7.5a - Engineering Drawings, Diagrams & Standards

Summary of Annotations
Page 3
#1 Highlight (Shabbir)
The purpose of an engineering drawing is to record and convey

the designer’s requirements to other, interested, people
The reference for drawing practices, in the United Kingdom, is

that produced by the British Standards Institution, (BSI), in their
publication BS 308
There are other standards available, which

supplement BS 308, such as the Society of British Aerospace
Companies’ (SBAC) Technical Specification (TS) 88
There are four main types of drawings recommended by the BSI
The 4 main drawing types are:

1) Single-part: unique parts or assemblies
2) Collective: parts or assemblies of similar shape, but of
different dimensions
3) Combined: complete assemblies, including all individual
parts on a single drawing
4) Constructional: assembly drawing with sufficient
dimensional and other information to describe the
Summary continued on next page.

component parts of a construction
Page 4
Drawings of individual parts contain all the information

necessary to enable the parts to be manufactured to design
requirements
Sub-Assembly drawings are issued to convey specific

information on the assembly of component parts
Installation drawings are issued to clarify the details of external

dimensions and attitudes of components, locations,
adjustments, clearances, settings, connections, adapters and
locking methods between components and assemblie
General Arrangement (GA) drawings usually contain overall profile

particulars only, with locations and references of the associated
main assembly and installation drawings
General Arrangement drawings also provide a

guide to the identification of drawing groups used by the
particular design organisation
Main Assembly drawings may also contain profile particulars

only, but will include the information required for the assembly
of individual parts of sub-assemblies
in the case
of sub-assemblies, only the sub-assembly will be referenced
and not its individual parts
Page 5
There are three classes of working

drawings:
1) the detail drawing
2) the assembly drawing
3) the
installation drawing
When an aircraft is designed, a detail drawing is made for every

part
A detail drawing supplies all the information required to

construct a part, including all dimensions, materials, and type of
finish.
a
measurement should never be scaled from a print
Page 7
After individual parts are fabricated, they are assembled into

various subassemblies with the aid of an assembly drawing
An
assembly drawing depicts the relationship between two or more
parts.
Assembly drawings reference individual parts by their part number

and specify the type and number of fasteners needed to join
them
Page 9
All sub-assemblies are brought together in an installation

drawing
Installation drawing shows the general arrangement

or position of parts with respect to an aircraft and provides the information needed to install them
portions
of an aircraft that are not involved in the installation are shown using phantom lines
Parts that are used only as a reference are often

identified by their part name and the word "Ref" is noted beside
it.
Page 11
When it is necessary to show the internal construction or shape

of a part a sectional drawing is used
There are four types of

sectional drawings:
1) the revolved section
2) the removed section
3) the complete section
3) the half section
In a revolved section, a portion of an object is turned or revolved

to show a different view.
When only the shape of a part needs to be shown, it is shown

with either a revolved or removed section
The revolved section

drawing is often used to illustrate simple items with no interior
parts
a revolved section drawing shows how a part is

sectioned and revolved to illustrate it from a different view.
the removed section drawing

is also used to illustrate simple objects
in removed section drawing, the

object is cut by a cutting plane line and a section is removed to
illustrate another angle
Complex assemblies like cable connectors are typically shown

incomplete sections
When it is helpful to see the outside of a part as well as the

inside, half-sections are made.
typically the upper half of a drawing shows the internal

construction of the assembly, while the lower half shows the
entire assembly as it appears from the outside
The half-sectional view allows the inside and outside of a part to

be seen at the same time
Page 13
Illustrated parts drawings often make use of exploded view

drawings to show every part in an assembly.
In exploded view
drawing, all parts are typically in their relative positions and
expanded outward
A block diagram consists of individual blocks

that represent several components such as a printed circuit
board or some other type of replaceable module.
block
diagrams greatly Asif in identifying the malfunctioned subassembly
Page 14
Logic flowcharts are another aid used in troubleshooting

When using a logic flowchart, go to the

oblong START symbol and follow the arrows through the logical
testing sequence
on most
flow charts rectangular boxes explain a procedure, while
diamonds identify questions that require a specific answer
Each diamond has one input and at least

two outputs
In order to assure that all discrepancies are

addressed, you must follow a flow chart to the oblong END OF
TEST symbol
Page 15
A symbol is a visible sign used instead of a word or words to

represent ideas, operations, quantities, qualities, relations, or
positions
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has

standardized certain symbols used to represent materials in
section view
material symbols are not generally used on section views

unless it is desired to call special attention to section parts
the
blueprinting process does not permit the use of color on
ordinary drawings.
Page 17
On many existing blueprints the symbol for a finished surface is

a letter V with its point touching the surface to be finished,
drawn with an angle of 60° between the sides of the V
When a part is to be finished on all surfaces,

the abbreviation F.A.O. is sometimes used to represent "finish
all over."
Many manufacturers in the aerospace industry have adopted

the root-mean-square (rms) micro-inch system of surface roughness designation
Root mean square micro inch system has been standardized by

the National Aerospace Standards Committee in Specification
NAS30 and is also set forth in MIL-STD-10A.
On “smooth-machined" surfaces,
these irregularities generally have a maximum crest-to-crest
distance of not greater than 0.010 in. and height that may vary
from 0.000001 to 0.00005 in
Surface
roughness is a term used to designate recurrent or random
irregularities that may be considered as being superimposed
upon a plane or wavy surface.
“Waviness" should not be confused with roughness, as the crest

distances are much greater, generally running from 0.04 to 1.00
inch and the height as much as several thousandths of an inch.
The rms average is a unit of measurement of surface

roughness and is expressed in micro-inches.
The rms average is chiefly

affected by the highest and lowest deviations from a mean
surface and is a mathematical indication of average surface
roughness
The roughness number must always be on the left side of

the long leg close to the horizontal bar
Page 19
Rms 500. This is a very rough, low-grade machine surface

resulting from heavy cuts and coarse feeds in milling, turning,
shaping, and boring, as well as from rough filing and rough disk
grinding. This is also the natural finish of some forgings and
sand castings.
The extremely smooth finishes are indicated by rms 10, 5 & 2.

Honing, lapping, micro-hone, polishing, or buffing produce these
finishes.
Root-mean-square 10 and the finer finishes may have either a

dull or bright appearance, depending upon the method used to
produce them.
The surface appearance must not be considered

in judging quality, but the degree of smoothness must be
determined by "feel" or roughness-measuring instruments.
Waviness and tool lay designations also

covered in the National Aerospace standards Committee
Specification NAS30
The NAS Committee has selected a series of preferred

roughness numbers that cover the range of aircraft
requirements. These numbers are 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 100, 250,
and 500.
Page 21
#1 Text (Shabbir)
Table for Process/treatment and their symbol

pg# 7.5-19
Page 22
Use of capital letters is preferred on drawings and generally restricts the use of small (lowercase) letters to reports, manuals and
other technical publications, where they are used along with capital letters
The use of abbreviations is not encouraged in the aerospace

industry except where a saving of space is necessary
The period (.) is used after an abbreviation only when the abbreviation spells an English word
Each company standardizes its abbreviations in accordance with MIL-STD-12, a military

specification for government drawings
Page 23
#1 Text (Shabbir)
Terms and their Abbreviations table

pg# 7.5-21, 7.5-22
Page 25
Visible lines on outlines are used to illustrate a visible part
A visible line consists of a medium-weight solid line and is the most common type of line used on most drawings
Hidden lines indicate invisible edges or contours
Hidden lines consist of a dashed line of medium weight
Centerlines are made up of alternating long and short dashes

and are used to show the middle of a symmetrical part
In the case of a hole, the exact center is marked by the intersection of two short dashes
Extension lines are light lines that extend from the point where a measurement is made
Extension lines do not actually touch the

visible lines of an object, but are approximately 1/16 inch from a
part's edge
Dimension lines are light lines that are broken in the center so a
dimension can be inserted
Typically, dimension lines have an

arrowhead placed at each end and touch an extension line
All dimensions are placed so that they read from left to right
The dimension of an angle is indicated by placing the degree of the angle in its arc
Circular part dimensions are always given in

terms of the circle diameter and are usually marked with the
letter "D" or the abbreviation "DIA."
The dimension of an arc is given in terms of its radius and is marked with the letter R following the dimension
Cutting-plane lines consist of medium or heavy alternating long

dashes and two short dashes with an arrowhead at each end
Acutting-plane line is used to indicate the plane in which a sectional view of an object is taken
The arrowheads of the cutting-plane lines show the direction in which the view is seen and have letters to identify the section shown
Phantom lines are light lines made of alternating long dashes

and two short dashes
Phantom lines indicate the presence of

another part and are included for reference or to indicate a
part's alternate position
A movable part is illustrated by solid lines in one position, and by phantom lines for its alternate position
Page 26
#1 Text (Shabbir)
Pictorial identification of Lines

pg# 7.5-24
Page 27
Short break lines are used across small dimensions to show that a part continues
Break lines are medium weight lines that are often drawn freehand
Long break lines are used across a large part and consist of a light line with a series of irregular breaks or zigzags
Long break
lines usually extend beyond the solid lines indicating the edges of the part
Leader lines are light lines with arrowheads that extend from a note, number, or information box to a part
To minimize confusion, leader lines should never cross a dimension line, an extension line, or another leader line
Section lines are used to show differences in types of materials or exposed surfaces
Although different section lines can

illustrate various materials, if the materials used are listed in the
bill of materials, the symbol for cast iron is frequently used to
represent all metals
Page 29
For legibility and speed, all

lettering is done freehand, using single-stroke Gothic uppercase letters.
For ease of reading, single-stroke Gothic letters are used on

most aircraft drawings
Words should be separated by the amount of

space required for the letter "I" with space on each side of it.
Fractions are always made with a horizontal division line and

numbers should be two thirds as high as whole numbers
The letters on a drawing are normally in a range of ⅛ inch to as

large as one inch high and may be drawn vertically or on a
slant.
Slanted letters make an angle of 68º from the horizontal.
all notes, dimensions, material specifications, etc., are

read from the bottom of a drawing
all lettering and numbering

should be made in horizontal lines with the letters and figures
upright as viewed from the bottom of the drawing
Page 31
Dimension lines are

made with fine continuous lines, so as to contrast with the heavier outline of the drawing
Dimension figures (values) should be written above

and parallel to the dimension line and as close to its center as
possible
the dimension line must be drawn without a gap
Each dimension in a drawing must be given only once; duplicate dimensions should be avoided
Dimension lines are preferably (but not obligatory) drawn outside the drawing outlines
When a series of parallel dimension lines are in close proximity to one another, the dimensions should be staggered
Extension lines must extend 2 to 5 mm beyond the

ends of the arrowheads of the dimension line
The size of arrowheads of dimension lines depends on the thickness of visible outlines
if there is no room for arrowheads at the ends of dimension

lines, arrange in a continuous chain, draw a leader line and
place the dimension next
On half-sectioned views with an axis of symmetry, the

dimension line must extend somewhat beyond the axis of
symmetry
Page 33
For a circle the diameter is the only essential dimension
for circular and angular dimensioning, centerlines could be used as reference
When dimensioning a number of equi-spaced similar elements

of a machine part, say, holes (usually only one hole is dimensioned and the number of holes
indicated) for example: 8 HOLES 7 DIA
Page 34
in progressive (or
consecutive) dimensioning, there is only one arrow for each
dimension, thus indicating that each dimension goes back to the
original base line
Page 36
Ordinates method should only be used if the radii method is impracticable
A curved line composed of circular arcs should preferably be dimensioned by radii
Page 38
A tolerance dimension defines limits of size of a feature, and

also has bearing on the geometrical form of the feature.
In theory, the maximum material limit of size defines a maximum limit of perfect
form for the relevant surfaces
Page 40
Geometrical Tolerance is the maximum permissible overall

variation of form or position of a feature
Geometric Tolerance defines the size and

shape of a tolerance zone within which the surface or median
plane or axis of the feature to lie.
The zone within which the

feature is required to be contained is called Tolerance zone
The geometrical tolerance is indicated in a rectangular frame,

which is divided into compartments.
left: characteristic of tolerance
center: value of tolerance
right: (used if) datum or datum system is identified.
In cases where datum or

datum system is to be identified, a third compartment can be used in Tolerance frame.
The height of this tolerance frame should not more than 7 mm
The diagram composed of the constructional dimensions, which

serve to establish the true geometrical relationships between
the positional features in one group, is called Geometrical
Reference Frame
Page 41
#1 Text (Shabbir)
Table for tolerance symbols

pg# 7.5-39
Page 43
Pictorial Projections provide a three-dimensional, single image

of the object, as if it were being viewed, in perspective, by eye
(in a similar manner to a painting or a photograph)
A Parallel Perspective Projection is when one of the principal

faces is parallel to the picture plane
Isometric projections are the types mostly used for sketches

and for the majority of images in Maintenance and many other
manuals, used in aircraft servicing
Whilst perspective and oblique projections are not normally,

used in aircraft engineering drawings, they may sometimes, be
used in Maintenance or Overhaul manuals, to provide initial
images of uncomplicated components or to portray a general
view of a constructional assembly
Page 44
Orthographic Projections are the types mainly used in the

production of aircraft (and most other) engineering drawings of
components and structures
Orthographic projections are drawn as if the viewer is
infinitely remote from the object and rays (or projectors) lead out
from the object so that the projection lines of opposite sides
Summary continued on next page.

appear to be parallel.
Orthographic projection provides a two-dimensional view of

only one surface of the object
Orthographic projections must have multiple

views (usually three, but there can be as many as six) of the
relevant surfaces (drawn on three mutually perpendicular
planes) to provide an accurate depiction of the whole object.
The internationally recognised symbol, of the truncated cone

(frustum), is the key as to whether the First or Third Angle
projection is being portrayed on a drawing.
Page 45
The First Angle projection is being used when the truncated end
of the cone is viewed and the two concentric circles are drawn
at the remote end of the cone.
Third Angle projections show the surface of interest drawn

adjacent to that surface, in the same manner that the two
concentric circles are drawn adjacent to the truncated end of the
cone.
Page 46
Axonometric projections are widely used in engineering due to

their pictorial force and simplicity of construction
Axonometric
projections differ from orthographic projections in that in
axonometric an object is projected only onto one plane of
projection called the axonometric {or picture) plane.
In mechanical engineering axonometric projections are used as

an auxiliary to orthographic projections of a mechanical part
Without the axonometric picture it is very difficult to visualize the

shape of the object from the three orthographic projections
alone
There are two axonometric projections largely in

use. They are
1. Isometric Drawings (Rectangular Isometric Projections)
2. Oblique Drawings (Rectangular Dimetric Projections)
Axonometric projections of individual complicated parts or of a

whole unit are often of great help in designing and developing
new products
Page 48
With Isometric Drawings, the object is rotated so three sides are

visible
in isometric drawings, the three sides of the object are

drawn at an angle of 120º
isometric drawing fairly easy since no changes

are made to any dimension
Since isometric drawing aids in visualizing a part, most pictorial

drawings are illustrated in this way
An oblique drawing is a drawing with one object face parallel to

the drawing plane
The depth axis of the oblique

drawing is typically 45 degrees
An oblique drawing is similar to an isometric drawing in that

three sides of the object are visible. However, one of the object
faces is parallel to the drawing plane
There are two special types of oblique drawings.

 The cabinet drawing, and
 The cavalier drawing
In cabinet drawings, the oblique side is at a 45 degree

angle to the front side and is 1/2 the scale
Cavalier drawings are

primarily used when detailing is required on the oblique side
Cavalier drawings use the same scale for the front view as the
oblique side lines. However, the oblique sides are still set at a
45 degree angle to the front view
Page 50
A perspective drawing is used when you need to see an object

similar to the way the human eye sees it
The basic difference

between a perspective drawing and an oblique or isometric
drawing is that on a perspective drawing the lines, or rays of an
object meet at a distant point on the horizon
the point where the lines/rats meet in a perspective drawing, is

referred to as the vanishing point
Perspective drawings are not

generally used in aircraft drawings
In perspective drawings the rays that project from the drawing

intersect at a vanishing point on the horizon
Page 52
It is
recommended that the title block should be at the bottom of the
sheet with the drawing number in the lower right hand corner.
Except for repair drawings, the Drawing Number is also

generally the Part Number.
All
alterations to drawings must be made in accordance with a
drawing amendment system, which will ensure amendment to
design records
If an alteration is made, a new issue number and date must be allocated to the drawing
The title block is generally pre-printed and contains the

essential information required for the identification,
administration and interpretation of the drawing
Adjacent to the drawing number should be the title and issue

(alteration) information
The Drawing Number may refer to elements such as the project

identity, the group breakdown, and the individual register
number
whenever successive sheets are used, The first sheet is identified

as ‘SHEET 1 of X SHEETS’, as applicable and subsequent
sheets by the appropriate sheet number
Where a Schedule of
Parts (Parts List), applicable to all sheets, is required, it appears
on Sheet 1
Drawings of handed parts usually have the left-hand, upper,

inner or forward part drawn
The drawing sheet bears the legend ‘AS DRAWN’ and ‘OPP
HAND’ in the item quantity column
Page 53
Change to a design drawing, with the exception of minor clerical

corrections, is usually accompanied by a new issue number and
date
In all
cases where interchangeability is affected, a new Drawing
Number and Part Number are allocated
Details of the drawing changes are recorded in the appropriate

column on the drawing, or recorded separately on an ‘Alteration
Sheet’, which is referenced on the drawing
Some organisations use alphabetical issues for prototype

aircraft drawings and numerical issues for production aircraft
drawings
All drawings of a prototype aircraft become ‘Issue 1’ when production commences

some organisations publish ‘Drawing

Master Reference Lists’, which give details of the current issues
of all drawings which are associated with a particular
component or assembly
Every item called up on a drawing is given an item number,

which is shown in a ‘balloon’ on the face of a drawing
To ensure the authenticity (and legality) of the drawing, it should

bear a ‘Validity’ stamp (using red ink) which is applied by the
issuing department
When a modification or a repair is required to be embodied into

an aircraft structure or component part, it usually necessitates
the use of a working drawing to assist with the work
Page 54
Working drawings must not be used beyond their validation

date, but must be returned to the issuing department for
checking and re-validation before use
Page 55
MICROFILM
method entails one publication being reproduced, on a roll
of film and contained in a special cartridge case, approximately
three inches (76 mm) square
All copies, removed (taken) from the microfilm reading room,

must be used once only, and not retained for later work
in microfiche method, Each

sheet is capable of storing a large number of pages (over 100)
of text/drawings and takes up very little space
in microfiche method, one clear sheet of film is measuring approximately 100 mm x 150 mm (4 in x 6 in)
Page 56
The new
amendments come with a ‘Letter of Transmittal’, from the
relevant authority, in exactly the same manner as they do with
the ‘hard copy’ technical publications
Page 57
Since 1 June 1956, the Air Transport Association of America

(ATA), has used a specification, to establish a standard for the
presentation of technical data, by aircraft, engine or component
manufacturers, that is required for their respective products.
This specification is known as ATA Specification No.100 (ATA
100).
- ATA 100's two Chapters clarify the general requirements of
the aircraft industry, with reference to the coverage, preparation
and organisation of all technical data
Chapter 2 of the ATA 100 covers policies and standards

applicable to specific manuals and it details the names and
contents of the various manuals that must be prepared by the
manufacturer
Page 58
Chapter 1 of the ATA 100 covers policies and standards

applicable to all publications and provides a uniform method for
arranging technical material, within the relevant publications
In the ‘Arrangement of Material’ section, in Chapter 1 (1-2) of

the ATA 100, the standard details the use of a three-element
identifier number
Each element of the identifying number consists of two digits
- The first element is designed to provide

identification of all topics or systems, within the respective
manuals, by reference to specific Chapters.
- The second
element identifies sub-systems (sub-topics) as Sections,
- the third element identifies associated sub-sub-systems (subsub topics) as Subjects
Page 59
The subject is broken down yet further – into Page Blocks – to

provide maintenance personnel with more detailed information
on specific topics (or sub-topics) which relate to the Subject
material
#2 Text (Shabbir)
table for page block numbering system

pg# 7.5-57
If the word ALL appears

adjacent to the Effectivity then the information concerns all
types of aircraft (or components), regardless of any serial
numbers
The word EFFECTIVITY - which may appear on the left

hand side of the bottom of a page – is used to identify the
aircraft serial number, or manufacturer’s serial number (MSN),
or aircraft model to which a particular Subject topic may refer
and those numbers will be shown
Chapter 1 of the ATA 100 also details the policies and

standards applicable to all publications with reference to the:
- Physical Requirements: Format of media (Paper, Film,
Page layout/numbering etc.) and Indexing (List of
Effective Pages [LEPs], Table of Contents [TOC], Text,
Divider Cards, Sequence, etc.)
- Issuance and Revision Service
- Aircraft and Engine Zoning: Access Door, Port, Panel
and Area identification
Page 60
The BSI represents the United Kingdom on matters pertaining to ISO
British Standards are controlled by the British Standards Institution (BSI)
The MS (also MIL) standard

has, all but, replaced the AN system and, in many cases, former
AN parts are now being produced as MS or MIL parts
in MS Standards, The suffix usually consists of a letter, which identifies the item
(R for rivet, S for steel, C for cable, etc.), and a serial number
The AN system is one of the most widely used standards in
aircraft hardware
MIL standards apply both to hardware and materials
AN system was developed, together with the MS

system, by the US military to ensure quality and uniformity
Items of hardware used within military aviation, which have

been proven satisfactory by the aerospace industry, can be
granted a NAS (National aerospace standards) designation
Page 61
Electrical wiring diagrams are included in most aircraft

maintenance manuals.
- electrical wiring diagrams specify details such as the
size (gauge) of the wires and the types of terminals used for
each application
Wiring diagrams, typically, identify each

component within a system by its part number, (and sometimes
by its serial number), and will include any changes that were
made during a production run of an aircraft
Because some aircraft have very complex electrical and

electronic systems, a separate Wiring Manual is often produced
The Wiring Manual can include full wiring diagrams, component

location diagrams, and schematic diagrams to provide a system
overview
Page 62
In a Component Location Diagram, components,

within a specific system, are shown as they actually appear, and
not as symbols or as cut-aways
Page 63
Schematic diagrams can be found in maintenance manuals to

represent and give information on aircraft systems such as
electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, lubrication, air-conditioning, and
pressurisation, and also to provide details for engine and (where
applicable) propeller operation
Coloured diagrams are not used in maintenance manuals, but a

system of hatching and shading is normally used to indicate
how the system functions
A typical electrical system schematic diagram, is

used to give an overview of the complete aircraft system so that
maintenance and diagnosis can be initiated

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Summary of Annotations

The purpose of an engineering drawing is to record and convey

The reference for drawing practices, in the United Kingdom, is

There are other standards available, which

There are four main types of drawings recommended by the BSI

The 4 main drawing types are:

Summary continued on next page.

Drawings of individual parts contain all the information

Sub-Assembly drawings are issued to convey specific

Installation drawings are issued to clarify the details of external

General Arrangement (GA) drawings usually contain overall profile

General Arrangement drawings also provide a

Main Assembly drawings may also contain profile particulars

There are three classes of working

When an aircraft is designed, a detail drawing is made for every

A detail drawing supplies all the information required to

After individual parts are fabricated, they are assembled into

Assembly drawings reference individual parts by their part number

All sub-assemblies are brought together in an installation

Installation drawing shows the general arrangement

Parts that are used only as a reference are often

When it is necessary to show the internal construction or shape

There are four types of

In a revolved section, a portion of an object is turned or revolved

When only the shape of a part needs to be shown, it is shown

The revolved section

a revolved section drawing shows how a part is

the removed section drawing

in removed section drawing, the

Complex assemblies like cable connectors are typically shown

#10 Highlight (Shabbir)

When it is helpful to see the outside of a part as well as the

#11 Highlight (Shabbir)

typically the upper half of a drawing shows the internal

The half-sectional view allows the inside and outside of a part to

Illustrated parts drawings often make use of exploded view

A block diagram consists of individual blocks

Logic flowcharts are another aid used in troubleshooting

When using a logic flowchart, go to the

Each diamond has one input and at least

In order to assure that all discrepancies are

A symbol is a visible sign used instead of a word or words to

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has

material symbols are not generally used on section views

On many existing blueprints the symbol for a finished surface is

When a part is to be finished on all surfaces,

Many manufacturers in the aerospace industry have adopted

Root mean square micro inch system has been standardized by

“Waviness" should not be confused with roughness, as the crest

The rms average is a unit of measurement of surface

The rms average is chiefly

#10 Highlight (Shabbir)

The roughness number must always be on the left side of

Rms 500. This is a very rough, low-grade machine surface

The extremely smooth finishes are indicated by rms 10, 5 & 2.

Root-mean-square 10 and the finer finishes may have either a

The surface appearance must not be considered

Waviness and tool lay designations also

The NAS Committee has selected a series of preferred

Table for Process/treatment and their symbol

The use of abbreviations is not encouraged in the aerospace

Each company standardizes its abbreviations in accordance with MIL-STD-12, a military