Summary of Annotations

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The three basic forces, which may be exerted on, and applied

by, springs are:

 Compressional

 Tensile

 Torsional

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A spring can be defined

to be an elastic member, which exerts a resisting force when its

shape is changed

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Most springs are assumed linear and obey

the Hooke's Law,

F = -Δ k

Where F is the resisting force, Δ is the displacement, and the k

is the spring constant which is dependent of material properties

of the spring.

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Springs are elastic bodies (generally metal) that can be twisted,

pulled, or stretched by some force

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A part that is subject

to constant thrust or pressure is said to be spring-loaded

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The three basic types are:

 Flat

 Spiral

 Helical

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Spiral springs are sometimes called clock, power, or coil

springs
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after

you wind (tighten) it, it gradually unwinds and releases power

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Helical springs, also often called spiral, are probably the most

common type of spring

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Helical compression springs are wound

to oppose compression along the axis of wind

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Torsion springs, which transmit a twist instead of a direct pull,

operate by a coiling or an uncoiling action

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Torsion springs can

be found on clipboards, access doors, blowout panels and

again engines

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In addition to straight helical springs, cone, double-cone, keg,

and volute springs are classified as helical

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These types of

springs are usually used in compression

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A cone spring, often

called a valve spring because it is frequently used in valves, is

formed by wire being wound on a tapered mandrel instead of a

straight one

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a keg spring (not

illustrated) consists of two cone springs joined at their large

ends

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You can press a conical spring flat so that it requires little

space
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Volute springs are conical springs made from a flat bar that is

wound so that each coil partially overlaps the adjacent one

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A volute spring can be pressed to its minimum

height without any likelihood of buckling sidewise

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Torsion bars are straight bars with a circular or rectangular

cross section that are used to counteract a force using twisting

action

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Below a material (stock) cross-sectional diameter of

approximately 9.53 mm to 18.42 mm (0.375 in to 0.725 in)

certain steels are drawn into wires and cold-wound to form the

required shape of the spring

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Hard-drawn Spring Wire: which is of a low-quality (and

least expensive) carbon-steel stock

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This wire is liable to

posses fine seams in its surface and, as such, would

only be used in applications of low stress and not where

fatigue loadings could be exerted

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Oil-tempered Spring Wire: which is of a better quality,

high-carbon steel, stock

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it may also contain

surface discontinuities and would be found where long

fatigue life is not required

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Music Wire: which is a carbon-steel stock of high quality

and is suitable for small-sized, helical springs in

applications involving high fatigue stresses

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Chrome-Vanadium Steel Wire: which is a stock that has

been used for piston-type aero-engine valve springs

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suitable for high-temperature and highstress conditions

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Chrome-Silicon Steel Wire: which, when used in valve

springs, has a higher fatigue life in the lower cycle

ranges (10 kHz – 100 kHz) than other wires

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Stainless-Steel Spring Wire: which, as is obvious from

its name, is used in conditions where high corrosionresistance is the requirement

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Some grades of

Stainless-Steel wires can be made to accept magnetism

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This grade of wire would

also be utilised in applications where resistance to creep

at elevated temperatures is desired

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the larger diameter

metals (bars or rods) are hot-wound and then also subjected to

various stress-relieving processes

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These steels vary in composition, depending on their location,

but

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These steels vary in composition, depending on their location,

but are, commonly, based on carbon and manganese as the

main constituent elements

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may be formed from oiltempered steels (thin sections – clock-type springs) or from

annealed steels which are subsequently heat-treated

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Spring Brass:which is comparatively inexpensive, has good

electrical conductivity, but is unsuitable for high-stress

applications

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Nickel Silver (also called German Silver): which has better

characteristics than brass and is, in fact, made from different

percentages of copper, zinc and nickel

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Phosphor Bronze: has a minimum percentage of 90% copper

content and has, therefore, excellent electrical conductivity

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It is

suitable for applications of higher stress levels than those of

brass

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Silicon Bronze: has similar characteristics to those of phosphor

bronze but is less expensive to produce

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Beryllium Copper: which has similar conductivity (and

corrosion resistance) qualities to those of copper with the

addition of beryllium (2.0& – 2.5%) imparting greater hardness

and other superior mechanical properties

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High-Nickel Alloys: which are the types more commonly found

in aero-engine applications

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fall under various,

familiar, trade names such as:

 Monel

 ‘K’ Monel (3% aluminium)

 Permanickel

 Inconel

 Inconel ‘X’ (2.5% Titanium)

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Another high-nickel alloy goes under the name of NiSpan-C and does, in fact, contain almost 50% iron.

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Some composite springs involve the joining of certain metals

with elastomers to form the anti-vibration mountings (Metalastic

Bushes and Housings) such as those found in aero-engine and

auxiliary power unit (APU) installations

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Others combine synthetic rubber strands, encased within a

sheath of braided cotton, nylon or similar materials. They are,

usually, referred to as ‘Shock Absorbers’ or ‘Shock Cords’

rather than ‘Springs’ and are more familiarly known by the

generic name of ‘Bungee Cords’

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Bungee Cords may be

encountered on many light- and medium-sized aircraft