Experiment No.

(9)
Impact of Jet on a Flat and Hemispherical Plate
Surface

9.1 Objectives
The objectives of the Experiment are:
1. To studying the relation between the force produced and the change of momentum
when a jet strikes a vane.
2. Compare between force exerted by a jet on a flat plate and on a hemispherical
surface.

9.2 Equipment Required

Fig. (9.1): Arrangement of Apparatus

9.3 Results and Calculations

Diameter of the nozzle D = 10 mm,
Cross sectional area of nozzle A = πD2 /4 = 78.5 mm2,
Height of vane above nozzle S = 35 mm = 0.035 m,
Distance from center of vane to pivot of lever, L = 150 mm,
Mass of jockey weight M = 0.6 kg,
Weight of jockey weight W = Mg = 0.6 *9.81 = 5.89 N

When the jockey weight is moved a

distance (y mm) from its zero position, the
force F on the vane which is required to restore
balance is given by, see Fig. (9.2)
F∗L=W∗y
150 Fig. (9.2): Dimensions
F∗ = 0.6 ∗ 9.81 ∗ y
1000
F = 0.03924 y (N) (9.1)
The mass flow rate in the jet is found by timing the collection of a known mass of
water. The velocity Ve0 of jet as it leaves the nozzle is found from the volumetric flow rate
Q and the cross-sectional area A of the nozzle. The velocity Ve1 with which the jet strikes
the vane is slightly less than Ve0 because of the deceleration due to gravity. This effect
may be calculated from the expression.
𝑃 𝑉𝑒2 𝑃 𝑉𝑒2
( + + 𝑍)0 = ( + + 𝑍)1
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑍0 = 0, 𝑍1 = 𝑆, 𝑃0 = 𝑃1 = 0
2
𝑉𝑒0 𝑉𝑒2
= ( + 𝑆)1
2𝑔 2𝑔
2 2
Ve0 = Ve1 − 2gS
Inserting the vane S= 0.035 m leads to the result

2
Ve0 = √Ve1 − 0.687 (9.2)

Recorded value of quantity collected, measured time, and jockey displacement (y) are
presented in Table (9.1) and (9.2), together with the ensuring calculations, for example
M 30 kg
Mass flow rate 𝑚̇ = = = 0.428
t 62.2 s
𝑚̇ 0.428
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑄 = = = 0.428 ∗ 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝜌 1000
Q 0.482 ∗ 10−3
Velocity at nozzle exit Ve1 = = = 6.14 m/s
A 7.85 ∗ 10−5
Safa S. Ibrahim 4th Year
 2
Velocity at impact with vane Ve1 = √Ve0 − 0.687 = 6.08 m/s

Momentum flow in jet at impact 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑚̇ Ve0 = 0.482 ∗ 6.08 = 2.93

Force on vane 𝐹𝑡ℎ = 0.3924 ∗ y = 0.3924 ∗ 74 = 2.9

For the flat plat:

𝐹⃑ = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑒0 − 𝑉𝑒1 𝑐𝑜𝑠90)

⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
= 𝜌𝑄(𝑉 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑒0 − 0) = 𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑒0

Table (9.1) Results for Flat Plate

No. Volume T (s) Y (mm) 𝑉e1 (m/s) 𝑉e0 Fact (N) Fth (N)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

For the Hemispherical:

𝐹⃑ = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑒0 − 𝑉𝑒1 𝑐𝑜𝑠180)
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑉𝑒0 = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑉𝑒1
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
= 𝜌𝑄(𝑉 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝑒0 + 𝑉𝑒1 )) = 2𝜌𝑄𝑉𝑒1

Where: Vout = Vnozzle = the velocity at the nozzle,

g = the gravitational acceleration,
y = is the rule reading for the jockey weight,
F = the force exerted by the jet on the plate,
ρ = the mass density of water,
Q = volumetric rate of flow (Q = Volume / time),
D
A = area of the nozzle (A=π( )2 ),
2

∆Ve = the change in velocity just after and before impact,

W = weight of jockey weight.

Safa S. Ibrahim 4th Year

Table (9.2) Results for Hemispherical Cup
No. Volume T (s) Y (mm) 𝑉𝑒0 (m/s) 𝑉𝑒1 Fact (N) Fth (N)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Safa S. Ibrahim 4th Year