5.

9 CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

BY: CHRIS-ANN JANSEL M. ULBINA

ADAVANTAGES OF USING CONCRETE CEMENT PAVEMENT:

 EXCELLENT RIDING SURFACE

 PLEASING APPEARANCE

 PAVEMENT CAN BE DESIGN ON A RATIONAL BASIS

DISADVANTAGES OF USING CONCRETE CEMENT PAVEMENT:

• HIGH INITIAL COST

• NOT SUITABLE FOR CONSTRUCTING IN STAGES

• TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDIAL JOINTS ARE PLANES OF WEAKNESSES

• A MINIMUM PERIOD OF 28 DAYS FOR CURING IS REQUIRED BEFORE OPENING IT TO TRAFFIC

MATERIALS USE:

 CEMENT
 AGREGGATES

STAGES IN CONSTRUCTING CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS:

 PREPARATION OF SUB-GRADE AND SUB- BASE

 PLACING OF FORMS

 BATCHING OF MATERIALS AND MIXING

 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

 COMPACTING AND FINISHING

 CURING

 REMOVAL OF FORMS

PREPARATION OF SUB-GRADE AND SUB-BASE

• NO SOFT SPOTS SHOULD BE PRESENT

• THE COMPACTED SUB-GRADE OR SUB-BASE EXTENDS ATLEAST 300mm ON EITHER SIDE OF THE WIDTH TO BE
CONCRETED

• THE SUB-GRADE IS PROPERLY DRAINED

• THE MINIMUM CAPACITY OF THE SOIL SHOULD BE 0.55N/𝑚𝑚2

TYPES OF FORMS:

 STEEL FORMS
 WOOD FORMS

BATCHING OF MATERIALS

• BATCHING OF MATERIALS MAY BE DONE BY BATCHING BY WEIGHT OR BATCHING BY VOLUME.

 • BATCHING BY WEIGHT IS DONE BY WEIGHING IN A WEIGH BATCHING PLANT,

• BATCHING BY VOLUME IS DONE BY MEASURING THE MATERIALS BASED ON THE BAGS OF CEMENT.

• THE MIXING OF THE MATERIALS ARE DONE BY THE MIXER. THE MIXING SHOULD BE CONTINUED FOR NOT LESS
1
THAN 1 2 MINUTE AFTER THE MATERIALS ARE FED INTO THE MIXER.

TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE

• THE CONCRETE IS TRANSPORTED BY PANS AS HEAD LOADS OR IN WHEEL BARROWS.

• THE SPREADING SHOULD BE UNIFORM AND RE-HANDLING OF CONCRETE SHOULD BE AVOIDED AS FAR AS
POSSIBLE.

• SHOVELS ARE USED IN CERTAIN REDISTRIBUTION OF THE CONCRETE.

• WHILE CONCRETE IS BEING PLACED, RODDING IS DONE FOR CONCRETE THICKNESS LESS THAN 125mm TO
PREVENT HONEY COMBING OF CONCRETE.

• FOR HIGHER THICKNESS OF CONCRETE, VIBRATORS ARE EMPLOYED.

COMPACTION AND FINISHING

• THE PAVEMENT SHOULD BE COMPACTED BY MEANS OF A POWER DRIVEN PAVER-CUT-FINISHER WHEN THE
THICKNESS OF PAVEMENT IS 125mm AND BELOW. A VIBRATING SCREED IS USED WHEN THE THICKNESS IS
ABOVE 125mm.

• HAND COMPACTION MAY BE ADOPTED WHEN THE WIDTH IS VERY SMALL SUCH AS AT CORNERS OF JOINTS.
BUT HAND COMPACTION IS NOT PERMITTED FOR SLAB THICKNESS GREATER THAN 100mm.

• COMPACTION BY TAMPING OR SCREEDING SHOULD BE CARRIED ON TILL THE MORTAR WORKS UP TO THE
SURFACE. TAMPING SHOULD NOT BE DONE IN EXCESS TO PREVENT EXCESS WATER FROM WORKING UP TO TOP.

• AFTER TAMPING AND BEFORE THE CONCRETE FULLY HARDENED, ALL IRREGULARITIES ARE CHECKED WITH A
TEMPLATE AND SURFACE CORRECTED BY ADDING OR REMOVING OF CONCRETE.

• FLOATING AND STRAIGHT EDGING

AFTER THE CONCRETE HAS BEEN COMPACTED, IT SHOULD BE SMOOTHENED BY A

LONGITUDINAL FLOAT.

- AFTER THE LONGITUDINAL FLOATING IS COMPLETED, THE EXCESS WATER HAS DISAPPEARED
AND WHEN IT IS STILL IN THE PLASTIC STAGE, THE SURFACE IS CHECKED BY ITS GRADE AND
LEVEL BY A 3m STRAIGHT EDGE.

• BELTING, BROOMING AND EDGING

- BEFORE THE CONCRETE BECOMES NON-PLASTIC THE SURFACE SHOULD BE BELTED BY A TWO
PLY CANVAS BELT.

- AFTER BELTING, THE PAVEMENT SHALL BE GIVEN A BROOM FINISH WITH A STEEL OR FIBRE
BROOM.
 - AFTER BELTING AND BROOMING BUT BEFORE THE CONCRETE FINALLIY SET, THE EGDES OF THE
SLAB SHOULD BE CAREFULLY FINISHED WITH AN EDGING TOOL TO MAKE THE EDGES SMOOTH
AND TRUE TO LINE.

CURING OF CONCRETE

AFTER THE FINISHING OPERATION HAS BEEN COMPLETED, THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE NEWLY LAID CONCRETE
SHOULD BE COVERED AGAINTS RAPID DRYING AND CURED AS FOLLOWS.

INITIAL CURING:

- TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO THE SURFACE OF THE CONCRETE, WET HESSEIN CLOTH OR JUTE MATS ARE PLACED OVER
THE SURFACE. THEY WILL BE KEPT FULLY WET FOR 24 HOURS AFTER THE CONCRETE HAS BEEN PLACED BY SPRAYING
WATER GENTLY.

FINAL CURING:

- AFTER THE REMOVAL OF COVERING, THE SLAB IS KEPT THOROUGHLY WET BY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING METHODS.

1. CURING WITH WET EARTH

2. IMPERVIOUS MEMBRANE METHOD

REMOVAL OF FORMS

AFTER CURING PERIOD, THE FINAL SURFACE IS TESTED TO CHECK THE CORRECT ALIGNMENT, GRADE AND CONTOUR.
ANY SPOTS BETWEEN 3 TO 6mm HIGHER THAN CORRECT LEVEL SHOULD BE GROUND DOWN WITH A GRINDING TOOL.

5.9.5 JOINTS IN CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

JOINTS ARE PROVIDED IN CEMENT CONCRETE SLAB, TO BREAK THE CONTINUITY OF THE SLAB. BECAUSE CHANGES IN
TEMPERATURE CAUSES EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION ON CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. AND ALSO, DIFFERENCE
OF TEMPERATURE AT TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE SLAB CAUSES WARPING AND CURLING UP OF THE SIDES.

TYPES OF JOINTS:

- EXPANSION JOINT

- CONTRACTION JOINT

- WARPING JOINT

JOINTS MAY BE PROVIDED IN THE:

- TRANSVERSE DIRECTION AND ARE CALLED TRANSVERSE JOINTS

- LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION AND ARE CALLED LONGITUDINAL JOINTS

TYPES OF TRANSVERSE JOINTS:

• EXPANSION JOINT

• CONTRACTION JOINT

• CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

LONGITUDINAL JOINTS
 USED WHEN THE WIDTH OF THE ROAD IS GREATER THAN 4.5m, THIS TYPE OF JOINT CONSISTS OF THE PLAIN BUTT
TYPE

5.9.6 SEALING OF JOINTS

• AFTER CURING PERIOD, THE TEMPORARY SEAL AND OTHER MATERIALS IN THE JOINTS SHOULD BE REMOVED
COMPLETELY AND THE GROOVES FILLED WITH APPROVED SEALING COMPOUND.

• JOINTS SHOULD BE THOROUGHLY CLEANED OF ALL FOREIGN MATTERS.

• ALL CONTACT FACES OF THE JOINT SHOULD BE CLEANED WITH A WIRE BRUSH TO REMOVE LOOSE MATERIAL
AND SHOULD BE DRIED BEFORE THE PRIMER IS APPLIED.

• THE EDGE OF THE JOINTS SHOULD BE FIRST PRIMED WITH PRIMER, GENERALLY A BITUMINOUS PAINT.

• THE SEALING COMPONENT SHOULD BE POURED INTO THE JOINT OPENING.

5.9.7 REINFORCEMENT IN CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

• REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED TO HOLD TOGETHER FRACTURED FACES OF THE SLAB AFTER CRACKS HAVE
OCCURED.

• REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED TO WITHSTAND THE TENSILE STRESS CAUSED DUE TO SHRINKAGE AND
CONTRACTION DUE TO THE RESULT OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CHANGE.

• BUT REINFORCEMENT IS NOT ACTUALLY ESSENTIAL IF JOINTS ARE PROVIDED IN THE CEMENT CONCRETE
PAVEMENT IF IT IS SPACED PROPERLY TO CONTROL CRACKING.