INDEX

1. Types of beams
2. Types of loads
3. Types of support
4. Shear force Bending Moment
5. Sign conventions.
6. Point of contraflexure
7. Example on Simply supported beam
8. Example on cantilever beam
9. Example on overhanging beam
10. Example on overhanging beam with point of contra
flexure.
BEAMS
 Members that are slender and support loads applied
perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.

Distributed Load, w(x) Concentrated Load, P

Longitudinal
Axis

Span, L
 TYPES OF BEAMS
 Depends on the support configuration
FH
Pin
FV
FV
FH Fixed
Roller

M
Fv Roller Pin
FH

FV FV
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

Continuous Beam

Propped Cantilever
Beam

 Can you guess how we find the “extra” reactions?

INTERNAL REACTIONS IN BEAMS
 At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible internal
reactions required for equilibrium:
 normal force,
 shear force,
 bending moment.

a b
L
INTERNAL REACTIONS IN BEAMS
 At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible internal
reactions required for equilibrium:
 normal force,
 shear force,
 bending moment.

Positive Directions
Shown!!!
Left Side of Cut M

N
Pb/L V
x
INTERNAL REACTIONS IN BEAMS
 At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible internal
reactions required for equilibrium:
 normal force,
 shear force,
 bending moment.

Positive Directions
Shown!!!
M V Right Side of Cut

N
Pa/L
L-x
FINDING INTERNAL REACTIONS
 Pick left side of the cut:
 Find the sum of all the vertical forces to the left of the cut,
including V. Solve for shear, V.
 Find the sum of all the horizontal forces to the left of the
cut, including N. Solve for axial force, N. It’s usually, but
not always, 0.
 Sum the moments of all the forces to the left of the cut
about the point of the cut. Include M. Solve for bending
moment, M
 Pick the right side of the cut:
 Same as above, except to the right of the cut.
EXAMPLE: FIND THE INTERNAL REACTIONS
AT POINTS INDICATED.ALL AXIAL FORCE
REACTIONS ARE ZERO. POINTS ARE 2-FT
APART.
P = 20 kips

1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10

6 7

8 kips 12 kips
12 ft
20 ft

Point 6 is just left of P and Point 7 is just right of P.

 P = 20 kips
1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10

6 7

8 kips 12 kips
12 ft
20 ft
8 kips
V x
(kips)
-12 kips
96
80
64 72
48 48
32
16 24
M x
(ft-kips)
V & M Diagrams P = 20 kips

8 kips 12 kips
12 ft
20 ft
8 kips
V
(kips) x

What is the slope -12 kips

of this line? 96 ft-kips What is the slope
96 ft-kips/12’ = 8 kips b of this line?
-12 kips
M a c
(ft-kips) x
V & M Diagrams P = 20 kips

8 kips 12 kips
12 ft
20 ft
8 kips
V
(kips) x

What is the area of the

blue rectangle? -12 kips
96 ft-kips What is the area of
96 ft-kips the green rectangle?
b
-96 ft-kips
M a c
(ft-kips) x
DRAW SOME CONCLUSIONS
 The magnitude of the shear at a point equals the
slope of the moment diagram at that point.
 The area under the shear diagram between two
points equals the change in moments between
those two points.
 At points where the shear is zero, the moment is
a local maximum or minimum.
The Relationship Between Load, Shear and Bending
Moment

w( x )  the load function


V( x )  w( x )dx

M( x )   V( x )dx
 Common Relationships

0 Constant Linear
Load

Constant Linear Parabolic

Shear

Linear Parabolic Cubic

Moment
 Common Relationships

0 0 Constant
Load M

Constant Constant Linear

Shear

Linear Linear Parabolic

Moment
 12 kN 8 kN
A C
D
B

1m 3m 1m
RA = 7 kN  RC = 13 kN 
 12 kN 8 kN
A C
D
B

1m 3m 1m

7 8
7 8
V
(kN) -15
-5
7
M
(kN-m)

2.4 m -8
 TYPES OF BEAMS
 1.Simply supported beam:-
A beam supported freely on the walls or columns at
its both ends is known as simply supported beam.

 2.Over hanging beam:-

A Beam is freely supported on two supports. But its
one end or both the ends are projected beyond the
support.
 TYPES OF BEAMS
 3.Cantilever Beam:
A Beam Fixed at one end and free at the other end is
known as cantilever Beam.

 4.Fixed Beam:-
A beam whose both ends are rigidly fixed is known as
cantilever beam.
 TYPES OF BEAMS
 5.Continuous beam:-
A Beam Supported on more then two support is known
as continuous beam.
 TYPE OF LOADS

1. Point load or concentrated load:-

When a load is acting on a relatively small
area it is considered as point load or concentrated
load.
 W = Point Load

 It is given in N or KN.
 TYPES OF LOADS

2. Uniformly Distributed Load:-

A Load which is spread over a beam in such
a manner that each unit length of beam is loaded to
the same intensity is known as uniformly
distributed load.
 W = U.D.L

 It is given in N/m or KN/m.

 TYPES OF LOADS

 3.Uniformly Varying Load:-

A Load which is spread over a beam in such
a manner that its intensity varies uniformly on
each unit is called uniformly varying load.
 When load is zero at one end and increases
uniformly to the other end it is known as
triangular load.
 TYPES OF SUPPORT
 1. Simple Support:-
 Beam is freely supported on the support.
 There is no monolithic construction between the beam
and the support.
 Only vertical reaction can devlope at the support.
 TYPES OF SUPPORT
 2. Hinge Support:-
 Beam is hinged to the support at end

 Beam can rotate about the hinge

 Vertical reaction (V) and horizontal reaction (H)

can developed at the support.
 TYPES OF SUPPORT
 3. Fixed Support :-
End of beam is rigidly fixed or built in wall.
Beam can not rotate at the end.
 Vertical reaction (V), Horizontal Reaction (H),
Moment (M) can devlope at support.
 TYPES OF SUPPORT
 4. Roller Support :-
Beam is hinged to the support at the end roller
are provided below the support.
 End of beam can move on rollers. Only vertical
reaction (V) normal to the plane of roller can devlope.
 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
 Shear Force:-
It is the algebraic sum of the vertical forces
acting to the left or right of a cut section along the span
of the beam
 Unit of S.F is N or kN

 Bending Moment:-
It is the algebraic sum of the moment of the
forces to the left or to the right of the section taken
about the section
 Unit of B.M is N.m or kN.m
 SIGN CONVENTION

• The Shear Force is positive if it tends to rotate the

beam section clockwise with respect to a point inside
the beam section.

• The Bending Moment is positive if it tends to bend

the beam section concave facing upward. (Or if it
tends to put the top of the beam into compression and
the bottom of the beam into tension.)
 POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE
In B.M diagram, The point at which B.M change
its sign from positive to negative or negative to positive
is called point of contraflexure.

It is a point where the beam tends to bend in

opposite direction. It is the point at which curvature of
beam changes.
EXAMPLE ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

 Problem 1 :-
Calculate the value and draw a bending
moment and shear force diagram for following
beam shown in fig.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 1

 Solution:-

The beam has two unknown

reaction Ay and By.
Ay + By = 90……… (1)
Taking moment from Ay

By10 = (20 42)+(10 8)

By = 240/10

By = 24kN Ay = 90-24 = 66kN

 S.F Calculation  B.M Calculation

FA left = 0 MA = 0
FA Right = 66kN MC = (6640) – (2042)
FC = 66-(204) = -14kN = (264-160)
FD left= -14kN = 104kN.m
FD Right=(-14)-10=-24kN MD =(66 8)-(20 4 6)
FB Left = -24 kN =(528-140)
FB Right= -24 + 24 = 0kN =48kN.m
MB = 0kN.m
 EXAMPLE ON CANTILEVER BEAM

 Problem 2 :-

Calculate the value and draw a bending

moment and shear force diagram for following
cantilever beam shown in fig.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 2

 The support reaction

for given beam can be
easily determined by
following method.

 Dy = (42 1/2) + (2
4)
Dy =10 kN
 S.F Calculation  B.M Calculation

FA Left = 0kN MA = 0
FA Right= -2 kN MB = -2  1 = -2kN.m
FB = -2-0 = -2kN MC = (-2 3) – (4 2 1)
FC = -2-8 = -10 = -14kN.m
FD = -10 MD = -14-10 = -24kN
 EXAMPLE ON OVERHANGING BEAM
 Problem 3 :-

Calculate the value and draw a bending

moment and shear force diagram for following
Overhanging beam shown in fig.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 3

 Applying equation of
static equilibrium.

Ay - By = 45kN

Taking Moment Of A
By6 =(2510)+(5 4 4)
By = (250+80)/6
= 55kN
Ay = -10Kn
 S.F Calculation  B.M Calculation

FA Left = 0kN MA = 0kN.m

FA Right = -10kN MC =(-102) =-20kN.m
FC = -10kN MB = -60-40= -100kN.m
FB Left = -10-35 = 25kN MD = 0kN.m
FD Right = 25kN
FD Right = 25-25 = 0kN
EXAMPLE ON OVERHANGING BEAM WITH
POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE
 Problem 4 :-

Calculate the value and draw a bending

moment and shear force diagram for following
beam shown in fig also find the point of
contraflexure.
SOLUTION PROBLEM 4
 The support reaction
can be find as
following

Ay+Cy=(104)+20
=60kN

Taking moment from A

Cy8=(1042)+(20 10)
Cy=280/8=35kN
Ay=60-35 = 25kN
 S.F Calculation  B.M Calculation

FA left=0 MA = 0
FA right=25kN MB=(254)-(10 4 2)=
FB=25-(10 4)= -15 kN =20kN.m
FC left= -15 kN MC=(25 8)-(10 4 6)
FC right=25-5=20kN = -40kN.m
FD left=20kN
FD right=20-20=0kN

Point of contra-flexure can be determined as writing the

equation for BM and put part BC=0
Mx = 25x – 10*4(x-2) = 5.33 so
X = 5.33 from A
THANK U