A

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
STUDY OF ENGINEERING BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL BLENDED WITH
WHEAT HUSK ASH

Submitted by: -
Deepak Khudania (9509)

Under the guidance of: -

Mr. Deepak Rana
Assistant Prof.

Department of Civil Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF HARYANA
Jant Pali, Mahindergarh,123031
 CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF HARYANA

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in this thesis entitled
“STUDY OF ENGINEERING BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL BLENDED WITH
WHEAT HUSK ASH” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of
the Degree of Engineering and submitted in the Department of Civil Engineering of
the Central University Of Haryana, CUH is an authentic record of my own work
carried out during a period from August, 2019 to November, 2019 under the
supervision of Er. DEEPAK RANA, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, Central University Of Haryana, Haryana.
The matter presented in the thesis has not been submitted by me for the award
of any other degree of this or any other Institute.

DEEPAK KHUDANIA

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to
the best of my knowledge.

Date: 27/12/2019

(Er. Deepak Rana) Professor

Assistant Professor (External Examiner)
 ABSTRACT

Soil is the origin of everything. As we know everything is dependent on

nature, and as a civil engineer we know that soil plays a vital role in
construction. When we erect any structure over the soil, firstly we check
the behavior and attribute of soil that how much strength is present in the
soil so that it can bear structure load which will be erected over this soil.
There are several types of soil which have different- different qualities,
some soils have greater strength and some have lower, if the strength of
soil is lower than our requirement then we constrained to increase the
strength of the soil as per our structure requirement. In this research we
performed various test on soil to know its properties or strength by using
agricultural waste material such as wheat husk ash (WHA) as a stabilized
material in soil with varying percentages of 8%, 12% and 16%.

Fig: Collecting soil sample Fig: Mixing of soil with WHA

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my immense gratitude and indebtedness to my supervisor,

Er. DEEPAK RANA for his constant inspiration, perceptive
observations and insightful suggestions that inspired me to dedicate
myself to my work. His guidance helped me in all the time of work
and writing of this report. Special thanks to Dr. Vikas Garg (HOD)
and all other faculty members for their support and helpful
suggestions.

I am greatly beholden to my classmates and friends, specially Ravi

and Manish Indeed, I am thankful to my family members for their
unquestioning love. Words fail me in expressing my heartfelt thanks
to my parents for their patience, understanding and belief in my
effort, and for their constant support and prayers. My heartfelt thanks
for the blessings of my father.

Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank to my mother

for his continued and unwavering love. Her support and
encouragement was in the end what made this report possible.
 Table of Content :
1. CANDIDATES`S DECLARATION
2. ABSTRACT
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 CHAPTER-1:
a) INTRODUCTION
b) USES OF WHA
c) STEPS INVOLVED IN MAKING OF WHA

 CHAPTER–2:
a) LITERATURE REVIEW

 CHAPTER–3:
(BEFORE MIXING WHA)
a) THEORY
b) WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION
c) GRAIN–SIZE ANALYSIS TEST
d) SPECIFIC GRAVITY
e) WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION

 CHAPTER–4:
(AFTER MIXING OF WHA)
a) OBJECTIVE
b) METHODOLOGY
c) RESULT AND DISSCUSSIONS
d) CONCLUSION

 CHAPTER–5:
a) REFRENCES
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
Foundation is very important part of any civil engineering construction work. Load of any
structure is ultimately taken by foundation; hence it is very necessary to prepare a sufficient
strong base for any structure. Bottom most portion of structure is consist of natural earth
surface, this earth surface is known as soil. For successfully transfer of load of structure on the
soil it is necessary to prepare soil with desirable bearing capacity, also it is not possible every
time to get soil having sufficient strength at every place. Process of increasing strength of soil
by artificial process is known as stabilization of soil. The process of soil stabilization refers to
changing the physical properties of soil in order to improve its strength, durability, or other
qualities.

1.2 Wheat Husk Ash & its Uses:

Wheat is one of the most common and important human food grain and ranks second in
total production as a cereal crop. It has a remarkable consumption ratio due to its ease of
cultivation, its ability to be converted into a variety of foods, its multipurpose use, and its
role in the human diet. Every year, approximately 600 million tons of wheat is produced
around the world.

 WHA (Wheat Husk Ash) has a good pozzolanic property. It is used for various
purposes. It is the staple food produced in large quantity for living and non-living beings.
It has high calorific value of about 3.5 kcal/g. Its by-product is often found in the fields
because waste is burned by the farmers after extracting grains. In this research, the effect
of WHA on the soil is studied. Wheat husk is taken from the agriculture fields and burned
at 600°C to convert into fine ash. This ash has highest amount of silica which helps in
fertility of soil. Wheat husk ash, basically a waste material, is produced by burning crops
waste while processing wheat from paddy. About 20 – 22% wheat husk is generated from
paddy and about 25% of this total husk become ash when burn. It is non – plastic in
nature. Its properties also varied depending on its burning temperature.
1.3 STEPS INVOLVED IN THE MAKING OF WHA

1st step 2nd step

4th step 3rd step

 CHAPTER–2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 LITRATURE REVIEW

Many researchers attempt to stabilize the soil with the use of
Cementous materials and agricultural waste as a combination,
some of these are given below for reference.

• Ajay Goyal (2007) conducted an experiment to find out the

effect of wheat straw ash and rice husk on the strength properties
of the ash after burning at the optimum temperature. Ash
materials are burned at an appropriate temperature to extract the
fibrous material to achieve the aim. Therefore, under controlled
temperature only 10% ash was occupied. Compressive and
flexural strength test was conducted to verify the relative quality
and strength development of mortar. The results concluded from
the experiment shows that addition of wheat ash and rice ash is
optimum to synergize the mortar. The reason behind
improvement is the optimization of pozzolanic and filler effect.
Moreover, the significant improvement was examined due to the
presence of wheat straw ash.
• Nazar Omer Hassan (2012) researched on the fertility of the
soil by using wheat residues over the all seasons of the crop
yielding. The results of the study are marvelous which shows that
crop fertility in the field of residual crop is more as compared to
the no residue soil
• Ogunribindo (2012) utilizes the wheat straw ash for the
stabilization of some soils. He basically stabilized soil by
collecting different samples of soil from different locations. The
quantity of wheat straw ash ranges from 2 to 10% to analyze the
properties of the soil like specific gravity, compaction,
California bearing ratio, shrinkage limit etc. The results are
amazing which concluded that prior to the addition of the cane
ash the tests are poor but adding the ash as sub grade material
ameliorates the geotechnical properties of the soil. He concluded
that bagasse ash is not good stabilizing material for the lateritic
soil.
 CHAPTER-3
(Before adding WHA)
3.1 Theory:

Testing of Soil Method: -

1. Water content Determination

2. Grain-size Analysis Test
3. Specific Gravity
4. Standard proctor compaction test

1) Water Content Determination:

Water content is defined as the ratio of the weight of water to

the weight of solids in the soil.

𝑤2−𝑤3 𝒘𝑤
W= =
𝑤3−𝑤1 𝒘𝑠
Where,
W = water content (%)
W1 = Weight of container
W2 = Weight of container + sample before drying
W3 = Weight of container + sample after drying
 Result: -

SR. NO SAMPLE W1 (g) W2 (g) W3 (g) W (%)

1 A 25 104.7 100.7 5.3
2 B 26 56 54 7.1
3 C 25 65 62 5.4
Average water content 5.93

2) Grain-size Analysis Test:

Grain size analysis is the determination of the size range of
particles present in a soil, expressed as a percentage of the total
dry weight. Two methods are used to find the particle size
distribution of soil.
1. Sieve Analysis is used for particle sizes larger than 0.075 mm
in diameter, and
2. Hydrometer Analysis is used for particle sizes smaller than
0.075 mm in diameter.
 Result:

Weight of sample = 500 grams

PARTICLE WEIGHT
IS % CUMULATIVE %
NO SIZE RETAINED
SIEVES RETAINED % RETAINED FINER
D(mm) (gm)

1 4.75mm 4.75mm 4.5 0.9 0.9 99.1

2 3.35mm 3.35mm 0.5 0.1 1 99
3 2.36mm 2.36mm 2.6 0.52 1.52 98.48
4 1.18mm 1.18mm 4.3 0.86 2.38 97.62
5 µ600 .6mm 2 0.4 2.78 97.22

6 300µ .3mm 4.6 0.92 3.7 96.3

7 150µ .15mm 17.3 3.46 7.16 92.84

8 75µ .075mm 438 87.6 94.76 5.24

9 pan pan 25 5 99.76 0.24
Total 498.8 gm

Grain size Distribution chart

120

99.1 99 98.48 97.62 97.22 96.3

100 92.84

80
% FINER

60

40

20
5.24
0.24
0
4.75mm 3.35mm 2.36mm 1.18mm .6mm .3mm .15mm .075mm pan
PARTICLE SIZE (mm)
  Classification of soil:

• Coefficient of Uniformity (Cu) = 𝐷60

𝐷10

2
• Coefficient of Curvature (Cc) = (D30) /(D60) * (D10)

Cu = .473/0.165

Cu= 2.86

Cc = ((.305) *(.305))/ ((.473) *(.165))

Cc = 1.19

Result = Poorly Graded Sand (SP)

3) Specific Gravity Test:

Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the

unit weight of a given material to the unit
weight of water.

(𝑊2 − 𝑊1)
Gs = (
𝑊4 −𝑊1) −(𝑊3−𝑊2)

W1 = Weight of empty bottle

W2 = Weight of bottle + sample taken
W3 = weight of bottle + sample taken + water up to top
W4 = weight of bottle completely filled with water

Result:

SAMPLE W1 (g) W2 (g) W3 (g) W4 (g) Gs

1 605 733 1622 1513 2.54

2 607 737 1592 1512 2.6

3 605 739 1620 1514 2.51

Average 2.55
4) Standard proctor compaction test:

It is use to obtain the maximum dry density of the soil sample and
the optimum moisture content. Compaction reduces in soil void
ratio by expulsion of air from the voids or by expulsion of water
from the voids.

𝜸
γd =𝟏+⍵ γd = Dry density

𝑾
γb = γb = Bulk density
𝑽

Result:

Added vol. of wt. of

wt. of mould wt. of
water
Dry
+ compacted Bulk
Sample water mould mould content
content (%) (cm3) W1(g)
compacted soil γ
density( b) (%)
density
soil, W2(g) W= W2 - W1
(γd)

1 4 1000 4042 5497 1455 1.455 4.5 1.39

2 8 1000 4042 5650 1608 1.608 5.2 1.53

3 12 1000 4042 5836 1794 1.794 5.7 1.85

4 16 1000 4042 5580 1538 1.538 8 1.42

5 18 1000 4042 5500 1458 1.458 9.1 1.34

 CHAPTER-4

(AFTER MIXING OF WHA)

4.1 OBJECTIVE

We do these experiments to find out the change in the property of

the soil sample quality of soil by mixing the wheat husk ash.
Wheat husk ash is effectively accessible at farming field. In think
about of different strategies this technique is more compelling,
modest and effectively accessible. We utilize fine parts of wheat
husk ash to enhance the quality of soil it is useful for the earth and
they are no hurtful substance introduce in the wheat husk ash.
wheat husk ash directs the porousness of soil, increment the
quality of soil keep up dryness and so on. It is also very economic.

1.1 To investigate the possibility of utilizing agriculture waste

materials like Wheat husk ash (WHA) in soil stabilization.

1.2 To discover the physical and designing properties of natural

soil and balanced out soil by replacing 8%, 12% and 16% of
soil with wheat husk ash (WHA)
 4.2 METHODOLOGY:

• Wheat husk is collected from the field, then it is washed by distilled

water and then dried under the sunlight for about
24 hours within 49°C temperature. The dried Wheat husk is heated
and burnt in a preheated oven at 600°C or burns openly.

Fig: - Burning of Wheat husk

4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

 Preparation of sample:

1) The pulverized soil sample was first sieved through the required
sieve for a particular test.

2) The required soil sample was weighed out for the test.
3) The material to be added to the soil was also sieved through the
required sieve, for the particular test and then the required
quantum was weighed out on the weight basis as per the
percentage to be added to the soil for test.

4) Then, soil sample was kept in oven for removing moisture content
and drying at 110°C temperature for 24hrs is done. Then the
agricultural waste Wheat husk ash is also kept in oven for
maintaining the dry form of the ash.

5) For different blend mixtures, the ash

content was taken according to
certain percentages by weight of
soil and it is mixed with soil in dry
form itself. Similarly, for the blend
mix with WHA, all the materials are
taken in dry form and mixed. The
results are analyzed according to the
standard. The mixed sample was
then used for performing the various
tests.

 Test carried out on the soil blended with WHA:

1. Standard Proctor test
2. Specific Gravity
1. Standard Proctor test:

Proctor test has been conducted to evaluate the correlation in

between MDD and OMC. We are testing the soil sample after
adding three different percentage of Wheat husk ash of 8%, 12%
and 16%. Each percentage of the sample is tested with the water
content of 4%, 8% and 12%.

 Procedure of the test:

1) Soil is firstly sieved through the standard sieve as per
required in the test.
2) After sieving the sample, it is placed into oven at a
temperature of 102 degree to 105 degree.
3) Weight the sample and add the required percentage (8%,
12% and 16%) of WHA into it and mixed it perfectly and
the sample test is carried out on three water content of 4%,
8% and 12%.
4) Weight the empty mould.
5) After mixing well the sample if filled into the proctor
apparatus (mould) in three layers and each layer is tamped
25 times.
6) Remove the collar and remove the excess tamped soil, now
gently place the mould on the weigh machine and weigh the
sample along with the mould.
7) Take a representative sample into the soil which is used to
find out the water content present in the soil after
compaction.
 8) After finding out the water content by placing the
representative sample in the oven for 24hrs, dry density and
bulk density is calculated.

Formula used:

𝜸𝒃
γd = 𝟏+⍵ γd = Dry density

𝑾
γb = γb = Bulk density
𝑽

Fig: Mixing of the sample

 Results:
Adding 0% of Ash

vol. of wt. of
wt. of wt. of
water Dry
Added water mould + compacted Bulk
Sample mould mould content
content (%)
(cm3) W1(g)
compacted soil W= W2 - γ
density( b) (%)
density
soil, W2(g) W1
(γd)
1 4 1000 4042 5497 1455 1.455 4.5 1.39
2 8 1000 4042 5650 1608 1.608 5.2 1.53
3 12 1000 4042 5836 1794 1.794 5.7 1.70
4 16 1000 4042 5580 1538 1.538 8 1.42
5 18 1000 4042 5500 1458 1.458 9.1 1.34

Adding 8% of Ash

vol. of wt. of
wt. of wt. of
water
Dry
Added water mould + compacted Bulk
Sample mould mould content
content (%)
(cm3) W1(g)
compacted soil W= W2 - γ
density( b) (%)
density
soil, W2(g) W1
(γd)
1 4 1000 4042 5540 1498 1.498 8.3 1.38
2 8 1000 4042 5640 1598 1.598 11 1.44
3 12 1000 4042 5700 1658 1.658 12.5 1.47
4 16 1000 4042 5580 1538 1.538 13.8 1.35
5 18 1000 4042 5490 1448 1.448 14.2 1.27

Adding 12% of Ash

vol. of wt. of
wt. of wt. of
water Dry
Added water mould + compacted Bulk
Sample mould mould content
content (%)
(cm3) W1(g)
compacted soil W= W2 - γ
density( b) (%)
density
soil, W2(g) W1
(γd)
1 4 1000 4042 5492 1450 1.45 7.6 1.35
2 8 1000 4042 5560 1518 1.518 8 1.41
3 12 1000 4042 5688 1646 1.646 11 1.48
4 16 1000 4042 5640 1598 1.598 13 1.41
5 18 1000 4042 5500 1458 1.458 14.6 1.27

Adding 16% of Ash

vol. of wt. of
wt. of wt. of
water
Dry
Added water mould + compacted Bulk
Sample mould mould content
content (%)
(cm3) W1(g)
compacted soil W= W2 - γ
density( b) (%)
density
soil, W2(g) W1
(γd)
1 4 1000 4042 5376 1334 1.334 2.3 1.30
2 8 1000 4042 5435 1393 1.393 4.4 1.33
3 12 1000 4042 5548 1506 1.506 6.8 1.41
4 16 1000 4042 5700 1658 1.658 10.4 1.50
5 18 1000 4042 5540 1498 1.498 11.2 1.35
Graphs:
a) Moisture Density Relationship (0% ash content):

0% ash content

Dry density water

S.no
g/cm3 content (%)
MDD 1.75
1 1.39 4.5
2 1.53 5.2
OMC 5.7%
3 1.75 5.7
4 1.42 8
5 1.34 9.1

Moisture Density Relationship (0% ash content)

1.80
1.75
1.70
Dry density g/cm3

1.60

1.53
1.50

1.42
1.40 1.39
1.34
1.30

1.20

1.10

1.00
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

water content (%)

 b) Moisture Density Relationship (8% ash content):

8% (ash content)
Dry density water
S.no
g/cm3 content (%)
MDD 1.47
1 1.38 8.3

2 1.44 11 OMC 12.5%

3 1.47 12.5

4 1.35 13.8
5 1.27 14.2

Moisture Density Relationship (8% ash content)

1.50

1.47
Dry density g/cm3

1.45
1.44

1.40
1.38

1.35 1.35

1.30

1.27
1.25
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

water content (%)

c) Moisture Density Relationship (12% ash content):

12% (ash content)

Dry
water
S.no density
content (%)
g/cm3 MDD 1.48
1 1.35 7.6
2 1.41 8 OMC 11%
3 1.48 11
4 1.41 13
5 1.27 14.6

Moisture Density Relationship (12% ash content)

1.50
1.48

1.45
Dry density g/cm3

1.41
1.40 1.41

1.35 1.35

1.30

1.27

1.25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

water content (%)

d) Moisture Density Relationship (16% ash content):

16% (ash content)

Dry
water
S.no density
content (%)
g/cm3 MDD 1.5
1 1.30 2.3
2 1.33 4.4
OMC 10.4%
3 1.41 6.8
4 1.50 10.4
5 1.35 11.2

Moisture Density Relationship (16% water content)

1.55

1.50 1.50
Dry density g/cm3

1.45

1.41
1.40

1.35 1.35
1.33

1.30 1.30

1.25
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12

water content (%)

 MOISTURE DENSITY RELATIONSHIP
COMPARISION
1.80

1.70

1.60
MDD (G/CM3)

1.50

1.40

1.30

1.20

1.10

1.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

WATER CONTENT
0% ash content 8% ash content 12% ash content 16% ash content

Comparision of different % of WHA:

4.4 Conclusion :

 In the above test ,We find that,when there is no WHA is mixed

in the soil sample the MDD is comes to be 1.75 and OMC is
5.7%.When we add 8% of WHA into soil sample MDD comes
out to be 1.47 and OMC is 12.5. when we add 12% of WHA
into soil sample the MDD comes out to be 1.48 and OMC is
 11.when we add 16% of WHA into soil sample MDD comes
out to be 1.50 and OMC is 10.4

2. Specific gravity test:

The specific gravity of a dirt is utilized as a part of the stage
relationship of air, water, and solids in a given volume of the
dirt. The Pycnometer is utilized for assurance of the particular
gravity of soil particles of both fine grained and coarse-grained
soils.
It is carried out by the apparatus Pycnometer.

 Procedure of the test:

1) Clean and dry the Pycnometer. Tightly screw its cap.
2) Take about 200 g to 300 g of oven dried soil passing
through 4.75mm sieve into the pycnometer and weigh
again(W2)
3) Add water to cover the soil and screw on the cap.
4) Shake the pycnometer well and connect it to the vacuum
pump to remove entrapped air for about 10 to 20 minutes.
5) After the air has been removed, fill the pycnometer with
water and weigh it (W3).
6) Clean the pycnometer by washing thoroughly.
 7) Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water upto its
top with cap screw on.
8) Weigh the pycnometer after drying it on the outside
thoroughly(W4).

Formula used:

Gs =
(𝑊2 − 𝑊1)
(𝑊4 −𝑊1) −(𝑊3−𝑊2)
 Fig: Pycnometer Fig: Sample inside the Bottle

Results:

Adding 0% of Ash
SAMPLE W1 (g) W2 (g) W3 (g) W4 (g) Gs
1 605 733 1622 1513 2.54
2 607 737 1592 1512 2.6
3 605 739 1620 1514 2.51
Average 2.55

Adding 8% of Ash
SAMPLE W1 (g) W2 (g) W3 (g) W4 (g) Gs
1 605 730 1590 1510 2.78
2 605 800 1630 1510 2.60
3 605 855 1642 1510 2.12
Average 2.50

Adding 12% of Ash

SAMPLE W1 (g) W2 (g) W3 (g) W4 (g) Gs
1 605 690 1560 1510 2.43
2 605 750 1590 1510 2.23
3 605 751 1600 1510 2.61
Average 2.42

Adding 16% of Ash

 Specific Gravity Results
2.80
2.55
2.60 2.50
2.42
2.40 2.33

2.20

2.00

1.80
Value of Gs

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
percentage of ash added
Adding 0% of Ash Adding 8% of Ash Adding 12% of Ash Adding 16% of Ash

SAMPLE W1 (g) W2 (g) W3 (g) W4 (g) Gs

1 605 700 1575 1510 3.17
2 605 780 1595 1510 1.94
3 605 830 1615 1510 1.88
Average 2.33

Graph:

Fig: Specific gravity results at different % of WHA

Conclusion:
 In the above test results we find that when there is no WHA is
mixed in the soil sample i.e. ( zero %) the specific gravity
came to be high i.e. 2.55, whereas when we add the different
percentage of WHA into the soil sample like 8%, 12% and
16% then the specific gravity is decreasing with increase in the
percentage of WHA.

CHAPTER-5

5.1 References: -
 Nyein Thant, Aug 2018, “Effect of Lime on Engineering Properties of
Cohesive Soil”, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering Technological
University, Mandalay, Myanmar.
 Vikas Sharma, Pramod Kumar Rathore and Amit Sharma, Jan 2018
“Soil Stabilization by Using Wheat Husk Ash”, Assistant Professor, Poornima
Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
 Prof. Vatsal Patel, Oct 2015 “Parametric Study of Properties of Normal &
Black Cotton Soil Stabilized with Rice Husk Ash & Fly Ash” Associate
Professor Department of Civil Engineering A D Patel Institute of Technology,
New V.V Nagar.
 Andrzej K. Bledzkia, Abdullah A. Mamuna, Jürgen Volk, Dec 2009 “Physical,
chemical and surface properties of wheat husk, rye husk and soft wood and their
polypropylene composites” Institut für Werkstofftechnik, Kunststoff- und Recyclingtechnik,
University of Kassel, Mönchebergstrasse 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany bIGV GmbH, Arthur-
Scheunert-Allee 40/41, 14558 Nuthetal-OT Bergholz, Germany.
 Khaja moniuddin1 and Chethan K, Feb 2018 “Stabilization of Expansive Soil
Using Wheat Husk Ash and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag” Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, India.
 Ajay goyal, Hattori kunio, Hidehiko ogata, Monika garg, A.M. Anwar, M.
Ashraf and mandala” Synergic effect of wheat straw ash and rice- husk ash
 on strength properties of mortar”,2007,Journal of applied sciences 7 (21):
3256-3261.
 Nazar Omer Hassan Salih , A. R. Mubarak, A.A. Hassabo” Effect of crop
residues on soil fertility and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) - guar
(Cymopsis tetragonoloba) crops in dry tropics” International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, October-2012, Issue 10, ISSN
2229-5518.