EC (104FC2019-1.5h) - 190905 - AEC + Prosoco - Complete Steel Stud-Masonry Veneer Wall Systems

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©2017 · Table of Contents < Slide 1 of 77 >

Complete Steel Stud/Masonry Veneer Wall Systems
Presented by: PROSOCO

3741 Greenway Circle
Lawrence, KS 66046
Description: In today’s high-performance building market, specifying materials that work together as a complete wall system is
more critical than ever. Systems can help designers meet new energy codes, reduce costs, and improve building
function and sustainability while making the design process faster and simpler. Focusing on the most common
exterior wall system, steel stud with masonry veneer, this course details key system components, recent
advances in building analysis, code requirements, and a comprehensive systems approach.
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Purpose and Learning Objectives
Purpose:
In today’s high-performance building market, specifying materials that work together as a complete wall system is more
critical than ever. Systems can help designers meet new energy codes, reduce costs, and improve building function and
sustainability while making the design process faster and simpler. Focusing on the most common exterior wall system,
steel stud with masonry veneer, this course details key system components, recent advances in building analysis, code
requirements, and a comprehensive systems approach.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
• identify the components that go into a complete wall construction system

• describe how each component functions within the system and contributes to energy efficiency and weatherproofing
• summarize the codes and standards that define the components and system function, and
• identify specification practices for a wall system design that is consistent with the complete wall.

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Table of Contents
Requirements of a Wall System 7
Complete Wall Systems 14
Systemization, Codes, and Standards 50
Wall System Specifications and Warranties 72
Summary 75
Click on title to view

Requirements of a Wall System

Functional Requirements of a Wall System
The list of wall system performance criteria that an architect must consider
is daunting. The wall must provide thermal efficiency and air resistance,
Key Design Considerations
perhaps using several different types of both cavity and continuous
insulation, as well as manage moisture with properly designed and placed Thermal Efficiency
water resistive barriers. The wall must resist water leakage, but when
water does get in, the wall must be designed so the water can drain out of Air Resistance
the cavity. It must resist vapor permeation, but when the wall does get wet Moisture Management
or when vapor penetrates, it must be able to dry. Finally, each of these Fire Containment
control layers must be continuous to be effective. Sometimes wetting and
drying conflict with each other. How do you design for that in your Structural Connections
specifications? Multiple Warranties
In addition, there are at least three different modes of fire resistance that
must be considered for wall systems, as well as the structural connections It All Must Be in the Wall
that hold the entire system together. Finally, there is the difficulty in
managing multiple product warranties. The architect must coordinate all of
this in the wall specification.

Steel Stud with Masonry Veneer Wall Systems
This program focuses on one type of Steel Stud with CMU with Masonry
wall system, steel stud with masonry Masonry Veneer Veneer
veneer.
Considering all of the components

that go into a steel stud and masonry
veneer system, there isn’t a more
complicated wall, but the components
discussed will be similar for wood stud
and concrete masonry unit (CMU)
wall systems as well.
Wood Stud with
Masonry Veneer

Roles and Goals (To Create a Complete Wall)
Architect Contractor
Goal: Achieving high performance Goal: Achieving high performance
Roles: Researching and specifying Roles: Efficient installation
Challenges: Challenges:
System Documentation: • clear system specifications
• air leakage • accurate bidding
• water and vapor resistance • familiar methods and materials
• fire performance • material availability
• code approvals • sequencing
• third-party verifications • material compatibility
• regional design variations • installation knowledge
• structural and transitions • proper transitions and details
• CAD details, BIM • job closeout documentation
• material compatibility
• sustainability

Roles and Goals (To Create a Complete Wall)
Significant time is needed to research and specify all of the components necessary to achieve a high-performance wall
system. The architect must design for the limiting of air leakage, water and vapor resistance, fire resistance, code
approvals, and third-party verification. The architect must also consider regional design variations, transitions, structural
details, CAD details, material compatibilities, and sustainability. Finding and documenting it all can be daunting.
The contractor’s tasks are not any easier, as they must be provided with complete material and system specifications
from architects and manufacturers so that they can produce an accurate bid. They want to be able to build with familiar
and proven methods and materials that are readily available through distribution. Reliance on the architect to specify
materials that are tested and verified to be fully compatible is often at the top of the contractor wish list.
They must gather installation knowledge or find manufacturer support for components such as transitions and details.
When the project is complete, they must provide job closeout information such as LEED® and warranty documents,
which require additional calls to manufacturers.
Of course, the contractor and architect have the same end goal to achieve a high-performance wall system, but what if
an important detail is missed?

Common Mistakes and Results
During construction of a project in Boston, it was discovered that the products

selected for the exterior wall assembly met ASTM E2357 (air barrier assembly
requirement), but did not meet NFPA 285 (fire assembly requirement). The
project was delayed over a week and incurred a cost of $4,000 to obtain an
engineering judgment letter for NFPA 285 compliance. Fortunately in this case,
a letter was sufficient to get the project back on track. But what if a letter isn’t
enough?
Sometimes “right” isn’t always obvious at a glance, but “wrong” usually is.
There’s nothing wrong with the products from any of these manufacturers, but
it’s obvious that something didn’t come together as a system the way it was
intended.
In the image on the right, the project has some sequencing and installation
problems.
Project with sequencing issues

Common Mistakes and Results
In the top image, there were issues with the Detailing

detailing and water was trapped in the wall, issues
unable to exit, causing efflorescence issues.
In the bottom image, again moisture was

allowed to accumulate within the wall, unable
to exit or evaporate. The result is rusted steel
studs.
At some point in the design and construction

process, important details were missed in
each of these projects. It costs time and
money when these issues in a wall system
are exposed.
The solution is a complete wall system. But Water

accumulation
what is that? issues

Complete Wall Systems

Wall Systems: A Complete Design
A complete wall system incorporates several building components Base Wall:

that perform unique functions, but also work together as a system (steel studs/
to meet key performance requirements. We’ll be looking at those gyp sheathing)
components that fall between the base wall and the exterior
cladding. Barriers, flashings, Air and water
sealing washers, 1 management
Between the base wall system and cladding are three functional and drainage Water drainage
layers containing all of the various components in the core of the preservation
wall that must be compatible and perform together to complete the Thermal efficiency
thermal, air, water, and vapor protection roles of the wall. Insulation 2 Continuous insulation
Vapor management
Those components are grouped as barriers and flashings to
manage water and drainage; insulation to provide thermal Anchors and Structural
protection; and anchors and fasteners to hold the system together. 3
fasteners considerations
Exterior Cladding:
(Brick)

Wall Systems: Component Performance
Finally there is “systemization,” which is not

really a “layer” per se, but rather the testing
and documentation that brings all of the other
components together to verify their
performance as a “system.”
As you can see in the drawing at right, there

are many components of a high-performance
cavity wall system and many more material
options.
The architect must correctly specify each of

these components without missing a detail.

Wall Systems: Air Barrier
What if all of those components were

designed, packaged, pre-engineered,
pretested, and prespecified to work together
as a system?
Beginning with air and water resistive barriers,

let’s examine what each of these components
does and what the architect must specify to
make it work.

Function and Types of Air/Water Resistive Barriers
An air barrier controls airflow between the interior and Vapor permeable or impermeable
exterior of a wall. When airflow is controlled, condensation,
mold growth, and leakage are reduced, energy efficiency of
the building is improved*, the life of the building is extended,
and occupant comfort is improved.
A water resistive barrier typically acts as the drainage plane

in a cavity wall assembly. It provides protection of the inner Mechanically-Attached Sheet Self-Adhered Sheet
(Photo Courtesy Dupont)
wall from bulk water. Very often the water resistive barrier
and air barrier are one material.
These products can be mechanically-attached or self-

adhered sheets, or fluid-applied roll-on or spray. All types
can be either permeable or impermeable.
*ABAA, cooling cost 10–15%, heating cost 30–40% Spray-on Fluid-Applied Roll-on Fluid-Applied

Codes and Testing for Air/Water Resistive Barriers
ASHRAE 90.1 requires a continuous air barrier, ASHRAE 90.1

tested per ASTM E2357. Section 5.4.3.1.3
Requires an air barrier

Full-wall system testing to
IBC Section 1403.2 requires weather ensure max air leakage
protection, and by reference that section of the 0.04 cfm/ft2
IBC refers to acceptance criteria AC 212, which Specify ASTM E2357
in turn references ASTM E331, the water
resistive test for water barriers.
Air and water resistive barriers must also

comply with NFPA 285, a fire propagation test,
which will be discussed later in this
IBC
presentation. Section 1403.2
Weather Protection
Full-wall system testing
per ICC Acceptance
Criteria 212
Specify ASTM E331

STP Air and Water Barriers
A good example of an air and water barrier is the

silyl terminated polymer (STP) barrier. These are
among the most elite air and water resistive
barriers. They are very flexible and able to
tolerate building movement. They are fluid-
applied so they cover irregular surfaces easily.
They are also permeable, allowing limited vapor
to pass through, which allows drying and
provides “forgiveness” against moisture
accumulation in the wall, all while keeping liquid
water out.
Seal screws and joints. Apply over entire surface for reliable seal. Incorporate
accessories.

Wall Systems: Insulation
The next components we’ll examine in the

system are steel stud cavity insulation,
continuous insulation, and a vapor retarder
if needed with the stud cavity insulation.

Continuous Insulation (ci)
What is continuous insulation? “Insulation that is

continuous across all structural members without
thermal bridges other than fasteners and service
openings…interior, exterior, or integral to any opaque
surface.” ASHRAE 90.1
Continuous insulation (ci) sits external to the framing

members, thereby minimizing thermal bridging, and
helps the wall assembly comply with energy codes and
standards. Because ci is uninterrupted, it achieves its
full tested R-value rating (R-5/inch).
Stud cavity insulation is best augmented by continuous

insulation.

Types of Continuous Insulation
Water will inevitably get into the airspace in cavity walls.

Therefore, continuous insulation in the cavity should be highly
water resistant. For that reason, extruded polystyrene (XPS) is
frequently used for this application. Because of its chemistry
and manufacturing process, XPS is inherently water resistant,
and doesn’t rely on facers for water resistance. Products that
rely on facers for water resistance are easily damaged on the
construction site, so they can’t be relied upon to keep water out.
Spray foam is an alternative to XPS. However, as a field

manufactured product, the specified R-value may not always be
achievable. The installer must ensure proper application
temperature, nozzle pressure, and rate of the wand speed. XPS is highly water resistant during and after construction.
Changeable weather conditions may also impact outcomes.
XPS benefits from factory-controlled quality assurance.
Finally, the NFPA 285 fire propagation test must be considered;

XPS is a part of many NFPA 285 tested systems.

Types of Continuous Insulation
The architect must think about all of these details

to decide which type of continuous insulation to
put into the wall system to get the best
performance.
XPS is lightweight and easy to handle and install.

XPS Installation
Installation of board continuous insulation like XPS will make a Screw gun with
auto-feed belt
big difference to the performance of the wall.
Corrosion resistant, ceramic coated screws with air and water

sealing washers will help maintain the continuity of the water
resistive barrier. The screws pull the washers tight to the foam
board, sealing against air and water penetration.
Larger washers also distribute the pulling load of the screw, 2″ ci prong washers,
eliminating punctures in the ci. ideal for prespotting
Washers are available with prongs that insert into the foam,
enabling the contractor to be more efficient, prespotting where
the washer goes, and enhancing the reliability of installation.
Corrosion resistant ceramic

coated screws

Cavity Batt Insulation
Cavity insulation is most typically fiberglass and for many reasons.

It is a versatile, affordable thermal and acoustical material. It is
made in a factory-controlled environment to a specific quality and it
is easy to inspect and verify.
Faced
Fiberglas batt insulation can be found with up to 65% recycled

content and with Environmental Product Declarations and Cradle to
Cradle Certified™ Material Health.
Unfaced
Sometimes spray foam is substituted for fiberglass batts. As
mentioned earlier, spray foam is field manufactured versus factory
manufactured and its quality is very dependent on many variables
that are sometimes not reliably controlled under the challenges of
everyday job sites.
Cut and tucked into hard-

to-reach places

Wall Systems: Vapor Retarder
Vapor retarders are sometimes integral with

the fiberglass batt and appear as the facer.
The goal of a vapor retarder is to help control

vapor movement and minimize the possibility
of moisture condensing in the wall assembly.

Where Does the Vapor Retarder Go?
The placement of a vapor retarder is dependent on a few Does the Vapor Retarder
variables. Vapor generally flows from high vapor pressure Go: Inside
to low vapor pressure, high pressure being warm air that or Outside?
holds more moisture, compared to cool air that holds less.
• Vapor flows from high pressure to
low pressure.
In northern climates of North America, the vapor retarder
• Warm/high moisture load =
typically goes on the “warm-in-winter” side, but in the high vapor pressure
south it’s just the opposite. It’s warm and humid outside • Cool/low moisture load = low
virtually all of the time, and it’s air-conditioned and cooler vapor pressure
inside, resulting in lower vapor pressure inside. Generally, • Normally placed on the high vapor
if there is a vapor retarder in the south, it goes on the pressure side
outside. • Typically inside in Zones 5 thru 8
• “Warm-in-winter” side of the

In the middle section of North America, it is more wall
ambiguous whether a vapor retarder is needed and where
• Typically outside in Zones 1 and 2
it is to be placed. In all of the climate zones, placement
depends on the climate, wall construction, and type of • Zones 3 and 4, depends on the wall
vapor retarder. construction

Which Vapor Retarder?
What is the best type of vapor retarder? Once again, the Should a Vapor
answer isn’t black or white. Whether a vapor retarding Retarder be High Perm
layer is high perm or low perm is dependent on many or Low Perm?
variables such as the typical vapor pressure difference, • What is the typical vapor
and how long that vapor pressure difference persists, pressure difference?
whether it is days, weeks, or months. Forces that drive
• High or low?
vapor permeation literally change hour by hour, day by
day, day to night, and week to week. The architect must • How long does the difference
take this into account when choosing and placing a persist?
vapor retarding layer. • Overnight?

• Days?
• Weeks?
The architect must also think about the ability of the wall • Months?
to absorb and hold water. All building materials like
• What is the wall’s ability to
gypsum board or brick absorb water, hold it, and then absorb and hold water?
release it as conditions change. The vapor retarder
• What is the ability for the wall
location and its permeance affect the wall’s ability to dry to dry?
by climate zone. That behavior must be considered
during design.

Vapor Retarder Classification
The International Building Code (IBC), provides guidance on the use of vapor retarders in Section 1405.3. A Class 1 vapor
retarder is a material that has a perm rating less than 0.1. That’s in the range of polyethylene sheet or tri-laminate facers
like foil-scrim-kraft. Class II has a permeance of greater than 0.1 but less than 1. That’s in the range of foil on fiberglass
batts, which is approximately 0.5 perm, or kraft paper that is generally 1 perm. A Class III vapor retarder is anything
greater than 1 perm.
The IBC also provides guidance by climatic region on vapor retarder placement. Section 1405.3 recommends Class I, II,
or III vapor retarders in climatic Zones five, six, seven, eight, or marine four. The map shows those zones are generally the
northern tier of states. Common practice is that the vapor retarder goes on the warm-in-winter side in the cold climates,
namely Zones five, six, seven, and eight. That recommendation fits with intuition and protects against vapor intrusion
throughout the cold season.
But recall how the IBC defines Class III: it can be anything from 1 perm kraft paper and higher in permeance, meaning
anything such as vapor retarding paints with a perm rating of 5 or 10. The code recommendation to use the entire breadth
of Classes I, II, or III in essentially the same zones may not be as intuitively consistent with warm-in-winter common
practice. Putting Class III, such as a high perm vapor retarder, on the warm-in-winter side is almost the same as using no
vapor retarder at all.

2015 IBC Section 1405.3.2 2015 IBC Section 1405.3

Vapor Retarders Defines Where to Use
Class I ≤ 0.1 perm (Vapor Barrier) Class I or II NOT permitted inside in Zones 1 or 2
Class II > 0.1 perm, ≤ 1.0 perm Class I or II REQ’D Zones 5, 6, 7, 8, Marine 4
Class III > 1.0 perm, ≤ 10 perm Class III ALLOWED Zones 5, 6, 7, 8, Marine 4,
in walls where cavity is warmed with ci and/or cladding is
vented (some wall designs are more forgiving)
IBC specifications really don’t go far enough into examining wall

system performance.
Hygrothermal analysis such as WUFI is needed to fully assess

performance.
WUFI and even actual test experience assistance is available

from companies that offer building science support.

Therefore, the code puts some caveats in place. The previous slide paraphrases a large table in Section 1405.3 that
essentially says: if the wall is made warmer with continuous insulation, or if you are using a cladding that is back
ventilated like siding on furring strips or brick veneer, the wall can actually dry. The code in this case is acknowledging a
deeper understanding of building science and that the concept of vapor retarders and how we use them is changing.
The code concept is if the wall is warmed with continuous insulation, it makes the wall more tolerant of moisture. A
warmer wall can tolerate a greater level of moisture before condensation is a possibility.
Likewise, if the cladding is back ventilated, like brick veneer, air can flow and dry out the wall. That also makes the wall
more forgiving of a wider range of environmental conditions.

Vapor Retarder Flame Spread Rating?
What is the required flame spread rating for

vapor retarding facers in commercial
construction?
IBC Section 720.2: Concealed installation.

Insulating materials…concealed…in buildings of
any type of construction shall have a flame
spread index of not more than 25.
Section 720.2.1: Facings.

Where…installed in buildings of Type III, IV, or V
construction, the flame spread limitations do not
apply to facings.

Vapor Retarder Flame Spread Rating
The required flame spread rating for vapor retarding facers in commercial construction is dependent on several factors.
With regard to facer flammability, Section 720.2 says: “Insulating materials that are concealed behind gypsum board in
buildings of any type of construction shall have a flame spread index of not more than 25.” The code goes on to say:
“...except where installed in buildings of construction Types III, IV, or V, in which case the flame spread limitations do not
apply.” In Types I and II construction (which includes our topic of steel stud/brick veneer), facer flame spread must be less
than 25. In Types III, IV, or V construction, facer flame spread may be above 25.
For use in concealed spaces:

Types I and II construction must use FS25 facer, meaning a facer with a flame spread maximum of 25.
Types III, IV, or V construction, the flame spread limitation does not apply to the facing, if installed in substantial contact
with the back side of the gypsum board.
Therefore, Types III, IV, or V construction can use FS25, or foil with flame spread <75, or even kraft for which the flame
spread is not rated.
But in all cases, the facer must be in substantial contact with the back side of the gypsum board, OR if FS25 is used, it may
be used exposed, meaning not in substantial contact with the gypsum board as used in a partially filled stud space or in a
concealed cavity joist space, etc.

Wall Systems: Drainage
When water gets into the wall, how do we

make sure it gets out?
Getting water out of the wall involves the

creation of multiple drainage planes so
water can exit from multiple layers in the
wall. Drainage planes require multiple
products including through-wall flashing
and weep vents with protection to keep
them open, including mortar dropping
protection.

Masonry Wall Drainage System Design
Water gets into the wall through brick veneer, which it is designed to
do, as brick veneer is a rainscreen wall. A complete wall design
provides multiple pathways for drainage and doesn’t allow the water
to build up in the wall system. A complete wall system also allows
air to circulate, that is to say it is “back ventilated,” enabling the wall Tips for well-designed
to dry out as conditions moderate and change. And a reliable, high- drainage systems:
performance wall system will have redundancies built in so if one
aspect of the wall is challenged, there is another aspect to back it • Allow water to drain so it doesn’t
build up and linger
up.
• Provide multiple pathways for
drainage
The illustration on the right shows a steel stud wall with fiberglass
• Prevent mortar dropping dams
insulation in the stud cavity. (so weeps don’t clog)
• Allow air to circulate

Redundant water resistant layers in wall systems give water multiple Vertical Section
opportunities to get out of the wall. For example, water that makes REDUNDANCY* is GOOD!
its way into the wall system and across the airspace will first run * Multiple planes to reduce
down the face of the water resistant sheathing. That’s the first line of moisture, minimizing condensation,
efflorescence, spalling, and mold.
defense, or maybe the third, after the brick and the airspace itself.

Masonry Wall Drainage System Design
Water that penetrates the foam sheathing joints reaches the air and Down the face of the
veneer or the airspace
water resistive barrier, which is the primary line of defense. Water must
be able to drain down that layer and freely exit the cavity. As water
drains down the face of the sheathing, mortar dropping protection Down the face of water
resistant insulation
maintains an open path for it to continue to flow to protected weep sheathing
openings and the through-wall flashing at the base of the wall.
Down the face of
Whether the water runs down the face of the foam or the back side of air/weather resistive
the foam on the face of the water resistive barrier, a clear path to exit the barrier into weep mesh
wall cavity to the outside must be provided. With those paths open, not
only does water get out, but air also gets in, so that the wall is “back Thru mortar droppings
ventilated” and enabled to dry when conditions moderate. protection or down
flashing
Thru weep openings
Across thru-wall flashing

with added weep tabs
Air Ventilation Facilitates Drying

Types of Mortar Drop Protection
When brick walls are built, mortar Previous “solutions” for

droppings inevitably occur. As the catching mortar droppings
droppings accumulate, the were inadequate.
airspace between the brick veneer
and the insulation is blocked at Dovetail shaped protection
the base. As a result, water can’t catches mortar on two levels
reach the flashing at the base of and breaks it up, allowing for
the wall to drain and air cannot the needed flow of water and air
circulate, preventing the wall through the wall system. No Drainage System Pea Gravel
assembly from drying.
Many ideas have been tried to

varying degrees of success. The
current use of dovetail mesh
offers the highest degree of
catching the droppings while
preventing the the weep holes and
flashing from becoming blocked. Straight Strip Mesh Dovetail Mesh Dovetail Mesh

Types of Weep Solutions
An old style of weep vent was an open head joint in the

brick at the base of the wall. However, that method
allows a path for insects and debris to get in. Sometimes
open joint weeps are mistaken as “accidental” and they
are filled in during maintenance. Rope wicks work in that
they preserve the drain hole and wick water out, but they
Open Head Joint Rigid Insert Wicking Rope
close the hole and do not let air in freely. Another
solution is rigid inserts, which preserve the opening, Weeps Should Provide:
letting water out and air in, but are very rigid and may 1. Exit path for water. 2. Barrier to insects and debris. 3. Airflow to dry cavity.
not fit the joint tightly or protect the opening well.
The most versatile type of weep opening device is both

compressible and expandable, so that it compresses
into the head joint and expands to fill irregularities. This
type of a weep vent is a simple mesh that is tight enough
to minimize insects and debris getting in, but open
enough to let water drain and air circulate. The mesh 90% Open Mesh “Weep Vents”
also comes in colors that can be matched to the mortar. Compression fit

Continuous Insulation
Another aspect of water management

in the wall system involves the ci sheathing
continuous insulation itself.
The picture on the left looks down into

a cavity wall and shows mortar
bridging from the back of the brick,
across the airspace, to the face of the
rigid continuous insulation layer. Some water will migrate across
mortar bridges to reach the
face of the ci sheathing.
The airspace is supposed to be a
physical separation that water can’t
cross, but with construction
imperfections, water can cross it. So ci
Mortar Bridge
must play a role in drainage.
Vertical Section

Choosing a Type of Continuous Insulation
The two microscope view photographs on the right

compare a truly closed cell extruded polystyrene insulation
on the left to an open cell polyisocyanurate insulation on
the right. In the XPS sample, the walls surrounding the
cells are visible as dark lines compared to the
Closed Cell XPS Closed Cell Polyiso
polyisocyanurate, where the cells are bigger and have less (Hydrophobic) (Hydrophillic)
well-defined walls around each cell. Water cannot To resist moisture, the Brick Industry Association Tech Note 28B
penetrate the XPS cell structure. This partially explains recommends the use of “closed-cell insulating rigid foam” sheathing,
why water absorption rates for polyiso sheathing are so such as closed cell extruded polystyrene or polyisocyanurate.
much higher than for XPS. Water Absorption Is Higher for Polyiso
3.5
The graph shows water absorption rates are much higher 3
for polyisocyanurate than for extruded polystyrene, which 2.5
Volume %
verifies the differences in cell structure shown in the 2
1.5
pictures. In both the 24-hour and 2-hour tests, and with 1
both the foil-faced and glass-faced, polyisocyanurate 0.5
insulation absorbs much more water than extruded 0

XPS Method, ASTM C272, 24 Hour Polyiso Method, ASTM C209, 2 Hour
polystyrene. That is why closed cell insulation is so Immersed, No Drain Immersed, 10 min Drain
important in complete wall systems. XPS, Type VI, VII, V XPS, Type X, IV Polyiso, Glass Faced Polyiso, Foil Faced

Flashing
Through-wall flashing is installed at the bottom of the Flashing catches water at the base of the wall, window heads,
wall to catch water and direct it out. Water drains down and other locations and directs it towards the exterior.
the water resistive and air barrier layer behind the
Traditional flashing is assembled on site … piece by piece.
continuous insulation, or down the face of the
insulation, to the bottom of the cavity and the through-
wall flashing, where it is directed across the shelf angle
or foundation and out of the wall. Multiple pieces in traditional flashing:
Through-wall flashing is, in fact, a system of pieces: Termination Bar

through-wall membrane, the termination bar, the drip
edge, and a drainage mat with weep tabs. Traditional Membrane
methods have all of the through-wall flashing pieces
assembled in the field. This requires multiple Drainage Mesh
manufacturers and installer craftmanship. A new
alternative is the integrated flashing system that comes Weep Tabs
preassembled with all of the pieces that are normally
installed separately in the field Drip Edge

Flashing (Unitized Systems)
This makes the installation of through-wall flashing more Unitized Flashing

efficient and reliable.
• Combines flashing, termination
bar, drainage mesh, and drip
Integrated systems are typically provided in 5-foot-long
edge
panels with all of the parts preassembled, including the
flashing, drip edge, termination bar, and drainage mesh. • Minimizes installation errors
All that is left to be done in the field is position the panels
and the preformed corners, join them together, and seal • Minimizes field labor and puts
the top of the termination bar. The integrated flashing more quality control in the
system drops in place and simplifies the process. factory
• Maintains free air passages in

cavity

Flashing (Unitized Systems)
Integrated flashing comes with prefabricated corners and end

dams for inside and outside corners, as well as end dams for over
window openings. They fit together neatly in a few simple steps,
minimizing field labor and providing quality control from the factory.
It is important to notice the drainage mesh that is premounted on

the flashing, both of which are placed over and sealed onto the air
and water resistive barrier behind the continuous insulation. The air Unitized panels delivered to job site
and water barrier is there because it is expected that water will get
behind the foam and must drain away. As it drains down the water Prefab corners
resistive barrier, it gets to the bottom of the cavity and engages the and end dams
mesh, which wicks it out underneath the continuous insulation,
across the airspace, wicks it out under the brick, and out of the
wall. The drainage mesh provides redundancy targeted at water
drainage, a critical function in the wall. Effective water
management and drainage is a very important objective of high-
performance, complete, steel stud/masonry veneer wall systems
that is met by integrated flashing systems.

Wall Systems: Masonry Anchors
Another important detail is masonry

veneer anchors and washers to seal
anchor penetrations.
Masonry anchors make the critical

connection between the structural backup
and masonry, spanning through the
nonstructural components of foam
insulation and gypsum board.

Masonry Anchor Function
The anchor must be properly sized to span the cavity

and be corrosion resistant, whether hot dipped Masonry Anchors:
galvanized, stainless steel, or zinc alloy. • Critical component
• Connects masonry
Washers are important to seal each fastener against to structural backup
air and water leaks, a detail often not covered in
specifications. Instead, sealing penetrations are a • Must be sized
last-minute thought on the job site, usually handled properly to span
cavity and ci and
with an improvised and untested tape or sealant
gypsum sheathing
solution. It is much more effective to use an efficiently
installed, stress-distributing washer that helps hold • Moisture resistant
the insulation on the wall, while at the same time (typically hot-dipped
sealing the penetration with proven and properly galvanized,
stainless steel, or
documented results.
zinc alloy)
• Need to provide
air/water seal

Types of Masonry Anchors
There are several types of wall anchors Common Anchor Types

including the older corrugated type that are Bracket:
Corrugated:
not recommended for commercial
construction, particularly steel stud • Not approved for commercial • Stable
construction. These are more commonly construction • Requires 4 punctures through ci
used in residential, wood frame • Does not adequately transfer loads • Multiple thermal short paths
construction. • Difficult to seal
The bracket style has a big stable base, but

it also makes four substantial penetrations
through the continuous insulation and the
air and water resistive barrier. All four of
those penetrations must be sealed
individually with tape, a gasket, or sealant.

Types of Masonry Anchors
The most efficient wall anchors are barrel-style Barrel-style anchor:

anchors, which make a single penetration using a self- • Single penetration
drilling head. They have a thicker barrel with a shoulder • Partial seal with
integral washer
that engages the face of the steel stud, creating a very head
stable and strong connection. The single penetration of • Self drilling tip
barrel-style anchors is also easily sealed against water • Corrosion resistant
and air using a washer that fits the barrel tightly.
Barrel enhanced with
Barrel anchors can also be fitted with a thermal break a thermal break head
head. An air and water sealing washer and plastic and air/water sealing
thermal break head that interrupts the steel-to-steel washer:
connection makes the connection more thermally • High-strength
efficient while preparing the head of the anchor to composite resin
receive a pintle-style wire tie. clips to barrel head
• Decouples pintle Thermal break head decouples pintle from
from anchor for barrel anchor for thermal efficiency
The barrel-style masonry veneer anchor with a thermal thermal efficiency
break head makes a critical connection that is thermally • Washer provides
efficient and is easily installed with drill motors and a tight air/water seal
chuck adapter.

Air/Water Sealing Washers
Air and water sealing washers for use 2″ Brick-Tie Washers

with brick anchors are available with for Barrel Anchors
prongs on them so they can be
prespotted for efficient installation • Solid cap design w/ UV
along with barrel-style anchors. The inhibitor
washers also distribute stress to help
• Prespotting prongs for on-
minimize blow-off. the-wall anchor assembly
If not specified properly, the process of • Seals anchor penetrations

against air and water
sealing around anchors is a last-minute
leakage
thought in the field, if thought of at all.
• Provides stress relief,
prevents wind blow-offs

Systemization, Codes, and Standards

Systemization
Up to this point we have Base Wall: (steel studs/gyp sheathing)

reviewed individual products
and their performance. Barriers, flashings,
Air and water management
sealing washers, and 1
Now we will review how they Water drainage
drainage preservation
all come together to perform
as a wall system. Thermal efficiency
Insulation 2 Continuous insulation
Vapor management
Anchors and fasteners 3 Structural considerations
Exterior Cladding: (brick)
Systemization: All components must be compatible and work together as a system.

Let’s review the system performance requirements.

Systemization: Primary Codes and Standards
The ASHRAE 90.1 energy standard, the • ASHRAE 90.1 (Energy Standard)
International Building Code (IBC), and system • Thermal Resistance
component compatibility are all important • ASTM E2357, Air Leakage Resistance
considerations to make certain the system works
together. • International Building Code
• ASTM E331, Weather Barrier
• NFPA 285, Fire Propagation
• ASTM E119, Fire Resistance
• ASTM E2307, Perimeter Fire
Containment
• Compatibility
• AAMA 713, Chemical Compatibility
• Adhesion
• ASTM C794, Peel Strengths

Systemization: Thermal Requirements
Let’s discuss how much insulation is required in ASHRAE 90.1-2007 and 2010*: Steel Stud Framing
the wall system. This chart shows the Prescriptive requirements for continuous Zone
insulation (ci) over steel stud framing Non-Res Res
prescriptive requirements of the 2007 and 2010
editions of ASHRAE 90.1 because about 38 (Red indicates change from previous edition) 1 13 13
states presently use one of those as the 2 13 13+7.5

technical basis for their energy codes. There 3 13+3.8 13+7.5
are codes with lower standards, but they’re ASHRAE 90.1: Climate Zones
4 13+7.5 13+7.5
becoming obsolete, and there are codes with
higher standards. For example, the 2013 5 13+7.5 13+7.5
edition of ASHRAE is now available, and 6 13+7.5 13+7.5
substantially increases the R-values shown
7 13+7.5 13+15.6
here, particularly in the area of continuous
insulation. 8 13+7.5 13+18.8
*Current basis of energy code in
38 states www.energycodes.gov
ASHRAE 90.1 provides prescriptive tables for
commercial and residential buildings. In
ASHRAE, residential means apartments and
condo buildings greater than three stories,
rather than single-family homes and duplexes. Note: There are multiple compliance paths.

Systemization: Thermal Requirements
Each box in the chart has two numbers. 13 is ASHRAE 90.1-2007 and 2010*: Steel Stud Framing
the R-value of the stud cavity insulation. The Prescriptive requirements for continuous Zone
insulation (ci) over steel stud framing Non-Res Res
other number is the R-value of the continuous
insulation. If using extruded polystyrene (Red indicates change from previous edition) 1 13 13
continuous insulation with an R-5 per inch of 2 13 13+7.5

thickness, then a 7.5, which you see in many 3 13+3.8 13+7.5
places on the table, requires one and a half ASHRAE 90.1: Climate Zones
4 13+7.5 13+7.5
inches.
5 13+7.5 13+7.5
Zone 1 at the southern tip of Florida, and 6 13+7.5 13+7.5

commercial buildings in Zone 2, are the only 7 13+7.5 13+15.6
locations that don’t have prescribed continuous
8 13+7.5 13+18.8
insulation. Everything north of those zones
*Current basis of energy code in
requires some amount of continuous insulation. 38 states www.energycodes.gov
In later editions of ASHRAE 90.1 and in the
higher efficiency codes such as ASHRAE
189.1, continuous insulation is now required in
all zones for both commercial and residential.
Note: There are multiple compliance paths.

Air Barrier Standard: ASTM E2357
ASHRAE 90.1 requires either individual material testing for air ASHRAE 90.1, Air
resistance, or full wall system testing in accordance with Barrier Test:
ASTM E2357. Increasingly, ASTM E2357 is being • Requires either individual
incorporated into specifications to test air barriers as part of a material testing or full wall
system testing
wall system because materials tested individually don’t really
predict how the system’s going to perform. Likewise, even an • ASTM E2357 requires two
ASTM E2357 “system” test, done without the penetrations of wall samples:
insulation and masonry fastenings, does not provide a • 1 opaque
complete assessment.
• 1 penetrated
The system is tested using two 8 by 8 walls, one opaque with • Prior to testing, the walls
no penetrations, and one with penetrations such as a window are subjected to thousands
of pressure deformation
opening, duct, pipes, and outlet boxes through the wall cycles
system. The test wall sample is put into a test rig that
opaque wall assembly • Assembly is subjected to
pressurizes the test frame using pumps and tubing. Although
1.57psf air pressure
not required by the standard to get a complete assessment,
the wall should also have continuous insulation mounted to • Qualifies as air barrier if
assembly allows air
account for penetrations from its fastenings. Also, flashing leakage of no more than
termination bars and masonry anchors should be included. 0.04 cfm/ft2

The wall should be tested to perform with all of those ASHRAE 90.1, Air
components in place because they account for dozens of Barrier Test:
additional penetrations as shown in the photo. • Requires either individual
material testing or full wall
system testing
Prior to determining the actual air leakage rate, the test
wall is subjected to thousands of “durability” conditioning • ASTM E2357 requires two
cycles. wall samples:
• 1 opaque
• 1 penetrated
• Prior to testing, the walls

are subjected to thousands
of pressure deformation
cycles
• Assembly is subjected to
penetrated wall assembly 1.57psf air pressure
Please remember the exam password SYSTEM. You will be required to • Qualifies as air barrier if
enter it in order to proceed with the online examination. assembly allows air
leakage of no more than
0.04 cfm/ft2

Air Barriers: Standards
This chart shows the sequences that Deformation Loading Sequence

flex the wall sample. One shows a 60-
minute deformation at a positive 12- Test # Cycles/Period Pressure Result
1/2 pounds per square foot (psf), then
another 60-minute deformation at a Deformation 1/60 minutes +600 Pa (12.54 psf) No Damage
negative 12-1/2 psf. Then the wall is
subjected to cyclic loading, with 2000 Deformation 1/60 minutes -600 Pa (12.54 psf) No Damage
cycles at five seconds each, first
positive then negative, at 16.7 psf.
Cyclic 2000/5 seconds +/- 800 Pa No Damage
The final conditioning sequence is
Loading (1000 each infiltration (+/- 16.27 psf)
gust loading, one positive and one
and exfiltration)
negative for three seconds, at just
over 25 psf. Gust 2/3 seconds +/- 1200 Pa No Damage
Loading (1 each infiltration (+/- 25.06 psf)
and exfiltration)
*Look for wall system providers that provide this type of information for SYSTEMS.

Air Barriers: Standards
Steel Stud E2357 Test Results: When

“durability” conditioning of the wall sample ASTM E2357, Air Leakage Rate After Loading Sequence (cfm/ft²)
is complete, the wall is subjected to the
actual test to determine its air leakage rate
Qualifies as
using a pressure differential of 1.57 psf. A ASHRAE 90.1
Tested at 75 pa Air Air an Air
successful wall system must have no more and ABAA Air
(1.57 psf) Infiltration Exfiltration Barrier
air leakage than 0.04 cfm/ft² (cubic feet per Barrier Criteria
Assembly
minute per square foot). That’s the passing
rate in both ASHRAE 90.1 and in the Air
Opaque Wall 0.007 0.004 0.04 maximum Yes
Barrier Association of America (ABAA)
criteria. The E2357 test determines passing Penetrated
0.007 0.004 0.04 maximum Yes
as no more than 10% difference between Wall
the opaque wall and the penetrated wall.
*Look for wall system providers that provide this type of information for SYSTEMS.
System manufacturers must produce

successful test data like that displayed
here, which is 0.0062 cfm/ft² in the case of
this system.

Steel Stud Wall System:

Rigid foam Mineral wool
insulation insulation
Note that this example wall

passed with 45 penetrations,
which is over three times the
standard penetrations required.
*AC 212 “Acceptance Criteria for Water Resistive Coatings Used as Water Resistive Barriers over Exterior Sheathing”

Water Resistance Standard: ASTM E331
Water resistance testing is done in the same International Building Code

test frame as just described for determining (2015)
the air leakage rate, except this time water is Weather Protection,
sprayed on the assembly after it has been Section 1403.2
subjected to the cycling for the air leakage
• ICC Acceptance Criteria 212*
test. The test method is described in ASTM
E331, and uses a pressure differential of • Requires ASTM E331 testing
2.86 psf across the wall system. • 2.86 psf pressure differential
across wall to push/pull water
Manufacturers may run the test beyond the into system
minimum time and may subject the system • Passes if there is no visible
to higher pressures to obtain additional data. water penetration after 15
minutes
The system assemblies shown in the bottom
images passed the water resistance test
after 2 hours, eight times longer than *AC 212 “Acceptance Criteria for Water
required. Resistive Coatings Used as Water
Resistive Barriers over Exterior Sheathing”
Passed at 2 hours! Passed at 2 hours!

Water Resistance: Standards
Water is sprayed onto the wall with the Qualifies Against

pressure differential pushing it into the Water Penetration
system for the 15-minute test period. The Testing per ICC
passing criteria, shown in the far right Acceptance
(hr:min:sec) 00:15:00 00:45:00 02:00:00
column, is no visible water penetration at Criteria 212
15 minutes. This example shows no Section 4.5, Water
leakage after 15 minutes. Penetration
Resistance Criteria
After meeting the minimum criteria, Yes, No Visible

Tested at 137
No Leakage N/A N/A Water Penetration at
system manufacturers may run the test Pa (2.86 psf)
15 minutes
beyond the minimum time and may
subject the system to higher pressures to Tested at 300
No Leakage No Leakage No Leakage N/A
obtain additional data. In this example, Pa (6.27 psf)
the system was subjected to 6.27 psf for
*Look for wall system providers that provide this type of information for SYSTEMS
over 53 minutes before it showed a little
leakage around one outlet box. This
system meets the criteria and more.
*AC 212 “Acceptance Criteria for Water Resistive Coatings Used as Water
Resistive Barriers over Exterior Sheathing”

Fire Propagation Standard: NFPA 285
NFPA 285 is a relatively new focal point in architectural International Building

design and specification. It became prominent in recent Code (2015)
years due to more stringent energy standards that now Exterior Walls, Sections
all but require continuous insulation and air barriers 1403.5 and 2603.5
around buildings. Continuous insulation is often • Required for Types I, II,
combustible foamed plastic, and air barriers are often III, or IV construction
combustible as well.
Triggers for Masonry
Types I, II, III, and IV are those types of construction Veneer Wall Systems:
defined in the IBC that require noncombustible exterior • Building >1 story if it has
walls. NFPA 285 is a test method intended to limit the foam plastic ci
extent of fire propagation up the face of a building or
• Buildings >40′ if only has
laterally across the face of a building due to combustible
a combustible air barrier
materials like continuous insulation or air barriers in an
otherwise noncombustible wall assembly. Exceptions to • Must be tested as a
this test requirement are, in the case of foamed plastic complete system
insulation, for one-story sprinklered buildings, and for air
barriers in buildings less than 40 feet in height.

Dozens of
The large-scale test wall assembly
Thermocouples
is built in a test frame using full-
scale details and materials.
The wall is mounted on the face of

a two-story test furnace, shown in
the image on the right. The test fire
originates in the lower story, grows Room Burner
to exit the open window, and
Window
wraps around the window head, Burner
thus exposing the wall to fire from
inside and outside while attacking
the opening head and jamb Simulation of potential fire
closure details. spreading:
• Room burner is turned on
• 5 Minutes – Window burner #2 turns on
• 30 Minutes – Fire is terminated
• Monitor distance fire spreads - visually
• Monitor internal wall temperatures

For the steel stud and masonry veneer walls being

discussed in this presentation, passing the test
depends almost entirely on how the window head
opening is detailed. Brick, and masonry in general,
is well established to be highly fire resistant. The
key is to detail the window head, and to a lesser
extent the jambs, to minimize the possibility of fire
getting into the air cavity behind the veneer.
In this example, the head is closed with a

continuous piece of steel, serving as a shelf angle
or lintel, but also serving as a very effective fire
stop. The jamb openings have 4-inch-wide mineral
wool fire safing compressed and friction fit into the
airspace between the brick and ci.
This is a highly successful and simple detail to

close the head and jamb.

Opening Details: Head
The left-most window opening head cross section on this

slide shows the construction from the previous slide. In the
drawing there is a continuous steel shelf angle over the
window opening. In the actual construction photo, there is
a continuous steel shelf angle at the floor line. These
details help to ensure that fire won’t spread away from the
opening in this wall system.
In a situation where the continuous steel angle is not

Head Vertical Section Head Vertical Section Head Vertical Section
placed directly over the window head but rather at the floor (Continuous Angle) (Loose Lintel) (FRT Wood Closure)
line, there will be a loose steel lintel over the openings.
Wood blocking, or wood nailing bucks, fit tightly to the
steel are also a simple and effective closure of the head
cavity.

Opening Details: Head
The NFPA 285 standard, and the IBC sections that reference the NFPA 285 standard, all speak of testing the “wall
assembly.” Specifically the NFPA 285 standard says:
5.7 Construction Details of Test Specimen.

5.7.1 The test specimen shall be constructed and secured to the test apparatus using fastening and construction details
representative of actual field installations as specified by the manufacturer.

Opening Details: Jamb
Also note the window insert units shown as generic

dotted lines. Using head and jamb closure details as
shown, the window units may be of any type. The NFPA
285 test is conducted without a window unit in place. So
if the head and jamb closure details are specified
correctly to prevent fire penetration, then any type of
window may be in the opening because it has no impact
on passing the test.
Jamb Horizontal Section Jamb Horizontal Section Jamb Horizontal Section

Look for wall system providers that provide this type of (FRT* Wood Blocking) (Compressed Mineral Wool) (Brick Return)
information for SYSTEMS.
Jamb with
Mineral Wool
* FRT = Fire Retardant Treated Jamb with

Brick Return

Fire Resistance: ASTM E119
ASTM E119 is a different building code International Building Code

and fire resistant design consideration (2015)
found in Section 602 of the IBC. Fire Resistance of Exterior Walls,
Section 602
E119 is the standard used to determine • Required for some buildings

structural fire resistance to exposures of depending on use and occupancy,
one, two, or three hours. Hourly ratings height and area, fire separation
are only required in certain buildings with distance, and other details
certain characteristics such as those in • Timed (hour) resistance to fire
close proximity to property lines, or penetration
because of the construction type
• Bearing or non-bearing
required as driven by building size or
occupancy classification. All of those are • Rated from inside and out
variables in the code formula that
• Type of interior gypsum is key
determine if a fire resistance rated wall is
required. If needed, that is one more • Type X or Type C
detail that the architect must verify for
the wall system.

Perimeter Fire Containment: ASTM E2307
ASTM E2307 is still another fire design International Building

consideration. This detail is addressed in Code (2015)
Section 715.4 of the IBC, and is used when the Perimeter Fire Containment
floor/ceiling assembly is required to have a fire Joint, Section 715.4
resistance rating.
• Joint where the floor system
intersects the exterior wall
The lower left illustrations compare the concept
• Required when the
of a fire rated joint to an unrated joint. Perimeter floor/ceiling system is
fire rated joint systems limit fire spread from the required to be fire resistance
floor of origin to the floor above, and they must rated
be designed and tested as an integral part of the
• 2-hour joint serves all
wall system.
construction types including
the highest rated 2-hour
Look for wall system manufacturers that can Types I-A and I-B
provide documentation for these systems • Unrated fire safing filled joint
because architects must specify this type of can be used when the
detail, when required, as part of the wall system. floor/ceiling is unrated

Compatibility Requirements
Although presented last in the list of details to consider, American Architectural Manufacturers Association
compatibility and adhesion are perhaps one of the most
• AAMA 713 - Voluntary Test Method to Determine Chemical
frequently overlooked, and frequently occurring, problems on job Compatibility of Sealants and Self-Adhered Flexible Flashings
sites. Wall systems have many materials touching other
• Evaluates chemical compatibility of layers in contact
materials, such as sealants touching adhesives, adhesives
touching through-wall flashing, and adhesives and sealants • Samples in contact in oven heated at 122oF @ 7 days, and
149oF @ 14 days
touching polystyrene foam board. Someone, often the architect
and/or contractor, must make certain that the materials in the • Pass criteria: No liquification, slumping, degradation
wall system as specified don’t deteriorate each other. It is often (crazing, cracking, softening)
said that outside of water leaks, material compatibility is the most
routinely occurring concern on job sites.
There is of course a test for compatibility. AAMA 713 places

samples in a high-temperature conditioning environment for a
period of days, after which they are examined for degradation.
The materials in contact cannot liquefy, slump, or degrade.
Architects must obtain these verifications for the materials
chosen for wall systems. http://www.aamanet.org

Adhesion Requirements
ASTM C794 is the standard for adhesion American Society for

assessment. Samples are conditioned for a Testing and Materials
period of days and then pulled at a 180°
angle. • ASTM C794 Standard Test
Method for Adhesion-in-
Peel of Elastomeric Joint
Passing criteria include producing 5 pounds Sealants
of resistance per linear inch and greater
• Evaluates adhesion of
than 80% cohesive failure. Cohesive failure sealant to a variety of
means that the adhesive or the sealant substrates
pulls apart internally, as opposed to peeling
off of the surface to which it was adhered, • Cures in ambient conditions
for 14 days THEN pulled at
which is called an adhesive failure.
180o angle
• Pass if ≥5 pli (resistance)

The intent is that the material remains
and ≥80% cohesive failure
adhered to the surface intended, and that,
when it comes apart, it does so internally.

Wall System Specifications and Warranties

Specification Requirements
As you can see from this overview of steel stud/masonry veneer wall systems, Short Form (System) Approach
there is a lot for architects to think about and document. Many products and Primarily defines required system and system
performance requirements must be evaluated and documented. Traditionally, the performance as “Basis of Design”
approach has been for the architect to select and specify components individually. Div 01 00 00 – General Requirements
With that approach, all of the research time and systemization, all of the • Section 01 83 16
Exterior Enclosure Performance
responsibility, flows to the architect who produces a long-form, component-by- Requirements
component specification.
Long Form (Component)
A better way exists. Perhaps the solution is to approach wall system design more Approach
“systematically,” not component-by-component. Look for manufacturers that have Primarily defines component properties and
joined together to design and document all of the details with “complete system component performance as “Basis of Design”
performance” specifications that can be inserted into Section 01 83 16, Exterior Div 04 00 00 – Masonry
Enclosure Performance Requirements. • Section 04 21 13 Brick Veneer Masonry
Div 07 00 00 – Thermal and Moisture

To specify by “system” does not preclude specifying or bidding all of the Protection
• Section 07 21 13 Foam Board Insulation
components separately. The component approach, or the system approach, can be • Section 07 21 16 Blanket Insulation
alternates to each other. However, if approached as a specified system, it gives the • Section 07 25 00 Weather Barriers
• Section 07 27 26 Fluid-Applied Air Barriers
architect peace of mind knowing that all of the system performance requirements • Section 07 84 53 Building Perimeter
were captured and documented, and that provides value to the building owner. Firestopping

Warranty Trends
This slide illustrates the evolution of wall system Warranties

Product Multiple Product System
warranties. The top line shows the traditional warranty Available
Warranties Warranties Warranties
(Typical) (Common) (Emerging Trend)
with single products from single manufacturers. This has
evolved through partial systems bundled and warrantied • Single product,
single manufacturer
together to full systems. • Material defects only
• Provides replacement
material only
Multiple manufacturers work cooperatively to provide
ALL of the necessary products to produce a complete • A few products,
single manufacturer
wall system. They combine products, collective building
• Material defects only
science, and building industry knowledge to assemble a • Provides replacement
wall system that has all of the components necessary to material only
manage the core functions of the wall. • Multiple system
products, multiple
manufacturers
These systems are backed up not only with the • Material defects only
traditional material defect warranty, but limited labor • Provides replacement
material
contributions and a truly “systemized” approach, adding • Adds limited labor to
value for the owner. remove/replace
material

Summary

Summary
As mentioned at the outset, designing, specifying, and constructing a high-performance masonry cavity wall requires the
assessment and coordination of many different components and materials. A pretested systemized approach simplifies
the tasks of a number of players in building construction: the architect, the specifier, and the contractor.
The systemized wall solution is a diverse portfolio of products that work in unison to perform optimally for thermal, water
and air management, and fire resistance. The systemized wall also includes all accessories to make the components
work. Finally, that diverse portfolio of products and accessories are fully tested and fully documented in current codes
and standards to perform as a system.
When high-performance materials are tested together; are verified to be compatible; have redundant water resistance
built into the system; are verified for code compliance, fire resistance, air leakage, and sustainability; and have available
an industry-leading warranty, this provides peace of mind from a specification perspective and adds value for the
architect, contractor, and building owner.

Conclusion
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EC (104FC2019-1.5h) - 190905 - AEC + Prosoco - Complete Steel Stud-Masonry Veneer Wall Systems

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EC (104FC2019-1.5h) - 190905 - AEC + Prosoco - Complete Steel Stud-Masonry Veneer Wall Systems

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• About the Instructor • About the Sponsor • Ask an Expert

This Online Learning Seminar is available through a

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Complete Steel Stud/Masonry Veneer Wall Systems

Presented by: PROSOCO

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Purpose and Learning Objectives

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

• identify the components that go into a complete wall construction system

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How to Use This Online Learning Course

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Requirements of a Wall System 7

Complete Wall Systems 14

Systemization, Codes, and Standards 50

Wall System Specifications and Warranties 72

Click on title to view

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Requirements of a Wall System

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Functional Requirements of a Wall System

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Steel Stud with Masonry Veneer Wall Systems

Considering all of the components

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Roles and Goals (To Create a Complete Wall)

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Roles and Goals (To Create a Complete Wall)

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Common Mistakes and Results

During construction of a project in Boston, it was discovered that the products

Project with sequencing issues

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Common Mistakes and Results

In the top image, there were issues with the Detailing

In the bottom image, again moisture was

At some point in the design and construction

The solution is a complete wall system. But Water

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Complete Wall Systems

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Wall Systems: A Complete Design

A complete wall system incorporates several building components Base Wall:

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Wall Systems: Component Performance

Finally there is “systemization,” which is not

As you can see in the drawing at right, there

The architect must correctly specify each of

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Wall Systems: Air Barrier

What if all of those components were

Beginning with air and water resistive barriers,

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Function and Types of Air/Water Resistive Barriers

A water resistive barrier typically acts as the drainage plane

These products can be mechanically-attached or self-

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Codes and Testing for Air/Water Resistive Barriers

ASHRAE 90.1 requires a continuous air barrier, ASHRAE 90.1

Requires an air barrier

Air and water resistive barriers must also

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