SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF RESIDENCES IN KALAWAG II,

ISULAN, SULTAN KUDARAT

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

Related Studies

(EsraTınmaza et. al, 2006) presented a general overview of current solid waste

management practices in Çorlu Town and principles of the recommended municipal

solid waste (MSW) management system. It states that in Çorlu, 170 tonnes of municipal

solid waste are generated each day, or 1.150 kg per capita per day. Approximately one-

half of the municipal solid waste generated is organic material and 30% of the MSW

consists of recyclable materials. The recommended system deals with maximizing

recycling and minimizing landfilling of municipal solid waste, and consists of separation

at source, collection, sorting, recycling, composting and sanitary landfilling. This study

also analyzed the recommended system with respect to feasibility and economics. To

evaluate whether the suggested system is cost effective or not, the operating cost of the

recommended system and market prices of recyclable materials were compared, and

the results show that report commended system will reduce required landfill volume up

to 27% of compared to the present situation.

(J. S. Ogola, et. al, 2011) established the following: The level of income of each

household group determines the volume of waste generated by such a group, thus the

higher the level of income for the group, the more waste it generates.
 It was observed that volumes of waste and composition were not the same in

each household group but this depended on the lifestyle, for example, the high income

group had the lowest garden waste since they can afford private garden services that

dispose garden waste after its generated, as compared to the low income group. The

high income group also had the highest percentage of paper waste in a print form,

which is linked to affordability. The amount of waste from households in Polokwane

Municipality that can be recycled constituted about 60%. This could significantly reduce

the amount of waste being disposed into landfills. The implications of this strategy would

lead to the achievement of the Polokwane Zero waste declaration target of 50% waste

reduction by 2010 and zero waste generation by 2020.

(Andrew Emerya, et. al, 2006) states that the general public are generally more

concerned with the effects that waste has on the environment. Whereas waste

managers and planners need to consider the financial costs of collection, processing

and disposal. They investigate and report on the findings for both of these areas of

concern. A case study area in a typical South Wales valley location was selected to

model the environmental and economic impacts of a number of waste disposal

scenarios. The environmental impacts of a number of waste management scenarios

were compared using a life cycle assessment (LCA) computer model. An interactive

microsoft excel spreadsheet model was also developed to examine the costs,

employment and recovery rates achieved using various waste recovery methods

including kerbside recycling and incineration. The LCA analysis showed the incineration

option to be more favourable than the landfill and recycling/composting options.

However, the economic modelling results showed higher running costs and lower
associated jobs when compared to the other options such as recycling. The paper

concludes by suggesting that integrated waste management will ultimately be the most

efficient approach in terms of both economics and also environment benefits.

(Latifah AbdManaf, et. al, 2009) concluded that rapid economic development and

population growth, inadequate infrastructure and expertise, and land scarcity make the

management of municipal solid waste become one of Malaysia’s most critical

environmental issues. Their study is aimed at evaluating the generation, characteristics,

and management of solid waste in Malaysia based on published information. In general,

the per capita generation rate is about 0.5–0.8 kg/person/day in which domestic waste

is the primary source. Currently, solid waste is managed by the Ministry of Housing and

Local Government, with the participation of the private sector. A new institutional and

legislation framework has been structured with the objectives to establish a holistic,

integrated, and cost-effective solid waste management system, with an emphasis on

environmental protection and public health. Therefore, the hierarchy of solid waste

management has given the highest priority to source reduction through 3R, intermediate

treatment and final disposal.

(Pariatamby Agamuthu, et. al, 2014) included that as the global economy

expands, people buy more products; thus, the amount of products produced and

consumed increase. During those processes, solid waste is generated, and ultimately

collected by the municipalities and private waste management industry for recycling or

disposal. Society generates more waste as it becomes increasingly affluent. About one

fourth of worldwide solid waste is generated in Asian region now but it is expected to be

about one third in 2050. The key SWM issues in Asia and Pacific Region may be
pointed out as follows:(i) increase in the amount of municipal solid waste associated

with population and economic growth;(ii) difficulty in securing land for intermediate

treatment and final disposal (due to NIMBY) leading to serious public health risks;(iii)

high but untapped potential for 3R; and other alternative treatments.

(Eileen C. Bernardo, 2008) determined the experiences and practices of

household waste management of people in a barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines

are documented. The data were gathered through an interview with household

members using open‐ended questions. Interviews were also conducted with garbage

collectors as well as scavengers. Results showed that the households generated an

average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes

commonly generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans,

boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/plastics, and yard/garden wastes. The

respondents segregate their wastes into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other waste

(mixed wastes). No respondents perform composting. It is worth noting, however, that

burning of waste is not done by the respondents. The households rely on garbage

collection by the government. Collection is done twice daily, except Sundays, and

household members bring their garbage when the garbage truck arrives. However,

there are those who dump their garbage in non-designated pick‐up points, usually in a

corner of the street. The dumped garbage becomes a breeding ground for disease‐

causing organisms. Some household respondents said that it is possible that the

dumping in certain areas caused the dengue fever suffered by some of their family

members. Mothers and household helpers are responsible for household waste

management. Scavengers generally look for recyclable items in the dumped garbage.
All of them said that it is their only source of income, which is generally not enough for

their meals. They are also aware that their work affects their health. Most of the

respondents said that garbage collection and disposal is the responsibility of the

government. The results of the study showed that RA 9003, also known as the

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro

Manila.

(Johannes G.Paula, et. al, 2012) said that the integration of the informal sector

into municipal solid waste management is a challenge many developing countries face.

In Iloilo City, Philippines around 220 tons of municipal solid waste are collected every

day and disposed at a 10 ha large dumpsite. In order to improve the local waste

management system the Local Government decided to develop a new Waste

Management Center with integrated landfill. However, the proposed area is adjacent to

the presently used dumpsite where more than 300 waste pickers dwell and depend on

waste picking as their source of livelihood. The Local Government recognized the

hidden threat imposed by the waste picker’s presence for this development project and

proposed various measures to integrate the informal sector into the municipal solid

waste management (MSWM) program. As a key intervention a Waste Workers

Association, called USWAG Calahunan Livelihood Association Inc. (UCLA) was initiated

and registered as a formal business enterprise in May 2009. Up to date, UCLA counts

240 members who commit to follow certain rules and to work within a team that jointly

recovers wasted materials. As a cooperative they are empowered to explore new

livelihood options such as the recovery of Alternative Fuels for commercial (cement

industry) and household use, production of compost and making of handicrafts out of
used packages. These activities do not only provide alternative livelihood for them but

also lessen the generation of leachate and Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions from

waste disposal, whereby the life time of the proposed new sanitary landfill can be

extended likewise.

(Agamuthu Periathamby, et. al, 2017) states that solid waste generation and its

implications for people and the environment are global issues. The complexity of the

waste composition and the ever-increasing percapita waste generation is a challenge

for waste managers, particularly in developing countries. Thus, the need to have a clear

policy on waste management and legislation to realize that policy is imperative.

Malaysia is developing rapidly and problems such as the waste generation associated

with development and industrialization are evident. The Solid Waste and Public

Cleansing Management Bill, which was approved in August 2007 after a 10-year delay,

is envisaged to have serious consequences in waste management practices and

implementation in Malaysia. This article explores the main features of this all-

encompassing bill and its impacts on the waste management scenario in Malaysia. In

addition, a comparative evaluation is also discussed to explore the policies/legislation of

selected countries vis-àvis the Malaysian bill.