RF Receiver Basics Concepts

Receiver Noise Figure
Pass Loss
Tx Output Pass Loss

Rx Noise Figure
Noise Floor
Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Power Spectrum of Global System for Mobile (GSM)
Close-in
In-band
i t f
interferers

Sensitivity vs. Selectivity
Desired Channel
to select MIXER IF Filter
Input Output
if
if
rf Received channels after
Received channels after frequency translation
Received Channels at RF frequency translation
LO
Sensitivity
y The minimum (available) signal power needed at the receiver input to provide
adequate SNR at the receiver output to data demodulation
y Noise
y Insertion Loss
y Inter-modulation products
Selectivity
y Blockers (in-band and out-of-band)
y Phase Noise
y Image-Rejection (will be discussed with radio architecture)

Required Receiver Sensitivity – A Qualitative View
What is the required receiver NF to achieve
a certain level of sensitivity?
Transmit Power To find Receiver NF

y Transmit Power – FCC regulated
y Path loss
Path Loss
y Receiver sensitivity – govern by
standards and applications
R i Sensitivity
Receiver S iti it y Required SNR – depends on BER
Noise Figure requirement and modulation
scheme
Required SNR y Noise floor – thermal noise or
circuit noise limited depending on
Noise Floor the modulation schemes

Receiver NF Requirement Calculations
IEEE 802
802.11a
11a WLAN
GSM (DCS-1800 ) cellular
FCC limits the PSD in 5GHz
to 2.5 mW/MHz FCC limits the PSD in 1.8 GHz
Channel bandwidth is 16 MHz to 5 mW/kHz
T
Transmitit Power
P iis 40 mW
W or 16 dB
dBm Ch
Channell bandwidth
b d idth isi 200 kHz
kH
Thermal noise floor Thermal noise floor
–174 dBm/Hz X 16 MHz = –102 dBm
–174 dBm/Hz X 200 kHz = –121 dBm
Total SNR budget is
16 dBm
dB – (–102
( 102 dBm)
dB ) = 118 dBm
dB Required SNR for GSM is 9 dB
To cover ~300 ft. at 5 GHz results in a path y to keep BER < 10–3
loss of 86 dB
GSM receiver sensitivity specification
y i.e. Receiver sensitivity is –70 dBm
(802 11a specification is –65
(802.11a 65 dBm ) is –102
102 dBm
Required SNR for 64QAM (54Mbps) is 27 dB Receiver noise figure requirement
y 802.11a packet length is 8 kb = Receive sensitivity – Noise floor –
Worst packet loss < 10%,
y
Required SNR
(1 – BER)8000 = 1 – 10%
BER = 10–5
= –102 – (–121) – 9 = 10 dB
Receiver noise figure requirement
= Tx Power– Path Loss – Required SNR –
Noise floor
= 16 + 102 – 86 – 27 = 5 dB

Receiver Sensitivity for GSM

One More Receiver Sensitivity Calculation Example

Fundamental Concepts in RF Systems
Receiver sensitivity
y Noise Figure
y Signal to noise ratio (SNR)
y Thermal noise floor
Receiver selectivity
y Nonlinearityy
gain compression
inter-modulation
desensitization
cross modulation
y Phase noise and blockers
Receiver spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR)
y Lower limit set by sensitivity
y Upper limit set by selectivity

Key Receiver Metrics
At any input signal level, the receiver must achieve a minimum
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
y Detection schemes need a minimum signal-to-noise ratio for adequate
performance
f
Some analog detectors (AM detectors) improve gradually with increasing SNR
Digital detectors improve rapidly past a threshold SNR
Dynamic range
y The range of input power (signal and interferer) over which the receiver
performs adequately
Measured by performance of the base-band transducer (speaker/video display etc)
For system analysis, Bit Error Rates or final SNR are used
y Smallest signal level is the receiver sensitivity
y Largest signal determines the upper limit of dynamic range (What does
‘largest signal’ mean? We will come back to this point later…)

Receiver Architecture Considerations
Heterodyne is a well-proven architecture
y Monolithic implementation (low-cost integration) is a challenge owing to the
large number of BPF’s required
Alternative architecture suitable for integration will be studied later
The architecture as shown is a consequence of available technologies
y For example, if low loss, tunable front-end BPFs could be manufactured for
channel select, the receiver could be replaced by one mixer
The components shown are usually common to all architectures with
possibly different requirements
Front-end circuits (e. g. LNA & Mixer) are critical design challenges and
technology drivers in wireless applications

Functions of Receiver Components (1)
Image Channell
Ch ADC I
T/R Reject Select IF
Switch Balun LNA Filter RF Mixer Filter VGA
LO2 (Tuned)
o
RF 90
Band Select
Filter ADC Q
LO1 (Fixed)
IF Mixer Anti-alias
Anti alias
O PCB
On On-Chip
LPF
RF band select filter

y typically a ceramic filter
y Used to filter and reduce incident power levels of distant interferers at the LNA
y allows the entire RF Band (all possible useful channels) into the receiver
y rejects out
out-of-band
of band signals and attenuates image signals
Transmit / Receive Switch
y connects the antenna to the receiver or transmitter in a time-division duplexed systems
Balun
y “Bal”anced to “Un”-balanced
y differential to single-ended converter
Image Channell
Ch ADC I
LO2 (Tuned)
o
RF 90
Band Select
Filter ADC Q
LO1 (Fixed)
IF Mixer Anti-alias
Anti alias
O PCB
On On-Chip
LPF
Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)

y Front-end amplifier used to amplify the signal with minimum degradation in the SNR
y amplifies the signal to reduce impact of noise from latter stages
Image Reject Filter
y Ceramic (or SAW) band-pass filter used to provide filtering of distant interferers
y Used primarily to reject the ‘image frequency’ of local oscillator (LO1)
y Allows the entire RF Band (all possible useful channels) into the receiverattenuates image-signals before
mixing
RF Mixer
y converts the incoming RF signal to intermediate frequency (IF) is the difference between the RF and LO1
y Usually have stringent linearity and noise requirement

Image Channell
Ch ADC I
LO2 (Tuned)
o
RF 90
Band Select
Filter ADC Q
LO1 (Fixed)
IF Mixer Anti-alias
Anti alias
O PCB
On On-Chip
LPF
Channel select filter

y Select the desired the channel and rejects adjacent channels
y Typically requires a SAW filter with high attenuation to suppress out of band tones
Intermediate frequency variable gain amplifier (IF VGA)
y adjusts the received signal level so that it maps to the dynamic range of the based-band
circuits such as the ADC
IF mixers
y Down-converts the I & Q signals to base-band for signal processing
y I th
In the above
b example,l we assume that
th t the
th iimage ffrequency iis greatly
tl attenuated
tt t d bby the
th
channel select filter and therefore image-reject mixers are not used.

Receiver Requirements
Gain and stability requirements
y Power gain, voltage gain, stability measures
Low-noise requirements
y Noise figure or temperature
y Desensitization (impact of non-linearity on noise performance)
Linearityy requirements
q
y Intercept points, gain compression

Noise in Receiver
Receiver “noise level” directly limits sensitivity
Receiver sensitivity = minimum input power that the receiver can detect
Noise figure
g of cascaded stages
g
y Noise figure of RF receivers from antenna to ADC output
y Noise figure of passive networks
y Noise figure
g of ADC

Input-Referred SNR in Terms of Noise Factor

Receiver Sensitivity – Min. Pin to Achieve Required SNR (1)



Noise Figure for Cascaded Stages

Noise Factor of Passive (Lossy) Networks

Noise Figure Calculation of BPF Followed by LNA

SNR of Analog-to-Digital Converter
Typically, ADC is characterized using SNR at the output rather than NF

To determine the NF of an ADC
ADC, we need to compute the degradation in
SNR due to quantization noise after the signal passes through the ADC
Noise Figure of Analog-to-Digital Converter
SNR in P / Noise
N i in N i out
Noise
NF ADC = = in =
SNR out Pout / Noise out Noise in
Since the ADC only performs digitization of the input voltage and thus does not
provide
id any gain,
i ii.e. Pin = Pout, the
th output
t t signal
i l can bbe ttreated
t d as th
the input
i t signal
i l
plus quantization noise. Expressing NF in log form, we obtain:
NF = Noise out ( dBm ) − Noise in ( dBm )
Assume that the ADC noise is completely due to quantization error, then
Noise out ( dBm ) = Pin − SNR ADC
A
Assume that
th t the
th noise
i att the
th input
i t is
i due
d tto th
thermall noise,
i then
th
NF ( dB ) = Pin − SNR ADC − Noise in
= Pin − SNR ADC − kTB
One can also express NF as the power ratio of quantization noise (at the output)
and thermal noise (at the input) which results in:
NP 02( rms ) 2
V FS 1 Quantizati on Noise a t Output
NF = = ⋅ =
A p , ADC × 4 kTR s B 2 2 N × 12 × R s kTB Thermal No ise at Inp ut
1
( A p , ADC = )
4
Effect of Over-Sampling on ADC NF
Increasing the sampling frequency reduce noise

noise, which has the same effect as
increase the ADC resolution
y Over-sampling by a factor of 4 results in 6 dB reduction in noise, or effectively 1 more bit
Receiver Requirements
Gain and stability requirements
y Power gain, voltage gain, stability measures
Low-noise requirements
y Noise figure or temperature
y Desensitization (impact of non-linearity on noise performance)
Linearityy requirements
q
y Intercept points, gain compression

Interferers in Global System for Mobile (GSM)
Close-in
In-band
i t f
interferers

The “Large Signal”

Interferers

Linear Systems
Th system
The t S iis linear
li if and
d only
l if
if:
x1 y1 x1+ x2 y1+y2
Then: x S y
x2 y2 αx1 αy1
In other words in a linear system, the output can be expressed as a linear

combination of the responses to the individual inputs. In a linear system
with no initial stored energy, the output time function is related to the
input time function∞
by the convolution integral:
y (t ) = ∫ x( τ ) h (t – τ ) dτ
–∞
where h(t) is the system response to a unit impulse. In frequency
domain: Y j = X j H j
( ω) ( ω) ( ω)
System transfer function

∞
– j ωt
H( j ω ) = ∫ h( t) e dt
–∞
Source of Non-linearity
A system is time-invariant if a time shift in the input results in the same
time shift in the output:
x(t) y(t) Then: τ)

x(t-τ)
x(t τ)
y(t-τ)
y(t
In linear time invariant systems, a single frequency input can only

generate a single frequency output.
output
A linear time variant system, e.g. a mixer, can generate frequency
components that do not exist in the input, which cause non-linearity.
Device non-linearity
non linearity
ID = K(V GS - VT)2
Ic = Ics. Exp
E (qV
( VBE /KT)

Gain Expansion or Compression due to Nonlinearity
F time-variant,
For ti i t memoryless
l systems,
t we can assume
x(t) NL y(t)
y(t) = a1 x(t) + a2x2(t) + a3x3(t) + ...
x(t) = Acos(ωct)
y(t) = a1Acos(ωct) + a2A2cos2 (ωct) + a3A3cos3(ωct) + ...
a2 2 a3 3 a2 2 a3 3
= ----- A + ⎛ a1 A + 3----- A ⎞ cos ( ω ct ) + ----- A cos ( 2 ωc t ) + ----- A cos (3 ω c t )
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2 4
From this equation we see that the output signal consists of a component at the
applied fundamental frequency ωc and spurious signals at dc, the second
harmonic 2ωc, and the third harmonic 3ωc.
The amplitude of the fundamental component can be greater than a1A (the gain if
the two-port is linear) if a3>0 and smaller than a1A if a3 < 0. This property is called
gain expansion or gain compression.

1-dB Compression Point
Aout Aout
1 dB
A
a 3<0
Ao u t = output amplitude @ ωc
A1 dB A A
Gain at fundamental frequency = 20log |a1 + 0.75a3A2|

Linear Gain = 20log |a1|
At the 1-dB compression point, the actual gain is 1dB below the linear gain
20log |a1 + 0.75a3A2| = 20log |a1| – 1
Therefore for , a1
A-1dB2 = – 0.145a1/a3 (a3 < 0) or A−1dB = 0.145 ×
a3
P-1dB = A-1dB2 / 2R
Blocker and Desensitization
Blocker: If input signal to the receiver consists of a weak desired signal at
ωc1 accompanied by a strong interferer at ωc2 (the blocker). The blocker
tends to reduce the average gain experienced by the desired signal:
Meaning that the effective signal gain at ωc1 (desired signal) is reduced by
For large
g enough p at ωc1 is
g A2, the receiver is “desensitized” as the output
overwhelmed by the blocker.

Inter-modulation
Intermodulation products due to two input tones:
4 a1
× = AIP3
3 a3
IIP3 = AIP32 / 2R
When A = IIP3, the 3rd order term = fundamental at the output

( i compression
(gain i is
i neglected,
l t d ii.e. 9/4*a
9/4* 3*A3 << a1A)

Signal Corruption due to IIP3 of Interferers
Aint, out
Aint, in
Asig, out
Asig, in AIM3,out
Given Asig, in, Aint, in and IIP3, we want to find

the ratio of the signal to IM3,
IM3 ii.e.
e Asig, out / AIM3,out at the output
To find the dynamic range, we refer Asig, out / AIM3,out to the input

IP3 Calculation and Graphical Interpretation
To express IIP3 in terms of the input Aint,out 2
AIP
= 3
and output signal amplitudes, take 2
AIM 3,out Aint,
the ratio of the first and third terms in
from the previous expression and

express in terms of IIP3 (Slope = 1)
Aint,out
(Slope = 3)
AIM3,out
Aint,in
AIM3, in = AIP3
Aint,in
Signal Corruption due to IIP3 of Interferers
Aint, out
Aint, in
Asig, out
Asig, in AIM3,out
Asig ,out 2
Aint,out Aint,out 1 AIP 3 1
= ⇒ Asig ,out = × Asig , in = 2
×
Asig , in Aint, in Aint, in AIM 3,out Aint, in
Aint,,out
Asig ,out 2
AIP 3
⇒ = 3
× Asig , in
AIM 3,out Aint, in
Given Asig, in = 1μVrms, Aint, in = 1mVrms, and IIP3 = – 10dBm (AIP3 = 70mVrms on 50 Ω)
Asig ,out 1μ
= × (70 m )3
= 4.9 = 13.8dB
AIM 3,out (1m ) 3

Relation between 1-dB Compression Point and IIP3
a1
A1dB = 0.145 × (with single tone input)
a3
4 a1
IIP 3 = × (with dual tone input)
3 a3
A1dB 0.145
= = 0.33
IIP 3 4/ 3
IIP 3 (dB) = A1dB (dB) + 9.6

IIP3 of Cascaded Stages (I)

IIP3 of Cascaded Stages (II)
The term consisted of α2 (due to 2nd order distortion)

can be neglected if gain of stage 1 has a band-pass characteristic

Dynamic Range
DR = P1dB – kTB(dBm) – F – SNRmin
DR = IIP3 –9.6
9 6 – kTB(dBm)
kTB(dB ) – F – SNRmin

Spurious Free Dynamic Range

Receiver Selectivity
A measure of the receiver
receiver’ss ability to reject signal outside of the desired
band.
We have seen that IM3 due to two adjacent channels creating spurious
tone in the designed signal band
Blockers and phase noise of the local oscillator (LO) signal also
degrades receiver selectivity.
y Ph
Phase noise
i iis a measure off spectral
t l purity
it off th
the LO signal
i l
Blocker

Phase Noise Requirement
Input
Spectrum
BL
BW
Desired
Receiver
f Output
Receiver Desired
Δf c Signal
Phase Noise Signal Vout Blocker
S x ((f)) Mixed
LO C/Im in
Local Inband
Osc.
Output -PN (Δ fc )
f
f L0
f
Δfc
Assume that the receiver is noiseless, therefore required SNR is

determined by C/Imin (Carrier / Interferer ratio)
(
C / I min ( dB ) = S signal − Sblock + PN Δfc (dBc ) )
= S signal − Sblock − PN Δfc (dBc / Hz ) − 10 log(
g( BW )
PN Δfc (dBc / Hz ) = S signal − Sblock − C / I min ( dB ) − 10 log( BW )

Phase Noise Requirement Calculation
PCS 1900 (North America version of GSM)

y Desired signal at fo can be as small as
–99dBm with –43-dBm blocker at 600kHz
y GSM required SNR is 9 dB
y Channel bandwidth is 200 kHz
y PN (at 600kHz offset)
= – 99 – (– 43) – 9 – 10log(2e5)
= – 118 dBc/Hz

RF Receiver Basics Concepts

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Receiver Noise Figure

Tx Output Pass Loss

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Transmit Power  To find Receiver NF

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

 RF band select filter

 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

 Channel select filter

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

 Typically, ADC is characterized using SNR at the output rather than NF

 Increasing the sampling frequency reduce noise

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

 In other words in a linear system, the output can be expressed as a linear

System transfer function

x(t) y(t) Then: τ)

 In linear time invariant systems, a single frequency input can only

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

y(t) = a1 x(t) + a2x2(t) + a3x3(t) + ...

y(t) = a1Acos(ωct) + a2A2cos2 (ωct) + a3A3cos3(ωct) + ...

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

 Gain at fundamental frequency = 20log |a1 + 0.75a3A2|

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

When A = IIP3, the 3rd order term = fundamental at the output

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

 Given Asig, in, Aint, in and IIP3, we want to find

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

from the previous expression and

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

IIP 3 (dB) = A1dB (dB) + 9.6

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

The term consisted of α2 (due to 2nd order distortion)

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

DR = P1dB – kTB(dBm) – F – SNRmin

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

Prof. C. Patrick Yue, ECE, UCSB

 Assume that the receiver is noiseless, therefore required SNR is

PN Δfc (dBc / Hz ) = S signal − Sblock − C / I min ( dB ) − 10 log( BW )

 PCS 1900 (North America version of GSM)

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

Transmit Power To find Receiver NF

RF band select filter

Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)

Channel select filter

Typically, ADC is characterized using SNR at the output rather than NF

Increasing the sampling frequency reduce noise

In other words in a linear system, the output can be expressed as a linear

In linear time invariant systems, a single frequency input can only

Gain at fundamental frequency = 20log |a1 + 0.75a3A2|

Given Asig, in, Aint, in and IIP3, we want to find

Assume that the receiver is noiseless, therefore required SNR is

PCS 1900 (North America version of GSM)