CHAPTER 6 Buoyancy and Flotation 61 62 63 64 65 108 A stone weighs 105 b in air. When submerged in water, it weighs 67.0 Ib. Find the volume and specific gravity of the stone. ' Buoyant force (F,) = weight of water displaced by stone (W) = 105 - 67.0=38.01b W=yW=624v 380=624V V=0.609it sg, = Weight of stone in at ‘weight of equal volume of wate A piece of irregularly shaped metal weighs 300.0N in air. When the metal is completely submerged in water, it weighs 232.5 N. Find the volume of the metal. ' B=W — 300.0-232.5=[(9.79)(1000)(V) _ V = 0.00689 m? A cube of timber 1.25 ft on each side floats in water as shown in Fig. 6-1. The specific gravity of the timber is. 0.60. Find the submerged depth of the cube. ' F=W — 62.4{(1.25)(1.25)(D)] = [(0.60)(62.4)][(1.25)(1.25)(1.25)] D = 0.7508 Fig. 61 Determine the magnitude and direction of the force necessary to hold a concrete cube, 0.300m on each side, in equilibrium and completely submerged (a) in mercury (Hg) and (b) in water. Use 8.2. csuqwe = 2.40. FT @) Since s.g.1, = 13.6 and 5.8.coocere = 2.40, itis evident that the concrete will float in mercury. Therefore, a force F acting downward will be required to hold the concrete in equilibrium and completely submerged in mercury. The forces acting on the concrete are shown in Fig. 6-24, where Fis the force required to hold the concrete cube in equilibrium and completely submerged, W is the weight of the concrete cube in air, and F, is the buoyant force. I) B =0, F + W~ F=0, F + {(2.40)(9.79)]{(0.300)(0.300)(0.300)] — {(43.6)(9.79)]{(0.300)(0.300)(0.300) .96 KN (downward). (b) Since $.2.coxsete = 2.40, it will sink in water. Therefore, a force F acting upward will be required to hold the concrete in equilibrium and completely submerged in water. The forces acting on the concrete in this case are shown in Fig. 6-2. F, = 0, W — F ~F, =, {(2.40)(9.79)]{(0.300)(0.300)(0.300)] — F — 9.79{(0.300)(0.300)(0.300)] = 0, F = 0.370 kN (upward). A concrete cube 10.0 in on each side is to be held in equilibrium under water by attaching a lightweight foam buoy to it, as shown in Fig. 6-3. (In theory, the attached foam buoy and concrete cube, when placed under water, will neither rise nor sink.) If the specific weight of concrete and foam are 150 Ib/ft? and 5.0 Ib/ft?, respectively, what minimum volume of foam is required?66 68 BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 1 109 os Fig. 6-2(a) |, Fig. 6-2(b) IF The forces acting in this problem are shown in Fig. 6-3, where W, and W, are the respective weights of the foam and the concrete, and Fy, and F,. are the respective buoyant forces on the foam and the concrete. 5) F, = 0, fy + We — Fac = 0, 5.0Vicum ~ 62.4Vioum + 150{(#8)(12)(48)] ~ 62-4{(18)(48)(19)] = 0, Vieum = 0.883 f°, Wire / Wire Concrete Concrete cube 10.0 in on each side: | fl Fig. 6-3 A barge is loaded with 150 tons of coal. The weight of the empty barge in air is 35 tons. If the barge is 18 ft wide, 52 t long, and 9 ft high, what is its draft (ie., its depth below the water surface)? ' F=W — 62.4{(18)(52)(D)] = (150 + 35)(2000) D=6.33 ft Determine the submerged depth of a cube of stee! 0.30 m on each side floating in mercury. The specific gravities of steel and mercury are 7.8 and 13.6, respectively. ' K=W_ — [(13.6)(9.79)]{(0.3)(0.3)(D)] = [(7.8)(9.79)]1(0.3)(0.3)(0.3)]_ D = 0.172 m. A cube of wood (s.g. = 0.60) has 9-in sides. Compute the magnitude and direction of the force F required to hold the wood completely submerged in water. I Since s.g...04 = 0.60, it is evident that the wood will float in water. Therefore, a force F acting downward will ‘be required to hold the wood in equilibrium and completely submerged. The forces acting on the wood are essentially the same as those shown acting on the concrete cube in Fig. 6-2a: E , =0, F+W -F,=0, F + [(0.60)(62.4)][(2)(8)(8)] — 62.4(()(2)(2)] = 0, F = 10.5 1b (downward).110 69 6.10 6.1L 6.12 6.13 6.14 0 CHAPTER 6 A hollow cube 1.0m on each side weighs 2.4 KN. The cube is tied to a solid concrete block weighing 10.0 kN. Will these two objects tied together float or sink in water? The specific gravity of the concrete is 2.40. I Let W = weight of hollow cube plus solid concrete block, (F,), = buoyant force on hollow cube, and juoyant force on solid concrete block. W =2.4+ 10.0 = 12.4KN, (F): =9.79{(1)(1)(1)] = 9.79 KN, 10/{(2.40)(9.79)] = 0.4256 m®, (F,)2 = (9.79)(0.4256) = 4.17 KN, (Fi): + (Fe) .79 + 4.17 = 13.96 KN. i): + (F,)2= 13.96 KN], the two objects tied together will float in water. A concrete cube 0.5m on each side is to be held in equilibrium under water by attaching a light foam buoy to it. What minimum volume of foam is required? The specific weights of concrete and foam are 23.58 kN/m? and 0.79 KN/m’, respectively. I Let W, = weight of foam in air, (F,), = buoyant force on foam, W, = weight of concrete in air, and (&). = buoyant force on concrete. 5} F, =0, W; — (Fy); + W. — (F)e = 0, 0.79Veam ~ 9-79V ica + 23.58{(0.5)(0.5)(0.5)] — 9.79{(0.5)(0.5)(0.5)] = 0, Vioeq = 0-192 m°. A prismatic object 8 in thick by 8 in wide by 16:n long is weighed in water at a depth of 20 in and found to weigh 11.0 1b. What is its weight in air and its specific gravity? I The forces acting on the object are shown in Fig. 6-4. EF, =0, T+ -W water = 62.4{(8)(8)(16)/1728] = 37.0 1b, 11.0 + 37.0- W =0, W =48.01b, s. ), F, = weight of displaced = 48.0/37. 30. r=10 tb Fig. 6-4 ‘A hydrometer weighs 0.00485 Ib and has a stem at the upper end which is cylindrical and 0.1100 in in diameter. How much deeper will it float in oil of s.g. 0.780 than in alcohol of s.g. 0.821? TD Woyaromeser ™ Waipuces igus» For position 1 in Fig. 6-5 in the alcohol, 0.00485 = [(0.821)(62.4)](V;), V, = 0.0000947 ft’ (in alcohol). For position 2 in Fig. 6-5 in the oil, 0.00485 = [(0.780)(62.4)][0.0000947 + (h)()(0.1100/12)"/4], h = 0.0750 ft, or 0.900 in. i spr agzorm Fig. 6S A piece of wood of s.g. 0.651 is 3 in square and 5 ft long. How many pounds of lead wei fastened at one end of the stick so that it will float upright with 1 ft out of water? ' Wont woaieas = Wespaces wer [(0.651)(62.4)]1(5)(i3)()] + 700V = 62.4[(5 — 1)(3)(8) + V] V-=0.00456 f° Wisaa= (0.00456)(700) = 3.19 Ib ‘What fraction of the volume of a solid piece of metal of s.g. 7.25 floats above the surface of a container of ‘mercury? I Let V =volume of the metal and V’ = volume of mercury displaced. F, = W, [(13.6)(62.4)|(V’) = [(7.25)(62.4)|(V), V’/V = 0.533. Fraction of volume above mercury645 6.16 647 6.8 619 BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION J 111 ‘A rectangular open box 25 ft by 10 t in plan and 12 ft deep weighs 40 tons and is launched in fresh water. (a) How deep will it sink? (6) If the water is 12 ft deep, what weight of stone placed in the box will cause it to rest on the bottom? ! R=W @ 62.4[(25)(10)(D)] = (40)(2000)D ©) 62.4{(25)(10)(12)] = (40 + Wesone)(2000) Warone = 53.6 tons A block of wood floats in water with 2.0 in projecting above the water surface. When placed in glycerin of 5.g. 1.35, the block projects 3.0 in above the liquid surface. Determine the specific gravity of the wood. H Let A=area ofblock and h= height of block. Wena =[(6-8-)(62.4)|(Ah/12), Wangices wer = 62.4[(A)(~2)/12}, Wesepiaced givcerin = [(1.35)(62.4)][(A)(A — 3)/12]. Since the weight of each displaced liquid equals the weight Of the Block, Waspicatwatr = Wasptaces green: 62.4{(A)(h ~ 2)/12] = [(1.35)(62.4)][(A)(A — 3)/12], f= 5.86 in. ‘Als, Woo = Waspacessatr [(5-8,)(62.4)}{(A)(5.86/12)] = 62.4{(A)(5.86 - 2)/12}, s.g, = 0.659. To what depth will an 8-f-diameter log 15 ft long and of s.g. 0.425 sink in fresh water? I The logiis sketched in Fig. 6-6 with center O of the log above the water surface because the specific gravity is less than 0.5. (Had the specific gravity been equal to 0.5, the log would be half submerged.) F, = W, F, = weight of displaced liquid = 62.4 {(15){(20/360)(2r4") ~ (2)()(4 sin )(4 cos 6)]} = 261.40 — (14 976)(sin @)(cos 8), W = [(0.425)(62.4)][(15)(74°) = 19.996. 261.40 — (14976)(sin 6)(cos 8) = 19 996 This equation can be solved by successive trials. Try = 85": (261.4)(85) — (14 976)(sin 85°)(cos 85°) = 20919 (#19 996) Try 0=83°: (261.4)(83) — (14 976)(sin 83°)(cos 83°) = 19885 (#19996) Try = 83.2": (261.4)(83.2) — (14 976)(sin 83.2°)(cos 83.2°)= 19988 (#19996) 83.22%: (261.4)(83.22) — (14 976)( sin 83.22°)(c0s 83.22" Depth of flotation = DC = OC - OD = Try 19998 (close enough) |.00 — 4,00 cos 83.22° = 3.53 ft (a) Neglecting the thickness of the tank walls in Fig. 6-7a, if the tank floats in the position shown what is its ‘weight? (b) If the tank is held so that the top is 10 ft below the water surface, as shown in Fig. 6-76, what is the force on the inside top of the tank? Use an atmospheric pressure equivalent to a 34.0-ft head of water. '@ Worn = Wosapinces igus = 62.4{(1)(147/4)] = 784 Ib (b) ‘The space occupied by the air will be less at the new depth shown in Fig. 6-7b. Assuming that the ‘temperature of the air is constant, then for positions a and 6, p,Va = ppVn, [62.4(34.0 + 1)][(4)(sr4"/4)] = [(62.4)(34.0 + 10+ y)]I(v)(a4?/4)], y2-+ 44.0y — 140 =0, y = 2.98 ft. The pressure at D is 10 +2.98, or 12.98 ft of water (gage), which is essentially the same «s the pressure on the inside top of the cylinder. Hence, the force on the inside top of the cylinder is given by F = yhA = (62.4)(12.98)(x47/4) = 10 180 Ib. A ship, with vertical sides near the water line, weighs 4000 tons and draws 22 ft in salt water (y = 64.0 Ib/ft’)(see Fig. 6-8). Discharge of 200 tons of water ballast decreases the draft to 21 ft. What would be the draft d of the ship in fresh water?112 0 CHAPTER 6 6.20 621 Jamteter be + Be lets vs tee | an [a | 4 ae Fig. 6-7(2) Fig. 6-7(6) I Because the shape of the underwater section of the ship is not known, it is best to solve this problem on the basis of volumes displaced. A 1-ft decrease in draft was caused by a reduction in weight of 200 tons, or ‘Vz = 64.0[(1)(A)] = (200)(2000) where V, represents the volume between drafts 22 ft and 21 ft, and [(1)(4)] Tepresents the water-line area times 1 ft, or the same volume V,. From the equation above, Vz (200)(2000)/64.0 = 6250 f* (this is per foot depth), F, = weight of displaced liquid = Vj, Vz = F,/y. In Fig. 68, the vertically crosshatched volume is the difference in displaced fresh water and salt water. This difference in volume can be expressed a8 W/ Ya 110 ~ W/Yua,0» OF (4000 — 200)(2000)/62..4 — (4000 — 200)(2000)/64.0. Since V, = 6250 ft'/ft depth, the vertically crosshatched volume can also be expressed as 6250y. Hence, {6250y = (4000 — 200)(2000)/62.4 — (4000 — 200)(2000)/64.0, y = 0.49 ft; d = 21 + 0.49 = 21.49 ft. afta 92 tt ZL nee A barrel containing water weighs 283.5 Ib. What will be the reading on the scales if a 2in by 2in piece of wood is held vertically in the water to a depth of 2.0 ft? I For every acting force, there must be an equal and opposite reacting force. The buoyant force exerted by the water upward against the bottom of the piece of wood is opposed by the 2 in by 2 in area of wood acting downward on the water with equal magnitude. This force will measure the increase in scale reading. = 62.4{(2)(4)(&)] = 3.5 lb, new scale reading = 283.5 + 3.5 = 287.0 Ib. Find the weight of the floating can in Fig. 6-9. t R=W 9.79 (ts)(")Gb)/4]=W W=0.00344kN or 3.44N623 6.26 627 BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION J 113 ‘The weight of a certain crown in air was found to be 14.0N and its weight in water, 12.7N. Was it gold (6g. = 19.3)? ' F=14.0-127=1.3N —— Vesgtaceasig0 = Vewown = 1.3/[(9.79)(1000)] = 0.0001328 m? Yerown ™ 14.0/0,0001328 = 105 422.N/m? or 105.4KN/m? —5.8.comq = 105.4/9.79 = 10.77 ‘Thus the crown was not pure gold. Repeat Prob. 6.22 assuming the crown is an alloy of gold (s. measured weights, compute the fraction of silver in the crown. HF From Prob. 6.22, 6.8.croms = 10.77. Let a= fraction of silver in crown. («)(10.5) + (1 - @)(19.3) = 10.77, 10.5a + 19.3 19.3 = 10.77, « = 0.969. 19.3) and silver (s.g. = 10.5). For the same A plastic sphere is immersed in sea water (y = 64.0 1b/ft°) and moored at the bottom. The sphere radius is 15 in. ‘The mooring line has a tension of 1601b. What is the specific weight of the sphere? Hl The mooring line tension (T) and sphere weight (W) act downward on the sphere, while the buoyant force eer eee EB = 0; By ~T~ W = 0, 64.0[(3)(2)(48)"] ~ 160 — (Yepmered[($)(IEEY1 = 01 Yaprere = If the total weight of the hydrometer in Fig. 6-10 is 0.035 Ib and the stem diameter is 0.35 in, compute the elevation h for a fluid of specific gravity 1.4 I Let AV = submerged volume between s.g. = 1 and s.g. = 1.4, Vy= submerged total volume when s.g. = 1.0, {y= specific weight of pure water, and W = weight of hydrometer. W = yVs=(5.g.)(y)(Yo— AV) = (.8.)7)(¥e) ~ (-B.)QMAV). Since (y)(Vo) = W and AV = hA = h(zxd?/4), W = (6.8.9) — (s.g-)(y)[(a)(ed?/4)], 0.035 = (1.4)(0.035) — (1.4)(62.4)[(h)(x)(0.35/12)/4], A = 0.240 ft, o 2.88 in. Fig. 6-10 For the hydrometer of Fig. 6-10, derive a formula for float position h as a function of s.g., W, d, and the specific ‘weight y of pure water. Are the scale markings linear or nonlinear as a function of s.g.? I From Prob. 6.25, W = (s.g.)(W) —(s.8.)(y)1(h)(ad?/4)]. (s.g.)(W)-W_ _ _(W)(s.g. = 1) (Sg (y)(rd?/4) (5.8.)(y)(a"/4) ‘When plotted in Fig. 6-11 (in arbitrary units), itis stightly nonlinear. A hydrometer weighs of 0.17N and has a stem diameter of 11 mm, What isthe distance between scale markings for s.g. = 1.0 and s.g. = 1.1? Between 1.1 and 1.2? Ff Let h, = distance between markings for s.g. = 1.0 and s.g. = 1.1 and h, = distance between scale markings fors.g. = 1.1 and s.g. = 1.2. From Prob. 6.26, (WY68--). . (1nG.1- . A Carney “THOT GOoERo.ny 7a OE ™ oF 16.6 0.17(1.2-1) hith= =0.0305m or 30.5mm 1.26.79) (4000)][(#)(0.011)°74] hy = 30.5 - 16.6 = 13.9 mm114 6.28 6.29 630 631 0 CHAPTER 6 +2 r + ae a ° -l g OF 09 bo wl bd Sage Fig. 6-11 ‘A square pole (5.g. = 0.68), 80 mm by 80 mm by 6 m long, is suspended by a wire so that 4 m is submerged in water and 2.m is above the surface. What is the tension in the wire? I Tension (7) and buoyant force (F,) act upward on the pole, while pole weight (W) acts downward. EF, = 0; T +B, — W =0, T +9.79{(0.080)(0.080)(4)] — {(0.68)(9.79)}[(0.080)(0.080)(6)] = 0, T= 0.00501 kN, or 5.01. ‘The spar in Fig. 6-12 is wood (s.g. = 0.62), 2 in by 2in by 10 ft, and floats in sea water (s.g. = 1.025). How many pounds of steel (s.g. = 7.85) should be attached to the bottom to make a buoy that floats with exactly h = 1.5ft of the spar exposed? 1 Vogue = (B)(B)(10) = 0.278 £8? Visemersea = (B)(B)(8.5) = 0.2361 ft? Veet Waci/{(7-85)(62.4)] = 0.002041Waeer Fs = Wroca + Went {[(4.025)(62.4)](0.2361 + 0.002041 Wax!) = [(0.62)(62.4)](0.2778) + Wer Wueer= 5.01 Ib Moc Fig. 612 A right circular cone is 50 mm in radius and 170 mm high and weighs 1.5 in air. How much force is required to push this cone vertex-downward into ethanol so that its base is exactly at the surface? How much additional force will push the base 6.5mm below the surface? I Downward force (F) and cone weight (W) act downward on the cone, while buoyant force (F5) acts upward. LB =0; F, - F — W =0, {(0.79)(9.79)(1000)}{(7x)(0.050)"(0.170)/3] - F ~ 1.5 =0, F =1.94N. Once the cone is fully submerged, Fis constant at 1.94N. ‘A 2:in by 2-in by 10-ft spar has 7 Ib of steel weight attached (Fig. 6-12); the buoy has lodged against a rock 7 ft deep, as depicted in Fig. 6-13. Compute the angle @ at which the buoy will lean, assunfing the rock exerts no ‘moment on the buoy. From Prob. 6.29, Vip: = 0.2778 f°. Waco = [(0.62)(62.4)|(0.2778) = 10.75 Ib and F, = 62.42 AML) = 1.733L. Weoos acts downward at a distance of 5 sin @ to the right of A, and F, acts upward at a distance of (L/2)(sin 6) to the right of A; while the steel force passes through point A. Hence, , M4 = 0, 10.75(5 sin 8) — (1.733L)[(L/2)(sin @)| = 0, L = 7.876 ft; cos @ = 7/L = 7/7.876 = 0.88878, @ = 27.3°. ‘The submerged brick in Fig. 6-14 is balanced by a 2.54-kg mass on the beam scale. What is the specific weight of the brick, if it displaces 2.197 liters of water?633 64 BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION J 115 (39.20.62) Seawater bsin@ Fig. 613 HF =mg = (2.54)(9.81) = 24.92N. Upward force (F) and buoyant force (F,) act upward on the brick, while its weight (W) acts downward. FF, = 0; F, + F — W =, [(9.79)(1000)|(2.197 x 10) + 24.92—W =0, W= 46.43 N; y = 46.43/(2.197 x 10°*) = 21 133 N/m’, or 21.13 KN/m’. Fig. 6-14 ‘The balloon in Fig. 6-15 is filled with helium pressurized to 111 kPa. Compute the tension in the mooring line. Hy =pIRTs yac = ((101)(1000)}/[(29.3)(273 + 20)] = 11.76 N/m’, yoxe = [(111)(1000)]/{(212.0)(273 + 20)] = 1.787 N/m?. Weight of helium (W) and tension in mooring line (T) act downward on the balloon, while buoyant force (F,) acts upward. 5) F, = 0; Fy — W — T =0, 11.76{(3)(")(8)") — 1.78714") GY] — T = 0, T = 3807N. Air at 101kPa and 20°C La Fig. 6-15 A 1.1-ft-diameter hollow sphere is made of steel (s.g. = 7.85) with 0.015-ft wall thickness. How deep will the sphere sink in water (i.e, find h in Fig. 6-16)? How much weight must be added inside to make the sphere neutrally buoyant? ' B= W = weight of displaced water = y{(x/3)(h)*Gr — h)] = 62.4 {(2¢/3)(A°)[(3)("2) — h)]} = 107.8h? — 65.354" W = (Yuce)(Vazet) Yuet (7-85)(62.4) = 489.8 1b/f° Vaca = (3)(#)('2) — ($)(ae){[1.1 ~ (2)(0.01500)]/2}° = 0.05548 f° W = (489.8)(0.05548)=27.17 1b 107.8h? ~ 65.35h? = 27.17116 0 CHAPTER 6 6.35 637 6.38 ‘Two roots of this equation are complex. The other, obtained by trial and error, is h = 0.643 ft. For neutral buoyancy, the total weight of the sphere plus added weight must equal the weight of water displaced by the entire sphere. Hence, 27.17 + Wassea = 62.4{(3)(2)(#)"], Waases = 16.32 Ib. idt4 ft Steel t=0.015ft Ep Fresr-h) pe 616 Submerged volume = ‘When a 6-1b weight is placed on the end of a floating 5-in by 5-in by 10-ft wooden beam, the beam tilts at 1.6° with the weight at the surface, as shown in Fig. 6-17. What is the specific weight of the wood? ' tanL.O=h/10 hk =0.2793 8 Veeoos = (15) G)(10) = 1.736 f° B= W = 62.4[1.736 ~ (3)(0.2793)(34)(10)] = 72.02 1b W = (YeoeiM(1.736) +6 72.02 = (Yruos)(1-736) +6 Yoo = 38.0 1b/fE° 1. 6Ib _ inged at A, as shown in Fig. 6-18. At what angle 6 will the beam float in water? I The forces acting on the beam are shown in Fig. 6-18. Woean = [(0.64)(9.79)]{(0.140)(0.140)(5)] = 0.6140 kN and F, = 9.79{(0.140)(0.140)(L)] = 0.1919L. © M4 = 0; (0.1919L)[(5 — L/2)(cos @)] — (0.6140){(3)(cos 8)} = 0, =0.0960L? + 0.9595 ~ 1.535 = 0, L = 2.000 m; sin @ = 1/(5 — 2.000) = 0.33333, 8 = 19.5°, Fig. 6-18 ‘A barge weighs 45 tons empty and is 18 ft wide, 45 ft long, and 9 ft high. What will be its draft when loaded with 125 tons of gravel and floating in sea water (s.g. = 1.025)? ' F=W — ((1.025)(62.4)][(18)(45)(4)] = (45 + 125)(2000) A = 6.56 ft A block of steel (s.g. = 7.85) will “float” at a mercury-water interface as in Fig. 6-19. What will be the ratio of, distances a and b for this condition? I Let w = width of block and L = length of block. F, = W, (Yuzo)(aLw) + (13.6)(Ys0(bLw) = (7.85)(Ysx,0)(a + b\(Lw), a + 13.65 = 7.85a + 7.85b, a/b = 0.839.640 641 642 BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION J 117 a aa Zick 7A 6 Mercury Fig. 6-19 ‘A balloon weighing 3.2 Ibis 5.5 ft in diameter. Upon release itis filled with hydrogen at 17 psia and 65°F. At what altitude in the standard atmosphere will this balloon be neutrally buoyant? ' R=W — y=pIRT y= (17)(44)/[(165.5)(460-+ 65)] = 0.006081 Ib/ee Cras DCH T=3.2-+ (0.006091) DEET Yar 0.04282 15/80 From Table A-7, altitude = approximately 18 600 ft. A rectangular barge 18 ft wide by 46 ft long by 9 ft deep floats empty with a draft of 4 ft in a canal lock 28 ft wide by 56 ft long and water depth 7 ft when the empty barge is present. If 170 000 Ib of steel is loaded onto the barge, what are the new draft of the barge (/t) and water depth in the lock (H)? I The weight of the barge (W,) is equal to the buoyant force when the draft is 4 ft. W,, = 62.4{(18)(46)(4)] 206 669 Ib; , = W, 62.4{(18)(46)(h)] = 206 669 + 170.000, h = 7.290 ft. Volume of water in lock = (7)(28)(56) — (4)(18)(46) = 7664 f°. After steel is added, (£1)(28)(56) — (7.290)(18)(46) = 7664, H = 8.74 ft. A 4in-diameter solid cylinder of height 3.75 in weighing 0.85 Ib is immersed in liquid (y = 52.0 1b/ft?) contained in a tall, upright metal cylinder having a diameter of 5 in. Before immersion the liquid was 3.0 in deep. At what level wall the solid cylinder float? See Fig. 6-20. I Let x = distance solid cylinder falls below original liquid surface, y = distance liquid rises above original liquid surface, and x + y = depth of submergence. V. = Vo, x{(2)(4)*/4] = yI()(5)"/4] ~ yl()(4)/4], x= 0.5625y. F, = W, 52.0[(2)(i8)"/4][(x + y)/12] = 0.85, x + y =2.248, 0.5625y + y = 2.248, y = 1.44in, x = (0.5625)(1.44) = 0.81 in. The bottom of the solid cylinder will be 3.00.81, or 2.19 in above the bottom of the hollow cylinder. | aga {| Fig. 6-20 ‘An iceberg in the ocean floats with one-seventh of its volume above the surface. What is its specific gravity relative to ocean water? What portion of its volume would be above the surface if ice were floating in pure water? Yocean 1,0 = 64.0 Ib/ft’. ~ ! (cree atmeret = (1~ 3) Venere = 0-857 Vices W_— (Yoceun130)(Viceber)sutmerses = (Yicebere)(Vierers) Yee Yo, 0= Vinten! Venere 00.857 V cee! Vexners=0.857 (relative to ocean water) Yeaber = (0.857)(64.0) = 54.85 Ib/ft? _S.Brsanere = 54.85/62.4 = 0.879 (relative to pure water) ‘Therefore, 1 ~ 0.879 =: ).121, oF 12.1 percent of its volume would be above the water surface in pure water. A hydrometer consists of an 11-mm-diameter cylinder of length 220 mm attached to a 26-mm-diameter weighted sphere. The cylinder has a mass of 1.5 g, and the mass of the sphere is 13.0 g. At what level will this device float118 0 CHAPTER 6 645 647 6.9 in liquids having specific gravities of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2? Is the scale spacing on the cylindrical stem uniform? Why or why not? I Let y = submerged length of cylinder in millimeters. Veynere = (4)(28)()° = 9203 mm?, Vismerged cjinder = (BY? = 95.03y, F = W = (s.g.)[(9-79)(1000)/1000°](9203 + 95.03y) = (0.09010)(s.g.) + (0.0009303)(s.g.)(y), W = mg = (1.5 + 13.0)(9.81) = 142.2.g- m/s", or 0.1422, (0.09010)(8.g.) + (0.0009303)(s.g.)(y) = 0.1422, y = [0.1422 — (0.09010)(s.g.)}/1(0.0009303)(s.g.)} Fors.g.=08 -¥ = (0.1422 ~ (0.09010)(0.8)]/{(0.0009303)(0.8)] = 94.2 mm Fors.g.=1.0 -¥ = (0.1422 ~ (0.09010)(1. 0)]/[(0.0009303)(1.0)] = 56.0 mm For s.g.=1.2 _y = [0.1422 ~ (0,09010)(1.2)]/[(0.0009303)(1.2)] = 30.5 mm Scale spacing is not uniform because buoyant force is not directly proportional to submergence. A typewriter weighs 6 Ib in water and 8 Ib in oil of specific gravity 0.86. Find its specific weight. I F=W, 62.4V = W —6, [(0.86)(62.4)|(V) = W — 8. Subtracting the second equation from the first gives 62.4V ~ {(0.86)(62.4)(V) = -6— (—8), V =0.229 ft; (62.4)(0.229) = W — 6, W=20.31b. y= 20.3/0.229 = 88.6 1b/ft°. A balloon weighs 270 Ib and has a volume of 14900 ft’, It is filled with helium, which weighs 0.0112 Ib/ft? at the temperature and pressure of the air, which weighs 0.0807 Ib/ft®. What load will the balloon support? F=W_ —(0.0807)(14 900) = 270 + (0.0112)(14 900) + load Load = 766 1b A small cylindrical drum 32.cm in diameter and 52.cm high, weighing 27.0N, contains perfume (s.g. = 0.83) toa depth of 22.cm. (a) When placed in water, what will be the depth y to the bottom of the drum? (6) How much perfume can the drum hold and still float? 1@ B= W —9.79[(y)()(HB)?/4] = 27.0/1000 + [(0.83)(9.79)}{(0.22)(4)(0.32)°/4] y=0.21Tm or 21.7em (6) 9.79{(0.52)(2r)(0.32)"/4] = 27.0/1000 + [(0.83)(9.79)1{(A)()(0.32)7/4] A= 0.585m or 58.5em ‘Since h = 58.5 cm is greater than the height of the drum (52cm), the drum will float when full. Therefore, Vous = (0.52)(20)(0.32)'/4 = 0.0418 m?, or 41.8. A block (y = 124 1b/ft) 1 ft square and 9 in deep floats on a stratified liquid composed of a 7-in layer of water above a layer of mercury. (a) Determine the position of the bottom of the block. (6) If a downward vertical force of 260 Ib is applied to the center of mass of this block, what is the new position of the bottom of the block? FH @) F=W. Letx = depth into mercury below water-mercury interface. [(13.6)(62.4)][(1)(1)(x)] + 62.4{(1)(1)(2)] = (124)[(1)(1)(8)], x = 0.0667 fr, or 0.800 in. (6) In this case the top of the block will be below the water surface. Hence, {(13.6)(62.4)][(1)(1)(«)] + 62.4{(1)(1)(& — x)] = 124{(1)(1)()] + 260, x = 0.389 fr, or 467in. ‘Two spheres, each 1.3m in diameter, weigh 5 KN and 13 KN, respectively. They are connected with a short rope and placed in water. What is the tension (7) in the rope and what portion of the lighter sphere protrudes from the water? 1 I For the lower (heavier) sphere, the buoyant force and T act upward and its weight acts downward. Hence, EB =0, 5 =9.79[(8)()(1.3/2))] = 11.26KN, 11.26 + T - 1: 1.74KN. For the upper (lighter) sphere, the buoyant force acts upward and its weight and T act downward. Hence, F,~5—1.74=0, F, =6.74KN. Portion above water = (11.26 ~ 6.74)/11.26 = 0.401, or 40.1 percent of volume. A board weighing 2.2 Ib/ft and of cross-sectional area 8 in® dips into oil as shown in Fig. 6-21. If the hinge is frictionless, find 6. I The forces acting on the board are shown in Fig. 6-21. W = (2.2)(11) = 24.2 Ib; F, = (53)[(su:)(x)] = 2.944x, E Miinge = 0, (24.2)[C8)(sin 6)] ~ (2.944x){(11 — x/2)(sin @)] =0, 1.472x7 — 32.28e + 133.1 = 0; x, = 16.53 ft and651 652 633 BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION J 119 5.41 ft. Using x = 5.47 ft (since x = 16.53 ft is impossible for this situation), cos @ = 5/(11 — 5.47) = 0.90416, 25.3". Fig. 6-21 = 1.6 and upper half of s.g. = 0.7. It rests in a two-layer fluid, with lower 5.8 .8. Determine the height h of the top of the cube above the interface (see Fig. 6-22). i R=W [€1.4)(62.4)][(2.2)(2.2)(2.2 — h)] + [(0.8)(62.4)][(2.2)(2.2)()] = [1.6 (62.4)}[(2.2)(2.2)7F)] + [0.7)(62.4)112.2)2.2)47)] h=o.917 ft $.g.207 8.g.20.8 interface 4 k— tt —>| 22 me Determine the volume and density of an object that weighs 4 N in water and 5N in an alcohol of s.g. 0.80. ' B= W_ — [(9.79)(1000)](Veojecs) = Worjee 4 [(0.80)(9.79)(1000)}(Vorjacs) = Wobjeer — 5 ‘Subtracting the second equation from the first gives 9790Veuja<— 7832Vovjea = 1, Vorjex = 0.005107 m?. [(9.79)(1000)|(0.0005107) = Worjaa— 9.000 N; y= 9.000/0.0005107 = 17 623 N/m’. 1 37 Treg ~ 0.000587 mg 1796 kg/m? Y= With how many pounds of concrete (y = 25kN/m*) must a beam of volume of 0.2 m? and s.g. = 0.67 be coated to insure that it sinks in water? t W — (9.79)(0.2) + 9.79Vecneree Worse = (0.04248)(25) = 04248 m? (0.67)(9.79)|(0.2) + 25Veoncete Voonerete .062KN or 1062N or —_1062/4.448 = 239 1b The gate of Fig. 6-23 weighs 160 Ib/ft normal to the page. It is in equilibrium as shown. Neglecting the weight of the arm and brace supporting the counterweight, find W (weight in air). The weight is made of concrete, ' Fy = pha = (62.4)($)[(6)(1)] = 1123 tb Mainge W = 898 1b (1123)($) ~ (W)(S sin 30°) = 0 ‘This is the submerged weight. SW 62. 4Vecocrete = [(2-50)(62.4)](Veoncrre) — 898 Weonerte = [(2-50)(62.4)](9.594) = 1497 Ib120 6.56 0 CHAPTER 6 Fig. 6-23 ‘A wooden pole (s.g. = 0.55), 550:mm in diameter, has a concrete cylinder (s.g. = 2.50), 550 mm long and of the same diameter, attached to one end. Determine the minimum length of pole for the system to float vertically in static equilibrium. If The system will float at minimum length of wooden cylinder as shown in Fig. 6-24. F, = W, (MANE + 0.550) = [(0.55)(y)](L)(A) + [(2.50)¢7)](A)(0.550), L = 1.833 m. Z Fig. 6-24 A hydrometer weighs 0.040 N and has a stem 7mm in diameter. Compute the distance between specific gravity markings 1.0 and 1.1. Bf From Prob. 6.26, wy. (s.r \ad7/4) -1)1-79)(1000)}f 1) (0.040)(1.1 - 1) (0.0079 74 .0097 mor 9.7 mm ‘What is the weight of the loaded barge in Fig. 6-25? The barge is 7 m in width. ' R=W — 9.79{(7)[(14)(2.4) + 2)2.4)(2.4)/2]) = WW =2359KN In Fig. 6-26, a wedge of wood having specific gravity 0.66 supports a 160-Ib mermaid (not shown). The wedge is 3 ft in width. What is depth d? I The 160-Ib force and the weight of the wood (W) act downward on the wedge, while the buoyant force (F,) acts upward. © F, = 0, F, — 160 — W =0, 62.4{(2)(3)(d)(d tan 30°)/2] — 160 — [(0.66)(62.4)]{(2)(3)(3)[G)/tan 30°1/2} = 0, d= 2.44 ft ‘The tank in Fig. 6-27 is filled brimfull with water. If a cube 700 mm on an edge and weighing 530N is lowered slowly into the water until it floats, how much water flows over the edge of the tank? Neglect sloshing, etc. I F.=W. Let h= the depth to which the cube will sink in the water. (9.79)(1000)]{(0.700)(0.700)(h)] = 530, ‘A =0.120 m, Veietacea = [(0.700)(0.700)(0.120)] = 0.0588 m°. This is the amount of water that will overflow.659 6.61 BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION J 121 Fig. 6-26 59m Fig. 6-27 ‘A stone cube 280 mm on a side and weighing 425 N is lowered into a tank containing a layer of water over a layer of mercury. Determine the position of the block when it has reached equilibrium. H Yease = 425/(0.280)° = 19.360 KN/m’. Since the cube is heavier than water but lighter than mercury, it will sink beneath the water surface and come to rest at the water-mercury interface, as shown in Fig. 6-28. F, = W, 9.79{(0.280)(0.280)(0.280 — x)] + {(13.6)(9.79)}{(0.280)(0.280)(x)] = 0.425, x = 0.0217 m, or 21.7 mm. Thus, the bottom of the cube will come to rest 21.7 mm below the water-mercury interface. ee | en An iceberg (y = 9kN/m?) floats in ocean water (y = 10kN/m®) with 3000 m° of the iceberg protruding above the free surface. What is the volume of the iceberg below the free surface? ' B=W 10000Vixiow=9000(Veciw +3000) Veeiow = 27 000m? ‘A rectangular tank of internal width 7m, partitioned as shown in Fig. 6-29, contains oil and water. (a) If the oil’s specific gravity is 0.84, find its depth h. (6) If a 900-N block of wood is floated in the oil, what is the rise in free surface of the water in contact with air? HT) Pam + {(0.84)(9-79)](h) + (9.79)(3) — (9.79)(4) = Pum, = 1.190 m. (6) Let h’ = the new value of h with the 900-N block in flotation. Since the volume of oil does not change, (1.190)(0.5)(7) = (h’)(0.5)(7) — 900/{(0.84)(9.79)(1000)], ’ = 1.221 m. If the oil-water interface drops by a distance 6, the free surface of water with air will rise by 3/2. Pam + [(0.84)(9.79)|(1.221) + 9.79(3 ~ 5) — 9.79(4 + 5/2) = Paums 6 = 0.01709 m, or 17.09 mm. The free surface of the water will rise by 17.09/2, or 8.54mm,122 0 CHAPTER 6 6.62 6.63 6.64 A balloon is filled with 3000 m° of hydrogen having specific weight 1.1 N/m?. What lift does the balloon exert G@) at the earth’s surface, if the balloon weighs 1400 N and the temperature is 15°C; (b) at an elevation of 10km, assuming that the volume has increased 6 percent? Hl From Table A-8, yu,= 12.01 N/m? at elevation 0 and 4.04 N/m? at elevation 10000 m. EF, =0, FB, — Weatoon ~ Wa = 0. @ ((12.01)(3000) ~ 1400 ~ (1.1)(3000)—lift=0 Lift=31330N or 31.33kN © 4.04{(1.06)(3000)] - 1400 - (1.1)(3000) —lift=0 Lift=8147N or 8.15kN ‘A wooden rod weighing 4 Ib is hinged at one end (Fig. 6-30). The rod is 9 ft long and uniform in cross section, and the support is 4 ft below the free surface of a freshwater pond. At what angle a will it come to rest when. allowed to drop from a vertical position? The cross section of the stick is 1.4 in* in area. If The forces acting on the beam are shown in Fig. 6-30. F, = 62.4[(9 — €)(1.4/144)] = 5.460 — 0.6067e =M,.=0 4(4.5 cos a) — (5.460 — 0.6067e)[(9 - e)/2(cosa)=0 —0.303e7 + 5.46e-6.57=0 = 1.297 ft sin @ = 4/(9 — e) = 4/(9 — 1.297) = 0.51928 @=31.3° Fig. 6-30 A block of wood having a volume of 0.034 m’ and weighing 300 N is suspended in water as shown in Fig. 6-31. ‘A wooden rod of length 3.4 m and cross section of 2000 mm* is attached to the weight and also to the wall. If the rod weighs 16N, what will angle @ be for equilibrium? HF B)vece =[6.79(1000)](0.034) =333N (Fe) ra = [(9:79)(1000)]{(AC)(2000/10°)] = 19.58AC N =Ms 333(3.4 008 6) + (19.58AC){(AC/2) + (i)/sin 6](c0s 8) ~ 300(3.4 cas 8) — (16)(3.4/2)(c0s 6) = 0 AC =3.4~()/sin 333(3.4 008 8) + 19.58[3.4 — ()/sin 6] {(3.4 — (i8R)/sin 8]/2 + (3b)/sin @}(cos 6) — 300(3.4 cos @) — (16)(3.4/2)(cos 6) =0 4.341 = [3.4 — (388)/sin @][1.700 + (785)/(2sin @)] 4.341 = 5.780 — 0.048/sin? @ sin? @ = 0.033357 sin @ = 0.18264 6=10.5° Fig. 631BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION J 123 ‘A barge with a flat bottom and square ends has a draft of 6.0 ft when fully loaded and floating in an upright position, as shown in Fig. 6-32a. The center of gravity (CG) of the barge when fully loaded is on the axis of symmetry and 1.0ft above the water surface. Is the barge stable? If it is stable, what is the righting moment when the angle of heel is 12°? HMB =1/V, =((42)(25/12\/[25)(42)(6)] = 8.68 ft. Therefore, the metacenter (me) is located 8.68 ft above the center of buoyancy (CB), as shown in Fig. 6-32b. Hence, it (the metacenter) is located 8.68 - 3-1, or 4.68 ft above the barge’s center of gravity and the barge is stable. The end view of the barge when the angle of heel is 12° is shown in Fig. 6-32c. Righting moment = (F,)(x), F, = 62.4{(25)(42)(6)] = 393 1201b, x= (sin 12°)(distance from me to CG) = (sin 12°)(4.68) = 0.973 ft, righting moment = (393 120)(0.973) = 382.500 Ib ft. |} 25 ——-| (2) Top view 1 arf |-__—25n | (0) End view Fig. 6-32(a) 4 Water A Fig. 6-32(6)124 0 CHAPTER 6 6.66 ar Fig. 6-32(c) Would the wooden cylinder (s.g. = 0.61) in Fig. 6-332 be stable if placed vertically in oil as shown in the figure? I The first step is to determine the submerged depth of the cylinder when placed in the oil. F, = W, {(0.85)(9.79)][(D)(ze)(0.666)*/4)] = [(0.61)(9.79)][(1.300)(z2)(0.666)*/4)], D = 0.9333 m. The center of buoyancy is located at a distance of 0.933/2, of 0.466 m from the bottom of the cylinder (see Fig. 6-330). MB = 1/V, = {(2")(0.666)*/64)/{(0.933)(1.)(0.666)"/4] = 0.030 m. The metacenter is located 0.030 m above the center of buoyancy, as shown in Fig. 6-330. This places the metacenter 1.300/2 — 0.466 — 0.030, or 0.154m below the center of gravity. Therefore, the cylinder is not stable. L___ 0666-m ___.| diameter Oil (&g = 085) Ll | Oil (6g. = 085) t Fig. 6-33(a)BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0 125 01666-m diameter Oil (sg. = 045) Fig. 6-33(6) Figure 6-34a shows the cross section of a boat. The hull of the boat is solid. Show if the boat is stable or not. If the boat is stable, compute the righting moment when the angle of heel is 10°? 1 MB =1/V, = ((20)(10)"/12}/{(10)(5)(20)] = 1.67 ft. Therefore, the metacenter is located 1.67 — 0.5, or 1.17 ft above the center of gravity, as shown in Fig. 6-346, and the barge is stable. The end view of the barge when the angle of heel is 10° is shown in Fig. 6-34c. Righting moment = (F,)(x), FB, = 62.4{(10)(5)(20)] = 62.400 1b, x= (sin 10°)(1.17) = 0.203 ft, righting moment = (62 400)(0.203) = 12.670 Ib- ft. A= 20 (@) Top view 10ft128 0 CHAPTER 6 lo ft | —- 1 ft Fig. 6-34(5) Fig. 6-34(c) 6.68 A solid wood cylinder has a diameter of 2.0 ft and a height of 4.0 ft. The specific gravity of the wood is 0.60. If the cylinder is placed vertically in oil (s.g. = 0.85), would it be stable? f B=W,[@. BSKC2AM DNV 41 = [(0.60)(62.4)][(4)()(2)"/4], D = 2.82 ft. The center of buoyancy is located at a distance of 2.82/2, or 1.41 ft from the bottom of the cylinder (see Fig. 6-35). MB = 1/V.= ' Ten) @y*/644/102.82)(4)0)74) 0. Oo The metscontersloeted 2 1 .09, or 0.50 ft below the center of gravity, as shown in Fig. 6-35. Therefore, the cylinder is not stable.60 BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0 127 bs 4 ft Oil (s.g. = 0.85) 2.82 ft Fig. 6:35 ‘A wood cone floats in water in the position shown in Fig. 6-36a. The specific gravity of the wood is 0.60. Would it be stable? I The center of gravity is located "2, or 2.50 in from the base of the cone or 7.50 in from the tip, as shown in Fig. 6-360. Woone = {(0.60)(62.4)][(10)(2)(7)*/12]/ 1728 = 2.779 Ib. Let x = submerged depth. D.=0.700x Vz =(x)(x)(D,P/12 = (x)(2)(0.700x)?/12 = 0.1283x? F=W — 62.4(0.1283x*)=2.779 x =0.703ft or 8.44in (0.700)(8.44) = 5.91 in Vy = (0.1283)(0.703)" = 0.0446 f° or 77.1 in? MB = 1/V = (()(5.91)*/64]/77.1 = 0.78 in Ml ‘The metacenter is located 0.78 in above the center of buoyancy. Hence, the metacenter is located 7,50 — 6.33 — 0.78, or 0.39 in below the cone’s center of gravity, and the cone is not stable. A block of wood 6 ft by 8 ft floats on oil of specific gravity 0.751. A clockwise couple holds the block in the position shown in Fig. 6-37. Determine the (a) buoyant force acting on the block and its position, (6) magnitude of the couple acting on the block, and (c) location of the metacenter for the tilted position. FH (@ B= W =|(0.751)(62.4)]{(10)(4 + 4)(4.618)/2] = 8656 1b. F, acts upward through the center of gravity O’ of the displaced oil. The center of gravity lies 5.333 ft from A and 1.540 ft from D, as shown in Fig. 6-37. AC = AR + RC = AR + LO’ = (5.333)(cos 30°) + (1.540)(sin 30°) = 5.388 ft. Hence, the buoyant force of £8650 Ib acts upward through the center of gravity of the displaced oil, which is 5.388 ft to the right of A. (®) One method of obtaining the magnitude of the righting couple (which must equal the magnitude of the external couple for equilibrium) is to find the eccentricity e. This dimension is the distance between the two parallel, equal forces W and F,, which form the righting couple. e= FC = AC ~ AF, AF = AR + RF (5.333)(cos 30°) + GR sin 30° = 4.619 + (0.691)(sin 30°) = 4.964 ft, e = 5.388 — 4.964 = 0.424 ft; coupl (8656)(0.424) = 3670 ft Ib. (©) Metacentric distance MG = MR — GR = RC/sin 30° — GR = 0.770/sin 30° — 0.691 = 0.85 ft128 0 CHAPTER 6 Fig. 6-36(b)BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION J 120 AM lengths in feet, Fig. 6-37 6.7L A rectangular scow 7 ft by 18 ft by 32 ft long; its load of garbage has its center of gravity 2 ft above the waterline, as shown in Fig. 6-38. Is the scow stable for this configuration? # -MB=1/V, =((32)(18)*/12\/[(5)(18)(32)] = 5.40 ft. The metacenter is located 5.40 ft above the center of ‘buoyancy, which is 2.5 ft above the bottom of the scow. Hence, the metacenter is located at 5.40 — 4.5, or 0.90 t above the center of gravity, and the scow is stable, | ge y 1 aft | Water i stt |+——1ek —-| Fig. 6-38 672 _ In Fig. 6-39, a scow 20 ft wide and 60 ft long has a gross weight of 225 tons. Its center of gravity is 1.0 ft above the water surface. Find the metacentric height and restoring couple when Ay = 1.0 ft. 1 B=W, 62.4{(60)(20)(h)] = (225)(2000), h = 6.01 ft. To locate CB’, the center of buoyancy in the tipped position, take moments about AB and BC. (6.01)(20)(x) = (6.01 ~ 1.0)(20)(10) + [(1.0 + 1.0)(20)/2](#), == 9.45 ft; (6.01)(20)(y) = (6.01 - 1.0)(20){(6.01 ~ 1.0)/2] + [(1.0 + 1.0)(20)/2]{(6.01 ~ 1.0) + (1.0 + 1.0)/3}, y =3.08 ft. By similar triangles AEO and CB’PM, 6/2” MP 20/2" MP *50f CG is 6.01 + 1.0, or 7.01 ft from the bottom. Hence, CGP = 7.01 — 3.03 = 3.98 ft, MCG = MP — CGP = 5.50 ~ 3.98 = 1.52t. The scow is stable, since MCG is positive. Righting moment = W(MCG) sin {(225)(2000)](1.52)[1/ V@PY +-1.07] = 68 060 ft - Ib. SE Fig. 639 673 What are the proportions of radius to height (ro/h) of a right-circular cylinder of specific gravity s.g. so that it will float in water with end faces horizontal in stable equilibrium?130 0 CHAPTER 6 6.74 6.15 Ff See Fig. 6-40. hh = hi hy = hy) (haere) = [(8.8.)(y)](harra) y= (8.8-)(h) MG = MB-GB MB =1/V.= (2ra/4)/ (Ozer) = 3/(4hy) = BAVS-8.)(H)] GB=hg—hy=h/2-(6R)MA)2=()A-sg)/2 MG =rC4V(s.8.)(h)1- AYA -.g,)/2 For stable equilibrium, MG = 0, in which case r2/{(4)(s.g.)(h)] = (h)(1~5.8.)/2, n/h= VO-E)I—S8)- woe + oe tf GB h 0 FTa tel | Fig. 6-40 ‘The plane gate in Fig. 6-414 weighs 2.1 kN/m normal to the paper, and its center of gravity is 2m from the hinge at O. (a) Find h as a function of @ for equilibrium of the gate. (6) Is the gate in stable equilibrium for any values of 6? Consider a unit width of gate, as shown in Fig. 6-416. @ F=yhA — F,=[(9.79)(1000)|(b/2)(h/sin 6) = 4895h*/sin@ = S) Mo=0 (489Sh?/sin 6)[(h/sin 6)/3] - 2100[(3)(cos 6)]=0 -h*=2.574sin? @cos@ = = 1.370(sin® @ cos 6)" (®) From part (a) 5, Mo = (1632h?)/sin? @ ~ 4200 cos 8, dM /d0 = ~3264h” sin 8 cos 0 + 4200sin 8. Substituting h = 1.370(sin? 6 cos 6)" {from part (a)}, dM /d@ = —(3264)(1.370)*(cos? @/sin 6) + 4200 sin — (8393)(cos? 8/sin 0) + 4200 sin 6. For stability, dM /d@ <0, in which case 4200 sin @ < 8393(cos? 8/sin 8), 0.500 sin @ < cos? 6/sin 6, tan? @ <(1/0.500 = 2.00). This occurs for @ = 54.7° (upper limit). For the lower limit (when water spills over the top of the gate), h = 4 sin 8, F) Mo = (1632h°)/sin? @ — 4200 cos . Substituting h=4sin 6, E Mo = 1632(4 sin )°/sin* @ — 4200 cos 0 = 104 448 sin 6 — 4200 cos 6. In this case, 2 Mo= = 4200/104 448 = 0.040211, @ = 2.3°. Thus for stable equilibrium, 8 must be between 2.3° and 54.7°. Fig. 6-41(0) Fig. 6-41(6) ‘The barge shown in Fig. 6-42 has the form of a parallelopiped having dimensions 10m by 26.7 m by 3m. The barge weighs 4450 kN when loaded and has a center of gravity 4m from the bottom. Find the metacentric height for a rotation about its longest centerline, and determine whether or not the barge is stable. I Firs, find the center of buoyancy of the barge. F, = W, 9.79[(10(26.7)(D)] = 4450, D = 1.702 m. Hence, the center of buoyancy (CB) is at a distance 1.702/2, or 0.851 m above the bottom of the barge. MB = 1/V, = [(26.7)(10)?/12]/{(40)(26.7)(1.702)] = 4.896. The distance from CB to CG is 4 - 0.851, or 3.149 m. Therefore, the metacenter is located 4.896 — 3.149, or 1.747 m above the CG, and the barge is stable.616 on BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION J 131 ae gee A plastic cube of dimension L and specific gravity 0.82 floats in water. Is the cube stable? I The cube's center of gravity is at 0.5L above its bottom. Ifthe cube has a s.g. = 0.82, it will oat at a submerged depth of 0.82L, and its center of buoyancy willbe at 0.411. above its bottom. ((L))*/12)/[(L)(L)0.82L) = 0.1016L. Therefore, the metacenter is located 0.1016L above the center of buoyancy and 0.1016L + 0.41L — 0.5L, or 0.0116L above the center of gravity, and the cube is stable (although just barely). For the cube specified in Prob. 6.76, determine the range of values of specific gravity between 0 and 1.0 for which the cube is stable, I The cube's center of gravity is at 0.5L above its bottom. For any specific gravity s.g., the cube will loat at a submerged depth of (s.g.)(L), and its center of buoyancy will be at (s.g.)(L)/2 above its bottom. MB =1/Ve= [(L)(L)°/12)/ {(L)(L)((6-8.)(L)]} = 0.08333 /(s.g.). Therefore, if the cube is stable, the metacenter must be located 0.08333L/(s.g.) above the center of buoyancy and 0.08333L /(s.g.) + (5.8.)(L)/2— 0.5L above the center of gravity. For this to occur, 0.08333L/(6.g.) + (s.8.)(L)/2— 0.5L > 0, (s.g.)°/2~ (0.5)(6.g.) + 0.08333 > 0. This condition is true (ic., the cube is stable) for s.g. > 0.789 and s.g. <0.211.