods and Materials – what you have done in order to
• Dewey Decimal - found frequently in engineering
accomplish your aim and to address the research
research and almost all technically oriented fields
questions.
• Alphanumerical - often used by government agencies
Results – presenting results in an objective way using
graphical aids. A reaction paper, a review paper, or a critique paper --
Discussion – interpretation of results. 1st par is about The common feature among these three labels is the
the aim; the rest discuss and analyze results. rationale of the writer in producing such, and it is to give
Conclusion – expression of the fulfillment of aim and thorough and sound judgment about a piece.
what you have found in study. What the results imply. Not
Mechanics for Review (Jimenez, 2000)
a brief repetition of results; rather, expressing the
implications of study. 1. Know the scope and the purpose.
2. Know the writer’s style of writing.
Summarizing – condensing the source material in just
3. Know the piece’s theme.
few lines. Here are some techniques in summarizing:
• Selection - essential to select major ideas, key
words and phrases, special terms and interpretations

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APA Format for a Reaction, Review or Critique Paper: COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS
 Title must be centered • Their - relating to or belonging to certain people,
 Paragraphs are aligned to the left animals, or things
 1-inch wide in all margins • They’re - shortened form of "They are" (contraction)
 First line is indented • There - in that place: at that location
 TNR 12
• Its - relating to or belonging to a certain thing, animal,
 Page number is at the top right corner
etc.
 Double-spacing
• It's - shortened form of "It is" (contraction)
 Use in-text citations
 Avoid long quotations • Your - relating to or belonging to you: made or done by
you
Proper Way to Cite Sources
• You're - shortened form of "You are" (contraction)
• APA (American Psychological Association)
• Whose - used to show which person or thing you are
• MLA (Modern Language Association)
talking about
• The Chicago Manual of Style
• Who's - shortened form of "Who is" (contraction)
• ASA (American Sociological Association)
• ACS (American Chemical Society)
• The Vancouver System
How to cite a website (APA): Just believe in yourself.
• Last, F. (Year, Month Date Published). Article title.
Retrieved from URL Even if you don’t, pretend that
ex. Satalkar, B. (2010, July 15). Water aerobics. you do, and at some point,
Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com
How to cite a book (APA):
• Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Publisher
YOU WILL.
City, State: Publisher.
- Venus Williams
ex. Finney, N. (1970). Time and again. New York, NY:
Simon and Schuster.
Identifying Facts and Opinions
Fact - can be proven for accuracy through observation or
concrete references.
- Makes use of statistics, dates, measurements and the
like.
Opinion - expresses what the author believes or thinks.
- Signal words:
• Comparison – more, better, most etc.
• Prefer, think, feel, should, seems, apparently,
probably etc.

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