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2018-01-1558 Published 13 Jun 2018
Finite Element Based Active Vibration Control of
Hierarchical Honeycomb Plates Integrated with
Piezoelectric Actuator
Ramkumar Kandasamy and Suchert Dominique Volvo Construction Equipment AB
Citation: Kandasamy, R. and Dominique, S., “Finite Element Based Active Vibration Control of Hierarchical Honeycomb Plates
Integrated with Piezoelectric Actuator,” SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1558, 2018, doi:10.4271/2018-01-1558.
Abstract
H
ierarchical honeycomb (HH) structures with level of
hierarchy more in the honeycomb construction (by
replacing the vertices of a regular hexagonal lattice with
smaller hexagons) are widely used in engineering applications
mainly due to their superior mechanical behavior and lightweight
high strength characteristic. At the same time, the role of hier-
archy and control gain on the dynamic behavior of HH structures
with surface-bonded actuator remains largely unexplored.
In this study, we investigated the active vibration control
behavior of the HH structure with surface-bonded
Introduction
T
he honeycomb sandwich structure [1] has been widely
used in recent years considering their high stiffness-
to-weight ratios for the construction of aerospace [2],
marine [3] and civil [4] structural system. For various
reasons, these structures have not made a significant contri-
bution to the structural composition of mass produced
modern vehicles and off -highway earthmoving machines
[5]. Nevertheless, as the need for a conceptual change over-
comes the challenges of implementing such concepts in
production, they are likely to become more common espe-
cially in future generations of such vehicles and machines.
In other words, structural components of vehicles and off-
highway earthmoving machines can be designed and manu-
factured with intelligent, emerging, smart lightweight mate-
rials which help to maximize payloads. However, amidst the
difficulties, light weighting and intelligent material selection
continues to be top of mind for many equipment manufac-
turers in order to meet increasing fuel economy expectations
while maintaining productivity and payload capabilities.
Further, elastic properties can be maximized through the
use of structure with one hierarchy level higher in the honey-
comb construction (by replacing the vertices of a regular
hexagonal lattice with smaller hexagons) which can help to
exhibit a Young’s modulus superior to that of its regular
hexagonal counterpart [6, 7].
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piezoelectric actuators. The HH plate like structures was
constructed with two identical face sheets and placed HH core
in-between. By using ANSYS parametric design language
(APDL), the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control
algorithm was incorporated into the finite element model for
performing the closed-loop control simulations. The accuracy
of the present method was validated with other researchers’
results. Furthermore, different parametric cases such as the
effects of control gain and level of hierarchy to the transient
vibration behavior of HH plates with surface-bonded actua-
tors were investigated.
In general, honeycomb sandwich based structural panels
have a high strength to mass ratio, its acoustic and dynamic
properties can be improved through passive viscoelastic treat-
ments in the high frequencies and active control in the low
frequency [8]. Piezoelectric actuators are very popular in
active vibration control mainly due to their large control band-
width [9]. Generally, the effect of an unwanted disturbance
can be cancelled by another disturbance in an active vibration
control, which can be called as ‘controlling force’. The required
functions for active vibration control such as sensing, diag-
nosing and applying controlling force needs to be performed
in a sequential manner. Modeling and analysis of intelligent
HH structures can be performed directly and systematically
without requiring any complex mathematical model [10]. The
ANSYS finite element program is one of the potential tools
for analyzing the dynamic behavior of such structures
equipped with sensors and actuators [11]. However, research
work on the active control of HH structures is rarely reported
in the literature. Therefore, more efforts are still required.
The present paper addresses active vibration control of
HH structures with surface-bonded actuators. A closed-loop
PID [12] control algorithm is utilized for achieving the active
structure transient response. With the help of APDL macros,
investigated the active vibration control characteristics of HH
structure equipped with surface-bonded actuator. All these
results were compared with other researchers’ results [11].
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2 FINITE ELEMENT BASED ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL

Modeling of Smart Geometric Models and

Honeycomb Plates
Integrated with Actuator
In the present study, a smart Aluminum sandwich plate
consists of two identical face sheets bonded with honeycomb
core with overall length d1, width d2, and total thickness ht is
used. The hexagonal honeycomb core is made of Aluminum.
A typical honeycomb cell with its parameters is shown in
Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the schematic of the smart
HH structures.
 FIGURE 1   Honeycomb structure cell (a) regular (b) 1st
order hierarchy
Effective Mechanical
Properties
Figure 1 illustrates the evolved process of a hierarchical cell
from an original one as the hierarchy is increased. For each
level of hierarchy, two hierarchical indexes (namely, γi and ηi)
are used to define the substitution geometry. The length ratio
(γ) is defined as the introduced hexagonal cell wall length (L1)
to the original hexagon length (L0). The thickness ratio (η) is
the ratio of the smaller hexagonal cell-wall thickness (tc1) to
the edge thickness (tc0) of the remaining parts of the original
hexagon. For example, for the first-order hierarchy (as shown
in Figure 1), γ1 = L1/ L0 and η1= tc1/ tc0.
The relative density, effective Young’s modulus and
Poisson’s ratio are the important indexes in describing the
mechanical properties of cellular solids. The relative density
of the HH structure can be calculated as [13].

r*
å3
2 tc0 æ
g i ÷ö (1)
n
i -1
r= = ç1 + 2
rs 3 L0 è 1 ø
Where ρ∗ is the density of hierarchical honeycombs, ρs is
the density of the bulk material, γi is the length ratio of the
ith order HHs, and n is the hierarchical order.
For the first-order HHs, the relative density can be given
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as [13].
r* 2 tc0
r1 = = (1 + 2g 1 ) (2)
rs 3 L0

It should be noted from the work of Mousanezhad et al.

[14] that hierarchical square and diamond structures exhibit
macroscopic anisotropy. Thus, in order to completely charac-
terize their elastic behavior we need to obtain the effective
 FIGURE 2   Schematic of HH structure (a) regular
Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. The maximum normal-
(b) 1st hierarchy
ized elastic modulus for structures with first-level hierarchy
and constant relative density can be calculated as [14]
3
E* 4 æ tc0 ö é 1 ù
E1 = = ç ÷ ê 1 - 4.7g + 4.8g 2 + 3.87g 3 ú (3)
Es 3 è L0 ø ë 1 1 1 û
Similarly, for the first-order HHs, the relative Poisson’s
ratio can be given as [14].

n* é g 13 ù
n1 = =1- ê ú (4)
ns ë 2 .9g 1
3
+ 3 .6g 1
2
- 3 .525g 1 + 0 .75 û

Constitutive Equation
The general constitutive equations and the equations of
motion for modeling smart structures equipped with sensors
and actuators can be referred from [15] as,
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[ D ] = [e ]{e } + [Î]{E}
[s ] = [c ]{e } - [e ] {E} (5)
T

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FINITE ELEMENT BASED ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL 3

Where [D] is the electric displacement vector, [e] is the  FIGURE 4  Block diagram of the active control system [11, 15].
piezoelectric stress coefficient matrix, {ε} is the strain vector,
[∈] is the permittivity constant matrix, {E} is the electric field
vector, [σ] is the stress vector and [c] is the elasticity matrix.

© SAE International
FE Modeling Description and
Solution Methodology
The FE models shown in Figure 3 are used to perform several
dynamic analysis simulations. SOLSH190 and SOLID226
elements are used for modeling the passive (face sheet with
honeycomb core) and the active (PZT patch) parts, respec-
tively. The geometrical parameters considered for modeling
face sheet and piezoelectric patch are shown in Figure 2. The
PZT piezoelectric actuator is bonded (A perfect bond between
the host structure and the piezoelectric strips is defined via
the GLUE options) on the upper surface of the top face sheet
and it is located closer to one edge of the plate as shown in
Figure 2 which is d4 distance away from the fixed end.
Considering some limitations like non-availability of 2D shell
piezoelectric elements in the ANSYS library and complexity
in modeling solid-shell interface, the complete model is
discretized into many 3D finite elements (element size is
around 1x1x1mm). The PZT sensor is utilized to sense the
vibration level and is glued on the backside of the face plate
without destructing core structure.
In the present work, the active vibration control is simu-
lated by using PID controller and strain feed-back approach.
The block diagram of the analysis considered is shown in
Figure 4. Fd is the vibration generative force. The instanta-
neous value of the vibration generating force Fd can be defined
at each time step.
It is taken as F0 at t = Δt and zero for other time steps in
the analyses below. The strain, ε is calculated at the selected
location mainly where sensor is located and it is multiplied
by sensor amplification factor KS, and then it is subtracted
from zero. The zero value is the reference input value, Vr to
control the vibration. The difference between the input refer-
ence and the sensor signal is called the error signal. The error
value is multiplied by Kc and K V to determine the actuator
voltage, Va at a time step. KS, Kc and K V are the sensor, control
and power amplification factors, respectively. KS and K V are
taken as 6000 and 2000, respectively for regular HH case by
inspection, and Kc is changed in the analyses below. Whereas,
for the 1st hierarchy HH structure, KS and K V are taken as
5000 and 1000, respectively. Only the proportional control is
applied. The multiplication of KS × KC × KV is the proportional
constant for Va. So, changing the values of KS, Kc and K V
keeping their multiplication the same, does not affect the
results. The analysis goes on step by step for a specific duration
after vibration amplitudes reach steady-state.

 FIGURE 3   FE model of the honeycomb structure (a) regular

and (b) 1st hierarchy.

Numerical Results and

Discussions
The results are of interest in two ways: first, there is a possi-
bility that the results we find on active vibration control
for HH smart structure could be of actual use to achieve
some damping by optimizing the active vibration control
indexes. Second, we see this study as providing a conceptual
model for ways of optimizing hierarchical structure for the
purpose of vibration control by tailoring its mechanical
properties, and for ideas of what kinds of improvements
may be possible.

Validation Study
In this section, the active vibration control behavior of
Aluminum (homogeneous case) beam integrated with PZT
actuator is calculated using the present modeling and the
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results were compared with results that reported by Karagulle

et al. [11]. Dimensions and the material properties of smart
beam and piezoelectric patch used are the same as Karagulle
et al. [11]. The results are shown in Figure 5 and good agree-
ments are observed.

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4 FINITE ELEMENT BASED ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL
 FIGURE 5   (a) Tip deflections and (b) actuator voltages for
different values of control gain.
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Parametric Study
Having validated the proposed modeling and solution proce-
dure, parametric study on the vibration response of HH plates
is employed in this section. A 3-D model (Figure 2), based on
the finite element method using the APDL code, was applied
to perform the modal analysis and transient response. The
host structures were assumed to be made of Aluminum, and
the piezoelectric patches were considered being made of a
piezoceramic material, Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) type,
with the mechanical properties given in Table 1 (see Appendix).
Geometrical parameters are considered to be:
d1 = 130mm, d2 = 140mm, d3 = 56mm, d4 = 10mm, L0 = 16mm,
ht = 10mm, t c 0 = 1.6mm, t f 0 = 0.5mm, LPZT = WPZT = 28mm
The host structure was modeled using SOLID45 brick
linear 8-nodes elements, and three DOFs per node (UX, U Y,
UZ). The piezoelectric patch was modeled using SOLID226
elements. These elements have twenty nodes with up to five
DOF per node (U X, U Y, UZ , TEMP and VOLT). KEYOPT
(1001) of this element activates the relevant DOF for piezo-
electric element: displacements and voltage. A perfect bond
between the host structure and the piezoelectric strips is
defined via the GLUE options. The electrodes surfaces are
modeled by coupling the volt degrees of freedom (DOF) on
the major surfaces of the electrode region. The electrodes are
simulated by using CP command.
Firstly, modal analysis is performed to find out the
natural frequencies of the structure and to determine the
time step for the closed-loop simulations. Boundary condi-
tions are assumed to be CFFF. Voltage is set to be zero at
the bottom and top surfaces for the actuators in the modal
analysis. The Block Lanczos method is used to find
undamped natural frequencies [11]. The time step is chosen
as ∆t = 1/((20*f 1)) [11], where f 1 is the first undamped
natural frequency. In order to control the first vibration
mode of the regular HH structure, the time step is chosen
as Δt = 0.0026 s (1st natural frequency is found to be 19.234
Hz). Whereas, for the 1st hierarchy HH structure, the time
step is chosen as Δt = 0.00321 s (1st natural frequency is
found to be 15.57 Hz).
Secondly, transient analysis is performed to find out the
vibration response of regular and 1st hierarchy HH struc-
ture. Boundary conditions are same as the previous modal
analysis (CFFF). The transient response is analyzed by using
the Newmark-β direct integration technique and the param-
eters γ and β are taken to be 0.5 and 0.25, respectively. The
degrees of freedom, VOLT, are coupled for the nodes at the
top and bottom surfaces of the actuator. 50 N step force is
applied at the mid node (node number 48853, for the regular
HH structure case and node number 20259, for the 1st hier-
archy HH structure case) of the free edge in the plate in order
to have the initial disturbance. Analysis is conducted to
judge the effectiveness of the control scheme in damping the
first mode. For the displacement at node 48853 (regular), the
effect of damping is shown in Figure 6(a). The corresponding
actuator voltage is shown in Figure 6(b). Similarly, the effect
of damping and its corresponding actuator voltage measure
at node 20259 (1st hierarchy case). are given in Figure 7(a)
and 7(b), respectively.
It can be seen from the Figures 6 and 7 that the vibration
attenuates more quickly when active control is applied irre-
spective of level of hierarchy in the structural construction.
Effects of Control Indexes As shown in the block
diagram (Figure 4), the control indexes such as control gain
factor Kc , sensing factor K S and power amplification factor
K V contribute to the active vibration control system, thus
the effects of control gain are investigated by considering
the geometric model mentioned in the previous section.
As described in the previous sub-section, K S and K V are
taken as 6000 and 2000, respectively for regular HH case
by inspection, and Kc is changed from 0 to 1000. Whereas,
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FINITE ELEMENT BASED ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL 5

 FIGURE 6   (a) Tip deflections and (b) actuator voltages for  FIGURE 7   (a) Tip deflections and (b) actuator voltages for
different values of control gain (regular) different values of control gain (1st hierarchy)
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for the 1st hierarchy HH structure, K S and K V are taken as

5000 and 1000, respectively, and K c is changed from
0 to 500.
For the case of regular HH structure, it is found in
Figure 8(a) that with a PID controller with Kc = 1000, vibra-
tion amplitude attenuates quickly (approximately in 0.25 s)
compared to that in control off condition (approximately in
0.5 s). This indicates the capability of the model on vibration
attenuation and its control system. On the other hand, it can
be observed from the Figure 8(b) that the actuator voltage
has got its higher value when Kc = 1000 in the initial stage
(less than 0.03 s duration) and then diminishes as time
increases. Similar trend can be observed for the case of 1st
hierarchy HH structure with different control gain values
(see Figure 9(a-b)).
Effects of Hierarchy and Mechanical Properties As
noticed by Ghanim Alqassim et al. [16] introducing a first
order hierarchy to a regular honeycomb structure increases
the stiffness by approximately twice as much, effort has been
made here to study the dynamic characteristics of HH struc-
ture considering the effects of hierarchy and mechanical prop-
erties. The thickness of all walls was adjusted to control the
overall relative density of the structure. Also tuning of effec-
tive mechanical properties in the HH structure has been taken

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6 FINITE ELEMENT BASED ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL

 FIGURE 8   (a) Tip deflections and (b) actuator voltages for  FIGURE 9   (a) Tip deflections and (b) actuator voltages for
different values of control gain (regular) different values of control gain (1st hierarchy)

© SAE International

 FIGURE 10   and Effects of hierarchy, mechanical properties © SAE International

and its tip deflections

care of accordingly (based on equations 1 to 5). KS, K V and Kc

are taken as 6000, 2000 and 200, respectively. Boundary
conditions and magnitude of the excitation force are consid-
ered to be similar to previous section.
It should be noted from the Figure 10 that hierarchical
honeycomb structures exhibit different dynamic characteris-
tics when there is a redistribution of mass from the face plate
to the core and optimizing the stiffness of the structure by
tailoring its mechanical properties. Also it can be seen from
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the results that the damping characteristics increase as the

order of hierarchy increases in other words increasing the
hierarchy order improves the structural performance in the
dynamic environment.
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FINITE ELEMENT BASED ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL 7
Summary/Conclusions
Numerical studies on active vibration control of HH plates
integrated with piezoelectric patches using PID controller are
carried out in the present paper. In this study, APDL is used
to realize the active vibration control system. The efficiency
of this technique is first tested by comparing the results from
the open literature for the vibration control of aluminum
(homogeneous case) beam integrated with PZT actuator.
Then, the technique is applied to a cantilever HH plate with
two configurations namely regular and 1st order hierarchy.
The numerical simulations have been performed to investigate
the effectiveness of control gain, boundary conditions and
level of hierarchy on the transient vibrations of smart HH
plates. The findings of this study therefore suggest new avenues
for the understanding and development of novel materials
and structures that can be used in modern industries with
desirable and perhaps actively tailorable properties.
Further Work
This paper has studied the active vibration control of HH
smart plate like structure, where the system is forced in time
domain. However, a similar approach has also been used in
the modern vehicles and off-highway earthmoving machines
by designing and manufacturing the structural components
with intelligent, emerging, smart lightweight materials which
help to maximize payloads (see Figure 11).
Also, research work on the active control for Functionally
Graded Materials (FGMs) [17, 18, 19] based HH structures
integrated with Functionally Graded Piezoelectric (FGP)
actuator considering temperature dependent material proper-
ties are rarely reported in the literature. Additional efforts can
be made on this area as well.
Further studies can be carried out considering the oblique
wall angle of the honeycombs and the relative side lengths of
newly generated small hexagons. They are two key parameters
which determine the stiffness and strength of the structure,
at any fixed relative density.
 FIGURE 11   Intelligent off-way earthmoving machines
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References
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A.M.et al., “Elastic Properties of Chiral, Anti-Chiral, and
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8 FINITE ELEMENT BASED ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL

16. Alqassim, G., “Mechanical Properties of Hierarchical

Honeycomb Structures,” M.S. thesis, Northeastern
Contact Information
University, 2011. Ramkumar Kandasamy PhD,
17. Mirzaeifar, R., Bahai, H., and Shahab, S., “Active Control of Driveline systems /Transmission Development,
Natural Frequencies of FGM Plates by Piezoelectric Sensor/ Volvo Construction Equipment,
Actuator Pairs,” Smart Materials and Structures Eskilstuna, SWEDEN, Pin-63185.
17:045003, 2008. ramkumar.kandasamy@volvo.com
18. Ramkumar, K. and Ganesan, N., “Finite-Element Buckling Phone: +46 162019984
and Vibration Analysis of Functionally Graded Box www.volvoce.com
Columns in Thermal Environments,” Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of
Materials Design and Applications 222:53-64, 2008. Acknowledgments
19. He, X., Ng, T., Sivashanker, S., and Liew, K., “Active Control This work has been funded by Volvo Construction Equipment.
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Actuators,” International Journal of Solids and Structures
38:1641-1655, 2001.

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FINITE ELEMENT BASED ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL 9

Appendix

TABLE 1  Material properties

E = 71890 (N/mm2), ν = 0.32, ρ = 2.58e-6 (kg/mm3)

© SAE International

ρ (kg/mm3) C11 (N/mm2) C12(N/mm2) C13(N/mm2) C22(N/mm2) C23(N/mm2) C33(N/mm2) C44(N/mm2) C55(N/mm2) C66(N/mm2)
7.50e-6 127200 80000 84000 127000 84000 117000 23000 23000 23000
e16(C/mm2) e25(C/mm2) e31(C/mm2) e32 (C/mm2) e33(C/mm2) ξ11(F/mm) ξ22(F/mm) ξ33(F/mm)
17e−6 17e−6 −6.6e−6 −6.6e−6 23.3e−6 15e−10 15e−10 13e−10

TABLE 2  Comparison of the first six natural frequencies (Hz) of a cantilever HH plate (excluded
effective properties since not adjusted its densities accordingly) integrated with piezoelectric layers
Frequency (Hz) Mode shape
Mode no. Regular HH 1st hierarchy Regular HH 1st hierarchy
1 19.234 15.571

2 38.851 34.857

3 96.618 84.485

4 105.43 88.200

5 113.51 113.07
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6 124.78 114.11

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