A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN INDONESIAN

AND ENGLISH FUNCTION WORD

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Final Examination in

English Education Program

Guided by
Drs. Surono, M. Hum

By :
Muslihatun 07004253
Ria Dewi Andriani 07004283
Riyana Wati 07004293
Gangga Lika Sri Widowati 07004298

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION PROGRAM
AHMAD DAHLAN UNIVERSITY
 YOGYAKARTA
2011
A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN
INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH FUNCTION
WORD

PART ONE
INTRODUCTION

English have been being a first foreign language in Indonesia and it has been being
such formal subject given from Elementary School students even kingdom garden students up
to University students. Teaching English to the Indonesian students is not as difficult as most
people imagine. There is a strong belief that almost every one can do it. The experience has
clearly indicated that the ideas of “Contrastive Analysis” play a very decisive role and
contribute very much to the successful of doing this (Koencoro, 2006). Contrastive analysis
has been regarded as main pillars in the domain of second or foreign language acquisition
especially in Indonesia.
Yet, not many English teachers know much about this term and it seems they have
found difficulties related to how to conduct a simple contrastive analysis of Indonesian and
English language. For that sake this paper is written. Moreover considering the absence of
contrasting English and Indonesian newspaper, the present study was an attempt to conduct a
contrastive analysis between the newspaper of English and Indonesian languages in order to
find the major similarities and differences between them. Harian Jogja is a newspaper used to
be researched in this paper.
This paper is aimed to give a bright example how to make a contrastive analysis of
Indonesian and English function words. In this paper, the problem is related to the differences
of function words between English and Indonesian, and the writer wants to identify the problem
as follows:
1. What are the similarities of noun formation between English and Indonesian?
2. What are the differences of noun formation between English and Indonesian?
 PART TWO
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

I. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
Contrastive analysis in general term is an inductive investigative approach based on
the distinctive elements in a language (Kardaleska, 2006). In common definition, the term can
be defined as the method of analyzing the structure of any two languages with a view to
estimate the differential aspects of their system, irrespective or their genetic affinity of level
development (Geethakumary, 2006). Contrastive Analysis of two languages in question: L1
and L2, pointing at the specific features of each language system (in its major areas:
phonology, morphology, lexicology, syntax, text analysis) helps in the process of anticipation
of possible difficulties with the L2 learners. A part of the difficulties can be attributed to the
mother tongue (first language) interference (Kardaleska, 2006).
A systematic comparative study analyzing component wise the differences and
similarities among languages was clearly recognized towards the end of 19th century and the
beginning of 20th century, especially in Europe. The term “Contrastive linguistics” was
suggested by Whorf, for comparative study which is giving emphasis on linguistic
differences. Meanwhile contrastive linguistics has been redefined as “a subdiscipline of
linguistics concerned with the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of
languages in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them”
(Geethakumary, 2006).
The contrastive analysis emphasizes the influence of the mother tongue in learning a
second language in phonological, morphological and syntactic levels. Examination of the
differences between the first and second languages helps to predict the possible errors that
can be made by L2 learners.

II. FUNCTION WORDS

a. English Function Words
 Function words (or grammatical words or synsemantic words or structure-class
words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead
serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the
attitude or mood of the speaker. They signal the structural relationships that words have to
one another and are the glue that holds sentences together. Thus, they serve as important
elements to the structures of sentences.
Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class words or
lexical words or autosemantic words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most
adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define
the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function
words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical
words in general terms only.
Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions,
grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong to the group of closed-class words.
Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-
class words. Function words might or might not be inflected or might have affixes. Function
words belong to the closed class of words in grammar in that it is very uncommon to have
new function words created in the course of speech, whereas in the open class of words (that
is, nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs) new words may be added readily (such as slang
words, technical terms, and adoptions and adaptations of foreign words).
The following is a list of the kind of words considered to be function words:
 articles the and a. In some inflected languages, the articles may take on the
case of the declension of the following noun
 pronouns: inflected in English, as he — him, she — her, etc.
 adpositions: uninflected in English
 conjunctions: uninflected in English
 auxiliary verbs: forming part of the conjugation (pattern of the tenses of main
verbs), always inflected
 interjections: sometimes called "filled pauses", uninflected
 particles: convey the attitude of the speaker and are uninflected, as if, then,
well, however, thus, etc.
 expletives: take the place of sentences, among other functions.
 pro-sentences: yes, okay, etc.

b. Indonesian Function Words

Function Words in Indonesian can not be separated from other
words. ............................dielaborasi eneh,,,
 PART THREE
DATA ANALYSIS

I. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN FUNCTION

WORDS
a. Prepositions
Both English and Indonesian have preposition. English has its preposition; they are
devided into:
 Simple : after, among, around, before, concerning, etc.
 Compound : together, back of, due to, with etc.
 Phrasal : by mean of, on account of, etc.
Moreover Indonesian Preposition is dari, tetapi, sesudah, ke, di, sebelum, etc. The
following examples are the examples of preposition both in English and Indonesian.
English Indonesian
In a first day morning of 2011.... Di pagi hari pertama tahun 2011,....
(page 3) (page 3)

Although it is seemed other point of view.... Namun sepertinya ada pandangan lain
(page 7) dimata...(page 7)

(page 3) Pengalihan tersebut dilakukan untuk

menghindari.... (page 3)

The eight end envisiting to West London..... Dalam delapan lawatan terakhir ke London
(page 6) barat...(page 6)

The West London Club only wins once from Club London barat itu hanya menang sekali
seven parties....(page 6) dari tujuh partai....(page 6)

Deskripsikan...
b. Conjunctions

English Indonesian
 Deskripsikan...

c. Coordinators

And, but, nor, rather than, either ... or etc.are English Coordinators.

English Indonesian
An amount of volunteers and people Sejumlah Relawan dan warga melakukan
prepare....(page 3) persiapan...(page 3)
But in the same time, she.... Tetapi pada saat yang sama, diam diam dia...
(page 12) (page 12)
She mostly gets figurative characters or Ia lebih sering mendapat peran figuran atau
antagonist characters...(page 12) tokoh jahat....(page 12)

Deskripsikan...

II. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN FUNCTION

WORDS

English and Indonesian function words are different on their kinds and Indonesian
function words use particles (-kah, -lah, and –pun)
a. Particle –kah
English Indonesian
But the doubtness what they..... Namun nada keraguan masih menggelayut
(page 6) apakah mereka....(page 6)

Is there one can help me... Adakah yang bisa membantu saya...
(page 3) (page 3)

This is the reality of Indonesia...(page 3) Inikah realita bangsa Indonesia...(page 3)

May people destiny....(page 11) Bolehkah nasib rakyat...(page 11)

Can PSIM win from its rival..... Dapatkah PSIM mengatasi rivalnya...
(page 7) (page 7)

Deskripsikan......
b. Particle –lah
English Indonesian
In this recent, an old comunity.... Di wilayah inilah dulu komunitas........
 (page 5) (page 5)
s
That is the threat of Bathara Guru .... Itulah ancaman Bathara Guru.....
(page 3) (page 3)

Persekam Metro is not a rival that..... Persekam Metro bukanlah lawan....

(page 7) (page 7)

This geer which is determined ........ Geer inilah yang menentukan laju dan .....
(page 4) (page 4)

..........., the Cycle Bandidot membership is ....., keanggotan Cycle Bandidot tidaklah
not complicted. (page 4) rumit. (page 4)

In Indonesian article –lah is used to

c. Particle -pun
English Indonesian
However change of year.... Tetapi bagaimanapun pergantian tahun...
(page 6) (page 6)

But there is no pressure.... Tapi tak ada tekanan apapun...

(page 6) (page 6)

Whoever can join if they have fixed geer Siapapun boleh gabung asal memiliki sepeda
bycycle. (page 4) fixed geer. (page 4)

If there is Keraton flag ... Bilapun ada bendera keraton dipasang

(page 12) (page 12)

Shigeru Saito says although it is very Shigeru Saito mengatakan meskipun sangat
efective....(page 8) efektif... (page 8)

deskripsikan

References
Koencoro, S. 2006. The Application of Contrastive Analysis in Teaching Indonesian to
English Speaking Expatriates. www.ialf.edu. 24 May.2006
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/17/sby-demands-improved-
gayus-investigation.html