7.6a - Fits and Clearances

Summary of Annotations
Page 3
#1 Highlight (Shabbir)
shafts are much easier than holes to machine small

diameters
the main systems of Limits and Fits, for engineering

purposes, is usually the ‘hole-based’ system
Limits are imposed on the manufacturing

processes, to ensure that, if any two mating parts are
manufactured to the dimensions as stated on the relevant
drawings, then the parts will assemble without need of further
major adjustments and in the least time possible
The limits are based on the allowances and tolerances imposed on the dimensions of the manufactured parts
An allowance is a difference in dimension that is necessary to

give a particular ‘class of fit’ between two parts
The term ‘shaft’
also includes bolts and pins
If the shaft is constant and the hole varies in size, then the
system used is said to be ‘shaft-based’
The
hole-based system is the one in more general use
If the hole is constant

and the shaft varies in size, then the system is ‘hole based’
Page 4
The correct allowance

would be the difference between the high limit of the shaft and
the low limit of the hole
Tolerance is the difference between the high and low

limits of size for that dimension
Tolerance may
be considered as a numerical expression of the desired quality
of workmanship
Page 5
Types of Tolerances
1) Bilateral (eg: 100 mm +– 0.01 mm)

2) Unilateral (eg: 100 mm + 0.02 mm, 100 mm – 0.00 mm)
3) Limits (eg: 100.01 mm,
99.99 mm)
With sheet material, such as patch plates, usually

have a tolerance in one direction only, the nominal size being
the lower limit.
Page 6
if the hole is to be reamed, then it must be drilled

slightly smaller than its nominal size, to allow for the metal
removed by the reamer
Drill sizes are fixed and can be

found on charts that list each standard drill size, together with
other columns such as clearance and tapping sizes
Page 7
There are three principal classes of fit, between shafts and

holes:
Summary continued on next page.

1) Interference Fit: where the shaft is larger than the hole
2) Transition Fit: where the shaft and hole are approximately

the same size
3) Clearance Fit: where the shaft is smaller than the hole
Page 9
if, due to different combinations of limits, we get either interference fit or clearance fit, we call it a transition fit
Page 10
Class A holes are

manufactured to a closer tolerance than are Class B holes
In the early Newall hole-based system of limits, the holes are

classified as Class A and Class B fits
in Newall system, shafts are classified, using the letters F,

P, D, X, Y, and Z.
Table on page# 7.6-8
Page 11
In the Transition Fit, the differences in the upper and lower limits
of both items are negligible so that only light effort is required to
insert the shaft into the hole
The upper and lower limits of the shaft, in a Clearance Fit, are
always less than those of the hole, so that the shaft moves
easily within the hole
in an Interference Fit, the upper

and lower limits of the shaft are greater than the corresponding
limits of the hole and, thus, force is necessary to achieve the fit
Page 12
The extreme permissible values of a dimension are known as limits.

- The larger dimension is called
the upper limit, and
- the smaller dimension the lower limit
Nominal size – The dimension of an object when variations in

size are disregarded
Basic Size is the theoretical exact size from which

limits of size are determined by the application of allowances
and tolerances
Deviation is the algebraic difference between a size

and the corresponding basic size
Upper deviation is the algebraic difference

between the maximum limit and the corresponding basic size
Lower deviation is the algebraic difference

between the minimum limit and the corresponding basic size
The 'upper limit' is the largest size allowed
The 'lower limit' is the smallest size allowed
Fundamental deviation is either the

upper or the lower deviation, depending on which is closer to
the basic size
The fundamental deviation locates the tolerance

zone relative to the basic size
Tolerance is the difference between the upper and

lower limit
- Where variation either side of the nominal dimension

can occur, the tolerance is called bilateral
- Where one tolerance
is zero the tolerance is said to be unilateral
International tolerance grade numbers are numbers which for a

particular IT
Numbers have the same relative level of accuracy but vary
depending upon the nominal or basic size
British Standard Limits and Fits (BS 4500) - Governs limits

and fits used for holes and shafts in industry
Clearance is the measured difference in dimensions of two mating parts when the inner member is
smaller than the outer member
Interference is the measured difference

in dimensions of two mating parts when the inner member is
larger than the outer member
Page 13
Allowance – The minimum stated clearance or the maximum

stated interference for mating parts
Page 14
Wear occurs at any time that there is motion between two parts
The Schedule of Fits and Clearances contains tables, which

specify the limits on wear and other characteristics such as:
- Ovality (of a hole or shaft)
- Bow of a shaft
- Twist of a shaft
Page 15
When dealing with shafts and tubes, it is vital that not only are
the ends square with each other, but that the centreline of the
complete shaft or tube is straight
If the centre line of the shaft is not straight, then the item is
bowed
Twist is the result of applied torsion on circular or square sectioned shafts
If the shaft has a square

section, it can be checked for twist on a surface table using a
DTI mounted on a surface gauge
The shafts can be checked for the presence of twists, by mounting

the shaft in V blocks and, then, locating these marks in the
horizontal position
Solid or tubular shafts that have to be checked for twist will

possibly have witness marks or lines engraved or etched at
each end of the shaft
It is possible to measure the amount of twist, to which a shaft is

subjected, whilst in operation or rotation, by the use of strain
gauges
The strain gauges emit varying amounts of electric current when

under strain, giving an indication (on a calibrated instrument) of
the load being applied
Page 16
Dimension New relates to the size of the part when new, and
will show the relevant tolerances
The four dimensions typically covered in wear tables are:

1. Dimension New
2. Permissible Worn Dimension
3. Clearance New

4. Permissible Worn Clearance
Permissible Worn Dimension refers to the size to which a part

may wear before it must be rejected as unserviceable
Clearance New is the desired clearance in limit form
Interference fits are quoted as negative clearances
Permissible Worn Clearance refers to the maximum allowable

clearance when reassembling the component
Parts,
which are not worn beyond permissable worn dimension size, can be used again,
providing a suitable mating part is chosen to keep the clearance
within the permissible figure
Page 17
This usually occurs as a result of the surface wearing, through

friction or linear movement
Ovality can apply equally to

holes and shafts
Holes may be tested for ovality, using such instruments as

Go/No-Go gauges, internal micrometers, or callipers
A shaft may be tested for ovality, by the use of snap gauges,

external callipers and micrometers
It is important to test for ovality of a shaft, before testing it for

bow, as the results may be suspect if bow is done first
Bow in a shaft can be determined, in a workshop, by utilising V

blocks, a surface gauge and a DTI (in conjunction with a surface
table)
Page 18
Iso system of limits
complete page: 7.6-16
Page 22
The magnitude of the tolerance zone is the unilateral variation in

part size and is the same for both the internal and the external
dimensions
The tolerance zones are specified in international

tolerance grade numbers, called IT numbers.
- The smaller grade
numbers specify a smaller tolerance zone.
- IT numbers range from IT
01 to IT 16, but only grades IT06 to ITII are needed for
the preferred fits
#3 Text (Shabbir)
(taken from pic on page# 7.6-20)
IT grades:
01 to 07 = for measuring tools
05 to 11 = for fits
08 to 14 = for materials
12 to 16 = for (laroe) manufacturing tolerances

7.6a - Fits and Clearances

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

7.6a - Fits and Clearances

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Summary of Annotations

shafts are much easier than holes to machine small

the main systems of Limits and Fits, for engineering

Limits are imposed on the manufacturing

An allowance is a difference in dimension that is necessary to

If the hole is constant

The correct allowance

Tolerance is the difference between the high and low

1) Bilateral (eg: 100 mm +– 0.01 mm)

With sheet material, such as patch plates, usually

if the hole is to be reamed, then it must be drilled

Drill sizes are fixed and can be

There are three principal classes of fit, between shafts and

Summary continued on next page.

2) Transition Fit: where the shaft and hole are approximately

3) Clearance Fit: where the shaft is smaller than the hole

Class A holes are

In the early Newall hole-based system of limits, the holes are

in Newall system, shafts are classified, using the letters F,

in an Interference Fit, the upper

The extreme permissible values of a dimension are known as limits.

Nominal size – The dimension of an object when variations in

Basic Size is the theoretical exact size from which

Deviation is the algebraic difference between a size

Upper deviation is the algebraic difference

Lower deviation is the algebraic difference

The 'upper limit' is the largest size allowed

The 'lower limit' is the smallest size allowed

Fundamental deviation is either the

#10 Highlight (Shabbir)

The fundamental deviation locates the tolerance

#11 Highlight (Shabbir)

Tolerance is the difference between the upper and

Summary continued on next page.

#12 Highlight (Shabbir)

International tolerance grade numbers are numbers which for a

#13 Highlight (Shabbir)

British Standard Limits and Fits (BS 4500) - Governs limits

#14 Highlight (Shabbir)

#15 Highlight (Shabbir)

Interference is the measured difference

Allowance – The minimum stated clearance or the maximum

The Schedule of Fits and Clearances contains tables, which

Twist is the result of applied torsion on circular or square sectioned shafts

If the shaft has a square

The shafts can be checked for the presence of twists, by mounting

Solid or tubular shafts that have to be checked for twist will

It is possible to measure the amount of twist, to which a shaft is

The strain gauges emit varying amounts of electric current when

The four dimensions typically covered in wear tables are:

Summary continued on next page.

Permissible Worn Dimension refers to the size to which a part

Clearance New is the desired clearance in limit form

Interference fits are quoted as negative clearances

Permissible Worn Clearance refers to the maximum allowable

This usually occurs as a result of the surface wearing, through

Ovality can apply equally to

Holes may be tested for ovality, using such instruments as

A shaft may be tested for ovality, by the use of snap gauges,

It is important to test for ovality of a shaft, before testing it for

Bow in a shaft can be determined, in a workshop, by utilising V

Iso system of limits

complete page: 7.6-16