The soil is composed of a lot nutrients needed in the treated water.

Often times,

the soil particles, react chemically and provide multiple means by which contaminants in

water can be adsorbed by soil particles and effectively be removed from the water. The

soil clay particles are negatively charged and will attract any constituents in the water

having a positively charged particle.

According to Yes Magazine, the soil can eliminate pathogens, turbidity, and

colour and taste in water in five ways:

 Protozoa, is a microorganism found in soil, feed on their prey which is

the pathogens.

 The soil, bacteria, and fungi produce antibiotics that poison pathogens.

 The soils clay adsorbs viruses and other potential pollutants.

 The soil acts as a physical strainer.

 The soil moisture, temperature, acidity, and nutrient are completely

different from the pathogens because of this they die.

carbon, that’s why there are some chemicals that can pass through. The chemicals that are

attracted to carbon are attached at the surface area, creating tons of bonding sites for the

chemicals, of the activated charcoal. Once all of the bonding sites are filled, the activated

charcoal will stop working.

Pebbles are rock fragments, generally smaller than a cobble and are round or

elliptical in shape with diameter usually ranging from 10mm to 150mm. Due to erosion,

pebbles get naturally tumbled with flowing river water from mountains towards plains,

thus giving them their smooth texture. It is used to prevent smaller suspended particles to

pass through and the other remaining chemicals that the charcoal failed to adsorbed.

Sand usually in the form of quartz, is composed mainly of Silica (SiO 2). Other

minerals may be present such as ilmenite (FeO-TiO2), magnetite (Fe3O4) or olivine. It is

frequently used to remove particulate matter, inorganic insoluble substances, suspended

solids and turbidity from water. Since the texture of a sand is fine, it traps the different

compositions or chemicals of wastewater that is not visible in the naked eye and also, the

sand traps the other impurities that are not trapped by the top layers.

Cotton is a vegetable fibre obtained from the mature capsule of the cotton plant.

It is a natural cellulose fibre and usually have characteristics such as having good

absorbency, the ability to retain its colour, and dry-cleanable. This is the final stage of the

mechanical filter; its primary job is to further cleanse the treated water after passing those

different layers.