U,apkr i3'

Ehilo Nqum GLoBALrzATroru

aruo inr: ASIA PACTF'C AND SOUTH A5lA
i: 201
inciudes
of this is driven by
the ro
ur china anrt rnrri" growh
-*, :It:"ooomic
tions this u,.ti#H$:Hit$!iffi;s,i1, *rti*-

region'i5 :

worlC's mor The Asra-pacific ha:

become a key drrver or q,roo,
p^olitics. Srretching
such as Jap from the lndian ,rl.;; i,;;;
to the western shores of
Ta.iwan, and tl the reg 01
spans two oceans
- 11lTlt't,as.
such as Ca
:i:l :,: ;;;;;rir ri.l'iX ir#"i ;"T;:;,
'n,
includes tbe atmost half ,r,. *orji;, pop;;"".:
iIf.-?f-lt loartr
includes many of the kev enoine.
economy, as weil as the "i ,;--^,^;
lai est emitters
!' 'L e'iuud,-
of sreen-
norse gisei. ,i ,i'ir.. ,5'f
of our kev arries
anrtimio.tani'.r.ig,;n ijt'eral Iike
and china, lndia,
rndonesia. (cljnton, ,orli"
How then ar€ we
!o think about the relation_
ship berween gtobatizarion
*ft;.;;#i_
politicauy rmportant
_?],of:9
rest
r"gffiH;
this essay divjdes t""
,br;;il;.
tusl seCtion takes an externalist il;
,i"* ifilr_
{t rte,th" wey in *Uiefr tt *d*il;":;
O "
br stobati zatiou. Th"
$e^i
te.
;:-"-o;;".
l]lf-1,S.""rutive
regron
view showing trow ;;
rs au active aoent pushing
",
of globalization foniara.
ri"fro.Js
ffr"
rirrr""]OirO
how the regron can be under.stood
::.-.:^1".rr .
as.
.posmg an alternative to, globaiir;;;;.
Ultimately, no one viq* js
;;;;#"il:
l:eut.r.they illushate thp dynaii;'
complexity .d
of, gtobalizatrr, il
;;*, io;:
ITd.9"t: perspectives, the ess"y ;ff;.
globalieation iu broad listorical ,Jrris;;;_
mg not just on the late
,*,""?.-f:rrt centuries bur
t*"rti"th;J;;;;
colonial
tud;r;;;'l;
and, even preocolonial ,lrrr..---^' l']
207 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZAIION

AN EXTERNALIST VIEW OF
GLOBALIZATION

One thesis about globallzattot in the Asia

Pacific and South Asia is that it is an extemal
phenomenon being pushed into the region by
u'orld powers, parricularly the United States
and Europe. From this perspective, globali-
zation can be understood as a proce'ss that
transforms the Asia Paiific'and Souih Asia.
o"1;; ;;. hand, it c"i be seen as a foqqe for
good bringing economic development, poliii-
-
a1 pro gress, and sociallaud cultural' diversity
to the region. Others see the darker effects of
globalization including its role in economic
undercieveiopment and the uprooting of local
tradition and culture.
One of the earliest manife.stations of this
externalist discowse emerges from the his-
torical narratives about the Western 'arrival'
to the Asi.a Pacific and SouthAsia. According
to this view, the technologically and industri-
ally more advanced Western powers found
theil way to the region and. altemafi'rely
prodded aLrd muscled their way to political
and economic dominance. Western superior-
ity at the time existed for a variety of reasons,
rangLng from environmental and ecological
advantages to bther sociil, political, and/or
culturalcharacteristiis.l""'' :

Vvhile r.ve will question some of these

assertions lateq there is little doubtfiat colo-
nialism il the regionrbegi::aing from the
1500s brought enormous, often devastating
changes. This 'first globalization''had deep
implicaticns for domestic politicdl structures
il many Local indigenous polities, One'early
erample of this'was: the Porhrguese invasion
of Melaka in 1511 and the subsequent fall of
the sultanare, which shifted political ahd eco-
oomic dynamics in Melaka and beyonci. ence emCrgbd'i
Ferdinand Magellan arrited in,the Visayaa inciuding the A
region of l'hat would beconie the PlLlippines While'imobrtarit its ovm
h 1521 markiag the baginning of extended theiie
Spaish coloniai rule in those islands. The
Dutch follovred in the seventeenth century nationalism a:
arrd slorlly strengthened their position i:r the
Dutch,East lndies. The tsritish also consoli. zation and capitalism.' Orice: ddveloped, it
dated theil power ia South Asia, Bunna and became manifested politically in concrete
 GLOBALIZATION
AND THE ASI,A PACIFIC
AND SOUTH ASIA 2O3
movemenh , ,.:].y,
America *o Larin and autarchic
areas such as

tl" a. grouui
highlights
p*1aio ffiffi;T::
t' India
ffi:9.:*-e"!oo*i"
and chraa rn
policies rouowed
r

by
:IPpt ;-;;;;' posr-war
rhe
the period.

;tr:ffiIf,fil**.tt9'i-urillt *t' success or ti,. su,t-aii.."l"*,",

..{fl'#ru":t
ot
was followed
p r"" r'iti'i''.,a ,!'r* ,,
rr.r;:s;#::'irft erue;'e-ffi[];i]i,r#ffi
serves *,p;11o61.,-t,;-". '1
#:HIffi ffi#J#ill.,?I
zo.ri H"lji",H"fr:ff:J.;i#ff::"ji
Ufu ;y::*" ;;'iJ,,,*f ,n.
ff5":Jr:frtll'o:nu,o,ltu"**rLo'a*,",
parts
rotheuEastA,,[t::::,"Ylo*" tirl,,,,,.,
to*"rparu
of the globe tively close rela- including
iAnderson, , rrrro"tt ,r., fl
worid w,
,t" r.gron
ul another way in whrch
erite, some;"J;I,T:JT,ff::l"rH:i":l
,;^L
inaking rm"i.,i.,
,r1r1i."i "J*Ir'** at
?" onc€ integrated
;;';;i" a,d *r;;;;;Ti"and the rise of rna,Lrfachrr.
sortr,"urr Asian econonries
*a,,,. ur,o ,,uti *,,"
".,i,,"i,iffi,1i,ff#;;fr""ilrt
;;Tiilr'"r' *"*, Harbor ll'-' r"'";; ;;;ilft H:' #'ff:."H'ff
*:'j:
oegtnrung of the .*k"d 1""":,:"t
oorninatirn,inth#il;,#"1il:fff."ff :"U:isll;J,I;H:i'11,i'**'ffi
er
,,0
reg;on became
miredi,, ;.;-":::-**:, T. Much oft the
*t*;rur;##"I:
r
o r tr,. cor Jw", #'":i"" :' *' ii,
jTl,:,'.Ji
: "H#,"f
:F&:iitG #:filvlffi'k;TmH l:ffiT:t "l;ru',- * *i:*i*::'
#,'ffi,Hxt'Ij=,,t ffiU#;1i ##H,,:1i."$gf;#
po*ti iito. ;;#tr #:ff
oo, ""#A*:::l
HIilH] fr:"iiry*tr'*fl:l*.,:f*rffi
i',li"J'ffi-r;5ijyffi
rapaEese market
gffiffiJ#r*r1
IMF soon
e.i-po,i. ;
w".r;
,

to suppry i"Tfj i: turned their arr"rtion

soods tbr ut ,iJr"# "er*;";;j
ililffiH to thetevelopi"g *oaa i*",-r*r"r""#.,
"Tt
#r,x;r$*ffi#tt,,,TfrH
(leneral Agreement
'u<.'nben-y,20t]z;. --
oo fu.ia..-'u;Tr"r:
1p*:,,
and so they simultaneously
ffi;j*,;;,J$?.::
lilreral economic policies 0.";;; ;":
*urr" ,i."-.,^,
ink hu, b"rn spilled up western *a us
,Much about Jann,,"
Japan's autheaia.luo "ir*r, ;; iJ|;
subsequent
""ooo*.n,ll1t]tl
.lb:"-t "t figures,

*;;*ffiiijji:: r111Jii**;ffi*
ffi!ffi!;;i_li
.. o a rgr o r J,f, j
:
"T"*,**H*if,S: J"["j",,,#, J;
".
:jl:"T.fI""u,"
relations'(Jolaion,
le82; ;-iol.
-lur"r;
jrtii
cruciar assistance
r"ei,i*,.i"i,n,
as

pre,tati:y varv, one

*g*,*1i, ,i?ffi [#il,iil"3m".,r," 1"g,-". a"a i.,pii.
and other rasiasian
s[*r i."irajr;.::;|.
::L:jf:T._t**:
sorne basis for economj"
and
fii'i9]tt. .0h.,-
ft" lende,rs looked u*uy nor,.-tn;;
,Taiwan were abte
nornic policies in line
.d"p,-d;;;: ^tllt,
srveamountsofcom:ptionu"ap""lr"or;oi,J*
*io" *i"lirr.yil;_
s tood
as an increasins grobarized
sys,cm and benefirted eJ;;; it}'jJ,n,il";rru j5;,r*i
g::** poricies in'the re80s *l #-i;ril.
">c0"*".i*i.J "yi,ul'r'il,',r
alization and exporr odenred gio*t}
srowtd moder rG;;l *i*p"-n#;:,J:: fi: l'fi::l^Tl,.*ro,,
led to increa:*, *oT!
of foreign
*ir.h
invesr-

*'r,l'fJ?,it*r*xHffi:ilili:
]ffil# i^ffi HL.ffi
704 IHE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZATION

Ferdiaand Marcos whose tenure had a ciisas-

rrous impact on the country's economy aucl
left rt stladdled with nearly US$30 biliion in
debt (Bello Kinley and Elinson, 1982).
By the mid-1990s, the policies that had
driven high levels of growth in the 'tiger'
economies began to show their limits. Much
of the invest,nent going into places such,as labor practices are unc
Thailand, Indonesia, and lr,[alaysia was sp-ec- changes. A-mong rhany :;develbped
ulative 'hot'money looking for quickrehrms as lqpan,iKorea,
on capital. When investors begao to re'alize
the unsustailability of this model, financial
speculators began to attack the cu:rencies,
betlrng that the central banks would have to time employment,,(Iree, .

readjust their rates thereby netting huge

gains for the speculatois. In July 1997, the
Thai economy collapsed as investment fled
like a massive hepd and the crisis spread to
much of the region (Bullard, Bello , and

Once again, interpretations of the Asian

Financial Crisis varied. The IFIs and ortho-
dox economistd argued thht ttre crisis
occr,rrred due to poor policies, weak govern-
auce, comrption,.poor institutions, and ilad-
eq'-late liberalization (Rah-6a, 1998). In
other rvoLds, they argued thdt globalization
had not gone far enough. Other more critical
voiceS argued that the problem was precisely
the unfettered capital resuiting from pro-
cesses of globalization over the past several
decades (Bellc, Bullard and Malhotra, 2000).
Both views however, recognized the deep
impact -elobalization haf-had'on the econo-
rnies in the region and th! inliuence it piayed
in creafing the 1997 crisis. ' :
: l

l4ore recentiy, 'attentiolr has turned from

Southeast Asia to China'drnd lhdia. For its part,
Chrna began liberalizing their economy in qe
late 1970s with the tefomrs intoduced bv
Deng Xiaoping. India began tci liferalize the;
economy in 1991 and inereased'levels of trad.e
and foreign direci investmint particulariy in
the textile and seMces sectors of the 6con-
omy. t4rile there are siguificant d.ifferences in
their approaches to lib'eralizatiou, both coun-
tries have expbrienced (igh levels of eco-
nor.ic grorvth as a result and have also
become mnch more integrated into the global
 GLOBALIZATION
AND THE ASIA PACIFIC
AND SOUTH A5IA
20s
support ied Suharto
to step down ur Mav nr +L^
1998, The finar
re whea'['':nc reas

:GHtr;ii
g"*.i.i
ffi::*'*;' *l;'f'ffi if H#
:[J"#
me demanaiH f;yl1,ilffi;;'i"l*l#"1:,I;::::T:*
g,v rn c o n s, d

interriarionar :financiar
instti;;'"oiy *r becoming y:ef;ned stapre Lr
the
of muu-h the
:1iff"ffifX.u****3:,:#:Tll :',f:::ffflf.ils*;;;#i,#ll n." ..o
if {i:.:.ffi *:;ml:::i*;:$#.i:::Tl"#'J};'ff #."?;ffi t,ri:,I j[:
fl{fi#ttr{' mln t^;"i*#"n ;:ffi:';:*"j;:;;;sJ:,'i; ;:i*;#i;;
jc_ommu:rs.rirhreat,.rn Asia, rn u,i, *urlffl
ilrlly:p:fra,.r.,ioffin,.iro'o,J***.0
;.ffitr,iffil"furi.,a-*1o,il il:
l,"?"
rhefoundation,"illsitionandultimatetvIaid
T *,;:#;:J
ii3r"yil.li"l.l,,.1, f;ll;;;oi
ts that western and
oanicu-
i.,, o, ;

cultural frends have

, *t,.,rri[;.;ffi"lll$i;ur*r"no",l eioi"irr;l"L4rr spread
I of gJobalizdrioorihas
* ffi; Ilffi"ifi"#I,"#,"'iff;;i5, ...
ir.;;:,ii:^"ff::cntrgu:s
rI^
way in *ti"n'in.li:f*r:ii1c^altze the
"nd,S^^olii "i#
y.e rhis
i;:;ilrt'*^"r ro view the
an"*rr-o*"";:;'**come&cimanumberof
rerarionship
*:lnyj#l,S*T: l'!tT#::,ffii ff *Xf:"3y3,iyn and,r,. ..e.. o, i. "-,
rr.wo,rJlri.;fffi|, :L#, process-#.*';"J:,nj
el.rhalization ir
"H.,:I
r"ri*gio'"uio#iffi.*'t
way
brought fundamentai ;i;
;;" ,rr-r]l.n,r,
ff::y

il.T,tf #t'trHhi:iilj:Iilffiq[i]rff=:ff ril:*ffi tt;,'"'".:i*j:,,;::

grown
,ffi
dramaticallv
"a,,, ao,a=fr ffi hHI;;;";1 Sf offer H ::iii;;.l";*ll :i ff,,"TH::-" l:
altemative perspective,
o-o-oo" zui ur-*"J.'"''
I$:f|ojj;.3"y
qw 4,su popptng uo
pete wirh Westera "*1i"[1
throughout asiu tol.Ji,,
boa.Hfi,l.:T,,,,". "*-

ii:::T',nff*,ifr
-*,
frr:'.T"1'.{?"mliii:ffi L:f i3'f,,t3ll#iTf
rrn,iu&,ioif
i"r?'l;#T
Jrr"a i-apid expansioo "',Tr:."1f1? ^
b€eo
region.' Thelshare
orrrp"r*ritlffiH
,,me n orr^*^-: An
A alternative wav to see rh-
orr""";i'.i]-L]c: -^r^.:-
;;il*:::?i'#:r$i"ffi1[*#i.j:l
per cent in_EiritAsia.
l fr{ii:'{i:6i;: *[::"*tii,T i
,T H:*Bt f*i* ""$ffi"fi
';H","J *g'"" io' ffi;':il#ffi,:'ilI: ffi:
u e"ci or:nf
s ab
r\s a resuit, there
#
;;,T,f ffi:Ei:1?
;# :"fr i-,fr'i,",,#:
region
ili*H:t{ # :;;
. rtooi.rffi:J;"
is urro is also infiue
:,sri.-,-t *"' *.*',"lli:"r'ff'f#i:n::: ,i,. nu*." oiffiJi#i::;l.t?i:i?,,,',::
,is,i u',**J.; "#.' :1"111=!il,:,6: *^t t,, _*",*
.".; ;.;;;; fifi #ilr,*t{o;1._,",r."
il::T::rJrr"".:::"J:.,,,*. racle narrative rhar ;,t l:,.-*,.,r..i-,r,.
**i***iiffirf :flffi}kffi|
206 TI{E SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZAI'ION

history Asia led the global economy only Philippines before making,$einway back.to ,

'fallhg behind' from the eighteenth cen-
tury. As Aethony Reid not-es, the Furopeans
did not create the spice trade. The thriving
spice trade in the regior and beyond is what
drew the European powers io the region'
Circumlavigating the globe was ameans.to
fi:rd cheaper,an{ fastel ways 'to bring fhe
goods back to Esrope (Reid, 1988),'Spices
were aiready making their way to various
parts of the giobe,, but the Europeans were
interested in cutting ou!thq middlgman-
In the same vsin, some have argued that
the core (McCoy and Scarano, 2009). In the
lields of medicine and public heaith,
American scientists and physicians, in the
Philippines brought back colonial: bureau-
cratic practices,and. identities to.,urban
health .depar.tqen!$, !9, lbQ lUriied $taJpE m
the early, .twentieth, :celtu5y|r, (Audcrson,
2006). In.theDutoh East ltrdies thcpoloniai
experiencel in ^the rrealm, of,rthi: intimate rand
. the,personal, influenrced Europeianr r aotions
of sexuaiity and, social..'r.eform"(Stbler, !
20I0). Irr other words,,cplonialismrwas not i

Asia, not the West, was fhe cen-tral global simply a practice of, .Western:rdotination, ll
iorce i:r the early modem world economy. For but also productive,gf wlp!,qerthink;of as $

much of the early modem era, :t was the site we.plgm and modern ; rfj -. ,,.r ii:,i . irr | :;,;: l
of the world's rnost.important trade routes In the post-cglopral,9r4, rfle.ig$se[tion.that tr
.I
and in, some placds *op" t""l"9logrc.qlV .,t
,:l

advan:ed than,thg West,in key.areas such as

science and medicine. ghina, of course, had a
l!
less tenable.,The earlier discussioniof,,fapan *
histori:ally unprecgdented maritime fleet ia suggested that the end of:TfprldiIVarrtr anil the
'Wax:helBed-hring
the early frfteenth century under admiral rise,of the Cold lapan,into
Zeng FIo rvirich traveled vrithin the region and the global economy, What lis vieiy,ovorlooks
as far as Aflica (Levathes,1997). The rise of
Europe in the eighteenth ientury came only
after the' colon-ral ijoweis extacted siiver
from the colonies and pried their way into the
Asian rnarkeb;. ln tha1rco4fe;d, ; the,, re,emer.
I

genceof Asja,tod?y.;iss39ulpgia.r-e,storatiou;9f procure par,7. 4pterials-,qq9h,as, coatr.ndtlirbn-at

its traditional domi:rant pos_ition,i+..1!9 glotal
econclny (Frank, 1998). gain p competitive'edge {q,thC glbbal
Cololialism too has come under new
a.
lens receutly as scholars have arguedl that
coionies in the Asia'paiifrc ana South esia
ancl elsewhere iirfluenced. the West'as much
as vice versa." Stoler aigues thaf colonies
\\'ere often'laboratories' of modernity'
u.here 'innovations in political form, and
social imaginary, and il'what defined the
modern itself, were r.ot European qxports
but traveied as often the other wav around'
(Stoler, 2006: 1). tn the Pktippiies, colo-
nial poiicing rn the Ameiican colony can be
understood as a 'social experiment that
transfbrmed both the Philippine poliry as
s ell as the US national securify state.
Practices and techi.ologies'such as counter-
i-osurgbncy,. surveiliarice,,and torture were
deveioped and perfected in the colonj.al wage laboi',and supply cn"ia managemeni,
 GLOBALEATIoN
AND THE: ASIA parrcrr
ASrA- .,
pAClF,C
,L,r,L ^.,^ )UUTH
arvu
AND -
SOUT A5lA
2O7
Chna has also had
an
:-h: "':",i"biril a}],offiH;::Tfl:,^::
Remiftances riom,ni
or soods
fon [::m:;;,"il#"ii1H:#;:,;,:?
egeyoSies Somefimes,
sed the Worid exceed
8ffi 't'trff_{irliffi "*r.-itifLr-
the now or offi ciar
o;;il; these
Jfi :
H::td
iumff*'--*k-',m{r'
o-'-'4'wuri) *:.,.o11!3"es
in 2009
ii,ffi ^'no
fflp*itN$*iiffi
J v.I.*l;v rr Dor::{
(rh e E c o n o m
li
of the entire ecoilorny
i:::'dyil'ff .*"^.Ybl, oo io,l,
^12!!l
were
is,!
;
", i6ol, .n,
:l''"511[:ines 'r."'oru" 'lop r'u,.
#iffiffi,T{13i',,,1fi: ffi;:?.i.T -;'.,','ffiffi:;::'f:ffi1**;
and roans *"6"
53-Ilu ^ "*-noii'"';:i:lt
.",,.,*. **h':ffix""*:ii""i
souasj" *Jce
has srsq,o (rsram,
ff
rjrilr:i;[ry;$:,s"it*
reer) .;:j;a;";#l[.;T:#:rJces of rhc
1'1'1,,o"ea-iJ,il:fi:ffi:i,1T';i[j';,l.",l Ail;;;;la r.,a in the asia pacinc
; :?f .T*Tr":.":::-l"o"u,"*,'
iii:t#t#:* m ::r:#,U [j tr
",i,il',i'J ,nr",pr"i.J""i'ri*r
..u|y n"ouiin#Tt":vsterru vary'consi,J-
Indra too.has oPensd as a kind of burwark
u"a*,piurir;:l
**i#Ili:#
ro

3*i .i *i";r i;.:li:ffi'!t'ix:1; nu# xi:J

ffil :.iy",'il;t tr," ;;, oiff *:J"T"T,'; :.;"#i.'ri""11,""
ilevelopment regionaiism lf ',i"^o"r
""oio,i, o" Ianer view a;gue thar
n"r" .-
"rr|-i;"ffi:tr-::ft*are
,i':::;** THffi*}'*1#1;;3
*:n:**'#;ii*T,,#,"T:;#tr
increase (Dossam
*a r"ir"v,];o;:""'"'* to up frorn regional cooperaticn
,scale ro
Lidia aud cai"u, u*if'oiri""rl'', global
region, n.* ,n o,n..
cooperation
cI-Je
*o,ii, ."gi"onor,* r*,ilrrr,. ,
*o
Lrrrrnational ",IJti;#T'dff::#.*
can act as r sprinn-
board for globalization
fuuor, *niJi ir;;""r:'
mrgrzrtrt
fundamenialcharacilrr"lrifltr"l? one.of the distinguishing fearures
or rire
3iobalizati,i;ffi;f,:::1:f""Xfi::f regionar in,ii*,iln,
in Asia pacinc
oI
;: ""i I rnd
u,ff
$:iij::"'tr": $i[tfitT."T# m liinlri " 1,1's"0 " ". " u ",
!,1*
lj:loni9T.o-;r-#, or immigrauts from 11irnt1a
t"ndiaandchinh.Burmr"o*"."-fiil]r#iX
;;"0;;:'"'I,t'""rffi:'"X.,:ir1
I* f"*, of resionatis," .;;';;.;;;","
the. tensiin u*""n -""".,,J
*:3"y orclomestic workers
,;;;;,;ilJ ::::]"",
ln the region, or to
th ..l;,*:'*'#rruifi.r;;fi1{i!iir:;*,'*,s ",
tra,i;3;*i*:.flitrf
is often *.;;;:;;;"JJT::,HtH;: ll. :?;;; ;i;.'ilffiil1fi:J",$:ffi;
an opeluress in membership
Itl:t:ti.Tloor, evetr deadty. w*i *;il -J;.#;'i;
"f.ffi#A[ii [;.1riTk-rfi1,:: G;-il:;;';
:rt fig
:: *:-in,,iorfi,
il:i,",x,y,
Lanka (66 per cent) ano.sn per cent)
"::"r
;;*";;fJl:i:ffi;i"ffi;#;
zations
AmcricaINAFTA)uniErrop"f,rr"1"r."o.r"'
o.*-r,
,i;":;r"#",H",::
joioi]'or:*'(Kee' Yoshimatsu and
u,ion) trro to u.-,exclusive
closed,. and therebl.
208 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZATION
Open regionalism is ernbodied by Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation, or APEC.
Fcrmed h 1989, it includes 2tr inember
econornies along the Pacific Rim ilcluding
East Asian and Southeast Asian states but
also Russia, Peru, Chile, the United States
'1990
and Canada. As thq Ministerial
Declaration states, 'it was deqirable to redqce
barriers to tade in goods andservices among
participaats so long as such, liberalization
rvas ccnsistent with GATT principles and
was not to the detriment of other parties'.2 To
be sure, APEC has'faced significant chal-
lenges especially in the wake of the 1997
Asian Financial Crisis and the more recent
global economic crisis. However, it contin-
ues to push for a vision ofregional coopera-
tion that is consistent with and advances
globalizaticn.
A final area to consider is the broad area of
culture aud globalization in thd region. The
ea:lier section put forth a perspective that
argues Western culhue has come to domj:rate
loims of music, entertai:rment, and culture
rnore broadiy around the globe and in the
Asia Paci{ic and South f,sia in particylar.
\\4ri1e this MTV-ization and McDonaldizafion
have some elements'of ruth, they also belie
a profoundly complex phenomenon. The
region is the source of a wide variety of cul-
tural phenomena ttiat'hdve aiso spread out-
rrard to the West and the rest of the world.
'Iiello Kitty', created in Japan by the
Sanrio Group n "for example, has
1974,
beccnre a ;nassive global success. It can be
seen orr a rangb ofproducts frompencils aud
eraserstc desiper handtiags and diarnoird-
encrusted watdhes 'and $enerates a billion
dollars irr ievenue arinially, anime land
other enterlaiament prciducts from Japao)'has
become a regional iand global'phenomenon
i:eclurri;g pokemron,,M'arib Biotirer's,,
Astroboy, and Power'Ran$ers among others.
Much of this has come to be understood as
t,re spread of a kawaii or 'cute, culhrre, or
what some have called 'Pi-ok Globalization'
(Yano,2009: 68i-8).
Japan holds no monopoly in this domaia
of cultriral globalizarion. In terms of cilema
for example, qF *"giqg frqm'j$q+g-fu'
movies to Bollywocd have beqpme mas-
sively popular in {he West, not fo rnention
individual filrnmakers from"thp region with
glbbal acclaim. Morerecently, there has been
a r:egional au$ elgbal rise in Kgreaa popular
culture dubbed.thg 'K-W1ve' that includes
well as music
the spread of Korean dramas as
K.pop). Nothing demonshates tbis, better
than thc smash hij,. 'Galpqp Stylel by
Korea pop star P$!,Rgleased;h J,q1y,2012,
the song and mugic video: bqcamb. a virai
sensation on,YouTube, topping mlsic charts
in over two dozen countries includiag France,
Germany, P-olan{, Mgxico, Austalia, Norway,
and Lebano& and"grrbg,equgntly ,won Best
Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards
(Ganpam Style: PSY 2012).
Gtobalization has. got.been .1. ,gne-way
street. While there is little doubt that the Asia
Pacific and South Asia hate,yery niuch been
on the receiving end lof globalizatioq it is
also tnre that.the region is generative of
ma:ry aspects of the glolalizatign process.
Thi-s gan be seen
-b,oth listgrically,,and
more
recenlly and ac1gss 4...broad.,varie$ of
dornains from th9 econopy to.political stuc-
tues to culture. , :
GL6BALIZATION
with Japanese
1940s. Japan's
 GLOBALIZATION AND
THE ASIA PACIFIC AND
SOUTH ASIA

coionization of the region

a supposed East Asian
and the buildingof consensus on nationar goals within the de'ro-
co-prosperif
rterely'replicated impsrial
sf[r" ;;;;;;;o.0, ,o take the middle path, the
relationshiis in cord;;hun yuag
East,and Sbutheast ari. or the Isrami o*ro,_
*itn uha; to exercise.-tolemnce.and ",
Horvev.r,iit **,1:: "r*-;;rrr.
Tg"oi;;"rn o"* ,"*ia, ;;;rf (Lauftois,:200i:,15).
against,V/esterri irirperialism.'r"ru"r,-oiu.
sensitivrry
rhis
propagandardurinctry .onr*L *iur"warr"* u"iu", *ir..",:.,,,",y
*"er*ir"* on i.airiJ*r;li
forhshd;".ril;;;".1*
idea'or rAiriir do what he likcs, free from
"" . *yr";;;;ii'eura**ents
'tiberare,:,ithe, iregion
t"* B*"pi."iir" #r"*llrlJ *", they [and],individu_
'sphere'rreferredl"ita,v-ti *o*i shoutd uirut .,r.,y
and,Manchukuo;,However, int", T1" ,*a.
*irUri. rrijr..t (Langlois, "oae _g-oven:.ing their sociefy,
of lfortri War II,,Jap*
uirol..t"a.[rr.ra . 200,1: t5).
p;p*;;;or ,r,"..Asian values
'; The:memb"rs,of
Norrheast Asia to south
-J d"rri?rr ara. rhesis

lvfaachukuo,
thesph"ru ffio*r;3:, "r*;;;;;riJns (not crearry defined) tend
to respect uuttortlr hard
Manglang, (outer t work, thrift, and
the Republic or chini 's-"* tongo.ha), "*prrr.rir" ;J;.;"r_rriq, o'er the indivrd-
Republic of the prl,ppirlt,-
;;#", uar. Asia op"rur", on the
i-J#"ot basis of han,ony
Viuham'Kingdomoffi"*pu.i.;;5;;;"T -a **ri*J'iutr,", than majoriry rure,
concepts such-as rndividuar
iJ*il,;ffi3,."t0,
Kd;;;i,1,"L,,0 il;i,;, rights. poriticar
ffi ["*o",u", are wesrenr con_
rhe geography or the Sphere
, )iire was ;?J:,::til:"f*:: $i*::?l,ji:lfflr3
r}i[l*T,ffi:l
the
,
;r:";J',T;,::1"* i5lr:ffi,lTo"n ..gi,,"s based # i,,u,,
West. Japan's General
foi" *i."'ijr"",* To be sure, the concept ofAsian rzalues
rast 'Asia conference i" No"";t";';;;1 has
declared that Asia n"A ,rpi"it *a"r-nJlo* uotn within and ourside
"
that opposed the rmateriald.
li-;J;, "o*"
,rr" ."g."r. ai** *r*rrn.
Malaysian onuo_
the v/est'(Beaslev, zooo: "irir,r"rj"raf
ao). li" ajr,".
sitionTJ"o", *ri; l]tis altogeth". rrru,r."rut,
the co-prosperity sphere ia-G;;:l-rJ'"i*
"r
onlv of Japank ross in worra
*tttt-."*t r", Asian varues as
for autocratic practices and denial
an
war
the oveft racism of: Japan,ltr",f
ri;;;;d." "*.rrl"
basic rights unJ,iu"ni"r,.3 In fact,
of
slioposed co-members-It
,"*u,i, li, Asian firanciuil.ir* or
after rhe
anclthe emer-
soon u.."*" gence of poritical reform ',97
that the sphere was for
J"o;;n;;";;# "r*. in severar countries
in the regioi;-ri"iir.o.,.se
ontv often ar the exnens" of Asian vatues
rhe fellow members.
of th" ir,re*ri-"i ,;;;-";;', il:". ir poriticar.
Despite
the contiaued bitrer legacy
fi, r"ir*.'"# (Thompson, 2001). potency
w"liJ ** ii, Aaother way the region selves
"r as an arrer-

:effi,H:I'r;#;"fi :ffi TI#;I;qi"i,il,ruffi i[,i#l3iJi*y::

A n:ore recent manirestation
has been the ffifli,T.iiil"#:.iJ;
i:pff",-dl
Ho;";", rh"." u,. o,r,., i,tii
regior:a,ism'
;::,Ti:,:*il;*[,,:f'#;:X*:ljlj
reeOs r,opo,,*tJ.oi;,;'r,;,-il;
then'Prrme Minister tvtonamea
tvtih;d
;;
;;
}il:::, H::ff;j, S j#i:"ilij:l.n
self-consciousry ,Asian,.
.,,l;
M:.laysia argued thatAsia
tr-rct characterisrics thar
u", *rr"*iryiir_ The East asia r"ono_ic Caucus
make ;r li#";; (EAEC;

frffi",}:'i:::, ,lil:':, .
a";;".".i.;-;, ir^::. such exampie. Floared as ear.rv
as
,e?,:S: EAEC was pushed as an artenrarive
--- '\sian way is to reach to ApEC, **"
,.".;rrry an ApEC withour
 210 THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF GLOBALIZAIION
Westem states. The proposed member states
were ASEAN, Chi:ra, South Korea and
Japan The United States strongly objected
and at the time, Japan,saw the exclusion of
tLe United States as a tbreat to their sfrategic
partnership and.effectively vetoed the idea.
Today's ASE.AN +3;(APT), which includes
China, South Korea and Japaa, is sesn as a
successor to the EAEC but because. it,is
embedded in a slew of other institutiorral
arrangements, is not seen as the radical alter-
native of the ear:lier vision (,Terada 2003).
A second urstitutional example along,the
same lines was the proposed Asian Monetary
Fund (61,6';. \Yhile the idea had been gestat-
ing for several years,.Japan's, Mi:ristry of
Fiaarce proposed itjn the, wake of the 1997
financial crisis, suqprili"g maoy. The furd
was envisioned to have a capitalization of
US$100 billion and hclude ten members'-.
Chila, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea,
Arrstralia, lndonesia, Malaysia, Singapore,
Thailand, and the Philippi:res Q,ipscy, 2003).
Notably absent from the proposed member-
ship rvas the United Slates. Furthermore, the
iritial <iraft proposal suggested that the AIvIF
would act autonomously from the IMF.
Although the AMF proposal rqceived nearly
univelsul ,ruise and.support queoup fts poten-
tial members, the United States rimmedately
sought to strike doy4 the proposal. US gppo-
sihon succeeded and the failure of the AIi,fF
neant a continuation of an,IN,F-centered
neo-iiberal approach to financial govemance
(Lipscy,2003). I
Another. more subversive arriculation of
regionalism pgsed a_s'an altirnative to the
West is the emergence of regional terror net-
''r;orks, sirch as Jeniaah,Islamiyan or II. The
origias and the'extensivenqssbf JI a"" m*tiy,
but its main operations have bebn in Indonesia
with apparent links in Malaysia, philippines,
aod t halland among-others entemational
Crisis Group (ICG), 2OO2a). JI is iafamous
for the 2002 Bab bombings which took place
h a night club in the resort town of Kuta and
killed mole than 2OO people, rnostly
Ar-rstra,lian and other foreigt nationats 1lCG,
2002b).
The alleged goals of, JI are territorial and
aiso regionalis! namely to create an Islamic
siate ia lndonesia followed by a pan-Islariic
caliphateiricor-poraliqg,,!r,!a!ayqia;iSingapore,
Brunei and the southem Phiiippines. Certainly,
this notion of regionalism-is much flaJrower
thanthe broad scope ofAsiaPacific and South
' Asia, And, ultimhte$ rthe vi6ioa-,of the'i cali-
: phate is to,opand from,aiegionat b-a.fliobal
stmcfir-e. The point :heqetfu trat''fi iifiiillated
an, alternative, vision,':of ':political and,Socidl
organization in the, region,I one rthat ,clasiles
directly with the, paradigr:of globalization
(icc,2002b). :
A final way tci ,rhink' about rthe'region, as 'an
altemativq to globalization is to ,e4plore the
various iocal ,move,me,lrts tbat ha\re errerged.
The movements are not exclusive:to. the Asia
Facific and South Asia regioq but..they are
ch4racteristic of tends.thele yis.i.:vis the pro-
cess of globalization;,with,,respect to their
emphasis on disengage,ment from globaliztion.
Tle village. of Santi Suk,in,Thailan{ for
example,r created their own curency, following
the Asian financial cdsis that stnrck the region
in Thailaud:(Ilookrvay, 2009). The currenry is
called the iDlatr, lqgqely:::tanslated ias r:linerit'
and opglateg'tlrorrghr a :lcenhal :bankl located
in the village..The currency caq be ,used to
purchase various commodities, but cannot.be
used outside of,participating and can-
"itlag.r
not be exchanged for Thailandis n"tional c,ur-
rency, the baht. Homemade currencies are uot
exclusive toAsia but they.did,take on a.new
prominencd 14 the wakq.of.economic. tumloii.
Community cumency is an gxample of a
larger nend in self-sufrcie.ncy movements that
emerged in Thailand after the As-iaaifinancial
cris is. Related initatives inrcluded a ssociatioas
srth, G tarlitional herbal, practitioners,,
lleli
suffici.ency' goups,,comilunit/ ggrned rice
milf S,,and cgoperative'bhops- Local, produotion
movements are also in line with the overail
philosophy of being an altemative to belng
part cf a giobaiized system. ln
Japan, foi
example, Commuaity Supported Agicuihue
(CSA) and the Seikatsu CtoU Uotl
"Io.o*ug"
consumers to buy ethically *a fo"ully fiii,
and Adams, 2OO3: 24). Examples abou:ld in
 GLOBALIZATION
AND THE ASIA PAqFIC
AND SOUTH A5,A
211
India as well includir
Lok Samiti group
wiuch advoca*
,"*lt"'tl objecf simultaneously.
While rhis may be
iq r:,:,err*'# trff #':r*ffi' "'.":
fue, rhe benefit or tni, ,orJ,
m*.*.li
to disaggregate and ijlustrate n.,
'Ti"::[?:T*: I?l:tu'F,e"ifr perspectives instead. il;O*::,
of ,uUr*lng-o H;";;
qe'r r,
o, u. r".**TiollTiX,3,l::nl*t: onervhole theoretical.approach.
""
fili:Ii, "'.' ;;il;;;;
The chapter has ct
i; Hfffifi and tried .J;rr;;;:::l::'d* over dePtrr

*:y"Pilffi
ratect
# #"" frXl,lil'#I :
altematives to
,ou:.ry "r*rr, * ffi:f; ,,ffi'l;:Xil::
in the region,
m
r
ovements,il;ff::l;1,?.,:,li., , :ilzition
llon as a process occ
f, nur r..-, ffi;,:j;-
push back uguiort il:JJ e,.il ;il;;;.',fiIffiL,};,::: ::
tI d u r,i

;
:: T:i' from
I :;; -
;ffi::i: "Jj"H::T rn the past two
ery, it
decacles.
has tned to
o"J*i,*rl" *u','i1,,.,,1
lme.ge the percei tbreat of secuiar- off.. u ffi:";il"fi;
rsm' Not all of *
rew have ilthese ,lI:-1
il:.,,niiil ffi ;"'T[[",, .:1"n and
plere
iaterpret that process.
While iacorrr-
contradictory, this is
essence of globalizatir .f*" ,fr"
CONCLUSION
ro tr," a,lu ;ffi
ilf3"1l,fl,ti,I,"'ionship

The pupose of this NoTEs

I chapter has been
I
various lenses through to sugsesr
";ff;r"
the reiatioushrp bet*een, .'r'1h,{-;" r See, for exampre, Diamond (j 9e8).
regtoa ofAsia pacific gr"o"** ;:'';" 2 Refer ,o ir.,. isgo
A,EC Min*teriar ri4eerins
",,d 5or,il;:ffi;rl;; , I:.,:::,,0 i*no,,_. cooperarion, (ApEC, -
has not beeu to
*T: g'*-[^'*;r:::
appropr:atethantn"oll"r.rnst€b4;Go},ilf
see'What woutd-confucjus eeor
say now?.(ree8)
r

grobalizatiou is a
co.grpte- p;;;;r;';ilr"
}Z,ff:;:fr:[:: ]yii-,,",;:."11,,,i.",,
b".".;";'i;.';;;;;
4 About us, Lok#::,.
::flJ *'fffiffi#L:; *d"[','"d ;' ;ffiT " l';",':],ii;.f'f,;ffi t?,,ffi :ffii.?i:{ ; [:;
,r.o^.^.jl}.rchapterfocusesparticularlvon
',1._"""l""rr.or a region and the
*uy ro *io_
to grobarz#; il; REFERENcEs
;:".,:T"Y"rronshrp
,v,rr .L)) ru quesDon tbe.
category cf regrotr
and L\e delineation
o,i,,,*.^.o?ffi
|:lht.*" region ":,.Tr:;LtiiH,;*i,i::F":{!?:,,,,,#,{;:!0,:rili:::;,:,,1::,;i,,
ana uying-out;i,#;;: Verso presl
perspecives. The essay hu" Anderson B (2007) rJnder
ot theAsia Pacific ffir"ifi,il)
*o!""tuir]I::;
Three Frags Anarchisn
.* the Anti-CotoniutiiJq,.rrr,on London Verso and
"r# ', -
;::::!; W ;
:i9'* Tlffi:i,L t
il,,i,L:,i$;ft:ffi
, Lt so cioiag, it has"a
l::;;, :i,
Durham:oule'ur;r.,riii;;;;;J;*,'"
f i
;i : i: n:
1n.
rc,, rr1;; "i,"]:,ifl lll,
iu
Detween region
wnat we see todav
L: A:,f ::
^
^^'-!i,iPPll*

*o oro,::.rr. so*. urgu;th;i T,.,JH,,,% #ii. hi:';im;,!,ffi :,

is but.a auur p.olrrJJ f.,ll.rwww.apec orglMeerrng.papers/M jnrsterrar-
sra:emenrvAn
'hi.biidization' nrriligo'ggo_crmmaspr
(sr',i',ii *o t"o.r,
Lurftrres are dvnamic )-ori, ii a,u, ourrfipiuri"rr.Tiro,rr Key tndicatorsftr Asia
*a ard picific runrrrr1,ong
rhe

ll"tl: :tl*lt of externat "*"rg;'u;;";;;i

*a ouueroprent rrni'""
city, phrrippines: Asran
cnanges' In this wav, processes "?r'r"*ti ^
Banks, ) (1997) rvrrv
stve ard inciude both-the "* ;;;;#- ana the Giobarizarion
of popular
ror" or ruu.;"iiiio tnternuionatZ)mnunicationoazerre
fr']:[. sgtrl
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