Republic of the Philippines

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS, PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF, PNP
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
ACADEMIC AFFAIRS OFFICE
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
ISO 9001:2015 Certified

The Impact of Anti-Graft and Corruption Campaign

In Bacolod City

A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the
Philippine National Police Academy

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Public Safety

Cdt 2C Lazona Jekko M.

Cdt 2C Mancera Jobert D.
Cdt 2C Nacion Justine Jerr A.

December 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Approval Sheet ........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Acknowledgment .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table of Contents ................................................................................................... 2
List of Tables ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Figures ..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND .............Error! Bookmark not defined.

Theoretical Framework ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Conceptual Framework ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Statement of the Problem ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hypothesis (Optional) ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Significance of the Study .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Scope and Delimitation ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Definition of Terms ...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Acronyms .................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES ...... Error! Bookmark not

defined.

Write your first variable here (Make it bold but not all caps) .. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
(Discuss your variable with related foreign literature and studies, followed by

national, and then local. ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

*In case the study has one variable only, no need to write your variable but instead

discuss all related foreign literature and studies, followed by national, and then

local. ........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Write your second variable here if any. (Make it bold but not all caps) ........... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
 Write your third variable here if any. (Make it bold but not all caps) ................ Error!
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Write your fourth variable here if any (Make it bold but not all caps). If there is no
other variable, just erase these sentences so that it will not appear in the table of
contents. ..................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Synthesis of the Related Literature and Studies ......Error! Bookmark not defined.

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Research Design .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Sources of Data .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Population and Sampling Procedure .......................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Instrumentation ........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Data Gathering Procedure .......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Analysis of Data .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

APPENDICES..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

Appendix C.Letter of Request to the Participants of the Study. .... Error! Bookmark
not defined.
SURVEY FORM ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Philippines is the 99 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the

2018 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International and there

exists a poor image of the Philippine National Police (PNP) with respect to public opinion.

This can be attributed to a few rogue who abuse their authority and apply corrupt practices

that have effectively reduced the respect and dignity that our people should accord to the

police institution. According to Drilon II, (2018) the Philippine National Police has

developed a bad image and reputation, referring to the 7 C’s of Crisis/Concerns in the

Philippine National Police and one of which is the Crisis of Corruption. Since public

attitude toward the police are mostly the result of personal contacts rather than a

knowledge of police methods, the public is not only ill-informed concerning the caliber of

its police generally but it also lacks appreciation of the conditions under which the police

must operate. It is therefore important to police departments to spend considerable

amount of time in public relations and the building of a favorable image.

Police corruption is defined as police officials knowingly do or not do something

that is against their duty for personal gain. Police corruption involves various acts by

police officials, placing their personal gain ahead of duty. Police corruption is the deviant

behavior guided by a clandestine set of norms. The State or the police officials may be
held liable for any damage arising from wrongful police action. One example of police

corruption is the dishonest, unethical, or criminal behavior of a police official who steals

property from a crime scene. This research defines police corruption as the unlawful and

intentional act of abusing power by police officials. It occurs when they commit a crime or

omit to prevent crime from happening.

Cops are among the most noticeable public servants, and daily exposure to

corrupt, inefficient, or badly managed police officials is a cancer upon the body politic.

Failure to pursue reforms such a course will further enfeeble the PNP, hamper the

improvement of rule of law, lead to greater crime and corruption, lessen the peace and

order needed for faster economic growth, and undermine public safety and internal

security in the face of existing terrorist activities and insurgencies.

In the absence of systemic PNP reform, popular impatience for better police

performance and management aggravate by the belief that nearly everyone in the PNP

is corrupt encouraged more public support for elected officials.

Corruption in the Philippine National Police (PNP) and related agencies stems

primarily from the unholy trinity of gambling, drugs, and prostitution that

beset law enforcement organizations worldwide. However, PNP corruption is

exacerbated by Philippine law, which gives local officials control over the appointment

and dismissal of local PNP commanders, encouraging corrupt city mayors to make

common cause with dishonest police commanders. Observers compare the PNP to

police forces in Al Capone’s Chicago or 1940’s "L.A. Confidential" Los Angeles.

According to Transparency International's "2004 Global Corruption Barometer", the PNP

was the most corrupt national institution in the Philippines. But in 2006, it acknowledged

that the PNP had taken "positive steps" to rectify the situation such as recruiting civilian

officials and implementing sanctions such as dismissal and imprisonment for corrupt

officers.

Apart from corruption, many cops undertake investigative short cuts that often

employ physical abuse, the planting of evidence, and sometimes -- allegedly under

guidance from local elected officials -- the extra-judicial killing of criminal suspects. The

PNP suffers from a potent combination of malfeasance (misconduct or wrongdoing) and

misfeasance (improper and unlawful execution of an act that in itself is lawful and proper)

within an institutional culture of poor management. The results permit not only corruption

but also a level of incompetence that is often indistinguishable from corruption. Individual

PNP members are courageous, but especially at junior levels tempted by the

opportunities (and, given the poverty-level wages, the virtual necessity) to "learn how to

earn" from corrupt officers in the field.

The purpose of this study is to reveal what are the causes of corruption and the

factors that create opportunities for corruption that is committed by commissioned and

non-commissioned police officers that affects the economic development in Bacolod City

in order for us to fight against the existing corruption in the said community.

Theoretical Framework
 This study is anchored on the corruption committed by police officers and how

are we going to counter these problems in the organization. Police Corruption is the

misuse of police authority for personal gain. Examples include extortion (for example,

demanding money for not writing or issuing traffic violation tickets) and bribery (for

example, accepting money in exchange for not enforcing the law). Our study is based

on some theories that involves misconduct that leads them to the act of corruption.

The "Rotten Apple" Theory, states that deviant police officers are those who

psychological testing fails to screen out. This concept is favored by police administrators

because it offers a quick and easy solution to police deviant behavior. However, there is

a growing body of literature that suggests that it is the stressful occupation that is policing

that is the fertile soil from which police deviant behavior springs otherwise known as the

"Rotten Barrel" Theory. This article shall explore police deviant behavior from the

perspective that it is the "Rotten Barrel" that leads to police deviant behavior.

According to the Rotten Apple Theory, corruption is the work of a few, dishonest,

immoral police officers. Experts dismiss this theory because it fails to explain why so

many corrupt police officers become concentrated in some police organizations but not

others. Another explanation pinpoints U. S. society’s use of the criminal law to enforce

morality. Unenforceable laws governing moral standards promote corruption because

they provide criminal organizations with a financial interest in undermining law

enforcement. Narcotic corruption, for example, is an inevitable consequence of

enforcement. Providers of these illegal goods and service use part of their profits bribe

the police in order to ensure the continuation of criminal enterprises.

 The Social Structure-Social Learning Theory (SSSL), states that police practices

are largely influenced by policing environments – both within and outside the police

service (Crank, 2014). Also, due to occupational stress, public isolation etc. the police

personnel are somehow detached from civil relationships (Gutshall, et al., 2017), and

often enforce a collectivist police culture i.e. the code of silence. This make them relatively

“unwilling to report unethical behavior by colleagues unless there is some sort of

acquisitive motive or outcome predicted” (Westmarland, 2006). As such, police deviance

should be understood more as products of organization culture and less as mere deviant

actions (Newham & Faull, 2011). This organizational culture creates corrupt police

practices and sustains deviance through code of silence. Similarly, “cultural tolerance to

corruption at the societal levels filters to the policing institution which has bred tolerance

of corruption within the agency” (Sookoo, 2015). Thus, organizational culture and societal

structures influence dimensions of police misconduct. Albeit with a bit of theoretical

extension, the SSSL theory, suits attempts to explain this state of affairs within

institutional and societal contexts.

The SSSL theory stems from Social Learning Theory developed by Ronald L.

Akers, where the former is ideally an extension of the latter (Krohn, 1999). Social Learning

theory integrates operant behavior or spontaneous responses and cognitively-oriented

psychological and sociological theories as far as deviant or conforming behaviors are

concerned (Nicholson & Higgins, 2017). It is considerably a general theory that describes

learning processes involved in an individual’s history and opportunity for crime and

involve four main concepts (i.) Differential association, which lay emphasis on the social

interactions peer groups like those between kin and professional groups, authority figures,
as well as the media, etc. Such groups accordingly form the primary site of interaction as

they present intimate or personal groups vital to individual’s life both within and outside

the organizational context. These groups particularly expose an individual “to passing of

definitions and also include providing behavior model” (Nicholson & Higgins, 2017). The

greater the influence of these groups on an individual’s behavior, the higher the intensity

of embeddedness by the latter to them. As such, a criminal behavior is essentially

regarded to be more likely “when an individual differentially associates with others who

possess and share pro- delinquent attitudes and values” (ibid).

This paper aims to further built on the Rotten Apple Theory and Social Structure -

Social Leaning Theory framework that deviant police officers tend to act a behavior that

will cause corruption because it is done by few, immoral and dishonest police officers.

The SSSL theory, states that police officers are influenced by different policing

environments. Hence, it is important for the police to always assume the responsibility of

being part of a democratic society’s social welfare system wherein socioeconomic needs

of the people are addressed equitably and civil rights are respected. This study aims to

know the factors that leads the police officers to commit misconduct that leads to

corruption, what are the root causes or corruption and its impact to the members of the

Bacolod City to create a campaign to solve this problem.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study is designed using the INPUT-PROCESS-

OUTPUT model. The first box is the input of the study. It contains the specific problems

consisting of the socio-demographic profile of the respondents will include the name
(optional), age, address, civil status, number of children as well as their rank and the

indicators of corruption along law enforcement, crime prevention, and arrest as well as

the community safety. It also includes the indicators of Corruption such as Nepotism

Partisanship, Tendering, Bribery, Personal gains, Abuse of position and Kickbacks. In the

same box includes the top source of corruption of police officers in Bacolod City in terms

of Procurements, Fixed Cases, City Allowance and Bribery. The perceived solutions and

recommendations to transform the image of PNP in Bacolod City.

On the other hand, the second box represents the process which includes the

descriptive research design, qualitative and quantitative research method, survey

questionnaire and, documentary analysis, collection and tabulation of data and the

statistical treatment of gathered data.

The third box is the output of the research which presented the outcome of the

study that contains the perceived solutions and recommendations to transform the image

of PNP in Bacolod City.

 Input Process Output
1. The Socio-Demographic Use of descriptive research Proposed solutions and
Profile of the respondents in design recommendations to
terms of the following: Qualitative and Quantitative transform the image of PNP
a. Name (Optional) Research method in Bacolod City
b. Age Survey questionnaire and
c. Address documentary analysis
d. Civil Status Collection and tabulation of
e. Number of Children data
f. Occupation Statistical Treatment of
2. the indicators of Corruption: gathered data
a. Nepotism
b. Partisanship
c. Tendering
d. Bribery
e. Personal gains
f. Abuse of position
g. Kickbacks
3. are the top source of
corruption of police officers in
Bacolod City in terms of:
a. Procurements
b. Fixed Cases
c. City Allowance
d. Bribery

Figure 1. Research Paradigm



Statement of the Problem

This study intends to ascertain the perception of people of Bacolod about the impact

of anti-graft and corruption campaign in Bacolod City.

Especially, the study concentrated on the following specific questions:

1. What are the Socio-Demographic Profile of the respondents in terms of the following:
a. Name (Optional)
b. Age
c. Address
d. Civil Status
e. Number of Children
f. Occupation
2. What are the indicators of Corruption:
a. Nepotism
b. Partisanship
c. Tendering
d. Bribery
e. Personal gains
f. Abuse of position
g. Kickbacks
3. What are the top source of corruption of police officers in Bacolod City in terms of:
a. Procurements
b. Fixed Cases
c. City Allowance
d. Bribery
4. What are the perceived solutions and recommendations to transform the image of PNP
in Bacolod City?

Hypothesis

The ultimate aim of this study is to improve the police force in the Philippine

National Police anti-graft and corruption campaign by providing it with accurate and up

to date empirical data on its current situation. It is comprised of three subordinate

investigations.

There is no significant difference in documentation on the level and the forms of

police corruption in Bacolod City where the examination in detail of the crucial area of

corruption in the Philippine National Police.

There is no significant difference in analyzing in detail the procedures involved in

corrupt activities within Bacolod City and documentation the social institutions that have

evolved to permit corruption to take place in the area.

To apply the results to develop external mechanism to minimize police corruption

in the Philippine National Police where strategies is not significantly related that is used

in different countries that is reviewed in light of different anti-corruption models used.

Significance of the Study

The study will cover the impact of anti-graft and corruption campaign in Bacolod

City. This study is expected to be used for making plans, programs, to find out the causes

of the existing problem and for the attainment of its goal which is to find out the impact or
the effects of corruption committed by the police officers in the said City. The PNP serves

as the protector of the people to enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain

peace and order and ensure public safety and internal security with the active support of

the community. It is therefore important that their performance is responsive to the needs

of the general public and their misconduct that leads to corruption must be suppressed.

This study hopes to find out the causes and effects of police corruption that will

serve as a basis for further reforms within the PNP organization. It is important that

awareness to the impact of police corruption be discerned to assess the effectiveness

and responsiveness of police officers to lead it to the ultimate goal of cascading the

transformation in relationship to the community.

Moreover, the study hopes the organization will be well-informed of the public’s

perception and situation of the Bacolod City due to police corruption and other misconduct

committed by police officers.

Further, this study is considered beneficial to the ff:

Philippine National Police. This will provide the opportunity to improve its past

and current image by becoming a more God-fearing and service – oriented institution.

This will also provide the PNP the opportunity to eliminate the root cause of corruption

inside the organization and adopt measures to improve its interpersonal relations with the

varied stakeholders, their anti – crime activities and public safety responsibilities. The

findings of this study may help PNP in designing a programs to establish a better office;

to create rules and regulations to be implemented in order to build discipline among the

subordinates; and to allocate financial and natural resources to each and every

departments and units whether operational or administrative of the organization.

 The PNP TOP Officials. This study will give the officers the baseline that would

be an eye-opener that the existing police corruption has a big impact in the performance

of the PNP organization. They will therefore have a basis for improvement and to find

solutions and recommendations to eradicate the corruption.

Law Enforcers. This study will help the Law enforcement to enhance their role

and functions by achieving peace and order because they are strictly implementing the

laws and ordinances and avoid any forms of corruption such as bribery. This study will

also provide suggestions that will help them to their responsibility to achieve their goals

and objectives.

The City of Bacolod. This study aims to help the Bacolod City in general. The

ultimate goal of this study is to come up with a solution on the corruption of police officers

to improve their performance in dealing with the crimes, issues in the office, and their

relationship among the members of the said City.

The Government Units and Other Agencies. The results of this study may

prompt them to give the PNP their utmost support. This will create a strong bond among

other agencies to change the image and credibility of the PNP organization. The data

extracted by this study will be able to provide them with the PNP’s best practices worthy

of praise and commendation.

Filipino Citizens. This will also be benefited by the study for them to be aware on

the existing police corruption and its impact to the community and how it can affect the

performance of the PNP.

Criminology students. The result of this investigation may encourage other

enthusiasts to study about peace and order. This would furnish those pertinent data that
serve as a reference material. This study would give them insights as to the impact of

police corruption to the community.

Future Researchers. The study would serve as a reference material for those

students who would like to conduct similar or related study.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The study will focus on the impact of anti-graft and corruption campaign in Bacolod

City. The study will only limit to Bacolod City Police Office and the residents of Bacolod

City and will not include any other police stations in other cities.

The study will cover some Police officers in the Bacolod City Police Office and

some citizens in the City of Bacolod..

On the other hand, the study covers the Socio-Demographic Profile of the

respondents and will analyze in terms of their name (optional), age, address, civil status,

no. of children, and rank.

The study will also identify the indicators of their performance along law

enforcement, deviant behaviors of police officers, and the allocation of finances and

resources inside the police office.

Likewise, the study will also determine the causes and effects of police corruption,

perceived solutions and recommendations and the sociological implications and findings

of the study.

However, the researchers will only consider those respondents with sufficient data

and those who positively cooperate in the survey.

Definition of Terms

Campaign. a series of operations intended to achieve a particular objective,

confined to a particular area, or involving a specified type of fighting.

Corruption. is a form of dishonesty or criminal activity undertaken by a person or

organization entrusted with a position of authority, often to acquire illicit benefit, or,

abuse of entrusted power for one's private gain.

Graft. a form of political corruption, being the unscrupulous use of a politicia’s

authority for personal gain.

Philippine National Police. It is an agency under the Department of Interior and

Local Government; This was created under Republic Act No. 6075.

Crime. A violation of the law. It is form of incident against public order, which may

create fear and disorder among men and society.

Cop. a police officer.

Crisis. a time when a difficult or important decision must be made.