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0488 A0VVGC001 06 1 73
DESIGN GUIDE Confidential class 2
FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
Volume no. Product/Structure
ENGLISH 05
DNG CIV PPS/CIV
Job no. Project Client
00 First issue
04 Revised according to YENIOE/4AR/0214378/000/00 – Civil design review meeting N°2 13-14th July 2011 and
updated comments
05 Revised according to YENIOE/4AR/0214378/001/00 – Civil design review meeting N°3 of 30.11.11 & 01.12.11
Ansaldo Energia s.p.a. si riserva tutti i diritti su questo documento che non può essere riprodotto neppure parzialmente senza la sua autorizzazione scritta
Ansaldo Energia s.p.a. reserves all rights on this document that can not be reproduced in any part without its written consent
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INDEX
9 LOADS .......................................................................3
9.1 CONSTRUCTION SELF WEIGHT .................................................................... 3
9.2 PERMANENT LOADS ........................................................................... 3
9.3 LIVE LOADS ............................................................................... 3
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This is a design guide to give to the designers a first orientation and several basic concepts. The designer is in the end
the responsible of the project and must be choose the right method in the Codes. The basic philosophy at the base of
this Guide is that the design must follows Turkish laws and Codes that are legally required by National Turkish
Authorities; consequently, the design follows the Turkish Standards whenever it is possible and to call in help other
international Codes when a topic or special rules are not included. In these cases reference will be made to ASCE 7,
AISC/ACI, EC. In addition, according to contractual requirements: ASCE 7 spectra have been compared with TEC 2007
spectra in order to envisage if ASCE spectra would be more conservative. Considering that seismic action is a crucial
load for the location, the envelope of TEC and ASCE 7 spectra has been defined according to the contract requirement.
OBE calculation shall be implemented according to the contractual requirements. Therefore, OBE spectra have been
considered in addition, in order to investigate serviceability and resistance conditions during and after the earthquake.
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Specific software are used for GTG and STG foundation analysis:
• XFINEST 2010 (by Harpaceas s.r.l. - Milan): structural calculation program based on finite element method for
both static and dynamic analysis (modal, spectral and time history) with beam, plate (with axial and bending
capabilities), tridimensional, spring and “winkler” elements.
The quality of the solutions obtained from the analysis made up with XFINEST program can be checked by
means of the appropriate handbook (“Casi prova ed esempi” dec. 1997 by CeAS – Centro di Analisi Strutturale)
in which are performed some “test analysis” with the XFINEST program and then these results are compared
with the ones coming from an analytical resolution (from the technical literature) of the proposed problems
showing in this way the degree of accuracy of the calculated solution.
The XFINEST FEM program has been used for the design of several machine foundation for AEN and some
other Clients.
For some special analysis (particularly, if the case, non linear analysis) it will be used:
• Midas GEN 2010 (by Harpaceas s.r.l. - Milan): structural calculation program based on finite element method
for both static and dynamic analysis (modal, spectral and time history) with beam, plate (with axial and bending
capabilities), tridimensional, spring and “winkler” elements.
• WGTMOD 2.0 – D’Appolonia Calculation of foundation compliance matrices for layered stratigraphies
• SLIDE 5.0 - Rockscience Slope stability analysis and 2D FEM analysis of groundwater flow
• SETTLE 3D 2.0 Rockscience 3-dimensional program for the analysis of vertical consolidation and settlement
under foundations, embankments and surface loads.
• NEWMARK 1.1 USGS Newmark method and simplified decoupled analysis to model slope performance during
earthquakes.
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• COMOSYS (Construction Modeling System) Comosys is a 3D finite element structural analysis and design
software. It is developed by PROYA Software and Trade Inc. (sister company of PROKON). It has been widely
and effectively used for professional purposes since 2001.
3 DESIGN DIMENSIONS
Calculations will be performed according to the following measurement units (SI):
• Length meter m
Millimetre mm
• Surface square meters m2
Square millimetre mm2
• Force Newton N
kilo Newton KN
• Mass kilogram Kg
• Pressure kiloPascal kPa = kN/m2
• Density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
• Specific weight kN/m3
• Temperature °C
Climatological Data
Air Temperatures
Air Temperatures, taken for reference from Gebze have been recorded over a period of 45 years (1984-1994 and 2007-2009).
The determining air temperatures are follows:
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Relative Humidity
Relative humidity data recorded from Gebze for the period of (1984 - 1994 and 2007-2009) are as follows:
Rainfall
Rainfall data were recorded at Gebze during the period (1984 -1994 and 2007-2009) with the following key figures:
• annual average 1000 mm
• maximum recorded in one day 125 mm
The value of maximum hourly rain to be considered for the underground network design is:
TR = 5 years TRf = 10 min => 98 mm/h design rainfall intensity derived from the following curves.
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The drainage network will be verified also for a peak rainfall intensity of 130 mm/h corresponding to a 25 years return period with
a time duration of 10 minutes, to check the drainage network can support exceptional rainfall event and avoid buildings
(elevation 0.0 m) flowing.
The calculation of water flow shall be performed according to the following formula and data:
K ⋅r ⋅I ⋅ A
P=
10000
Where:
K = 1 for roofs.
K = 0,9 for roads,
K = 0.3 gravel and green areas to be considered only in case of no kerb separation between roads
and gravel or green area.
For the sizing of the pipes is considered, conservatively, that these can be filled only half of their capacity.
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KNOWN DATA
r 0,05 [m]
h 0,05 [m]
p 0,1% Slope
0,0000 1,570796327
0
Kutter roughness
m 0,02 3,141592654
coefficient
RESULTING DATA
α
Wet outline Pb = 2π ( r) 0,157 [m]
360°
πα 0,0039 [m ]
2
Outflow area A = 1 / 2r 2 ( − sen α )
180°
Hydraulic radius
A
Ri = 0,025 [m]
Pb
RESULTS
c 88,77
V 0,44 [m/sec]
Q 0,002 [m 3/sec]
Wind data `
Wind data were recorded at Gebze during the period of (periods 1984 -1994 and 2007-2009)
with the following key figures:
Dominant wind direction (June-Nov) N and NE
Dominant wind direction (April-June) SW
Dominant wind direction (Nov-Mar) NW
• mean speed 5.2 knots
• highest gust 67.0 knots
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U.T.M. site coordinates are referred to ED50 Datum Mercator projection with 3 degrees of zone width and
with 30 degrees of central meridian. The angle between North geographic and North Plant is 30°41’40” clockwise.
All plant planimetric coordinates needed for tracement will be referred to a local coordinates system: (0,0)
point is located in the corner south - west (see 0488A0VVBP001).
Benchmark location
See document 0488A0YAEC010 – Benchmark coordinates
6 GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS
The site is located near the village of Cerkesli, Turkey. The stratigraphical basement in the area is the Thrace
Formation. This formation is principally made up of shales containing intercalations of turbiditic sandstones and
submarine channel-fill conglomerate. The Thrace Formation is overlain by a Triassic Sedimentary Sequence, called the
“Gebze Group”. This sequence mainly comprises 1) conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones; 2) sandy and micritic
limestone; 3) limestone-shale intercalation containing conglomeratic limestones at the top (Tepeköy Formation). The
Triassic Sequence is overlain by the Late Cretaceous Sedimentary Cycle.
The Tepeköy Formation is exposed at the site. At this location the Tepeköy Formation is mainly comprised of limestones,
shales and breccias.
The Tepeköy limestones exhibit karstic phenomena developed in various periods from the Lower Jurassic. The older
karstic occurrences have mostly collapsed forming breccias with very angular blocks and pebbles of various sizes.
These occurrences do not follow the bedding, but rather diagonally cross the bedding. These karst breccias have been
cemented by calcite in time, and therefore display similar rock qualities as limestones. There are also some younger
karstic occurrences seen in the joints and cracks of the limestones. These minor karstic occurrences have been filled by
riddish-brownish colored clayey material.
Refer to Doc. No. 0488A0YAGC010 and 0488A0YAGC011 for further details.
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- 3 pressurimeter tests;
- 1 PS test;
- 2 downhole seismic tests;
- 3 resistivity sections (Wenner Method);
- 6 electrical tomography profiles;
- 11 plate load tests.
6.3 Groundwater
Groundwater levels have been measured from boreholes and piezometers during site investigations. Groundwater has
also been observed in several trial pits. See Doc. No. 0488A0YAGC010 for details. D’Appolonia has performed an
additional measurement during the survey held in January 2011.
Since these levels have been observed during a rainy period, they can be considered conservative. A map of the
groundwater level obtained from interpolation of measurements is shown in Figure 1.
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In order to reduce the elevation of the groundwater a drainage system will be implemented. This system is designed in
the document 0488A0YAEC501 and 0488A0YAEC003 – Spring and ground water drainage calculation report. The
dewatering scheme is shown in the following picture.
For the design groundwater level see the document 0488A0YAEC501 – Spring and ground water drainage plan.
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The following paragraphs outline the design parameters of the main soil / rock formations. These parameters are based
on site investigations and laboratory tests and shall be used for the design of foundations, retaining walls, dewatering
system and all other soil related works.
From an engineering point of view, the ground at site mainly comprises rock formations overlain by a layer of artificial fill
(which will be removed from the entire area). Three main rock formations have been encountered during the site
investigations: Limestone, Brecciated Karst Fill and Shale. A layer of compacted fill, with a maximum thickness of 13m,
will be placed in the southern part of the plant to reach the final plant elevation.
Static properties of rock and compacted fill are taken from Doc. No. 0488A0YAGC010, 0488A0YAGC011 and
0488A0YAEC002.
Table 1 summarizes the design soil / rock properties.
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Where:
γ Total unit weight
ν Poisson ratio
G Shear modulus
φ, c Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope parameters
σc Unconfined compressive strength
The design parameters for the main foundations are reported in the following table (see 0488A0YAGC013
– Subgrade reaction modulus for foundation design).
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Two "limit" stratigraphies of the site have been evaluated for minor foundation verifications. Stratigraphy A
is related to the northern zone of the plant where foundation will have a fill layer ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m.
Stratigraphy B is representative of the southern zone of the plant where the fill layer beneath the foundations varies
from 10.0 to 12.0 m.
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Dynamic soil properties have been developed for the Steam Turbine and Gas Turbines foundations only. Separate
design soil profiles have been considered for the northern and southern Gas Turbine foundations (ref. 0488A0YAGC013
– Subgrade reaction modulus for foundation design)
The shear wave velocities of the various formations are based on the results of in-situ testing, and where data are not
available, correlation to rock strength. Down-hole measurements of shear wave velocity were made in BH8 and BH14,
below the North and South Gas Turbine, respectively. These measurements were primarily in limestone. Suspension
logging tests were performed in BHD1, located near the Steam Turbine foundation. The tests in BHD1 were performed in
both shale and limestone.
The shear wave velocity of the brecciated karst fill are estimated considering the unconfined strength. Following
Goodman (1980), small strain shear modulus in a formation is approximately proportional the unconfined strength. Gmax
was assigned to the brecciated karst fill considering the measured Vs in the limestone, and the ratio of unconfined
strength.
Table 8 to table 10 summarize design dynamic properties for turbine foundations. “Layer Top Depth” is the depth below
the base of the footing.
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6.4.3 Permeability
Based on site investigations (see Doc. No. 0488A0YAGC010 and 0488A0YAGC011), the saturated permeability of the
main rock formations is as follows.
Table 11 – Soil / Rock Permeabilities
Rock – Soil Permeability
Formation (m/s)
Fill 10-2
Shale 10-10
Brecciated Karst Fill 10-5
Limestone 10-6
6.4.4 Liquefaction Potential
According to the EC8 recommendations (EN1998-5 Section 4.1.4 (2)P) "An evaluation of the liquefaction
susceptibility shall be made when the foundation soils include extended layers or thick lenses of loose sand, with or
without silt/clay fines, beneath the water table level, and when the water table level is close to the ground surface."
The plant will be founded on rock and compacted fill (see Doc. No. 0488 A0YAEC005 for backfill
specifications), layers of loose sand are not present; the groundwater table is controlled by the drainage system,
and will not be close to the ground surface. On this basis, liquefaction is not expected.
• Air intake – joint between air intake and duct based on GT foundation
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The classification has been based on the average shear wave velocity (vs) as defined in ASCE 7-10, formula 20.4-1,
considering the soil properties outlined in Chapter 6:
n
∑d i
vs = i =1
n
di
∑v
i =1 si
where:
di = thickness of any layer between 0 and 30 m;
vsi = shear wave velocity (m/s);
n = number of layers between 0 and 30 m;
i refers to any one of the layers between 1 and n.
The seismic site classification is based on single borehole stratigraphy. Each soil/rock layer has been characterized with
a shear wave velocity. The shear wave velocities are taken from tests performed during field investigations (Doc. No.
0488A0YAGC010). Regarding the shale the value of the shear wave velocity determined by site tests may be
considered representative for destructured shale only; consequently the shear wave velocity for the shale has been
evaluated with reference to Q (rock mass quality index) using RMR index provided in Doc. N. 0488A0YAGC010, by
means of the two formulas reported below
RMR − 44
Q=e 9
(Bieniawsky, 1989)
RMR − 50
Q = 10 15
(Barton, 1995)
The shear wave velocity Vs is then correlated to Vp through the following formula according to the theory of elasticity:
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Vp
Vs = (km/s)
2(1 − ν )
1 − 2ν
Conservatively the lower bound value obtained from calculation has been considered.
The following ranges of Vs have been considered for site classification. Local modifications are made on the basis of
specific stratigraphies.
Based on these data, the area in the excavation zone (northern part of the plant) can be classified as Site Class B. The
area closer to the earth reinforced wall (south-eastern part of the plant) can be classified as Site Class C. A map of the
Site Class Zonation is shown in Figure 2.
Details of Vs30 calculations for the site class definition are provided in Appendix A.
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8 MATERIALS
8.1 Concrete
The concrete grade is according to TS 500 – “Requirements for design and construction of reinforced
concrete structures”.
With reference to ENI-EN 206-1:2006 the exposition class can be defined:
Chemical test results have been done on soil and water in January 2011 by Anadolu Yerbilimleri and both
are defined as non aggressive against concrete.
According to ENI-EN 206-1:2006 for each concrete class exposition the following characteristics are
defined:
The following concrete grade will be taken into account in the design of the reinforced concrete structure:
• Lean concrete:
concrete grade C16
minimum characteristic strength on cylinder specimen at 28 days fck = 16 MPa
minimum characteristic strength on cube specimen at 28 days fck,cube = 20 MPa
modulus of elasticity at 28 days Ec = 27000 MPa
Poisson ratio μc = 0.2
thermal expansion coefficient αt = 10-5 °C-1
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Concrete structures module of elasticity and deflection control at j-time shall be according to TS 500 § 3.3.4
and tables 3.3 Creep coefficient and 3.4 Shrinkage strain. Such a calculation is needed for structures other
than the ones defined in TS500 §6.3.4
According to the serviceability limit state, as prescribed in TS 500 code, design strength for the concrete and for the
reinforcement steel are obtained considering the following “material factors”:
Concrete: γmc = 1.00
Reinforcing steel γms = 1.00
8.1.2 Concrete cover.
The concrete cover is according to TS 500 – “Requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete
structures”.
Concrete cover thickness are stated below for different elements of the structures:
- for structural members under ground level : 50mm (ref. TS 500 ref.9.5.1 Clear concrete cover – tab. 9.3)
- for indoor slabs: 20mm (in the absence of particular environmental conditions or special requests for fire
resistance (ref. 7.3 TS 500))
- for outdoor slabs: 25mm (in the absence of particular environmental conditions or special requests for fire
resistance (ref. 7.3 TS 500))
- for other structural members: 30mm (in the absence of particular environmental conditions or special
requests for fire resistance (ref. 7.3 TS 500))
According to 0488A0YAGC010 chapt.4.2 concrete structures are not exposed to chemical attack.
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Only in case of explicit request in structural drawings the steel for reinforcement shall be weldable, in particular to be
allowed to use rebars as anchor bolts for the plates embedded in concrete structures.
For weldable reinforcing bars of normal hardness, welding may be used only if their carbon equivalents (as defined in
TS 708) do not exceed 0.4. Different type of steel for reinforcement may be allowed only if the mechanical properties of
the steel comply with all the requirements of the TS 708 – “Steel bars for concrete”.
Data about crack widths are according to the limits indicated in Turkish code TS500 Chapter 13.4 (see below Table 13.4
extracted from TS 500). Type of cement and the exposition classes defining the foreseen concrete mix according to the
soil and groundwater aggressiveness will be according to TS EN 206.
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According to TS500 the crack control is not necessary if all the requirements given below are satisfied:
• Deformed bars have been used
• In the tensile zone of reinforced concrete members at least the minimum tension reinforcement defined in
section 7.3 of TS500 has been provided
• Unfavorable environmental conditions do not exist
• The reinforcement spacing does not exceed 200 mm.
Environmental conditions are industrial, corresponding with corrosivity class C5-I (EN ISO 12944-2), as mentioned in §
8.3; crack control is thus needed in case surfaces exposed to acid environment or similar. Therefore the conventional
structures need not to be checked for crack as per TS500
The minimum proportion of steel for reinforcement have also to comply with the seismic requirements (for flexural
members and for members subjected to axial force and bending) as stated at chapter 3 of TEC 2007 with respect to the
required ductility level (nominal or high).
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The ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength can change according to the nominal thickness of the structural
shape.
The steel type S235 and S355 can be used if necessary according to design and to availability on local market
Resilience class shall be in accordance with TS and ASTM codes.
Steel plate for primary structures thickness will be not less 8 mm.
The steel subgrade shall be defined on the base of the EN 1993-1-10, table 2.1 – Maximum permissible values of
element thickness t in mm.
The reference temperature TEd at the potential fracture location shall be determinated according to the following data:
INDOOR STRUCTURES
Tmd = 0°C Commentary and Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-10”, prepared by European Commision Joint Research
Center
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ΔTr = – 5°C according to Commentary and Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-10”, prepared by European Commision
Joint Research Center
Tmd = -12°C minimum temperature recorded in 45 years (1984-1994 and 2007-2009). (Functional Specification – Annex
01 - Plant design data – Climatological data)
ΔTr = – 5°C according to Commentary and Worked Examples to EN 1993-1-10”, prepared by European
Commision Joint Research Center
T(Ed) and acceptable steel thicknesses with respect to the steel subgrade will be designed/justified in each structural
calculation report..
Taking into consideration the environmental and meteorological conditions at the plant site, for painting systems,
the expected durability is high (H) according to ISO 12944-1.
The atmospheric corrosivity categories for this project according to ISO 12944-2 are:
Taking into consideration the environmental and meteorological conditions at the plant site, for zinc and
aluminium coatings the expected durability is high (H) and the atmospheric Corrosivity categories according ISO 14730
are
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9 LOADS
Bricks and Gasbeton blocks thicknesses shall be provided according to the drawings of the architectural design.
Above data can be considered only as a medium reference and weights are for reference only. The exact value may
differ according to related fabrications and standards. Above indicated backfilling weight value (above and under
groundwater level) shall be used in the static calculations as a minimum; a specific test on site, according to the TS
1900, shall be provided for insuring this value is correct. In absence of on site test the value listed in TS 498 Table 1
shall be used.
GT building
• Weight of the GT building roof insulation and double sheet (0.5 kN/m2)
• Weight of the walls (paneling) (0.5 kN/m2)
• Weight towers for ventilation and technological loads (t.b.d. according to supplier datasheets)
Pipe Rack
• Loads from piping, valves, monorails, etc.
• power cables and catwalks
• gratings and walkway
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Electrical buildings
• Weight of building roof (6.5 kN/m2)
• Weight of the walls (paneling) (0.5 kN/m2)
• Technological loads for equipments on the top roof (t.b.d. according to supplier data sheets)
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Minimum design overload shall be according to the above table (based on the UNI EN 1990 prescriptions); these values
are more conservative than the ones listed in the table 7 - TS 498 and with mechanical and electrical loads (see ICW
drawings). Assembly loads shall be according to the ICW drawings and supplier datasheets.
The calculation of the wind load depends on the geometry of the structure (Figure 1). The effects of pressure, suction
and friction will be taken into account by combining them. The resultant of the wind load affecting the entirety of a
structure is:
W = Cf q A kN
where:
Cf = Aerodynamic load coefficient
q = Suction (speed pressure) kN/m2
A = Affected surface area m2
Wind pressure will be taken approximately for the suction that can be variable at different parts and/or the structure width
b than can be variable as
where:
qi = Suction at part (I)
Ai = Area at part (I)
The wind pressure value coefficient will be increased by ¼ for the individual load-bearing structure elements (for
instance, rafter, purlin, façade element, etc.).
The increase in the wind loads that will occur as a result of the surfaces exposed to the wind that will increase due to
frost at slender steel structures must be taken into consideration in the design work.
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q = pv² / 2g kN/m2
If we take the air unit volume weight approximately as σ = 1.25 kg/m3 and the speed (v) will be placed in terms of m/s
q = v2 / 1600 kN/m2
Altitude from the ground (m) Wind Speed (v) m/s Suction (q) (kN/m2)
0–8 28 0.5
9 – 20 36 0.8
21 – 100 42 1.1
> 100 46 1.3
Different wind speeds may occur as a result of the local topographic conditions and such values can deviate from the
values given in the Table 5.
The suction must be taken as q = 1.1 kN/m2 by taking into consideration that the wind effect will be intense on the
structure located at such altitude and located near to a steep slope.
FIGURE 1 – The distribution of the wind load in the direction of the main bearing system at the closed structures with
square cross-section in the plan and sloped roof
9.5 Snow
According to Turkish code TS 498 – “Design Loads for Buildings” Annex 1, Gebze is located in Region II
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1. TEC 2007
a. Degree 1 zone; effective ground acceleration coefficient A0 = 0,4;
b. Importance factor I=1,5;
c. Soil class and soil group: Z2-B
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Spectrum definition
S(T) = 1 + 1.5 T / TA (0 ≤ T ≤ TA) eqs. 6.2a from TEC 2007
S(T) = 2.5 (TA < T ≤ TB) eqs. 6.2b from TEC 2007
S(T) = 2.5 (TB / T)0.8 (T > TB) eqs. 6.2c from TEC 2007
2. IBC 2009/ASCE7:
a. Ss=1,9 g; S1=0,88g; PGA (design)=0,51g;
b. Site class:
• Type B in case buildings have foundations on good rock as defined in the geological report;
• Type C in case a building is based on very dense soil and soft rock;
• Type D in case a building is based on backfilling material.
c. Occupancy category III
d. Importance factor 1,25;
e. Design category E
f. The ductility factor R of anchor shall be taken to 1,5;
g. The para-seismic designs of the 380 kV substation and og the GPRS shall fulfil also the standard
requirements from respectively TEIAS and BOTAS.
Spectrum definition
SMS = Fa SS eqs. 11.4-1 of ASCE 7
SM1 = Fv S1 eqs. 11.4-2 of ASCE 7
SMS mapped MCE (Maximum Considered Earthquake), 5% damped, spectral response
acceleration parameter at short periods adjusted for site class effects,
SM1 mapped MCE (Maximum Considered Earthquake), 5% damped, spectral response
acceleration parameter at a period of 1 sec. adjusted for site class effects.
Fa, Fv Site coefficient (see table 11.4-1 and 11.4.-2 of ASCE 7 for the relevant site class)
SDS = 2/3 SMS eqs. 11.4-3 of ASCE 7
SD1 = 2/3 SM1 eqs. 11.4-4 of ASCE 7
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Spectra comparison between IBC 2009 / ASCE 7 and TEC 2007 (importance factor included) are listed in the following
graph:
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From the comparison represented in the above graph, the ASCE 7 Design Response Spectrum (DRS) and the TEC
2007 Spectrum are similar.
In order to consider the most conservative spectrum:
- in case of buildings based on soil type C or D, the ASCE 7 Design Response Spectrum (DRS) will be
used;
- in case of buildings based on soil type B, it happens that TEC 2007 Spectrum for periods > about 1.1
sec becomes more conservative. In order to guarantee always the most conservative situation, a
hybrid new spectrum considering for each period the highest value between the two basic spectra
(TEC and ASCE 7) will be adopted.
RESISTANCE CHECKS
Seismic action on structures will be calculated by the hybrid Design Response Spectrum (or the ASCE 7 in case of Soil
type C or D) divided by the quantity R (TEC 2007 §2.5.1 – eq. 2.3 and TABLE 2.5). Load combinations and members
check will be performed according to TEC 2007 and TS 648 or TS 4561 where applicable for steel structures or TS 500
for reinforced concrete structures. For loads combination definition please refer to par. 11 and 13.2
DISPLACEMENTS CHECKS
Seismic action on structures will be calculated with the hybrid Design Response Spectrum (or the ASCE 7 case of Soil
type C or D). Displacement checks will be performed according to TEC 2007 section 2.10. Comparison and stringency
verification of TEC2007 with ASCE-7 criteria shall also be performed
Standards that are mentioned are valid for all structures; their own standards will be applied to the structures such as
bridges, cranes, high chimneys /factory chimney, etc.), radio, etc. transmission towers and high voltage transmission
lines, which have their own specifications or standards.
The second order analysis check according to TEC2007 (§2.10.2) will be done for each structure, in order to assess if
second order analysis has to be performed or not.
FOUNDATION CHECKS
Seismic action on foundation will be calculated according to the TS 500 par. 6.2.6, par. 6.3.2 and par. 10.1; for the
spectrum definition, the ag value prescribed by the hybrid Design Response Spectrum (or the ASCE 7 in case of Soil
type C or D) will be used.
According to TEC 2007, the horizontal seismic loads will be considered acting simultaneously along the two
perpendicular axes of the buildings in the horizontal plane as (0,3 x + 1 y) or (1x+0,3y).
Vertical seismic actions is not taken into account by TEC 2007, while according to ASCE 7 it should be applied with
some limitations. In practical design of “Building structures” and “Non building structures similar to buildings” (e.g. Pipe-
racks) the following considerations have been done:
a. TEC 2007 neglects vertical seismic action
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b. EC8 allows to neglect vertical seismic action in case of horizontal spans <= 20 m and in absence of
long cantilevers protruding from the structure
c. ASCE 7 defines a vertical seismic action Ev = 0.2 x SDS x D, where SDS is the design spectral
response acceleration parameter and D are the dead loads + permanent loads; no vertical spectrum is
foreseen in case of modal response spectrum analysis is performed
d. In design of structures vertical EQ as per ASCE-7 shall be considered .
For seismic load analysis “modal response spectrum” method shall be used.
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0.4
Spectral response acceleration
0.3
Sa( T )
0.2
0.1
0.048
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 T 4.995
Period (s)
Figure 3 – OBE Spectrum – soil C derived from Prof. Erdik report – Contractual Annex 21a
The above shown OBE spectrum is referred to soil type C and is more stringent than the OBE spectrum is referred to
soil type B because of the following parameters:
Soil class B:
Fa = 1.00
Fv = 1.00
Soil class C:
Fa = 1.20
Fv = 1.61
Therefore to be on safe side, this OBE spectrum will be applied both for soil class B and C.
Operability criteria in correspondence of the application of OBE Spectrum will be defined by the plant designers for each
structural and non-structural component, in order to give a limitation to displacements and to avoid damages.
Nevertheless, the minimum requirement is that the gas/steam turbines after OBE earthquake are not so damaged to
require dismounting and shipment to the workshop for repair.
For components and non-building structures please refer to 0488A0VVGC006.
In addition to the general principal stated above, the following requirements to the building structures, as per IBC ASCE
7 shall be complied with:
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TV-alternator Building
800 KN Max main hook
160 KN secondary crane
For additional minor crane (150 kN for workshop building, 20 kN for GIS 15 kN GT case oil), cranes and monorails will
be provided with elaborate mechanical input.
All vertical and horizontal live loads of the cranes are inserted in the CRANE-HL conditions.
10 DESIGN METHODS
The following design methods have been adopted according to the materials and the structures. Seismic load analysis
“modal response spectrum” method shall be used for all building structures and non-building structures similar to
buildings (i.e. pipe racks).
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10.3 Foundations
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Both MCE/DRS and OBE seismic spectra are used to verify design strength of the foundations.
Structural elements are designed such that cracking, deformation, vibration etc. do not exceed levels which would impair
the serviceability and affect the strength of structure.
For calculations dealing with serviceability limit state, load combination factors and material strength factors has been
taken equal to 1 (TS500 section 6.2.6).
These load combinations are also used for the following geotechnical checks (TS500 section 10.1):
• Bearing capacity
• Sliding
• Overturning
Usually, footings are assumed to be rigid and the soil pressure distribution underneath footings are calculated using the
method of Meyerhof (plastic analysis) or other internationally and practically accepted methods such as triangular linear
base pressure distribution (elastic analysis). The percentage of the uplift area underneath footings is calculated
considering an elastic linear behaviour, and maximum permitted eccentricity is equal to B/3 where B is the length of the
foundation along direction of acting moment in normal operating conditions.
In some specially case (elastic foundation) footings are modelled as elastic beams (or beams grid), using a F.e.m.
method analysis, and considering soil represented by elastic springs (Winkler method).
Unfactored actions on footings are obtained from a “Fixed - Base analysis” of the steel structures that are above the
foundations.
Ultimate strength design load combinations are developed according to section 11.2 of the present “Design Guide”.
In case of plastic analysis the value of action E is taken according to the table below (NEHRP Recommended Seismic
Provisions – FEMA P 750/2009 edition – Resource Paper n. 8).
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The stresses resulting from the elevation are combined with those due to the foundation self weight in both static and
seismic conditions.
The above illustrated mathematical model is used for plastic analysis to calculate the internal forces used forwards for
the designation of the reinforced concrete elements and for the geotechnical verifications.
In case of elastic analysis the maximum value of linear pressure distribution will be compared with the allowable soil
pressure.
In reinforced concrete and structural steel buildings, tie beams shall be provided to connect individual foundations in both
directions. The minimum requirements to be satisfied by tie beams are given in TEC 2007 - Section 6.3.4.
Geotechnical properties considered in analysis and foundations checks are in accordance with “Geotechnical Survey
Foundations design and Settlements calculations” 0488A0YAGC011 and “ Subgrade reaction moduli for foundations”
0488A0YAGC013.
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8 +T
9 -T
10 WIND +X
11 WIND –X
12 WIND +Z
13 WIND –Z
14 WIND PRESS
15 WIND DEPRESS
16 SPECIAL DEAD
17 SPECIAL LIVE
41 EX
42 EZ
101 CRANE-DL_PK
102 CRANE-DL OP
151 CRANE-HL RS_
152 CRANE-HL LS_
201 CRANE2-DL PK
202 CRANE2-DL OP
251 CRANE2-HL RS_
252 CRANE2-HL LS_
LEGEND
DEAD LOAD includes all dead loads of main and secondary structures; depending on structure, it is suggested to
include a factor 1.15 to take into account the presence of connections, stiffeners, welds and bolts.
PERMANENT L (Permanent Loads) includes all permanent loads due to items not included in the previous loads such
as flooring, etc.
LIVE LOAD includes live loads on the structures, excluding roof plan
LIVE LOAD R (Live load Roof) includes live loads (snow excluded) applied to the roof storey only
SNOW LOAD C, SNOW LOADS II AND SNOW LOADS III include snow loads: in detail, depending on the different roof
shapes, snow load on both roof pitches (snow load C), or on one pitch of the roof (snow load II and III) can be
considered in different loading conditions. In the present project according to TS 648 only Snow Load C is considered
+T and -T include temperature loads (“+” = elongation, “-“ = shortening) and is based on thermal gradient
WIND+X, WIND-X, WIND+Z, WIND-Z include wind loads blowing on walls and roof along the global horizontal axis (X
and Z) of the structure
WIND PRESS includes internal positive pressure due to wind (if foreseen by the Code)
WIND DEPRESS includes internal de-pressure due to wind (if foreseen by the Code)
SPECIAL DEAD includes a possible special dead load to be considered in a structure not included in DEAD LOAD
general load condition
SPECIAL LIVE includes a possible special live load to be considered in a structure not included in LIVE LOAD general
load condition
EX and EZ include horizontal earthquake loading conditions (these conditions may be multiple, if more than one
spectrum is to be considered)
CRANE-DL PK or CRANE2-DL PK include crane loads (relative to one or two independent cranes) due to dead loads of
the crane in parking condition
CRANE-DL OP or CRANE2-DL OP include crane loads (relative to one or two independent cranes) due to dead loads of
the crane in operative condition
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CRANE-HL RS, CRANE-HL LS, CRANE2-HL RS CRANE2-HL LS include crane loads (relative to one or two
independent cranes) due to live loads of the crane in operative condition
11 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Load combinations used in all design operations are specified below.
According to TS 648 , OBE is an Earthquake load and it will be considered as Superimposed Load
Load combinations with sum of main and superimposed loads excluding earthquake:
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1,0 W + 1,0 T
Fd = 0,9 G + 1,0 W + 1,0 T (in case of unfavourable G)
The above combination factors are used also for the calculation of story drifts and vertical displacements.
Load combinations with sum of main and superimposed loads including earthquake (TEC 2007):
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + Ω0 E
Fd = 0,9 G + 1,0 Ω0 E (in case of unfavourable G)
where Ω0 is the over-strength factor applied to increase the seismic forces. The factor Ω0 is defined in function of the
seismic force resisting system and ductility level of the steel structure. For the seismic load combination a reduced value
of Q con be used according to the Table 2.7 from TEC 2007.
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According to contract request OBE, that does not exist in Turkish Codes, will be considered in these combinations :
Seismic force resisting system by concentric steel frames of high ductility level Î Ω0 = 2,0
According to contract request OBE, that does not exist in Turkish Codes, will be considered in these combinations:
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1.6 EOBE
Fd = 0,9 G + 1,6 EOBE
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Structures shall be verified with the worst actions deriving from previous load combinations.
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11.2.2 Foundations.
In accordance with TS 500 the structural designation has been performed using main groups load combinations
factorized as defined in Clause 6.2.6 and shown below.
Load combinations with vertical loads only
Fd = 1,4 G +1,6 Q
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,2 Q + 1,2 T
Load combinations with wind loading considered
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,3 Q + 1,3 W
Fd = 0,9 G +1,3 W
According to contract request OBE, that does not exist in Turkish Codes, will be considered in these combinations:
Fd = 1,0 G + 1,0 Q + 1.6 EOBE
Fd = 0,9 G + α Q + 1,6 EOBE
Structures shall be verified with the worst actions deriving from previous load combinations.
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For crack control only non seismic load combinations shall be considered.
In accordance with TS 500 (reinforced concrete footings), in calculating the size of the footing that limits soil deformation
under loads and ensures footing stability, load combinations at the serviceability limit state are used.
12 DUCTILITY FACTOR
In TEC 2007 the ductility parameter is defined by the “Structural system behavior factor” R defined in
Table 2.5.
As per point 2.5.1.5 of TEC 2007 in all buildings with Building importance factor of I = 1,5 or I = 1,4
according to Table 2.3 structural systems of high ductility level or mixed ductility level shall be used.
According to the above clause and Table 2.5 the following values of the R parameter have been used in
the calculations of steel structures:
- 3.1 Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by high ductility moment frames: R = 8
- 3.3a Buildings in which seismic loads are fully resisted by high ductility braced conc. frames: R = 5
These values derive from the comparison between TEC 2007 and ASCE 7 Code; either in TEC 2007 than in ASCE 7 for
high ductility moment frames the same R = 8 value is adopted.
Besides for high ductility concentric braced frames ASCE7 suggests R=6 and TEC 2007 suggests R=5.
Being TEC 2007 more conservative, the value R = 5 has been adopted.
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Furthermore, if high ductility resisting moment frames are made by compound elements composed of
shapes linked each other by lattice bracing elements, the value R = 5, instead of R = 8, has been conservatively
adopted according to TEC 2007 and Turkish local practice
In detail the following values of R have been adopted in the various steel structures:
Resisting Structural
Structure R
System
High duct. Moment 5 (for Comp Column
Resisting frame (composed HD-MRF)
GT-Hall and ST-Hall
columns) and High ductility 5 (for HD Braced
concentric braced frames Frames)
Air Intake Support-GT High ductility concentric 5 (for HD Braced
Electrical Building braced frames in each direction Frames)
High duct. Moment
8 (for HD-MRF)
ST Electrical building Resisting frame (solid shapes)
5 (for HD Braced
and Warehouse and High ductility concentric
Frames)
braced
High duct. Moment
8 (for HD-MRF)
Resisting frame (solid shapes)
Pipe - racks 5 (for HD Braced
and High ductility concentric
Frames)
braced
For other minor buildings (i.e. administration) structural behavior factor shall be defined according to the
TEC 2007 code depending on the structural seismic resisting system adopted by the designer.
For Anchorage System design the choice of R factor (with MCE and DRS Spectrum) are according to the
following criteria:
When HD anchor bolt system and HD elevation structural system are provided, R is the same of the
elevation combined with an Ω0 factor according to the TEC 2007 or ASCE 7-10.
When ND anchor bolt system and HD elevation structural system are provided, R shall be 1.5 combined
with an Ω0 factor equal to 1.0
When HD anchor bolt system and ND elevation structural system is provided, R must be 1.5 combined
with an Ω0 factor equal to 1.0
When ND anchor bolt system and ND elevation structural system is provided, R must be 1.5 combined
with an Ω0 factor equal to 1.0
In general an anchoring system is considered as an high ductility system (HD) for the seismic action, when
the socket system is able to carry out the complete tensile force of the connected bolt, ensuring its complete
elongation along the entire length; this kind of connection guarantees a ductile failure.
In general an anchoring system is considered as a nominal ductility system (ND) for the seismic action,
when the socket system is able to carry out the partial or complete tensile force of the connected bolt, but cannot
ensure its complete elongation along the entire length; this kind of connection induces a brittle failure.
This type of fracture is typical of the partial or total lateral friction system socket; this kind of connection
cannot guarantee the elongation along the entire length of the anchor bolt; in this way the anchoring system shall
be considered as a nominal ductility (ND) system for the seismic action.
When an HD anchoring seismic resisting system and an HD elevation seismic resisting system are
provided, the anchoring system shall be checked with the TEC 2007 over-strength (Ω0) load combinations criteria.
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When only one of the seismic resisting systems are HD (anchoring or elevation), the anchoring system shall be
checked by the R = 1.5 criteria; if none of the seismic resisting systems are HD, the R = 1.5 criteria shall be applied
for the check of the anchoring system too. The R = 1.5 criteria shall be use to prevent brittle fracture phenomena on
the structure and their connection to the foundations.
A general list of the HD and ND anchoring system are listed hereafter.
ANCHORAGE
ANCHORAGE ELEVATION
SOCKET SYSTEM BEHAVIOR FACTOR Ω
DUCTILITY LEVEL DUCTILITY LEVEL
(R)
Hammer-head with cross beam HD HD - MRF same of the elevation 2.5
Hammer-head with cross beam HD HD - MRF Comp.Col. same of the elevation 2.0
Hammer-head with cross beam HD HD - Braced Frames same of the elevation 2.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD HD - MRF same of the elevation 2.5
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD HD - MRF Comp.Col. same of the elevation 2.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD HD - Braced Frames same of the elevation 2.0
Special Device Min 250mm projecting length
HD HD – High Ductility Frames Same as elevation 2.5
With fully resisting bearing plate
Special Device Min 250mm projecting length
HD HD – Braced Frames Same as elevation 2.0
With fully resisting bearing plate
Hammer-head with cross beam HD ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Hammer-head with cross beam HD ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Hammer-head with cross beam HD ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Fully resisiting bearing plate HD ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND HD - MRF 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND HD - MRF Comp. Col. 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND HD - MRF 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND HD - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND HD - MRF 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND HD - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple anchorage hooked at horizontal bar ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple anchorage hooked at horizontal bar ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple anchorage hooked at horizontal bar ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Pull-out system in general ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Pull-out system in general ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Pull-out system in general ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Simple Hook ND ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Partially or fully lateral friction rod ND ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND ND - MRF 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND ND - MRF Comp.Col. 1.5 1.0
Bearing plate with lateral friction contribution ND ND - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple anchorage hooked at horizontal bar ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple anchorage hooked at horizontal bar ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Simple anchorage hooked at horizontal bar ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Pull-out system in general ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Pull-out system in general ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
Pull-out system in general ND HD - Braced Frames 1.5 1.0
where: HD = High ductility level
ND = Nominal ductility level
MRF = Moment resisting frames
Comp.Col = Composed Column
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For OBE spectrum the anchorage system check shall be performed with a unitary behavior factor (R = 1.0)
combined with a unitary coefficient Ω0.
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inertia of sections equal to 0.3J (with J equal to the bending inertia of the uncracked section), according to para.
5.1.2 of DIN 4024 (part 1)
• Earthquake loads.
The earthquake loads will be calculated according to what previously stated in this report.
The structure supporting the steam turbine and the generator can be regarded as a three dimensional frame structure
fixed at the base mat. This structure is able to support both vertical and horizontal loads.
1. MCE event.
According to Table 2.5 of TEC2007 code the “structural behavior factor” is equal to R = 4 for a “building in which seismic
loads are fully resisted by frames”.
However, according to ASCE 7 code, this structure can be regarded, according to the definition given at para. 11.2 of the
code, as a “nonbuilding structure similar to buildings”, and according to para. 15.5.4 the R coefficient is given in Table
15.4-1. For an “Intermediate reinforced concrete moment frames with permitted height increase” the R factor is equal to:
R=3
This value, which is lower then the R factor as stated by TEC2007 code, will be used in the structural analysis for the
foundation during the MCE earthquake event.
In the following the capital letter EMCE will be used to indicate the seismic actions calculated according to what above
indicated.
In this load condition it will be taken into account the 100% of the earthquake forces for structure direction plus 30% of
the earthquake forces for the perpendicular direction.
The detailing requirements for the structural members (columns and beams) will be in accordance to what stated by
TEC2007 code for a nominal ductility level structure.
2. OBE event.
The actions due to the OBE event are indicated with the capital letter EOBE.
In this load condition it will be taken into account the 100% of the earthquake forces for structure direction plus 30% of
the earthquake forces for the perpendicular direction.
3. Vertical component of Earthquake.
The TEC2007 code does not foresee the vertical component of the earthquake.
The ASCE 7 code states that the vertical seismic load effect will be equal to:
EV = 0.2SDSD
being
SDS design spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods for the considered earthquake event (MCE or
OBE)
D the dead loads.
In the following the seismic load vertical effect evaluated during MCE event is indicated with the capital letter EMCE(V).
In the following the seismic load vertical effect evaluated during OBE event is indicated with the capital letter EOBE(V).
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• Dead loads.
The dead loads are indicated with the capital letter G and are:
1. Reinforced concrete weight: this load is calculated considering specific weight equal to γcls = 25 kN/m3.
2. Dead weight of machines: the dead weight for gas turbine, generator, air intake and diffuser.
Note: due to the particular type of structure to be designed, the previously indicated dead load are to be considered as
well defined in the spatial distribution and values.
• Earthquake loads.
The earthquake loads will be calculated according to what previously stated in this report.
The structure supporting the gas turbine and the generator is constituted by a reinforced concrete plate with different
thickness mainly embedded into the foundation soil.
1 MCE event.
For the verification of the GT/Generator system it shall be taken into account a R factor equal to:
R = 2.5
being:
aPGA = 0.51g
The value of aPGA = 0.51g and I = 1.25, which are in accordance to ASCE 7-10 approach, envelope also the value
A0=0.4 and I = 1.5 of the TEC 2007 code.
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This approach is consistent with what stated in the TEC2007 code at para. 2.7.2.4(b).
In the following the capital letter EMCE will be used to indicate the seismic actions calculated according to what above
indicated.
In this load condition it will be taken into account the 100% of the earthquake forces for structure direction plus 30% of
the earthquake forces for the perpendicular direction.
2 OBE event.
The actions due to the OBE event are indicated with the capital letter EOBE.
For what concerns the seismic effect on the concrete foundation slab, it will be evaluated considering the foundation slab
like a rigid basement which will be subjected to the following seismic acceleration:
aOBE = aPGA I / 1.0
being:
aPGA = 0.17g
I = 1.00 (importance factor for OBE event)
In this load condition it will be taken into account the 100% of the earthquake forces for structure direction plus 30% of
the earthquake forces for the perpendicular direction.
The TEC2007 code does not foresee the vertical component of the earthquake.
The ASCE 7 code states that the vertical seismic load effect will be equal to:
EV = 0.2SDSD
being
SDS design spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods for the considered earthquake event (MCE or
OBE)
D the dead loads.
In the following the seismic load vertical effect evaluated during MCE event is indicated with the capital letter EMCE(V).
In the following the seismic load vertical effect evaluated during OBE event is indicated with the capital letter EOBE(V).
13.2.1.1 Load combinations for geotechnical verification for normal operating and emergency condition of
machines.
The load combination for the geotechnical verification for normal operating and emergency condition of machines, are
consistent with the Serviceability Limit State method (SLS).
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MCE event:
According to para. 10.1 of TS 500 code the seismic load combinations are:
G + Q + A + EMCE
For the seismic load combination according to the TEC2007 and TS500 codes no vertical component will be
taken into account.
According to ASCE 7 code the seismic load combinations are:
G + Q + A + 0.7 (EMCE ± EMCE(V))
Being:
A the effect of the short circuit
OBE event:
According to para. 10.1 of TS 500 code the seismic load combinations are:
G + Q + A + EOBE
For the seismic load combination according to the TEC2007 and TS500 codes no vertical component will be
taken into account.
According to ASCE 7 code the seismic load combinations are:
G + Q + A + (EOBE ± EOBE(V))
Being:
A the effect of the short circuit
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Note: the emergency of the machines will considered acting one at one time (not simultaneously).
3. Seismic load combinations.
MCE event:
According to para. 6.2.6 of TS 500 code the seismic load combinations are:
G + Q + A + EMCE
0.9G + Q + A + EMCE
For the seismic load combination according to the TEC2007 and TS500 codes no vertical component will be
taken into account.
According to ASCE 7 code the seismic load combinations are:
1.2G + Q + A + (EMCE ± EMCE(V))
0.9G + Q + A + (EMCE ± EMCE(V))
Being:
A the effect of the short circuit
OBE event:
According to para. 6.2.6 of TS 500 code the seismic load combinations are:
1.4G + 1.6Q + A + 1.6 EOBE
1.0G + 1.6Q + A + 1.6 EOBE
For the seismic load combination according to the TEC2007 and TS500 codes no vertical component will be
taken into account.
According to ASCE 7 code the seismic load combinations are:
1.2G + 1.6Q + A + 1.6(EOBE ± EOBE(V))
1.0G + 1.6Q + A + 1.6(EOBE ± EOBE(V))
Being:
A the effect of the short circuit
14 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
For all main buildings spectral analysis shall be implemented.
For buildings the MODE SUPERPOSITION METHOD (linear modal analysis) shall be performed; the
S.R.S.S. or C.Q.C. rule according to the requirement listed in TEC 2007 § 2.8 shall be used. In order to match TEC
2007 Code, the requirements included in the following paragraphs have to be respected.
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Tm / Tn < 0.8
According to § 2.8.4.2 of TEC 2007 Code, where the ratio between each couple of sequent periods is
greater or equal to 0.8, the complete quadratic combination (C.Q.C.) rule shall be used.
In order to consider a minimum value of the base shear, the following rules of TEC 2007 Code shall be
respected:
In order to consider the possible direction of the seismic phenomena. the following rules of TEC 2007
Code shall be respected:
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The following information can be collected from the linear dynamic analysis:
period and frequency for each mode
mode shapes
participation factors of each mode
internal forces/moments along principal axis
For the foundations of the buildings, in case they are modeled together with the relevant elevation
structures, the same Mode Superposition Method will be adopted. In case for the elevation structures a “fixed base
analysis” is performed, the relevant foundations will be analyzed using the support reactions obtained from the
linear dynamic analysis of the elevation structures; then a pseudo-static analysis of the foundations will be
performed.
15 ROADS DESIGN
Turkish Highway Directoriate (TCK) Regulation shall be considered for road and parking areas
substructure.
TS 1081 Code for the properies of asphaltic cements to be used in road upper structures”
The average width of the roads shall be defined according to the document 0488A0VVBP001 – General
layout.
The width of walkways or shoulders shall be 1.4m and located at one side or at both sides ( if needed ) of
the roads.
Curbstone shall be as per TS.436 and shall be located on lean concrete.
Slope of road shall be 1,5% in transversal direction and from min 0,1% to max 6% in longitudinal direction.
Walkways shall be asphalted.
Road shall be constructed as per the elevation, slope, typical section and notes provided in the design
drawings; the typical course sequence is as in figure below.
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The properties of filling material to be used for lower structure course will be:
The material for the lower structure and the base course can be obtained from site excavations and shall
be compacted to 95% proctor as horizontal layers of 20cm for base course and 30 cm. for lower structure.
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16 DEFLECTION
For the main equipment (i.e. Steam and Gas Turbine) foundations, the criteria for the settlements verification will be
given in relevant input documents from AEN.
16.2 Deflection for steel structure
The deflections shall be according to the values allowed by the TS; Girts and purlins more than 5m length L/300,
cantilevers L/250 of the span. Maximum allowable deflection of girder/beams due to live loads (if not otherwise indicated
in design documents) is 1 / 400 of the span.
In the absence of specific limitations on the deflections provided by AEN or AEN Suppliers, the structural designer shall
provide with the report's calculation of structures the values of the maximum displacement under OBE seismic actions,
so that AEN mechanical department will check the functional compatibility.
For the crane runways maximum vertical deflection must be not greater than 1 / 800 of the span and 1 / 1600 of the span
in the horizontal direction. Imposed limits by TS EN 13000 /AC:2010 all parts, TS EN 1993-6 or TS EN 13001-1+A1/AC
are also available.
This value does not includes the dynamic factor.
However, the design report shall contain all information required by the code (refer also to para. 2.13 of TEC 2007 code)
The output files can be enclosed as annexes, and it has to be supplied all the information (like sketches, diagrams and
figures of the mathematical model if the case) sufficient for the understanding of the calculation report.
Indications of requested verification are listed in TS 648 chapter 2.4.
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18 SOIL PREPARATION
The following listed items of TEC2007, but not limited to, shall be included in the structural design.
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20 APPENDICES
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Where:
Reduction in development length due to excess of steel reinforcement in a concrete section can be applied if required as
follow:
lb_reduced = lb x Rf Where:
Development length:
• For case II
• For case I
The lap splice length (mm) l0 in case of lap spliced bars should be calculated by Equation 9.2 of TS500:
• For case II
L0 = α1x lb
α1 = 1 + 0.5r Where r is the ratio of spliced reinforcement to total reinforcement in the same section
• For case I
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Reduction factor due to excess of bar reinforcement (Rf = required reinforcement / available reinforcement) is not
included in the calculated lengths of the tables below.
C25/30
fywk = 420 MPa Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement
fywd = 365 MPa Design yield strength of shear reinforcement
fctk = 1.80 MPa Characteristic axial tension strength of concrete (cylindrical)
fctd = fctk / 1.5 1.20 MPa Design axial tension strength of concrete (cylindrical)
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C30/37
fywk = 420 MPa Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement
fywd = 365 MPa Design yield strength of shear reinforcement
fctk = 1.90 MPa Characteristic axial tension strength of concrete (cylindrical)
fctd = fctk / 1.5 1.27 MPa Design axial tension strength of concrete (cylindrical)
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