Effect of Phosphorus on the growth and yield of

Mustard

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at the agronomy field of Sher-e-Bangla

Agricultural University, Dhaka during the Rabi season from November 2009

to January 2010 with the objectives to find out the influence of Phosphorus

on growth and yield of Mustard. The experiment was carried out in

completely randomized block design with four replications of population

densities viz.0kg/ha, 30kg/ha and 60kg/ha. Results showed that phosphorus

rate had no significant effect on grain yield and Plant. Highest grain yield

(24.60q ha-1) was also produced from 60kg/ha, whereas, 0kg/ha treatment

produced the lowest grain yield (22.28 q ha-t). The highest plant height was

observed with 60kg/ha and the lowest from 0kg/ha.

1. INTRODUCTION:

Mustard/Rapeseed oil is the third largest edible oil produced in the world

after Soy oil and Palm oil. At a production level of 13-14 million tons, it

accounts for about 12% of the total World's edible oil production. However

the export trade has come down, due to the dominance of other oils like

palm and soya, which have become comparatively cheaper. The share has

come down to almost 3% from the earlier figures of about 5% (of the total

30 million tons of edible oils traded in the export market annually).

The production and consumption of this oil has been growing at the rate of

4.65% and 5.03% respectively (compound growth over the last decade).

Canada is the major exporter of seed and oil. Other major producers like

China, India and EU are large consumers themselves. On crushing rapeseed

or mustard, oil and meal are obtained. The average oil recovery from the

seed is about 33%. The remaining is obtained as cake, which is rich in

proteins and is used as an animal feed ingredient.

Only a few decades ago, mustard oil was the exclusive cooking oil in

Bangladesh.

At present about 0.33 million hectares of land are put to mustard cultivation

in Bangladesh with yield of mustard oil in the order of 0.22 million m tons

per year. This quantity meets only a fraction of the country's cooking oil
needs. Therefore, large quantity of soybean and sunflower oil is to be

imported. Imported soybean oil is cheaper than local mustard oil, which has

been further reducing mustard acreage in the country. Although mustard is

grown in almost all the districts, Chittagong, Sylhet, Dhaka, Tangail,

Jessore, Bogra, Sirajganj, and Pabna have comparatively higher acreage of

land for cultivation of this Rabi crop.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

To study the effect of different Phosphorus rate on growth and yield of

Mustard:

2.1 Plant height:

Verma and Abidi (2004) conducted an experiment to investigate the

effect of Phosphorus on the growth and yield of mustard. They reported

that increasing P rate non significantly increase the plant height.

2.2 Weight of 1000:

Verma and Abidi (2004) conducted an experiment to investigate the

effect of Phosphorus on the growth and yield of mustard. They reported

that increasing P rate non significantly increase the 1000 seed weight.
 2.3 Grain yield:

Verma and Abidi (2004) conducted an experiment to investigate the

effect of Phosphorus on the growth and yield of mustard. They reported

that increasing P rate non significantly increase the grain yield.

2.4 Straw yield:

Verma and Abidi (2004) conducted an experiment to investigate the

effect of Phosphorus on the growth and yield of mustard. They reported

that increasing P rate non significantly increase the straw yield.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

To study the effect of sowing:

A field experiment was conducted in Rabi season. Phosphorus rate on the

growth and yield of mustard 'This chapter presents a brief description of the

experimental site, soil, climate, experimental design, treatments, cultural

operations, collection and analysis of different parameters.

3.1 Location:

The Agronomy farm of Sher-e-Bangla. The experiment was conducted at

AgriculturalUniversity, Dhaka-1207, during the period from November 2008

to January 2009

3.2 Experimental site:

Field was located at 23o77'N latitude and 90o33'E longitude at an altitude of

9 meters above the sea level (BCA, 2004).'The land was medium high and

well drained. The map of experimental site is shown in Appendix.'

3.3 Soil:

The soil of the experimental site belongs to the Agro-ecological zone of

Madhupur Tract" (AEZ No. 28). It was Deep Red Brown Terrace soil and

Belongs to "Nodda" cultivated series. The top soil is silty clay loam in

texture. Organic matter content was very low (82%) and soil pH varies from

5.47-5.63.
3.4 Weather:

Cold temperature and minimum rainfall is the main feature of the

experimental Site in Rabi season. The monthly total rainfall, average

sunshine hour, temperature (Maximum and Minimum) during the study

period was optimum.

3.5 Variety:

A modern variety of mustard was released by BARI in 2000 for cultivation

throughout Bangladesh. The height of the plant ranges from 150-160cm.

Leaves are light green and flag leaf is Droopy and light green in color. Seeds

are big and white in color. Weight of 1000seed is 4.36 g. It takes about 70-

80 days from sowing to harvest. It is resistant against leaf spot and rust. The

average yield of this variety is 2-2.5 ton ha-1.

3.6 Layout of the experiment:

The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four

replications. Different plant populations were allotted as randomized block

design. Size of each unit plot was 3m x 3m= 9m2. The distance between each

plot was 0.5m and block was 1m. Experimental treatments:

Population density (4):

I. 0 kg Phosphorus/ ha - P1
II. 30 kg Phosphorus/ ha - P2
III.60 kg Phosphorus/ ha - P3

3.7 Details of the field operations:

The particular of the cultural operations carried out during four

experimentations are

Presented below:

3.7.1. Land preparation:

The land was ploughed with a rotary plough and power tiller. Ploughed soil

was then brought desirable fine tilth and leveled by repeated laddering. The

visible larger clods were hammered to break into small pieces. After

removing of weeds, Stubbles and crop residues were cleaned from the land.

The final ploughing and land preparation were done on November 9, 2009.

The layout was done as per experimental design on November11, 2009.

3.7.2 Fertilizer application:

The field was fertilized with urea, triple super phosphate, gypsum and zinc

sulphate at the rate of 264,210,168 and 5.56 kg hac respectively.

3.7.3 Collection and sowing of seeds:

The mustard seeds were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Research

Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Ggazipur. At good tilth condition, furrows

were made with hand rakes for sowing. Seeds were sown continuously in

line on November 11, 2008 as per experimental treatment. The line to line

distance was maintained 20 cm.

3.7.4 Weeding:

Weeds infested four experimental plots. So two weedings were done

manually at 25 and 55days after sowing.

3.7.5 Irrigation:

Two irrigations were applied at crown root initiation stage and heading stage

at 20 and 55 days after sowing respectively. Excess water was drained out

from the field.

3.8.6 Pest management:

At 20 days after sowing the experimental plots were sprayed with Melethion

57EC at the rate of 2 ml litre-1 to control aphid. No infestation of disease was

found.

3.8.7 Harvesting and sampling:

The crop was harvested at maturity on January 2009. Samples were

collected from different places of each plot leaving undisturbed middle

seven rows in the centre and border rows. The selected sample plants were

then tagged and carefully carried to the Agronomy field laboratory in order
to collect data. The crop bundles were undried by spreading those on

threshing floor. The grains were separated from the plants by beating the

bundles with wooden sticks. The grain and straw were dried again to

constant moisture and the weight were recorded and converted into t -ha

basis.

3.9 Data collected:

i) Plant height (cm)

ii) Yield (q ha-1)

4. Calculation:

4.1 For Plant height:

The field plot design as follows:

P3 P2 P1
P1 P3 P2
P2 P1 P3
P2 P3 P1

For analysis re arranged data in the following manner:

Phosphorus Block Phosphorus Phosphorus
rate rate total rate mean

I II III IV
P1 150.82 150.87 150.97 151.02 603.68 150.92
P2 155.90 155.94 156.06 156.10 624 156.00
P3 162 162.04 162.12 162.16 648.32 162.08
Block Total 468.72 468.85 469.15 469.28 1876

Correction Factor = 293281.33

The Total sum of squares = 249.83
The sum of squares due to Phosphorus rate = 249.76
The sum of square due to block = 0.0706
The sum of square for error = 249.83-249.76-0.0706= 0.003

ANOVA Table

Source of DF Sum of Mean F- Ratio

Variance Square Square
Block 3 0.07 0.023 46**
Phosphorus rate 2 249.76 124.88 249760**
Error 6 0.003 0.0005
Total 11

** Indicates significant at 1% level.

LSD:
The SE = 0.22

So LSD at the 1% = 0.22 x 31.598 = 6.95

So P1 = P2 = P3
4.2 For yield:

The field plot design as follows:

P3 P2 P1
P1 P3 P2
P2 P1 P3
P2 P3 P1

For analysis re arranged data in the following manner:

Phosphorus Block Phosphorus Phosphorus
rate rate total rate mean

I II III IV
P1 22.4 22.32 22.26 22.30 89.12 22.28
P2 23.7 23.64 23.69 23.65 94.68 23.67
P3 24.56 24.64 24.61 24.59 98.40 24.60
Block Total 70.5 70.6 70.56 70.56 282.22

Correction Factor = 6637.34

The Total sum of squares = 9.98
The sum of squares due to Phosphorus rate = 9.96
The sum of square due to block =0.0057
The sum of square for error = 9.98-9.96-0.0057= 0.0143

ANOVA Table

Source of DF Sum of Mean F- Ratio

Variance Square Square
Block 3 0.0057 0.0019 0.792
Phosphorus rate 2 9.96 4.98 2075**
Error 6 0.0143 0.002
Total 11
** Indicates significant at 1% level.

LSD:
The SE = 0.49

So LSD at the 1% = 0.49 X 31.598 = 15.46

So P1 = P2 = P3
REFFERENCES:

Verma, K.C.. and Abidi, A.B. (2005). Effect of Phosphorus and

Molybdenum on Biochemical, Yield and Yield Attributing Parameters of
Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss) African J. of Basic &
Applied Sciences 1 (3-4): 67-69