TO OPTIMIZE THE DESIGN OF A MAGNETIC MOTOR 2019-20

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1 ........................................................................................................................ 4
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 4
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 4
1.2 MOTIVATION ...................................................................................................... 7
1.3 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER-2 ...................................................................................................................... 10
LITERATURE SURVEY .................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER-3 ...................................................................................................................... 15
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 15
3.1 FLOW OF METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER-4 ...................................................................................................................... 17
DESIGN OF MAGNETIC MOTOR ................................................................................. 17
CHAPTER-5 ...................................................................................................................... 19
MATERIAL SELECTION ................................................................................................ 19
5.2 Neodymium Magnets [N52, N45, N35] ................................................................... 20
5.2 ACTUATOR ............................................................................................................ 21
5.3 Bearings .................................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER-6 ...................................................................................................................... 24
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES .................................................................... 24
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 25
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 26

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ABSTRACT
More than 90% world’s power is being generated using electromagnets based on
the faraday’s law of electro-magnetic induction. Many new technologies were discovered
with time which led a drastic change in the perception of electric energy. But at the same
time there is misconception of FREE ENERGY. Energy becomes free only at a point after
which we don’t have to pay for power generation after commissioning the unit. By using
the magnetic force of magnets continuous motion (Energy) is generated. The objective of
this work is to study the free energy permanent magnet motor, where the natural repulsion
or the attraction characteristic of magnet poles creates a perpetual motion which can be
harnessed by the magnet motor. The essential idea of this work have started by taking
advantage of permanent magnet properties in these machines when replacing electric coils
by permanent magnets, to build a free energy magnetic motor. These magnets were
selected according to the characteristics and influencing factors such as temperature and
stored energy.

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resource and non-
renewable resource use of either of these former of resources beyond their rate of
replacement is considered to be resource depletion. The value of a resource is a direct
result of its availability in nature and the cost of extracting the resource, the more a
resource is depleted the more the value of the resource increases. These are several types
of resource depletion the most known being; Aquifer depletion, deforestation, mining for
fossil fuels and minerals, pollution, flash and burn agriculture practise, soil erosion, and
overconsumption, exercise or unnecessary use of resources

All energy sources have some impact on our environment fossil fuels -Coal, oil
and natural gas- do substantially more harm than renewable energy source by most
measure, including air and water measure, including air and water measures, including air
and water pollution, damage to public health wildlife and habitat loss, water use, land use
and global warming emissions

However, renewable sources such as wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and

hydropower also have environmental impact, some of which are significant.

The exact type and intensity of environmental impact varies depending on the
specific technology used, the geographic location and a number of other factors. By
understanding the current and potential environmental issues associated with each
renewable energy source, we can take steps to effectively avoid or minimize these impact
as they become a larger portion of our electric supply.

In recent years, technology advancement focus has shifted towards renewables as

the new energy source frontiers. Magnetic materials play a pivotal role in the efficient
performance of devices in a wide range of applications such as electric power generation,
transportation, air-conditioning, and telecommunications. The drive towards improving
electricity transmission efficiency and the replacement of oil-based fuels by electric
motors in transportation technologies has motivated researchers to focus on magnetic
material technologies. The increased demand for electricity in the past few decades will

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require a strong investment in energy-efficient power generation methods in some

instances; lightweight and smaller sized devices are preferred such as in transportation
and wind power. The historical evolution of permanent magnetic materials spans over a
100-year period. Manufacturing techniques of these magnets are well established, and the
energy densities (a key figure of merit for permanent magnets) have been enhanced from
∼1 MGOe for steels, increasing to ∼3 MGOe for hexagonal ferrites, and peaking at
∼56 MGOe for neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) magnets in the early 2000s. The need
for maximised energy densities at various operating temperatures has directed the
research and development of rare-earth (RE) permanent magnets (RPMs) possessing
improved temperature stability for electromotor applications. However, due to the scarcity
of RE magnetic metals such as Dy-dysprosium, Pr-praseodymium, and Sm-samarium, a
more practical approach, which seems to be gaining more ground, is manipulation on the
structure of grain boundary phases and internal interfaces, which enable better
understanding of relevant coercively mechanisms. Another approach is the development
of textured nanocomposites, which may lead to the next generation of permanent
magnets.

Although the relevance of this sector may be of little significance to the South
African industry currently, it is indeed a reality that the world is moving towards cleaner
and more efficient energy sources. As such, it is anticipated that a new industrial
revolution will be ignited by such need, which will bring online specialised industries to
meet the demand. In 2015, Stegan published a warning article on the concerns over the
“rare-earth crisis”. This was meant to serve as a wake-up call for decision-makers on the
need to develop alternative supply chains for RE-based magnetic materials around the
world. The present review, therefore, seeks to re-emphasise this need and make the South
African policymakers, science and engineering community, and interested parties aware
of the opportunities that lie ahead, which may require special funding, especially in
research and development. The review provides a background on magnetic materials and
further gives some highlights regarding the world market for magnetic materials. Special
attention is given to RE-based permanent magnets as a key ingredient to the sustenance of
the 21st century industrial revolution. The author also intends to clarify the several
ubiquitous misconceptions and the risks of the heavy reliance on a single source for RE
magnetic materials. The review concludes with an assessment of the available alternatives
to address the shortages and the role South Africa can play in this rare-earth crisis.

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Over the years, society requirements have become more advanced and magnetic materials
have become pivotal in the advancement of human civilisation. Magnetic product
applications have evolved from the simple magnet distribution needs in the early 1930s to
the more advanced high-performance motor applications in today’s electric vehicles. A
number of magnetic materials are available, ranging from the low-cost and low-energy
ferrites to the more expensive and high-performance RE materials. Magnetic materials are
generally classified in terms of their magnetic properties and uses. For instance, a material
that is easily magnetised and demagnetised is referred to as a soft magnetic material,
whereas a material that is difficult to demagnetise is referred to as a hard (permanent)
magnetic material.
Since the 1930s, Alnico magnets have been widely used, initially in military
electronic applications and later in civilian versions such as automotive and aircraft sensor
applications. The development of Alnico magnets marked the beginning of a new way of
thinking about magnetic materials where composite materials with multiple phases
produced attribute superior to those of the individual components. Alnico magnets are
alloys mainly based on nickel, cobalt, and iron with smaller amounts of aluminium,
copper, and titanium (typical composition in wt.%: Fe-35; Co-35; Ni-15; Al-7; Cu-4; Ti-
4) . They possess a fine microstructure consisting of micron- or submicron-scale
ferromagnetic particles dispersed in a weak magnetic matrix. They derive their magnetic
strength by virtue of a phase separation in the alloy into ferromagnetic FeCo-rich and
weakly magnetic NiAl-rich phases precipitated from the high-temperature homogenous
composition. To this date, the so-called “super magnets” are based on this very principle.
In 1952, the Phillips Company (Eindhoven, Netherlands) announced the
successful commercialisation of the first ceramic magnets. These complex oxides are
based on the prototypical composition MO.6Fe2O3 or equivalently MFe12O16 where M
represents the divalent metals Ba, Sr, or Pb. The most popular of these ceramic magnets is
barium ferrite or barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19). These magnets have commercial
significance owing to their low cost and chemical inertness and because they are easy to
process. They are classified as ferrimagnetic with both ferromagnetic (FM) and
antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling between atomic moments, and the magnetic coupling
depends on the specific crystallographic position of Fe ions. However, the major
drawback of these magnets is the decrease in magnetisation values with increasing
temperatures, brittle behaviour, and low magnetisation values at room temperature. This
is offset by the high Curie Temperature Tc∼1223–1248°C (defined as the transition

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temperature from ferromagnetism to Para magnetism) making them suitable in areas of

spintronic materials, battery cathodes, microwave communication, electric motors,
and high-Tc superconductors.
In the mid-1960s, under the direction of Dr. Karl J. Strnat at the US Air Force
Materials Laboratory later at the University of Dayton, Ohio, large magnetic products
were reported in intermetallic compounds based on samarium-cobalt typically 5.1 MGOe
(40.6 kJ/m3) and later optimised to 18 MGOe (143.2 kJ/m3 [10]. This family of
compounds consisted of the general formula RE(TM)5 containing RE metals Y-yttrium,
Ce-cerium, Pr-praseodymium, Sm-samarium, and transition metal (TM) cobalt. In 1972,
further exploration resulted in the discovery of a new compound RE2(TM)17 the so-called
“2–17” compounds . Sm2(Co,Fe)17 was reported to possess a theoretical maximum energy
product of up to 60 MGOe (477.5 kJ/m3). The SmCo magnets were later commercialised
with typical energy products in the range 22–32 GMOe (175–255 kJ/m3) depending on the
composition combined with an attractive Curie temperature (∼750°C) making them
suitable for high-temperature applications.
The drive towards neodymium-iron-boron (Nd2Fe14B) magnets was a result of the
increased cost of Co in the late 1970s, a critical ingredient in the SmCo magnets. Political
instability in the DRC (former Zaire: source of 60 percent of Co world supply) in 1978
jeopardised the global supply of cobalt. In 1982, the US Budget Office published a
strategic policy option to minimise the US reliance on cobalt and to focus on cobalt
substitutes for the manufacture of high-energy magnets. In the mid-1980s, a new iron-
based super magnet Nd2Fe14B (also known as ‘Neo’ or 2-14-1) was produced
simultaneously at General Motors US through a rapidly solidified synthesis method and at
Sumitomo through a liquid phase sintering method.

1.2 MOTIVATION

In recent years, technology advancement focus has shifted towards renewables as the
new energy source frontiers. Magnetic materials play a pivotal role in the efficient
performance of devices in a wide range of applications such as electric power generation,
transportation, air-conditioning, and telecommunications. The drive towards improving
electricity transmission efficiency and the replacement of oil-based fuels by electric
motors in transportation technologies has motivated researchers to focus on magnetic
material technologies. The increased demand for electricity in the past few decades will

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require a strong investment in energy-efficient power generation methods in some

instances; lightweight and smaller sized devices are preferred such as in transportation
and wind power. The historical evolution of permanent magnetic materials spans over a
100-year period. Global fossil fuel consumption is on the rise, and new reserves are
becoming harder to find. Those that are discovered are significantly smaller than the ones
that have been found in the past. Oil reserves are a good example: 16 of the 20 largest oil
fields in the world have reached peak level production – they’re simply too small to keep
up with global demand. In order to keep average global temperature increases below
1.5°C, we need to leave up to 80% of our fossil fuel reserves in the ground – but globally,
our reliance on fossil fuels is increasing. Here’s how long current fossil fuel reserves
could last as indicated over a graph in fig.1.2

Fig. 1.2Graph showing future energy reserves for coal, gas and oil.

Oil: Globally, we currently consume the equivalent of over 11 billion tonnes of oil from
fossil fuels every year. Crude oil reserves are vanishing at a rate of more than 4 billion
tonnes a year – so if we carry on as we are, our known oil deposits could run out in just
over 53 years.
Gas: If we increase gas production to fill the energy gap left by oil, our known gas
reserves only give us just 52 years left.
Coal: Although it’s often claimed that we have enough coal to last hundreds of years, this
doesn’t take into account the need for increased production if we run out of oil and gas.If

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we step up production to make up for depleted oil and gas reserves, our known coal
deposits could be gone in 150 years.
For the past decades, world’s main concerns are energy and environment.
Demands in finding alternative source of energy as an answer to the dwindling energy
sources has become one of the top priorities in the field of science and technology.
Majority of the world’s generated power uses electromagnets, which is based on faraday’s
law of electro-magnetic induction. Thus, interests in free electricity generation become
popular.
The concept of free electricity is a misconception, energy cannot be created. However,
generating power thru the means of readily available resources such as the Sun, Wind,
Tidal, Hydro-electric, and Geothermal becomes free after the initial capital cost. The
energy generated is free after the point that we don’t have to pay for the generation of the
electric power produced by these non-conventional methods of generating electrical
power.
Hence, the concept of generating electricity using magnets has been around us for some
time. Their magnetic fields that move electrons are used to produce electrical power.
These magnets are placed in the cores of motors and generators. Power generation’s basic
principle lies on the magnetic effect. It states that “when a conductor is rotated in a
magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the conductor”.
So, the concept of generating electrical energy using Permanent magnets which will not
losses its properties for more than 100 years. Use of these permanent magnets may reduce
greenhouse effect which is causing depletion of fossil fuels.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

 Able to prove the existence of free energy magnet motor which can act as
indefinitely and sustainable energy source.
 Able to construct a simple prototype to prove the existence of free energy magnet
motor.
 Able to carry several experiments to study the feasible of free energy magnet
motor behind the natural properties of permanent magnet.

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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X / 1450-202X Vol. 138

No 3 March, 2016, pp.123-132 on Design and Simulation of Free Energy
Permanent Magnet Motor (FEPMM) by Amel A. Ridha.

The objective of the work is to study the free energy permanent magnet motor,
where the natural repulsion or the attraction characteristic of magnet poles creates a
perpetual motion which can be harnessed by the magnet motor. In the present work, a
magnetic motor employing two parts of stator and rotor was designed and its operation
was analysed. The essential idea of this work have started by taking advantage of
permanent magnet properties in these machines when replacing electric coils by
permanent magnets, to build a free energy magnetic motor. These magnets were selected
according to the characteristics and influencing factors such as temperature and stored
energy.
A two dimensional computer model of the motor was designed in order to
perform a finite element magnetic analysis. The building engineering models using
simulation software (FEMM4.2). Then implementation the prototype by putting a disc
(internal rotor part) between two discs (external stators parts), the two motor's parts
consist of magnets type (ND Fe 38) which spaced by equal distances. Series of internal
and external parts were organized with different opposite polarity that created a series of
free movement of rotor.
The Finite Element Method is a numerical analysis method of solving systems governed
by differential equations. It is used to predict the behaviour of many different types of
physical systems, by enabling the conversion of a boundary value problem into a system
of equations that is suited for computer resolution.
The first step to work in FEMM is to build a geometric model by FEMM itself or
using the CAD software complex geometric models. In this work, the 2D geometric
model was imported to the FEMM 4.2 by building 2D geometric models from auto cad.
They have designed magnetic motor in two ways one in which the rotor and stator are
placed horizontally and the other is conventional circular type and simulated there results
in FEMM 4.2. The simulation had been performed to study the natural properties of the
magnets and the method to use the magnetic energy. The behaviour of permanent magnets

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can be studied by knowing the direction of the magnetic flux intensity lines and force of
the magnetic field is produced. the horizontal and vertical force is calculated that affecting
on the moving magnet (rotor) for each vertical distance with (one magnet) step.

Cylindrical magnet shape is the best type found of various shape simulation due to
the regular distribution of the magnetic flux lines which seems the squirrel cage rotor
which depends the cylindrical shape as well as the ability to control the direction of
magnetic lines inversely proportional with the spacing distance between magnets, while
because of existence of symmetry in magnetic field on the both side of Y-axis, leading to
a state of equilibrium on vertical axis, which leads to the Fx be equal to zero. Fx be
symmetrical around mid-point distance and this shows that Fx required to access equal to
the horizontal force generated by the exist. The linear arrangement simulation found that
the horizontal force is neglecting value, the vertical force has positive values all time that
means the will don't stop during its rotation, but it needs external force for braking. The
torque depending on the situation, a positive torque represents a starting point toward
movement and this. The torque values are positive any does not have points shall continue
to weaken the ongoing movement, and found the total loss for all cases equal to zero.

2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume

04 Issue: 04 | Apr -2017 on Free Energy Generator by Prarit Rajput, Harshit
Upadhyaya, Dr. Rishi Asthana.

The generation of energy by use of magnets by extracting its own repulsion

property is being discussed over these paper. Where the operating principle involves The
concept of using magnets for generation of electricity has been around us from a long
time ago. Here we are using Neodymium magnets which is one of the powerful magnets
on the earth are placed on the stator and the rotor part of the generator. As there is no such
thing called Free Energy. As we know that when a conductor is rotated in a magnetic field
a voltage is induced in that conductor due to the variation of flux in it but there are huge
losses in the core and winding of rotor and stator like iron loss, copper loss by the use of
this V-guard magnetic rotor these losses are very negligible. Here we are using permanent
ND magnets to generate the required rotating force to rotate the V-guard rotor. We are
using ND magnets here because these are the most powerful magnets on the earth. Due to
this magnetic force, V-guard rotor starts up to rotate and attain a proper speed for the
generation of electricity. As it is further connected with dynamo, the dynamo produces a

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energy which is further store in the battery and we utilize it forcommercial purposes.Here
the ND-48 magnets are used because of small in size and powerful in nature. The total no.
of magnets on the stator and the rotor parts are 66 and 28 respectively.

Basic principle of generator is to convert mechanical energy or rotational motion

converts into electrical energy. Here, we install or engrave the ND magnets in V-shape on
rotor. It is also called V-guard rotor and the magnets on the stator part is connected in
series. As the rotor rotates after every 360⁰ rotation the reed switch cuts the magnetic field
and generates a signal which is further send to the relay and relay gives the signal to the
electromagnet relay is used which is connected to the stator part to pull it up and down
after 360º rotation for maintaining the continuous motion of the rotor. Due to which it will
continue to rotate. And the rotor is further connected to a dynamo which is used to
generate the power as it reaches up to proper RPM. The power which is generated by this
system is further stored in batteries and ready to use for our purpose.

This free energy generator described in this paper doesn’t require any electrical
supply. It is basically a prototype which runs at 100 rpm and generates a voltage near
about 12 volts and current near about 8 amps which is further stored in batteries and
utilize for charging mobile batteries, lightning lamps, and many more. On bigger scale we
can create large amount of power which can be utilize for our domestic purposes.

3. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication

Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 6, June 2017 on Generation of Power using Perpetual
Motion by Shakunthala, Prof.Nagabhushan, R. Radha.

The perpetual based power generation i.e., using free energy available in nature
for the power generation. Free energy also used to minimize the cost of energy
consumption. The free energy generator is a decent, powerful and well-looking topology
that can give benefit to human being. The motto of this paper is to present one of the
methods of power generation which is independent of any atmospheric conditions unlike
wind, solar, biomass etc. and does not even depend on any fuels or raw materials unlike
thermal or diesel generators. Here we first tried to attain perpetual motion using
gravitational energy and then achieved the perpetual motion and output by using magnetic
energy. The gravitational energy though weak, is uniform and continuous and magnetic
energy which depends on the magnetic strength offers a good source of energy for
harnessing.

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Here the magnets are arranged in a circle on a free rotating wheel with same poles
facing outwards and an electromagnet used to create pulsating magnetic field using a
pulsing circuit, due to repulsive force the magnets start to move and cause the continuous
motion of wheel. The free rotating wheel is there on which the magnets are arranged in
circular fashion. This wheel is free rotating and it has shaft to which gear arrangement and
generator is connected. This wheel rotates due to magnetic repulsive force. As wheel
rotates it drives the generator through proper gear arrangement. To the shaft a wheel a
proper gear arrangement is done. It produces proper gear ratio between shaft of a wheel
and generator. This arrangement is used to increase the speed to operate the generator
since the speed produced by magnetic repulsive force is not sufficient to drive the
generator. Here dc motor is used as generator. It is driven by magnetic repulsive force
through proper gear ratio.
Magnets are arranged in circular manner with same polarity facing outwards and
fixed on wheel. Electromagnet with is fixed in front of this arrangement. Since we know
that like poles repel, here the same poles are facing each other a repulsive force is exerted
and the magnet moves to avoid it and next magnet comes in front of opposite fixed
magnet of same polarity, while the electromagnet is in off condition, it also experiences
the repulsive force and moves apart and since all the magnets are arranged in circular
manner this continues and causes the wheel to rotate. As the rotation continues the speed
will increase due to continuous repulsive force.
The wheel is connected to the shaft which bears another wheel made of iron for
smooth movement on the shaft. The second wheel is connected to the generator. A bigger
wheel is fixed to the other side of the shaft. This wheel is in turn connected to the shaft of
generator. This arrangement is to achieve proper gear ratio to increase the speed. The ratio
of this type of gear arrangement is 1:35 i.e. one rotation of a bigger wheel causes 35
rotations of the shaft of the generator. This provides proper speed for the generator to
operate.
The method of using free energy of magnets to generate electric energy provides
large scope in the present scenario of energy crisis. This method is with more than 100%
efficiency as there is no input, as the available natural energy being used. Using
neodymium magnets can greater increase the capacity of the output. Properly arranged
magnets and electromagnets can give output up to KWs.

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4. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue 12,

December 2014 on The Free Energy Generator by Mayank Grover, B. Lohith
Kumar.

Many new technologies were discovered with time which led a drastic change in
the perception of electric energy. But at the same time there is misconception of FREE
ENERGY. Energy becomes free only at a point after which we don’t have to pay for
power generation after commissioning the unit. By using the magnetic force of magnets
continuous motion (Energy) is generated. We used Neodymium magnets are placed on the
fins of the fan which has a capacity of 1-1.4 torque. Disc shaped magnets are placed in
such a way that all the north poles or south poles are facing one direction. This magnet
also produces a magnetic field, so both the magnetic fields repel each other (like poles
repel), which causes the fins to move. A simple dc motor/generator consists of a rotor & a
stator. The stator of the machine does not move & normally is the outer frame of the
machine the rotor is free to move & normally is the inner part of the machine. Both of
them are usually made up of ferromagnetic materials. Slots are cut on the inner periphery
of the stator & the outer periphery of the rotor. Conductors are placed in these slots of the
stator or rotor. These are interconnected to form round windings. The winding in which
voltage is induced is called armature windings & which current is passed field winding.
Permanent magnets are used in some machines to provide the main flux of the machine.
The internal windings of the dc fan which is behaving as a generator. The
windings are coiled around a cavity in which the shaft is inserted & rotated to produce the
electric power.Now we need to rotate the shaft of the generator to produce power, for that
we are using Neodymium magnets which are placed on the fins of the fan.
By integrating the basics of a generator and a motor, we successfully have a newer
concept of free energy generator which runs on almost no input & gives a valuable
amount of electric energy which can be used to for many purposes. The paper revolves
around the construction, working & applications of free energy generator & its future
enhancements. this design may prove to be a pioneer in the field of research of free
energy.

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CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

Building the 2D geometric models of various designs in AUTO CAD and

exporting the same models into FEA/FEMM4.2 software and simulating the various
properties of magnets and design i.e. to select the magnets of proper size and grade
different field strength is simulating by changing the numerical data. The magnetic field
strength, magnetic lines. The torque direction it produces is simulated.

After simulation of design selecting the size of magnets the material required to
build the core of magnetic motor, designing of core material to place the magnets
positioning of shaft etc.

Assembling of magnets to the rotor parts and stator parts ensuring all the magnets faces
outwards have the same polarity. The magnets in rotor and stator is of same polarity such
that a repulsive force is induced due to which the rotating motor is obtained.

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3.1 FLOW OF METHODOLOGY

SELECTION OF MAGNETS

SELECTION OF CORE
MATERIALS FOR ROTOR PART

SIMULATING THE DESIGN IN

FEA

WORKING OUT VARIOUS

COMBINATIONS OF DIAMETER
AND HEIGHT OF MAGNET

PLACING OF SHAFT AND

MAKING RIVETS FOR PLACING
MAGNETS

POSITIONING OF STATOR
PARTS AND FIXING MAGNETS
TO IT

POWERING OF STATOR PART

ROTATION IS INITIATED

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CHAPTER-4

DESIGN OF MAGNETIC MOTOR

Fig 4.1 Placing of magnets on rotor part of motor

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Fig 4.2 Rotor drum design magnet placed on rotor drum

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CHAPTER-5

MATERIAL SELECTION

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Material selection is a step in the process of designing any physical object. In the
context of product design, the main goal of material selection is to minimize cost while
meeting product performance goals. Systematic selection of the best material for a given
application begins with properties and costs of candidate materials. It is essential that a
designer should have a thorough knowledge of the properties of the materials and their
behaviour under working conditions. Some of the important characteristics of materials
are: strength, durability, flexibility, weight, resistance to heat and corrosion, ability to
cast, welded or hardened, machinability, electrical conductivity.

The list of material’s used in our project are listed below

1. Neodymium Magnets [N52, N45, N35]

2. Actuator
3. Bearings

5.2 Neodymium Magnets [N52, N45, N35]

Neodymium magnets are a member of the Rare Earth magnet family and are the
most powerful permanent magnets in the world. They are also referred to as NdFeB
magnets, or NIB, because they are composed mainly of Neodymium (Nd), Iron (Fe) and
Boron (B). They are a relatively new invention and have only recently become affordable
for everyday use.

Grades of Neodymium
N35, N38, N42, N38SH... what does it all mean? Neodymium magnets are all
graded by the material they are made of. As a very general rule, the higher the grade (the
number following the 'N'), the stronger the magnet. The highest grade of neodymium
magnet currently available is N52. Any letter following the grade refers to the
temperature rating of the magnet.
Specifications of Neodymium Magnets
Plating’s/Coatings
Neodymium magnets are a composition of mostly Neodymium, Iron and Boron. If
left exposed to the elements, the iron in the magnet will rust.
To protect the magnet from corrosion and to strengthen the brittle magnet
material, it is usually preferable for the magnet to be coated. There are a variety of options
for coatings, but nickel is the most common and usually preferred. Our nickel-plated

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magnets are actually triple plated with layers of nickel, copper, and nickel again. This
triple coating makes our magnets much more durable than the more common single
nickel-plated magnets. Some other options for coating are zinc, tin, copper, epoxy, silver
and gold. Our gold-plated magnets are actually quadruple plated with nickel, copper,
nickel and a top coating of gold.

Machining
Neodymium material is brittle and prone to chipping and cracking, so it does not
machine well by conventional methods. Machining the magnets will generate heat, which
if not carefully controlled, can demagnetize the magnet or even ignite the material which
is toxic when burned. It is recommended that magnets not be machined.

Demagnetization
Rare Earth magnets have a high resistance to demagnetization, unlike most other
types of magnets. They will not lose their magnetization around other magnets or if
dropped. They will however, begin to lose strength if they are heated above their
maximum operating temperature, which is 176°F (80°C) for standard N grades. They will
completely lose their magnetization if heated above their Curie temperature, which is
590°F (310°C) for standard N grades. Some of our magnets are of high temperature
material, which can withstand higher temperatures without losing strength.

Strength
If you've never handled neodymium magnets before, you will be amazed at their
strength. Neodymium magnets are over 10x stronger than the strongest ceramic magnets.
If you are currently using ceramic magnets in your project, you could probably use a
much smaller neodymium magnet and have greater holding force.
You can get an idea of the relative strength of each of our magnets on our Magnet
Summary Page. The surface field of each of our stock magnets is also listed on that same
page. We also offer an online magnet calculator to help you estimate the pull force and
field strength of magnets at any distance from the magnet.

5.2 ACTUATOR

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An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and

controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it is
a "mover".
An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy. The control signal is
relatively low energy and may be electric voltage or current, pneumatic or hydraulic
pressure, or even human power. Its main energy source may be an electric current,
hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure. When it receives a control signal, an
actuator responds by converting the signal's energy into mechanical motion.
An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts upon an
environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or electronic system),
software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), a human, or any other input.

Electric Actuator
An electric actuator may provide the actuation force/torque in one of several ways.
Electromechanical actuators may be used to power a motor that converts electrical energy
into mechanical torque. Another approach is an electrohydraulic actuator, where the
electric motor remains the prime mover, but provides torque to operate a hydraulic
accumulator that is then used to transmit actuation force in much the same way that diesel
engine/hydraulics are typically used in heavy equipment.
Electrical energy is used to actuate equipment such as multi-turn valves, or
electric-powered construction and excavation equipment.
Electric actuators are one of the cleanest and most readily available forms of
actuator because it does not directly involve oil or other fossil fuels.

Linear Actuator
A linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, in contrast to
the circular motion of a conventional electric motor. Linear actuators are used in machine
tools and industrial machinery, in computer peripherals such as disk drives and printers, in
valves and dampers, and in many other places where linear motion is required. Hydraulic
or pneumatic cylinders inherently produce linear motion. Many other mechanisms are
used to generate linear motion from a rotating motor. the linear actuator is shown in fig
4.1.

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Fig 4.1 Linear actuator powered by electricity.

5.3 Bearings

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative movement to the desired

motion and reduces friction between moving parts. Most bearings facilitate the desired
motion by minimizing friction. Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of
operation, the motions allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the
parts.

Ball bearing
A ball bearing is a type of rolling-element bearing that uses balls to maintain the
separation between the bearing races is shown in fig 4.2.

The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and
axial loads. It achieves this by using at least three races to contain the balls and transmit
the loads through the balls

Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of
rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races.
However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races.

Fig 4.2 Ball bearing

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CHAPTER-6

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages
1. It's non-reliance on external sources such as, wind or sun to function is one ofthe major
advantages of magnetic motor as against solar panels and wind mills.

2. It can function irrespective of the weather condition.

3. They are also inexpensive to build than solar panels or wind turbines.

4. A person can build a magnetic generator at home at affordable prices as all thematerials
required to build it are available at local hardware stores.

5. Furthermore, a person can easily build the motor for a low price with the help of
amagnetic motor you can generate electricity for as long as you want.

6. This way, it can provide permanent electrical energy for life.

7. Hence, you can generate energy for as long as 100 years, that is until the magnets lost
their magnetism.

8. It can also bring down your electricity cost by as much as 80%.

9. In addition, the energy that produces by magnet motor is clean andenvironment

friendly.

Disadvantages
1. The magnet motor is that it cannot be controlled electrical way you cannot shut itdown
the 'SOLID STATE' way.
2. Neodymium is brittle and hence gets break/crack due to collisions.

APPLICATION

Electric motors and revolutionary new technologies are at the forefront and
magnets have a vital role to play in the future of the world’s industry and transport.
Neodymium magnets act as the stator or part of a traditional electric motor that does not
move.

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CONCLUSION
The point of the magnetic motor is to provide an alternative energy source so that
we do not have to independently rely on fossil fuels. The magnets are not doing harm to
environment. The biggest issue is going to be the cost of the replacement magnets. A
magnet motor energy generator works but science behind this revolutionary concept needs
some more developing and work through to become reliable energy source to reduce our
dependence on fossil fuels.

Permanent magnet motors and generators offer several advantages like decreased
installation space for higher power and unnecessary gearboxes. Designing and producing
these high speed permanent magnet motors and generators is an exciting task, where the
usage of most modern computational methods for the development process is as important
as a wide range of experience and expertise to extend actual operation limitations in a safe
way

We have a newer concept of free energy generator which runs on almost no input
and gives a valuable amount of electrical energy which can be used to for many purposes.
This design may prove to be a pioneer in the field of research of free energy. This concept
of free energy is can be made using magnets and simple motors.

If we do more focus and research on this project then this became the face of
tomorrow. This is the replacement of renewable or alternate source of energy in future.

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REFERENCES

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