1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Bernoulli’s principle state that when a fluid’s velocity increase, the pressure will
decrease. It defines the conversion of energy in terms of non-viscous, incompressible
and frictionless fluid in steady flow. The Bernoulli’s equation consists of pressure head
(P/ρg), velocity head (v²/2g) and vertical elevation (z). the summation of these value is
known as total head or total energy. It is usually used between two points to solve pipe
problems.

2.0 OBJECTIVES
To verify the validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem for fluid flow under steady condition
experimentally.

3.0 APPARATUS & PROCEDURES

Apparatus:
1. Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Unit.
2. Hydraulic bench.
3. Measuring cylinder.
4. Stopwatch.
Procedures:

(General start-up procedure)

1. The apparatus is placed on the flat top of the bench.

2. The water tank of the hydraulic bench is filled with water.
3. A flexible inlet tube is connected using the quick release coupling in the bed of the
channel. Another flexible hose is connected to the outlet and directed to the channel.
4. The discharge valve at the unit is opened partially.
5. Meanwhile, the bench valve is fully closed and the pump is switched on.
6. Bench valve is opened gradually to allow the piping system, venture tube and
manometer tube filled with water until there is no air in the system. Trapped air must
be removed to obtain more accurate result.
7. Water flow into the venture tube and discharge into the collection tank of hydraulic
bench.
8. The water flowrate is increased until the flow is steady and no bubble trapped in the
system. After that, the discharge valve is closed to reduce the flow.

(To verify Bernoulli’s Theorem)

9. Make sure to perform the general start-up procedure to increase accuracy of the
results.
10. The diameter of the venture tube at each point is recorded. Also, the distance from
one manometer tube to another is measured. The bench valve and discharge valve
are closed and the pump is turned on.
11. Manometer tube is filled with water by opening the bench valve gradually. Again,
make sure that no air bubble is trapped.
12. The bench valves and discharge valve is adjusted. Then, the discharge valve is re-
tightened when the manometer’s level reached a convenient height. The height is
recorded.
13. Discharged valve is opened to give difference in level of manometer. All the readings
on all manometer is also recorded.
14. The volume of water and time taken to collect a known volume of water is recorded.
15. Repeat these steps for another higher/lower discharge.
4.0 TABULATION OF DATA & RESULT ANALYSIS

 Slower flow rate:

Tube Tube Tube Distance Manometer Velocity Total

no diameter cross from 1st level (mm) head (mm) head
(mm) sectional tube (mm)
area (mm)
(mm²)
1 7.5 338.6 0 105 9.9493x10-11 26.5
2 7.5 233.5 30 90 2.0921x10-10 25.7
3 7.5 84.6 60 70 1.5938x10-9 25.5
4 7.5 170.2 100 75 3.9377x10-10 25.5
5 7.5 255.2 135 80 1.7515x10-10 25.5
6 7.5 338.6 178 85 9.9492x10-11 25.5

Volume (m³) Time (s) Flowrate (m³/s)

0.0005 33.42 1.496x10-5
z = 0 mm

Levelled height of water on manometers = 145 mm

(1st TRIAL)

TUBE N.O 1 :

Q = AV
1.496x10-5 = 0.3386V
V = 4.4182x10-5 m2/s
Velocity Head = v2/2g

= 9.9493x10-11m
 Faster flow rate:

Tube Tube Tube Distance Manometer Velocity head Total

no diameter cross from 1st level(mm) (mm) head
(mm) sectional tube (mm)
area (mm)
(mm²)
1 7.5 338.6 0 170 4.7851x10-10 31
2 7.5 233.5 30 170 1.0062x10-9 31
3 7.5 84.6 60 145 7.6651x10-9 31
4 7.5 170.2 100 140 1.8938x10-9 31.1
5 7.5 255.2 135 150 8.4236x10-10 31.2
6 7.5 338.6 178 153 4.7851x10-10 31.3

Volume (m³) Time (s) Flowrate (m³/s)

0.0005 15.24 3.2808x10-5

z = 0 mm
Levelled height of water on manometers = 150 mm

(2nd TRIAL)

TUBE N.O 1 :
Q = AV
3.2808x10-5= 0.3386V
V = 9.6893x10-5 m2/s
Velocity Head = v2/2g

=4.7851x10-10m
 a. Velocity Head VS Horizontal Distance

VELOCITY HEAD VS HORIZONTAL DISTANCE

0.025
VELOCITY HEAD, mm

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
0 50 100 150 200
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE, mm
VELOCITY HEAD (mm) VELOCITY HEAD (mm)

b. Pressure Head VS Horizontal Distance

PRESURE HEAD VS HORIZONTAL DISTANCE

70

60

50
PRESURE HEAD, mm

40

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE, mm
 c. Total Head VS Horizontal Distance

TOTAL HEAD VS HORIZONTAL DISTANCE

39

37

35
TOTAL HEAD, mm

33

31

29

27

25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE, mm
5.0 DISCUSSION

After the experiment has been carried out, the value of the experimental total head is not
constant for both flow rates. However, according to the theory, the total head should be
constant for each point of observations. Comparing the value to the theoretical ones, the
difference is quite huge. The values are also not constant.

The pressure head decrease with the area of the pipe. This is because smaller area tends to
have higher pressure due to the force of the flow of water. When it is high in velocity,
pressure also increases. The total head is proportional to the area. This is totally depending
on the value of pressure head, velocity head and elevation.

The possible errors that occur during this experiment is the observers might leave out a step
or two when conducting the experiment. They also might not open or close the appropriate
valve when taking the readings.

6.0 CONCLUSION

The total head is not constant, both experimentally and theoretically. This happened due to
some errors during the experiment is conducted. Therefore, students failed to prove the
validity of Bernoulli’s Theorem.