CHAPTER 4 - THE POWER PLANT BUILDING

Answered by Romeo G. Perez Jr. BSME V-A

1. How high can a solid, unloaded brick wall(2.08 tonnes per m3) be carried without the compression stress
on the lower course exceeding (a) 12 kg/cm2), (b) 17.5 kg/cm2?

W Ah
s   h
A A
h= s / 
(a) h  s / 


12kg / cm 
 100cm 
2

h  1m 
 57.69manswer 
 3  1000kg 
2.08tonnes / m   
 1tonne 

s
(b) . h 

2

17.5kg / cm  1001mcm 

2

h 
  84.13m(answer )
 1000 kg 
(2.08tonnes / m3 ) 
 1tonne 

2. The brick walls of a smaller power plant are of the bearing wall type, 432 mm thick. They are 10.5 m
high to the eaves and take a reaction of 3400 kg from roof trusses spaced 4.5 m apart. (a) What is the
maximum compression in the brick work? (b) The safe bearing power of subsoil is 9765 kg/m 2, and the
wall footings weight approximately 495 kg/m. How wide should the footings be?

Solution:
Wb=weight of the brickwall=(2403kg/m2)(.432m)(10.5m)(4.5m)=49050kg
Wt=weight of roof truss=3400kg
A=Compression area on brick wall= .432 x 4.5 =1.944m
(a) Maximum compression on brick wall

=(Wb+Wt)/A = (49050kg + 3400kg)/1.944m =26980 kg/m2

(b) Width of footing

Safe bearing power = 9765 kg/m2

WF =wall of footing weight = 459 x 4.5 = 2227.5 kg
 WB  WT  WF
Safe bearing power 
L(b)
49050kg  3400  2227.5kg
9765 kg/m2 = 4.5m(b)
b = 1.245m = 1245mm

3. A brick power plant building is 12 m x 21 m x 7.5 m high, with flat roof. Walls are 544 m thick for lower
4.5 m, 432 mm for upper 3 m. There are 10 window openings 1.5 m x 2.0 m, and 2 door openings 2.0 m x
2.5 m. The walls are built with thin cement mortar joints. Calculate the cost of building materials for the
walls, given the following unit costs: Brick, $40.00 per 1000; cement, $4.00 per bbl;sand, $3.50 per cubic
metre.

Solution:
Volume = [2(12)(4.5) + 2(21)(4.5) - 10(1.5)(2.0) - 2(2.0)(2.5)](0.544) + [2(12)(3) + 2(21)(3)](.432) = 225.344
m3

There are 650 standard bricks per 1 cubic meter.

225.344 x 650 = 146,474 bricks

190 to 250 liters of mortar per cubic meter, say 220 liters
220 x 225.344 = 49,576 liters = 49.576 cu m mortar
For preliminary estimating purposes, a cubic meter of mortar may be taken as made from a cubic meter
of sand and 23 sacks of cement.
Sand: 49.576 cu m mortar = 50 cu meter of sand
Cement: 13 x 49.576 = 645 sacks
1 bbl = 42 gallons = 0.159 m3
Proportions for the mortar are from one to three parts of dry sand to one part of portland cement
depending on the strength needed.
Cement: 49.576 cu m of mortar = 49.576 cu m of cement
In bbl = (49.576/ 0.159)(1bbl) = 312

Cost of Building Materials

Brick = (149,474)(40/1000) = $5,858.96
Cement = (312)(4) = $1,248.00
Sand = (50)(3.50) = $175.00
Total cost of Building Material = $7,281.96

4. What is the cost, in place, of a brick wall 6m high, 21 m long, 432 mm thick? Thin cement mortar joints.
Bricklayer, $15.00 per day; helper, $8.00 per day. Brick, $32.00 per 1000; cement, $4.00 per bbl; sand,
$3.00 per tonne (1780 kg = 1 m3 ).

Solution:
Volume = (6)(21)(0.432) = 54.432 m3

There are 650 standard bricks per 1 cubic meter.

54.432 x 650 = 35381 bricks
190 to 250 liters of mortar per cubic meter, say 220 liters
220 x 54.432 = 11, 975 liters = 11.975 cu m mortar

For preliminary estimating purposes, a cubic meter of mortar may be taken as made from a cubic meter
of sand and 13 sacks of cement.
Sand: 11.975 cu m mortar = 12 cu m of sand
In tons. = 12 x 1780/1000 = 21.36 tonne
Cement: 13 x 11.975 = 156sacks
1 bbl = 42 gallons = 0.159 m3
Proportions for the mortar are from one to three parts of dry sand to one part of portland cement
depending on their strength needed.
Cement: 11.975 cu m mortar = 11.975 cu m of cement
In bbl = ( 11.975/ .159)(1 bbl) = 76

In the absence of union rates, a bricklayer with helper will lay from 1000 to 2000 brick daily, the former
figure being for facing work and the latter for massive work such as foundations or buttresses. Use 1500
bricks daily.
Number of days = 35381/1500 = 23.6 say 24 days
Cost:
Brick = (35381)(32/1000) = $1,132.19
Cement = (76)(4) = $ 304.00
Sand = (21.36)(3.00) = $ 64.08
Bricklayer = (15)(24) = $360.00
Helper = (8)(24) = $192.00
Cost = $2,052.27 (answer)

5. An engine to be set on a symmetrical concrete foundation 1.2 m x 3.5 m top face, 2.1 m x 3.5 m bottom
face, 1.5 m deep. Make a list of the materials to be used in the construction of the foundation and calculate
the foundation weight.

Solution:
Material used: Cement, Sand, and Stone
Volume: 0.5(1.2 + 2.1)(1.5)(3.5) =8.6625 m3
Reinforced Concrete = 2403 kg/m3
Foundation Weight = 2403 kg/m3 x 8.6625 m3
Foundation Weight = 20,816 kg (answer)

6. A 30.5 m circular water tunnel of 1.2 m inside diameter and 305 mm thick walls to be constructed in
concrete. Allowing 4 bags cement to the bbl, find the cost of materials based on the following unit prices:
Cement, $4.50 per bbl; sand, $3.50 per tonne; stone, $4.00 per tonne. Sand and stone weight 1780 kg/m3.

Solution:
Outside diameter = 2(0.305) + 1.2 = 1.81 m
V

4
1.81  1.2 30.5  44m
2 2 3

For tunnel, use 1:2:3 mixture

For 1 m3 concrete
= 9.2 sacks or bags
= 0.51 m3 sand
= 0.77 m3 stone

Cement = (44)(9.2)/4 = 102 bbl

Sand = (44)(0.51)(1780)/1000 = 40 tonne
Stone = (44)(0.77)(1780)/1000 = 60 tonne

Cost:
Cement = (4.5)(102) = $459.00
Sand= (3.5)(40) = $140.00
Stone = (4)(60) = $240.00
Cost of materials = $839.00 (answer)

7. Estimate the quantities of stone, sand, and cement required to build a circular concrete water tank
(wood cover) to hold 7300 liters of water. Interior depth of water, 1.5 m; of tank, 1.8 m. Walls and floors,
200 mm thick. Neglect volume occupied by steel reinforcement.

Solution:
For circular concrete water tank, use 1:2:3 mixture

For 1 m3 concrete
= 9.2 sacks or bags
= 0.51 m3 sand
= 0.77 m3 stone

Water volume = 7300 liters = 7.3 m3

Inside diameter of tank
 
d i2 h1  d i2 (1.5)  7.3m3
4 4
di = 2.49 m
d o  d i  2t  2.49  2(0.2)  2.89m

V
4
d 2
o  d i2 h2

V
4
2.89 2

 2.49 2 1.8  3.042m 3

Quantities of stone, sand, and cement (answer)

Cement = 9.2 x 3.042 = 28 sacks
Sand = 0.51 x 3.042 = 1.55 m3
Stone = .77 x 3.042 = 2.35 m3
8. A 39.5 m high chimney of radial brick masonry is described by the following top and bottom dimension.
D2  1.9m, d2  1.5m, D1  3.2m, d1  2.3m. Uniform batter, weight 180 tonnes. Find the maximum
compressive stress under 160 km/hr wind load. Will a base crack be opened to windward?

Solution:
D2 = 1.9 m
d2 = 1.5 m
D1 = 3.2 m
d1 = 2.3 m
H = 39.5 m
W = 180 tonnes = 180,000 kg
At 160 km/hr
100 H 2
Pw h  (2 R2  R1 )
3
100(39.5) 2   1.9   3.2 
Pw h  2 2    2   182,029kg  m
3     
Pw h  Wz
182,029  (180,000) z
z  1.01m
R2  r 2
k
4R
R  D1 / 2  3.2 / 2  1.6m
r  d1 / 2  2.3 / 2  1.15m
(1.6) 2  1.15
2
k  0.607 m
4(1.16)

R r  1.6  1.15 
y 2    2    1.09m
4 R 4  1.6 

Maximum compressive stress

Since y > z > k
 z   z  z  k  2 
f z  f c 1    1    
 k   k  y  k  
W 180,000
fc  

 R r 2

2

 1.6 2  1.152
f c  46,300kg / m 2
 1.01   1.01  1.01  0.607  
2

f z  46,300 1    1    
 0.607   0.607  1.09  0.607  
f z  144,740kg / m 2 answer 
The factor safety against tipping downwind is the ratio of the stabilizing moment to the wind moment,
both taken about downwind edge.
R 1.6
FSOV    1.584  1.5 , a base crack will not open to windward.
z 1.01

Answered by: JOHN PAUL VILLAROYA BSME V-A

9. The upper 15.25 m of a radial brick chimney has D1=2.2 m, D2=2 m, wall thickness 178 mm.
Is it fully stable laterally at the 15.25 m section and safe against crushing when subjected to 160
km/h wind? Density, 2403 kg/m³; allowable compressive stress, 12.66 kg/cm².
Solution
D1= 2.2 m
D2= 2 m
H= 15.25 m
t= 178 mm= 0.178 m
d1=D1- 2t= 2.2- 2(0.178)= 1.844 m
d2=D2- 2t= 2- 2(0.178)= 1.644 m
A1= π/4(D²- d²)= π/4[(2.2)² - (1.844)²]= 1.131m²
A2= π/4(D²- d²)=π/4[(2)²- (1.644)²]= 1.019 m²
V= ½(A1-A2)H=½(1.131+1.019)(15.25)
V=16.394 m³
W=(2403)(16.394)=39,395 kg
At 160 km/hr
Pwh=100H²/3 (2R2+R1)
Pwh=100(15.25)²/3 [2(2.2/2)+2/2]=24,807 kg•m
Pwh=Wz
z=0.63 m
k=R²+r² / 4R
R= D2/2=2.2/2=1.1 m, r= d2/2=1.844/2=0.922 m
k=(1.1)²+(0.922)² / 4(1.1) = 0.47 m
y= R/4(2+r/R)= 1.1/4 (2+0.922/1.1)= 0.78 m

FS= R/z= 1.1/0.63= 1.75>1.5, it is full stabled laterally (answer).

Since y>z>k
fz= fc[(1+z/k)-(1-z/k)(z-k / y-k)²]
fc=W/π(R²-r²)=39395 / π(1.1²-0.922²)
fc=38841 kg/m²
fz=38841[(1+0.63/0.47)-(1-063/0.47)(0.63-0.47 / 0.78-0.47)²]
fz=94,427 kg/m² (answer)
Allowable compressive stress, 12.66 kg/cm² = 126,600 kg/m² > 94,427. Safe for crushing.
(answer)

10. Using Table 4-3, estimate the proportions of a radial brick chimney of 2.4 m inside diameter
x 4.5 m high. Masonry weight, 1922 kg/m³. Wind, 160 km/h. Test the base and mid-height
sections for maximum compressive stress. No lining.
Solution:
d2 = 2.4 m
H = 45.5 m
1922 kg/m³
Table 4.3, Batter = 18.4 mm/m
Top wall thickness = 180 to 230 mm, say 210 mm
r2 = 1.2 m
R2 = r2 + thickness = 1.2 + 0.21 = 1.41 m
R1 = R2 + (Batter) (H) = 1.41 + (18.4)(45.5)/1000 = 2.2472
D1 = 2 R1 = 2(2.2472) = 4.4944 m
D2 = 2R2 = 2(1.4100) = 2.82 m
Bottom thickness = 9.25H = 9.25(45.5) = 421 mm as 432 mm
r1= 2.2472 – 0.432 = 1.8152 m
Outside conical volume =( 45.5π / 3)(2.2472²+ 2.2472 x 1.41) = 486.32 m³
Inside conical volume = (45.5π/3) (1.8152² + 1.8152 x 1.2) = 329.4 m³
Volume of masonry = 486.32 – 329.4 = 156.92 m³
At 1922 kg/m³
Chimney weight = 1922 x 156.92 = 301,600 kg
Estimated Dimension of chimney = Top, 2.82 m outside diameter and 210 mm thick. Bottom,
4.4944 m outside diameter and 432 mm thick. Height = 45.5 m. (answer)

Testing the base section for maximum compressive stress

At 160 km/h
Pwh= (100H²/3)(2R2+R1)
= [100(45.5)²/3] [2(1.41)+2.2472] = 349,679 kg•m
Pwh = Wz
349,679 = (301,600)(z)
Z = 1.16 m
k = R² + r² / 4R
R = 2.2472 m r = 1.8152 m
k = [(2.2472)²+(1.8152)²] / 4(2.2472) = 1.58 m
Maximum compressive stress
Since y>z>k
fz = fc[(1+z/k) – (1-z/k)(z-k / y – k)²]
fc = W / π(R²-r²) = 301600 / π(2.2472²-1.8152²)
fc= 54,704 kg/m²
fz = 54,704[(1+1.16/0.93)-(1-1.16/0.93)(1.16-0.93 / 1.58-0.93)²]
fz = 124, 631 kg/m² = 12.46 kg/cm²
is less than 15.5 kg/cm² maximum allowable compressive stress (answer)

Testing the mid-height section for maximum compressive stress

At 160 km/h
Pwh = 100H² / 3 (2R2+R1)
R1 = ½ (R1+R2) = ½ (2.2472 + 1.41) = 1.8286 m
H = 0.5x45.5 = 22.75 m
Pwh = 100(22.75)² / 3 [2(1.41)+1.8286] = 80, 198 kg•m
r1 = ½ (r1+r2) = ½ (1.8152+1.2) = 1.5076 m
Outside conical volume = 22.75π/3 (1.8276² + 1.41² + 1.8276 x 1.41) =188.45 m³
Inside conical volume = 22.75π/3 (1.5076² + 1.2² + 1.5076 x 1.2) = 131.56 m³
Volume of masonry = 188.45 – 131.56 = 56.89 m³
At 1922 kg/m³
Chimney weight = 1922 x 56.89 = 109,343 kg = W
Pwh= Wz
80,198 = (109,343)z
Z = 0.73 m
k = R²+r² / 4R
k = (1.82826)²+(1.5076)² / 4(1.8286) = 0.77 m
y = R/4 (2+r/R) = 1.8286/4 (2+ 1.5076/1.8286) = 1.29 m
Maximum compressive stress
For y>z>k
fz = fc[(1 + z/k) – (1-z/k)(z-k / y-k)²]
But k>z
fc = W / π(R²-r²) = 109,343 / π(1.8286²-1.5076²)
fc = 32,500 kg/m²
fz = 32,500(1+0.73/0.77)
fz = 63,312 kg/m² = 6.33 kg/cm²
is less than 15.5 kg/cm² maximum allowable compressive stress (answer).

11. Repeat prob 10, except for 2.75 m x 60 m chimney.

Solution:
d2=2.75 m
H = 60 m
1922 kg/m³
Wind at 160 km/h
H/d2 = 60/2.75 = 21.8
Table 4.3, Batter= 20.6 mm/m
Top wall thickness = 180 to 230 mm, say 210 mm
r2= 2.75/2 = 1.375 m
R2 = r2 + thickness = 1.375 + 0.21 = 1.585 m

R1 = R2+ (Batter)(H) = 1.585 + (20.6)(60)/1000 = 2.821 m

D1 = 2R1 = 2(2.821) = 5.642 m
D2 = 2R2 = 2(1.585) = 3.17 m

Bottom thickness = 9.25H = 9.25(60) = 555 m as 559 m

r1 = 2.821 – 0.559 = 2.262 m
Outside conical volume = 60π/3 (2.821²+1.585²+2.821x1.585) = 938.81 m³
Inside conical volume = 60π/3 (2.262²+1.375²+2.262x1.375) = 635.70 m³
Volume of masonry = 938.81 – 635.7 = 303.11 m³

At 1922 kg/m³
Chimney weight = 1922 x 303.11 = 582,578 kg
Estimated dimensions of chimney: Top, 3.17 m outside diameter and 210 mm thick. Bottom,
5.642 m outside diameter and 559 mm thick. Height = 60 m. (answer)
Testing the base section for maximum compressive stress
At 160 km/h
Pwh = 100(60)²/3 [2(1.585)+2.821] = 718,920 kg•m
Pwh=Wz
718,920 = (582,578)z
Z= 1.234 m
R = 2.821 m, r= 2.262 m
k = (2.821²)+(2.262²) / 4(2.821) = 1.159 m
y = R/4 (2+r/R) = 2.821/4 (2+2.262/2.821) = 1.976 m
Maximum compressive stress
Since y>z>k
fc = W / π(R²-r²) = 582,578 / π(2.821²-2.262²)
fc = 65,264 kg/m²
fz= 65,264[(1+1.234/1.159-(1-1.234/1.159)(1.234-1.159 / 1.976-1.159)²]
fz = 134,792 kg/m² = 13.48 kg/cm²
is less than 15.5 kg/cm² maximum allowable compressive stress (answer).
Testing the mid-height section for maximum compressive stresa
At 160 km/h
R1 = ½ (R1+R2) = ½ (2.821+1.585) = 2.203 m
H= 0.5x60 = 30 m
Pwh = 100(30)² / 3 [2(1.585)+2.203] = 161,190 kg•m
r = ½ (r1+r2) = ½ (2.262+1.375) = 1.8185 m
Outside conical volume = 30π/3 (2.203²+1.585²+2.203x1.585) = 341.09 m³
Inside conical volume = 30π/3 (1.8185²+1.375²+1.8185x1.375) = 241.84 m³
Volume of masonry = 341.09 – 241.84 = 99.25 m³
At 1922 kg/m³
Chimney weight = 1922x99.25 = 190,759 kg =W
Pwh = Wz
161,190 = (190,759) z
Z = 0.845 m
k = (2.203²)+(1.8185²) / 4(2.203) = 0.926 m
y = 2.203/4 (2+1.8185/2.203) = 1.556 m
Maximum compressive stress
For y>z>k
But k>z
fc = W/π(R²-r²) = 190,759/ π(2.203²-1.8185²)
fc = 39,269 kg/m²
fz = 39,269(1 + 0.845/0.926)
fz = 75,103 kg/m² = 7.51 kg/cm²
is less than 15.5 kg/cm² maximum allowable compresaive stress (answer)
12. Analyze the chimney base section as mentioned at the end of Ex. 2, Sec. 4-6. Lining to
weigh 12.4 tonnes
Solution:
V56; thickness= 190 mm
D6= 1.9 m
d6 = 1.52 m
D5 = 2.1 m

d5 = 2.1 – 2x0.19 = 1.72 m

D56 = (¼)(1.9+1.52+2.1+1.72) = 1.81
V56 = 7.5x1.81πx019 = 8.1 m³

V45; Thickness = 220 mm

D5= 2.1 m
d5 = 2.1-2x0.22 = 1.66 m
D4 = 2.31 m
d4 = 2.31 – 2 x0.22 = 1.87 m
D45= ¼(2.1+ 1.66+2.31+1.87) = 1.985 m
V45 = 7.5 x 1985π x 0.22 = 10.29 m³

V34; Thickness = 270 mm

D4 = 2.31 m
d4 = 2.31 – 2 x 0.27 = 1.77 m
D3= 2.68 m
d3 = 2.68 – 2 x 0.27 = 2.14 m
D34 = ¼ (2.31+1.77+2.69+2.14) = 2.225
V34 = 7.5 x 2.225π x 0.227 = 14.16 m³

V23; Thickness = 302 mm

D3 = 2.68 m
d3 = 2.68 – 2 x 0.302 = 2.076 m
D2 = 3.04 m
d2 = 3.04 – 2 x 0.302 = 2.436 m
D23 = ¼(2.68+2.076+3.04+2.436) = 2.558
V23 = 7.5 x 2.558π x 0.302 = 18.2 m³

V12; Thickness = 330 mm

D2 = 3.04 m
d2 = 3.04 – 2 x 0.33 = 2.38 m
D1 = 3.45 m
d1 = 3.45 – 2x0.33 = 2.79 m
D23 = ¼ (3.04+2.38+3.45+2.79) = 2.915 m
V23 = 7.5 x 2.915π x 0.33 = 22.67 m³

Total volume = 22.67+18.2+14.16+10.29+8.1 = 73.42 m³

Total weight = 73.42x1922+12.4x1000 = 153,513 kg
Pwh = 100H²/3 (2R2+R1)
H = 7.5 x 5 = 37.5 m
R1 = 3.45/2 m
R2 = 1.9/2 m
Pwh = 100(37.5)²/3 [2(1.9)+3.45 / 2] = 169,922 kg•m
Wz = Pwh
153513(z) = 169,922
Z= 1.107 m
k = R²+r² / 4R
R = 3.45/2 = 1.725 m; r = 2.79/2 = 1.395 m
k = 1.725²+1.395² / 4(1.725) = 0.713 m
y = R/4 (2+r/R) = 1.725/4 (2+1.395/1.725) = 1.211 m
Maximum compressive stress
Since y>z>k
fc = W / π(R²-r²) = 153,513 / π(1.725²-1.395²)
fc = 47,460 kg/m²
fz = 47,460 [(1+1.107/0.713)-(1-1.107/0.713)(1.107-0.713 / 1.211- 0.713)²]
fz = 137, 562 kg/m² = 13.8 kg/cm²
is less than 15.5 kg/cm² maximum allowable compressive stress (answer).

13. A 45 m x 2.4 m chimney has been laid out as follows.

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ht. 0 1.5 4.5 10.5 16.5 22.5 30 37.5 45
Above
Ground
,m.
Batter, 30 30 30 27 27 13.5 13.5 13.5
mm
per m
Wall, 464 425 387 337 298 272 216 178
mm

Layout this chimney to scale 1 cm = 1m. Determine its weight, cumulatively section by section,
using 1922 kg/m3 both main column and lining. Lining extends from 13.5 m to 29 m above ground,
is carried on corbels at 13.5 m and 21.5 m, and is 100 mm thick and build to give a minimum 50
mm air space.

Solution:
Section 8-9
d9 = 2.4 m
D9 = 2.4 + 2x0.178 = 2.756
H = 45 – 37.5 = 7.5
R8 - R9 = 13.5 x 7.5 = 101.25 mm
R8 = 1.378 + 0.10125 = 1.48 m
D8 = 2.96
Thickness = 178 mm
d9 = 2.044 m
d8 = 2.60525 m
D89 = ¼(2.756+2.4+2.9585+2.6025) = 2.68 m
V89 = 7.5 x 2.68π x0.178 = 11.237 m³

Section 7-8
D8 = 2.9585 m
H = 37.5 -30 = 7.5 m
R7 - R8 = 13.5 x 7.5 = 101.25 mm
R7 = 1.48 + 0.10125 = 1.58 m
D7 = 3.16 m
Thickness = 216 mm
d8 = 2.5265 m
d7 = 2.729 m
D78 = ¼(2.9585+2.5265+3.161+2.729) = 2.84 m
V78 = 14.473 m³

Section 6-7
D7 = 3.161 m
H= 30 -22.5 = 7.5 m
R6 - R7 = 101.25 mm
R6 = 1.68 m
D6 = 3.36
Thickness = 272 mm
d7 = 2.62 m
d6 = 2.82 m
D67 = 2.99 m
V67 = 19.166 m³

Section 5-6
D6 = 3.36
H = 22.5 – 16.5 = 6 m
R6 = 1.68 m
R5 - R7 = 27 x 6 = 162 m
R5 = 1.844 m
D5 = 3.69 m
Thickness = 298 mm
d6 = 2.78 m
d5 = 3.09
D56 = ¼(3.36+2.77+3.69+3.09) = 3.23 m
V56 = 6 x 3.23π x 0.298 = 18.13 m³

Section 4-5
D5 = 3.6875 m
H = 16.5 – 10.5 = 6 m
R4 - R5 = 162 mm
R4 = 2.00575 m
D4 = 4.01 m
Thickness = 337 mm
d5 = 3.01 m
d4 = 3.34 m
D45 = ¼(3.69+3.01+4.01+3.34) = 3.51 m
V45 = 6 x 3.52π x 0.337 = 22.31 m³

Section 3-4
D4 = 4.0115 m
H = 10.5 – 4.5 = 6 m
R3 - R4 = 30 x 6 = 180 mm
R3 = 2.19 m
D3= 4.37 m
Thickness = 387 mm
d4 = 3.24 m
d3 = 3.6 m
D34 = ¼(4.01+3.24+4.37+3.6) = 3.8 m
V34 = 27.75 m³

Section 2-3
D3 = 4.37 m
H = 4.5 – 1.5 = 3 m
R2 - R3 = 30 x 3 = 90 mm
R2 = 2.28 m
D2 = 4.55 m
Thickness = 425 mm
d3 = 3.52 m
d2 = 3.7 m
D23 = ¼(4.37+3.52+4.55+3.7) = 4.04 m
V23 = 3x4.04πx0.425 = 16.168 m³

Section 1-2
D2 = 4.55 m
H = 1.5 – 0 = 1.5 m
R1 - R2 = 30 x 1.5 = 45 mm
R1 = 2.32 m
D1 = 4.64 m
Thickness = 464 mm
d2 = 3.62 m
d1 = 3.71 m
D12 = ¼(4.55+3.6235+4.64+3.71) = 4.133 m
V12 = 1.5 x 4.133 x 0.464 = 9.037 m³

14. Analyze the stability of the chimney of Prob. 13 at sections 1, 4, and 6 when subjected to 160
km/hr wind load.

Solution :
At 1922 kg/m³
Weight of lining;
Diameter at the bottom
OD=3.0755 m, ID = 2.8755 m
Diameter at the top;
OD = 2.2385 m, ID = 2.0385 m

D = ¼(3.0755+2.8755+2.2385+2.0385) = 2.557 m
H = 29 – 13.5 = 15.5 m
V = 15.5 x 2.557π x 0.1 = 12.451 m³
W = 1922 x 12.451 = 23,931 kg

At section 1
Total W = 265,767+23,931 = 289698 kg
H = 45 m
R1 = 2.32 m
R2 = 1.378 m
Pwh = 100(45)² / 3 ( [2(1.378)+2.32] = 343,681 kg•m
Wz = Pwh
289,698z= 342,681
z = 1.183 m

R = 2.32; r=1.86 m
k = (2.32)²+(1.86)² / 4(2.32) = 0.952 m
y = 2.32/4 (2+1.86/2.32) = 1.625 m
Maximum compressive stress
Since y>z>k
fc = 289,698/ π(2.32² - 1.86²)
fc = 47,573 kg/m²
fz = 47,573[(1+1.183/0.952) – (1-1.183/0.952)(1.183-0.952 / 1.625 – 0.952)²]
fz =108,050 kg/m² = 10.81 kg/cm²
is less than 15.5 kg/cm² maximum allowable compressive stress (answer)

At section 4
Total W = 163,982 + 23, 931 = 187,913 kg
H = 45 – 10.5 = 34.5 m
R1= 2.00575 m
R2 = 1.378 m

Pwh = 100(34.5)²/3 [2(1.378)+2.00575] = 188,922 kg•m

Wz = Pwh
187,913z = 188,922
z = 1.005 m
R = 2.00575 m; r=1.67 m
k = (2.00575)²+(1.67²)/ 4(2.00575) = 0.849 m
y = 2.00575/4 ( 2+1.67/2.00575) = 1.42 m
Maximum compressive stress
Since y>z>k
fc = 187,913/π(2.00575²-1.67²)
fc = 48,304 kg/m²
fz = 48,304[(1+1.005/0.849)-(1-1.005/0.849)(1.005-0.849/1.42-0.849)²]
fz = 106,146 kg/m² = 10.61 kg/cm²
is less than 15.5 kg/cm² maximum allowable compressive stress (answer)

At section 6
Total W = 86,252 kg
H = 45 -22.5 = 22.5 m
R1 = 1.68 m
R2 = 1.38 m

Pwh = 100(22.5)²/3 [2(1.38)+1.68] = 74,887 kg•m

Wz = Pwh
86,252z = 74,887
z = 0.868 m
k = (1.68)²+(1.41)²/4(1.68) = 0.716 m
y = 1.68/4 (2+1.41/1.68) 1.194 m
Maximum compressive stress
Since y>z>k
fc = 86,252/ π(1.68²-1.42²)
fc = 32,732 kg/m²
fz =32,732[(1+0.868/0.716)-(1-0.868/0.716)(0.868-0.716/1.194-0.716)²]
fz = 73,115 kg/m² = 7.31 kg/cm²
is less than 15.5 kg/cm² maximum allowable compressive stress (answer)

15. Proportion from table 4-3, the chimney whose dimensions are given economic study in the
example. Consider chimney foundation to be 2 m below furnace grates. Will the chimney, as so
laid out, be safe in 160 km/h wind, or will the economic dimensions be jettisoned because of
structural requirements? 1922 kg/m3. Top thickness 178 mm. Uniform inside and outside taper.

Solution:
From sec. 12-12
d2 = 2.793 m
H = 54.33 + 2 = 56.33 m
1922 kg/m²
Wind at 160 km/h
H/d2 = 56.33/2.793 = 20.2
Table 4-3, Batter = 20 mm/m
Top wall thickness = 178 mm
r2 = 1.3965 m
R2 = 1.3965 + 0.178 = 1.5745 m
R1 = R2 + (Batter)(H) = 1.5745 +20(56.33)/1000 = 2.7011 m
D1 = 5.4022 m
D2 = 3.149 m
Bottom thickness = 9.25H = 9.25(56.33) = 521 mm as 533.4 mm
r1 =2.7011 -0.5334 = 2.1677 m
Outside central volume = 56.33π/3 (2.7011²+1.5745²+2.7011x1.5745) = 827.49 m³
Inside conical volume = 56.33π/3 (2.1677²+1.3965²+2.1677x1.3965) = 570.79 m³
Volume of masonry = 827.49-570.79 = 256.7 m³

At 1922 kg/m²
Chimney weight = 1922 x 256.7 = 493,378 kg
Estimated dimension of chimney: Top, 3.149 m outside diameter and 178 mm thick. Bottom,
5.4022 m outside diameter and 533.4 mm thick. H = 56.33 m. (answer)

Testing the base section for maximum compressive stress

At 160 km/h
Pwh = 100(56.33)²/3 [2(1.5745)+2.7011] = 618,759 kg•m
Pwh = Wz
618,759 = (493,878) z
z = 1.254 m
k = (2.7011)²-(2.1667)²/4(2.7011) = 1.11 m
y = 2.7011/4 (2+2.1667/2.7011) = 1.892 m

Maximum compressive stress

Since y>z>k
fc = 493,378/ π(2.7011²-2.1667²)
fc = 60,472 kg/m²
fz = 60, 472[1+1.254/1.11)-(1-1.254/1.11)(1.254+1.11/1.892-1.11)²]
fz = 130,385 kg/m² = 13.04 kg/cm²
is less than 15.5 kg/cm² maximum allowable compressive stress(answer)

16. A block-type concrete foundation must support a static load of 22.5 tonnes transmitted to it
on a thick steel plate 610 mm x 915 mm. Design a foundation of minimum weight that will be safe
against settlement and cracking. Estimate the concrete materials needed. Bearing power of soil,
12t/m².

Solution:

b = a/ √48xo.146/p
b = a/√48x0.146/12 =1.3086a
w1 = 0.610 + 2a
w2 = 0.915+2a
Wf=2.403V =2.403 w1w2b = 2.403(0.61+2a)(0.915+2a)(1.3086a)
p= W+Wf/w1w2
22.5+2.403(0.61+2a)(0.915+2a(1.3086a)=12(0.61+2a)(0.915+2a)(1.3086a)
a = 0.340 m
Wf = 2.403(0.61+2x0.34)(0.915+2x0.34)(1.3086x0.34)
Wf = 3.085 tonnes (answer)
Answered by: Edielbert S. Libre BSME V-A

17. The following data refer to a 6-cylinder, 450-kw, and 650 bmhp Diesel engine alternator unit
having direct connected exciter: Weight of engine and flywheel, 63500 kg; weight of alternator
and exciter, 6800kg; bedplate of engine, 3mx 7.3m; length of whole unit, 10.6m width of generator
bedplate, 3m. The subsoil is average sand. Design and detail a foundation for this engine. The
foundation top is all in one horizontal plane. Calculate the amount of sand, stone, cement, and
form lumber required for its construction. Assume 150mm offset in each side of the top base of
the foundation and 𝛾𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2403 kg/𝑚3 .

Solution:
From table 4-4, p.105, the safe bearing power of sand is 19.5 tons per m²
19.5 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 9.75 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
and assume half of this as the allowable stress, σ = ⁄2 = .
𝑚2 𝑚2
Total weight of unit = 63500 + 6800 = 70300 kg
From table 4-5 p.108, the weight of machine foundation for multicylinder diesel engine
is 730 kg per brake metric hp.
Thus, Weight of foundation
kg
Wf = 570 bmhp (650bmhp) = 370500 kg
Total Weight of unit & foundation
Wt = 370500 kg + 70,300 kg = 440800kg
Width of the foundation = 3 m + 2(0.150m) = 3.3m
Length of the foundation = 10.6 m + 2(0.15m) = 10.9m

Estimate that eccentricity from midbase is 1m and one-third of the engine’s weight is eccentrically
loaded.

70300𝑘𝑔
𝑀= 𝑥1𝑚 = 23433 kg-m
3
𝑀𝑥
𝑓𝑏 =
𝐼

10.9
23433( 2 ) 𝑘𝑔
𝑓𝑏 = = 359 ⁄𝑚2
3.3(10.93 )
12
𝑊𝑡
σ= + 𝑓𝑏
𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑘𝑔 440800
9750 ⁄ 2 = + 359 𝑘𝑔⁄ 2
𝑚 (10.9)𝑤𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚

𝑤𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 4.31 m

 𝑊𝑓 370500𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑓 = = = 154.18𝑚3
𝛾𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2403kg/𝑚3
𝑉𝑓 = 𝐿𝑊𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐻
154.18 = 10.9(4.31)𝐻
𝐻 = 3.28 𝑚

Amount of Sand, Stone, Cement, and Form Lumber

Use 1:3:5 for concrete foundation,
For 1 cubic meter concrete
Cement = 6.2 sacks
Sand = 0.52 cu. m
Stone = 0.86 cu. M
For form lumber:

4.31 − 3.3 2
√
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = ( ) + (3.28)2 = 3.32𝑚
2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (2)(3.32)(10.9) + (2)(0.5)(3.3 + 4.31)(3.28) = 97.3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚

𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.52 𝑥 154.18 = 80 𝑚3

𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0.86 𝑥 154.18 = 133 𝑚3
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6.2 𝑥 154.18 = 956𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 97.3 𝑜𝑟 98 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚

18. The condenser of a 10,000-kw turbine is rigidly carried by its own foundation and is connected
to the turbine by a copper expansion joint whose dimensions are 2.1m x 2.8m, approximately
rectangular. The water and steam normally in the condenser weigh 9072kg. Condenser pressure =
𝑘𝑔
0.07 𝑐𝑚² ab. What is the variation in weight on the condenser foundation between in-service and
out-out-service conditions?
Solution:
Downward thrust due to vacuum pull of condenser
F = A (1.03 – Pc) kg
Where: A = Nozzle Area, cm², for exhaust steam from turbine to condenser
𝑘𝑔
Pc = condenser pressure, 𝑐𝑚² abs.
𝑘𝑔
Thus: F = (210cm) (280cm) (1.03 – 0.07) 𝑐𝑚² = 56,450 kg
Weight of steam & water in condenser during operation = 9,072 kg
Thus, the variation in weight on the condenser foundation between in-service and out-of-service
conditions
= 56,450 kg +9,072 kg
= 65, 522 kg
19. Design a sloping octagonal concrete foundation for the chimney of Ex. 1, Sec 4-6. Bearing
power of soil 19.5 tons/m2. Justify any necessary assumptions.

Given:
From Ex.1, sec. 4-6

At 160 kph.
R1 = 1.7 m
R2 = 0.94 m
H= 36 m
Pwh = 155520 kg-m
Wchimney = 148690 kg

b= width across flats on the top

b= 2 R2 +0.3= 2(1.7) +0.3=3.7m
B=(1/10)(36) + 2(0.94)= 5.48 m
h=Depth of foundation = 0.04(36)=1.44m > 1.2m

Volume of the Sloping Foundation

(0.828)(𝑏 2 + 𝐵 2 )ℎ
𝑉=
2
(0.828)(3.72 + 5.482 )(1.44)
𝑉= = 26.064 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
2
Weight of foundation= 2403 x 26.064=62,632 kg
Weight of the chimney = 148690 kg @ 160 kph wind pressure
𝑃𝑤 = 100𝐻(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
𝑃𝑤 = 100(36)(1.7 + 0.94)
𝑃𝑤 = 9504𝑘𝑔

Moment M on foundation = 155520 + 9504 x 1.44= 169206 kg-m

Weight W on subsoil= 148690 + 62632= 211322 kg
169206
𝑧= = 0.80
211322
k=0.133B=0.133(5.48)=0.73
k<z, there is windward floating.
Increase B to B=6.1m, k=0.81>z

Volume of Sloping Foundation

 (0.828)(3.72 + 6.12 )(1.44)
𝑉= = 30.345 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
2
Weight of foundation= 2403 x 30.345=72,919 kg
Weight W on subsoil= 148690 + 72,919= 221,609 kg
169206
𝑧= = 0.76
221609
K=0.133B=(0.133)(6.1)=0.81

𝑧 0.76
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐 (1 + ) = 𝑓𝑐 (1 + ) = 1.94𝑓𝑐
𝑘 0.81
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 0.828 𝑥6.12 = 30.81𝑚2
221609 13.95𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.94 =
30.81 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚
13.95𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 19.5𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = < which is seen conservative
𝑠𝑞.𝑚 𝑠𝑞.𝑚

20. A 45.75m chimney with D1 = 4.71 m; D2 = 2.79 m weighs 272 tons. The chimney is set on a
two-step octagonal concrete foundation, laid on soil having 24.5 t/m2 safe bearing power. Wind
load, 160 km/h. Design the foundation.

Solution:

100𝐻 2 (2𝑅2 + 𝑅1 )
𝑃𝑤 ℎ =
3
2790𝑚𝑚
𝑅2 = = 1395𝑚𝑚
2
4710𝑚𝑚
𝑅1 = = 2355𝑚𝑚
2
𝐻 = 45.75𝑚
100(45.75)2 (2(1.395) + 2.355)
𝑃𝑤 ℎ = = 358,960𝑘𝑔𝑚
3
b=width across flats on the top
b= 4.71 + 0.3=5.01m
B=(1/10)(45.75) +2(1.395)=7.365m
Depth of the foundation= 0.04(45.75m)=1.83m>1.2m
Volume of Two-Step Foundation
b=5.01 m
ℎ1 = 0.5𝑥1.83 = 0.915𝑚
𝑉1 = 0.828𝑏 2 ℎ1
𝑉1 = 0.828(5.01)2 (0.915) = 19.02𝑚3
B=7.365 m
ℎ1 = ℎ2 = 0.915𝑚
𝑉2 = 0.828𝐵 2 ℎ2
𝑉2 = 0.828(7.365)2 (0.915) = 41.10𝑚3
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 19.02 + 41.10 = 60.12𝑚3
Weight of foundation = 2403 x 60.12=144,468 kg
Weight of chimney = 272000kg
Wind pressure at 160 kph
𝑃𝑤 = 100𝐻(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
𝑃𝑤 = 100(45.75)(2.355 + 1.395) = 17,157𝑘𝑔

Moment M on foundation = 358,960 + 17,157x1.83=390,357kg-m

Weight W on subsoil = 272,000 + 144,468=416,468kg
390,357
𝑧= = 0.94
416,468
k=0.133B=0.133(7.365)=0.98
k>z, there is no windward floating.

𝑧 0.94
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑓𝑐 (1 + ) = 𝑓𝑐 (1 + ) = 1.96𝑓𝑐
𝑘 0.98
Area of the octagonal base = 0.828 x 7.3652 = 44.9𝑚3
416468 𝑘𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.96 𝑥1.96 = 18,180 2 = 18.180 2
44.9 𝑚 𝑚
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 18.180 𝑚2 < 24.5 𝑚2 which is seen conservative.

21. The foundation under the engine of Fig. 4-14 is 300 mm higher than that under the generator,
considering the generator pit to have the same volume as the exciter pedestal, finds the amount
sand, crushed stone, and cement required for the foundation.

Solution:

For engine:
(2.75 + 3.25)(2.4 + 0.3)(4.25)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = = 17.212 𝑚3
2(2)
Generator less engine:
Width at 2.4 m H
𝑥 (3.25 − 2.75)/2
=
0.3 2.4 + 0.3
X=0.028m
Upper width = 2.75 + 2x 0.028= 2.806m
 (2.806 + 3.25)(2.4)(4.25)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = = 15.443𝑚3
2(2)
Total Volume = 17.212 + 15.443 = 32.653𝑚3

Amount of Sand, Stone, Cement, and Form Lumber

Use 1:3:5 for concrete foundation,
For 1 cubic meter concrete
Cement = 6.2 sacks
Sand = 0.52 cu. m
Stone = 0.86 cu. m

𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.52 𝑥 32.653 = 17.0 𝑚3

𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1.682 𝑥 17.0 = 28.6 tons
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0.86 𝑥 32.653 = 28.1 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 1.682 𝑥 28.1 = 47.3 tons
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6.2 𝑥 32.653 = 203 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠

22. A diesel engine sits on a plain block foundation 3m x 9m x 3.75m deep. Find the cost of
foundation and form lumber (forms 25mm lumber). Lumber, $25.00 per 100 board meters; cement,
$1.50 per sack; stone, $3.00 per tons; sand, $2.25 per tons.
Solution:

Amount of Sand, Stone, Cement, and Form Lumber

Use 1:3:5 for concrete foundation,
For 1 cubic meter concrete
Cement = 6.2 sacks
Sand = 0.52 cu. m
Stone = 0.86 cu. m
Length = 9m
Width = 3m
Depth =2.75m
For form lumber:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (2)(9 + 3)(2.75) = 66 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚
1 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 = 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 1 𝑖𝑛 = 0.3048 𝑚 𝑥 0.3048 𝑚 𝑥 0.0254 𝑚 = 2.36𝑥10−3 𝑚3
1 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3.282 = 10.765 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
66
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 = = 710.4
0.3048 𝑥 0.3048
710.4
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 66
10.765
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 3 𝑥 9 𝑥 2.75 = 74.25 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.52 𝑥 74.25 = 38.6 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1.682 𝑥 38.6 = 65 tons
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0.86 𝑥 74.25 = 63.9 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 1.682 𝑥 63.9 = 107.5 tons
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6.2 𝑥 74.25 = 460 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠

Cost of foundation:
𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 = $ 2.25 𝑥 65 = $ 146.25
Stone = $ 3.00 x 107.5 = $ 322.50
Cement = $ 1.50 x 460 = $ 690.00
Lumber = $ 25 x 66/100 = $ 16.50
Total: $ 146.25 + $ 322.50 + $690.00 + $16.50= $ 1175.25 (answer)

23. Estimate the weight and cost of materials for foundations for the following 300 mhp movers,
using 70 % of foundation mass from table 4-5. Get the local unit cost.

(a) Vertical multi-cylinder unaflow engine

(b) Vertical multi-cylinder Diesel engine
(c) Horizontal single-cylinder gas engine
(d) Horizontal single-cylinder Corliss engine.

Given:
From Table 4-5:
230𝑘𝑔
Vertical multi-cylinder unaflow engine: 𝑚ℎ𝑝
570𝑘𝑔
Vertical multi-cylinder Diesel engine: 𝑚ℎ𝑝
1135𝑘𝑔
Horizontal single-cylinder gas engine: 𝑚ℎ𝑝
320𝑘𝑔
Horizontal single-cylinder Corliss engine:
𝑚ℎ𝑝

Solution:

From table 4-1:

Mixture for foundation: 1:3:5

Assuming:
 𝛾𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2403 kg/𝑚3
kg
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 1682 𝑚3 from Table 4-2
Cement price = $ 1.50/sack
Sand price = $ 2.25/ ton
Stone price = $ 3.00 /ton

a) Weight of total foundation = 230 x 0.7 x 300 = 48300 kg

48300 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = 20.1 𝑚3
2403 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.52 𝑥 20.1 = 10.5 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1.682 𝑥 10.5 = 17.7 tons
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0.86 𝑥 20.1 = 17.3 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 1.682 𝑥 17.3 = 29.1 tons
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6.2 𝑥 20.1 = 125 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠

Cost of foundation:
𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 = $ 2.25 𝑥 17.7 = $ 39.83
Stone = $ 3.00 x 29.1 = $ 87.30
Cement = $ 1.50 x 125 = $ 187.50
Total: $ 39.83 + $ 87.30 + $187.50= $ 314.63 (answer)

b) Weight of total foundation = 570 x 0.7 x 300 = 119700 kg

119700 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = 49.8 𝑚3
2403 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.52 𝑥 49.8 = 25.9 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1.682 𝑥 25.9 = 43.6 tons
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0.86 𝑥 49.8 = 42.8 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 1.682 𝑥 42.8 = 72 tons
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6.2 𝑥 49.8 = 309 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠

Cost of foundation:
𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 = $ 2.25 𝑥 43.6 = $ 98.10
Stone = $ 3.00 x 72 = $ 216.00
Cement = $ 1.50 x 309 = $ 463.50
Total: $ 98.10 + $ 216.00 + $ 463.50= $ 777.60 (answer)

c) Weight of total foundation = 1135 x 0.7 x 300 = 238500 kg

 238500 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = 99.2 𝑚3
2403 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.52 𝑥 99.2 = 51.6 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1.682 𝑥 51.6 = 86.8 tons
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0.86 𝑥 99.2 = 85.3 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 1.682 𝑥 85.3 = 143.5 tons
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6.2 𝑥 99.2 = 615 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠

Cost of foundation:
𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 = $ 2.25 𝑥 86.8 = $ 195.30
Stone = $ 3.00 x 143.5 = $ 430.50
Cement = $ 1.50 x 615 = $ 922.50
Total: $ 195.30 + $ 430.50 + $ 922.50= $ 1548.30 (answer)
d) Weight of total foundation = 320 x 0.7 x 300 = 67200 kg

67200 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = 28.0 𝑚3
2403 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 0.52 𝑥 28 = 14.6 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 1.682 𝑥 14.6 = 24.6 tons
𝑉𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 0.86 𝑥 28 = 24.1 𝑚3
𝑊𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 1.682 𝑥 24.1 = 40.5 tons
𝐶𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 6.2 𝑥 28 = 174 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠

Cost of foundation:
𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 = $ 2.25 𝑥 24.6 = $ 55.40
Stone = $ 3.00 x 40.5 = $ 121.50
Cement = $ 1.50 x 174 = $ 261.00
Total: $ 55.40 + $ 121.50 + $ 261.00= $ 437.90 (answer)

24. Piles are driven in a quicksand (bearing = 5t/m2) on 900 mm centers. They are driven until the
penetration under the last hammer blow is 25 mm. The driver’s 1-tonne hammer drops 2.5m. Piles
are sawn-off and surmounted by a concrete slab 900 mm thick. What average bearing power, in
t/m2, does the foundation provide?
Solution:
𝑤 = 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 = 1000 𝑘𝑔
𝐻 = 2.5 𝑚
𝑆 = 25 𝑚𝑚 = 2.5 𝑐𝑚

16.66𝑤𝐻
𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔
𝑆 + 2.54

16.66(1000)(2.5)
𝑤1 = 𝑘𝑔 = 8264 𝑘𝑔
2.5 + 2.54

𝑤2 = 2403(0.9)(0.9)(0.9) = 1752 𝑘𝑔

𝑤 = 𝑤2 + 𝑤1 = 8264 + 1752 = 10,016 𝑘𝑔

10016 𝑘𝑔 𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = 12377 2 = 12.377 2
0.9(0.9) 𝑚 𝑚