Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
COST BEHAVIOUR:
Costs react to changes in activity; or purpose in decision making; therefore there
are categorized as either DIRECT or INDIRECT
MIXED COSTS
which does not change in direct proportion to the activity; nor does it
remain constant with a change in the activity.
STEP FIXED COSTS (constant costs attributed to match different levels in the activity)
PLANNED COSTS
those costs which had been budgeted or estimated specifically for the
activity
ACTUAL COSTS
the real costs (measured at the end) incurred in conducting the activity
CONTROLLABLE COSTS
those costs which can be changed (incurred or avoided) by management’s
actions
UNCONTROLLABLE COSTS
those costs which cannot be changed by the actions of the entity.
OPPORTUNITY COST
The potential benefit given up by selecting one course of action over
another.
6. PRODUCT COSTS (also known as manufacturing costs OR inventoriable costs)
These costs include:
o DIRECT MATERIALS - Material costs that can be traced to the product
o DIRECT LABOUR - Labour costs that can be traced to the product
o FACTORY OVERHEAD - All manufacturing costs other that those that
are direct
7. PRIME COST - Sum of direct materials, (direct expenses), and direct labour
o ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS
All costs of general administration (management) of the
company as a whole.
[The manufacturing enterprise]
MANUACTURED (FINISHED) GOODS
The manufacturing account is used to disclose the cost of producing a finished
product.
The cost are separated into PRIME COST and OVERHEAD COST.
PRIME COST
The sum of all those costs that can be traced directly to the creation of the
product; whose contribution was so great that the product would not exist
without them.
DIRECT MATERIALS The cost of acquiring actual materials from which the product is made
DIRECT LABOUR The cost (wages) of the workers who actually make the product
DIRECT EXPENSES The cost (expense) of acquiring the rights to make the product
INDIRECT EXPENSES The cost exclusively incurred in operating the factory on a whole
INDIRECT MATERIALS The cost purchased for the factory but not to make the product
INDIRECT LABOUR
The cost (wages) of the workers in the factory who do not actually make the
product.
WORK-IN-PROGRESS at start
Goods which were in the process of being made at the end of the previous year, but
which forms part of the input for the current year’s production of FINISHED GOODS.
WORK-IN-PROGRESS at close
Goods which were in the process of being made at the end of the current year, and so
must be removed from the current year’s production of FINISHED GOODS.
PRIME COSTS + FACTORY OVERHEAD COSTS + NET WORK IN PROGRESS = COST OF FINISHED GOODS
MANUFACTURED
TRADING OF THE FINISHED GOODS by the factory requires the calculation of the COST OF GOODS SOLD
FINISHED GOODS at start + COST OF FINISHED GOODS TRANSFERRED FROM PRODUCTION – FINISHED
GOODS at close = COST OF GOODS SOLD
[Stocks of finished goods are valued at cost (as with any other type of stock)]
Finished goods transferred from production may incur additional cost (carriage) or mark-up
(profit percentage)
Mark-up profits are ONLY realized when the goods are sold!
NON-MANUFACTURING OVERHEADS
These are expenses incurred at a management and administrative level as part of the
function of the entire business. These expenses must now be removed to reveal if the
company is operating profitably.
t should be noted that there are TWO ACCOUNTING methods {we will examine these later} for
treating overheads.
= GROSS PROFIT
Fixed (factory) overheads
Variable (non-
= manufacturing cost manufacturing) overheads