Structure Function Origin Fate

ECTODERMAL DERIVATIVES
Central nervous system
Brain
Prosencephalon Central nervous system, Forebrain Neural tube Telencephalon & diencephalon
Telencephalon, cerebral
Future telencephalon Controls voluntary muscle movement Neural tube
hemisphere
Major relay station for sensory
Diencephalon, thalamus,
Future diencephalon informaton; regulates body Neural tube
hypothalamus
temperature and water balance
Mesencephalon Visual reflex center Neural tube Optic lobes
Muscle coordination; regulates
Rhombencephalon respiration & blood pressure Neural tube Metencephalon & myelencephalon
(autonomic functions)
Other parts associated with the brain
Passageway of cerebrospinal fluid;
1st & 2nd ventricles of cerebral
Prosocoel communicates with olfactory bulb Neurocoel
hemisphere
cavity
Passageway of cerebrospinal fluid;
1st & 2nd ventricles of cerebral
Telocoel communicates with olfactory bulb Neurocoel
hemisphere
cavity
Passageway of cerebrospinal fluid;
3rd ventricle of cerebral
Diocoel communicates with lateral ventricles Neurocoel
hemisphere
thru foramen of monro
Passageway of cerebrospinal fluid;
Mesocoel connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle; Neurocoel Aqueduct of sylvius
connects cavities of optic lobes
Passageway of cerebrospinal fluid;
4th ventricle of cerebral
Rhombocoel continues posteriorly with the cavity Neurocoel
hemisphere
(central canal) of spinal cord
Anterior choroid plexus Produces cerebrospinal fluid Neural tube Anterior choroid plexus
Posterior choroid plexus Produces cerebrospinal fluid Neural tube Posterior choroid plexus
Epiphysis Secretes melatonin Neural tube Pineal body
Secretes oxytocin, antidiuretic
Infundibulum Neural tube Posterior pituitary gland
hormone, vastocin, mesotocin
 Secretes prolactin, growth hormone,
Hypophysis Neural tube Anterior pituitary gland
leutenizing hormone, FSH
Basal plates Involuntary coordination Neural tube Myelencephalon
Responsible for motor innervation to
Spinal cord the rest of the body (sensory and motor Neural tube Spinal cord
functions); carries sensory signals
Ependymal layer Lines CSF-filled ventricles in CNS Neural tube Ependymal epithelium
Involved in muscle control and sensory
Mantle layer Neural tube Gray matter of CNS
perception
Modulates distribution of action
Marginal layer Neural tube White matter of CNS
potentials
Central canal Passageway of cerebrospinal fluid Neurocoel Central canal
Peripheral nervous system
Eyes
Regulates light; contains lens and
Optic cup Neural tube Iris
retina
Visual receptor; contains rods and
Retina Neural tube Retina
cones
Outermost layer of cells; maintains
Pigmented epithelium Neural tube Pigmented epithelium
structural integrity of retina
Focuses light rays onto the retina by
Optic lens Epidermal ectoderm Optic lens
refraction
Structure Function Origin Fate
Ear
Otic vesicle For hearing and equilibrium Epidermal ectoderm Inner ear (sacculus and utriculus)
Endolymphatic duct Passageway for lymph Epidermal ectoderm disappears
Nose
Lining of the olfactory canal; for
Olfactory epithelium Epidermal ectoderm Olfactory epithelium
protection and covering
Olfactory canal Allows respiration Epidermal ectoderm Choanal canal
Respiration; opening to the exterior
External nares Epidermal ectoderm External nares
environment
 Respiration; extension of tubular
Internal nares opening from external nares to pharynx Epidermal ectoderm Internal nares
(air passage)
Cranial nerves
Innervates the eyes; sends signals to
Optic nerves (II) Neural crest Optic nerve (II)
the brain for image recognition in retina

Innervates upper and lower jaw; Sends

Trigeminal ganglion (V) signals for maxillary and mandibular Neural crest Trigeminal nerve (V)
processes of 1st visceral arch
Innervates facial muscles and taste
Facial nerve (VII) & Auditory nerve
Acoustico-facialis ganglion (VII-VIII) buds; innervates succulus and utriculus Neural crest
(VIII)
of inner ear
Innervates the mouth, tongue &
Glossopharyngeal ganglion (IX) Neural crest Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
pharynx
Skin
Outer covering of the body, protects
Epidermis the internal organs from the exterior Epidermal ectoderm Epidermis of the skin
environment
Secretes melanin that determines skin
Melanophores Neural crest Melanophores
color; for camouflage
Oral suckers Adhesion and capturing of food Epidermal ectoderm disappears
Rupturing of oral plate;
Oral cavity For receiving and ingesting food Buccal cavity
archenteron*
Stomodeum depression Covering of the mouth cavity Epidermal ectoderm Lining of the buccal cavity
ENDODERMAL DERIVATIVES
Primitive axial skeleton for support; N/A
Notochord Chordamesoderm disappears
in adults
Foregut
Respiratory System
Pharynx Passageway of air & food Primitive gut Pharynx
 Secrets hormones; equalizes pressure;
develops into a series of structures that
Middle ear; eustachian tube;
Pharyngeal pouch include pharyngotympanic tube, middle Primitive gut
parathyroid
ear, tonsil, etc.; opens externally as gill
slits

External gills Respiration (gas exchange) in tadpoles Primitive gut disappears

Lungs
Trachea Passageway of air Primitive gut Trachea
Respiration in adult frog; in 7mm
tadpole, it has no function; short
Lung buds Endoderm Lungs
tubular connection that opens into the
foregut
Digestive System
Esophagus Passageway of food Primitive gut Esophagus
Site of digestion; releases enzymes
Stomach which are used for breaking down Primitive gut Stomach
foood
Liver Secretes bile; removes toxin Primitive gut Liver
Gall bladder Stores bile Primitive gut Gall bladder
Structure Function Origin Fate
Gametes For reproduction Endoderm Sperm and ova
Thyroid gland Secretes thyroxin Endoderm Thyroid gland
Midgut
Midgut Main site of digestion Archenteron Duodenum (part of small intestine)
Yolk Nutrients stored in the egg Endoderm disappears
Hindgut
Hindgut Further digestion by water absorption Archenteron Large intestine
Connects the large intestine & cloacal
Cloaca Primitive gut Cloaca
opening
Cloacal opening Expels feces & gametes Area of blastopore Cloacal opening
MESODERMAL DERIVATIVES
Epimere
Skeleton and muscles
Develops into dermis which has
numerous nerve endings for sensation, Dermis, connective tissue layers of
Dermatome Epimere
blood vessels, and chromatophores for the skin
color
Axial muscles & muscles of the
Myotome Supports the body Epimere
back, skeletal trunk muscles
Sclerotome Supports head, chest, back Epimere Axial skeletal system
Operate the splanchnocranium;
Branchiomeric muscles Epimere Branchiomeric muscles
movement of face, head, and neck
Skull
Parachordal/intranasal plate; floor
Parachordal cartilage Supports the floor of cranium Epimere
of the cranium
Houses the brain and auditory organs;
Prechordal cartilage Epimere Chondrocranium
movement of face, head, and neck*
Visceral arches
Supports the gills and blood vessels
Visceral arches associated with gills; supports the Epimere Visceral skeleton
pharynx*
Controls the larynx and hyoid*;
Hypobranchial cartilage Epimere Part of visceral skeleton
supports the pharnyx
Mesomere
disappears; parts of pronephros
Urine filtration; processes and filters
Pronephros kidney Mesomere kidney becomes the mesonephric
blood
kidney
Passageway of urine towards the
Pronephric duct Mesomere disappear; mesonephric duct
cloaca
Gonads Reproduction Mesoderm Gonads
Hypomere
Coelom
Pericardial cavity Surrounds the heart Coelom Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium Separates the wall from the cavity Somatic mesoderm Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium
Peritoneal cavity
Parietal peritonium
Visceral peritonium
Structure
Aortic arches
Efferent branchial vessels
Afferent branchial vessels
Dorsal aorta
Heart
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbous/conus arteriosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Common cardinal vein
Sinus venosus
Other parts of the circulatory system
Anterior cardinal vein
Posterior cardinal vein
Caudal artery
Separates heart from pericardial cavity;
Splanchnic mesoderm Visceral pericardium
protection; holds the heart place
Body cavity surrounding gut and most
Coelom Pleuro-peritoneal cavity
internal organs
Separates the wall from the cavity Somatic mesoderm Parietal peritonium
Holds and protects the visceral organs;
Splanchnic mesoderm Visceral peritonium
separates the organs from the cavity
Function Origin Fate
Internal carotid, 3rd and 4th
Curves upward to visceral arches Splanchnic mesoderm branchial blood vessels, pulmonary
arch
External carotid, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
Emerges from truncus arteriosus Splanchnic mesoderm branchial blood vessels, pulmonary
arch
Supplies blood to lumbar region and
Splanchnic mesoderm Dorsal aorta
kidney
Gives off external carotid, where
oxygenated blood goes after the conus Splanchnic mesoderm Truncus arteriosus
arteriosus
Receives blood from the ventricle Splanchnic mesoderm Conus arteriosus
Receives blood from lungs; receives
Splanchnic mesoderm Right & left atria
blood from organs
Pumps blood into conus arteriosus Splanchnic mesoderm Ventricle
Pumps blood to sinus venosus Splanchnic mesoderm Anterior vena cava
Pacemaker Splanchnic mesoderm Sinus venosus
Drains blood from tongue and lower
Splanchnic mesoderm Jugular and subclavian veins
jaw
Enters posterior angle of sinus
Splanchnic mesoderm Posterior vena cava
venosus
Supplies blood to the tail Splanchnic mesoderm disappears
Caudal vein Drains the tail Splanchnic mesoderm disappears
Gill capillaries Gas exchange Splanchnic mesoderm disappears
Posterior vena cava, hepatic
Vitelline veins Collects blood from the liver Splanchnic mesoderm
system