Demonstration

Demonstration Piezocone
Piezocone
Demonstration
Demonstration
DemonstrationPiezocone
Piezocone
Piezocone
Demonstration Piezocone Demonstration
Demonstration
Demonstration
Demonstration Piezocone
Piezocone
Piezocone
Piezocone
Demonstration Piezocone

A.P. van
A.P. van
den
A.P. van
den
Berg
den
Berg
Ingenieursburo
Berg
Ingenieursburo
Ingenieursburo
bv bv bv A.P.
A.P.
Van
A.P.
Van
den
Van
den
Berg,
den
Berg,
Inc.
Berg,
Inc.Inc. A.P. van den Berg Ingenieursburo bv A.P. Van den Berg, Inc.

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S 93
Contents
Contents A.P.
A.P.van
vanden
denBerg
BergCPT
CPTequipment
equipment

• •Cone
ConePenetration
PenetrationTest
Test(CPT)
(CPT) ƒThe
ƒ The
standard
standard
in in
offshore
offshore
CPT
CPT
equipment
equipment
• •Piezocone
Piezocone
• •History
History Ever
Ever
since
since
thethe
eighties,
eighties,
thethe
engineers
engineers
of of
A.P.A.P.
vanvan
denden
Berg
Berg
have
havebeen been
making
making
cone
cone
penetration
penetration
testing
testing
technology
technology
available
available
for for
seabed
seabed
soilsoil
investigation.
investigation.
TheThe
firstfirst
developed
developed
device
device
waswas
thethe
• •A.P.
A.P.van
vanden
denBerg
BergCPT
CPTequipment
equipment ROSON,
ROSON, a wheel
a wheel
drive
drive
unitunit
thatthat
establishes
establishesthethe
seabed
seabedconsiderable
considerable depth
depth
andand
gathers
gathers
data
data
continuously.
continuously.

A.P.A.P.
vanvandenden
BergBerg
works
works
on on
a daily
a daily
basis
basis
on on
thethedevelopment
development of new
of newapplications
applications
thatthat
enhance
enhance thethe
reliability
reliability
of of
conecone
penetration
penetration testing.
testing.As Asa result,
a result,
thethe
water
water
depth
depthfor for
offshore
offshoreactivities
activities
hashas
increased
increasedto up
to up
to 4000
to 4000 meter.
meter.Also
Also
thethe
CPTCPT depths
depthshave
have
increased
increased
thethe
lastlast
fewfew
years.
years.
A.P.A.P.
vanvandenden
BergBerg
is aisglobal
a globalplayer,
player,
having
havingearned
earnedits its
spursspurs
in the
in the
world
world
of cone
of conepenetration
penetrationtesting,
testing,
which
which
is is
onceonce
again
again
proven
proven
by by
thethe
deepdeep
water
water
sampler
sampler thatthat
waswas
developed
developed
in cooperation
in cooperation with
with
NGI.NGI.
TheThe
A.P.A.P.
vanvandenden
BergBerg
equipment
equipment is widely
is widely
usedused
by by
manymany geotechnical
geotechnical
survey
surveycompanies
companiesthatthat
care
care
strongly
strongly
about
about
service
service
andand
reliability.
reliability.

Various
Various
CPTCPT
thrust
thrust
systems
systems
areare
available:
available:
wheel a.p.
wheel
drive van
drive
systemsden
systems berg
andand
wire
wire
lineline
systems.
systems.

Consequenses
Result
Result
ofof
notnot of not
doing
doing doingCPT
enough
enough not
CPTenough CPT A.P.A.P.
vanvan
denden
Berg
Berg
offshore
offshore
CPTCPT
equipment
equipment

www.apvandenberg.com
A.P.
A.P.van
vanden
denBerg
BergCPT
CPTequipment
equipment Cone
ConePenetration
PenetrationTest
Test(CPT)
(CPT)

ConeCone
penetration
penetration tests
tests
are are
especially
especiallysuited
suited
to determine
to determine thethepresence
presenceof clay,
of clay,
peatpeat
or sand
or sand
in the
in the
subsoil
subsoil
strata.
strata.
TheThetesttest
method
method consists
consists
of pushing
of pushing a tool
a tool
withwith
a conical
a conical
tip tip
vertically
vertically
intointo
thethe
ƒAdvanced
ƒAdvancedonshore
onshoreCPT
CPTequipment
equipment ground.
ground.
TheThe
resistance
resistanceon the
on the
tip,tip,
called
called
conecone
resistance,
resistance,
is measured
is measuredduring
during
pushing.
pushing.Very
Very
often
often
thethe
friction
friction
of the
of the
soilsoil
on the
on thesleeve
sleeve
(called
(called
local
local
friction)
friction)
is measured
is measured at the
at the
samesame
time.time.
With
With
these
these
twotwo
parameters
parameters thethe
in-situ
in-situ
soilsoil
typetype
cancan be be
determined.
determined. An Aninclinometer
inclinometeron on
thethecone cone
is absolutely
is absolutely
In In
thethe
early
early
1960s
1960sthethe
Goudse
Goudse Machinefabriek
Machinefabriek(GMF)
(GMF) putputa machine
a machineintointo
production
production
that
that
was
was indispensible
indispensiblefor for
checking
checking thethe
slopeslope
angle.
angle.
Optionally,
Optionally,thetheslope
slope
gauge
gauge
cancan
be executed
be executed as an
as X-Y
an X-Y
entirely
entirely
thethe
brainchild
brainchild
of of
mechanical
mechanical engineer
engineerA.P.
A.P.
vanvan
den denBerg,
Berg,
founder
founder
of of
thethe
engineering
engineering
bureau
bureau inclinometer
inclinometerallowing
allowingalsoalso
measurement
measurement of directional
of directional
andandlinear
linear
displacement
displacementbesides
besides
thethe
angle.
angle.
A A
A.P.
A.P.
vanvan
denden
Berg.
Berg.
It was
It was
thethe
first
first
hydraulic
hydraulic
10-tonnes
10-tonnessoilsoil
testing
testing
system
system
in the
in theworld.
world. conecone
penetration
penetrationtesttest
is done
is done
in accordance
in accordance withwith
thethe
international
internationalstandard
standard
ISOISO22476.
22476.

Nowadays
Nowadays thethe
cone
cone
penetration
penetration
testtest
units
units
of of
A.P.
A.P.
vanvan
den den
Berg
Berg
forfor
onshore
onshoreCPT
CPT range
range from
from
10 10
kNkN
to to When
When
is itisnecessary
it necessary
to doto adoCPT
a CPT
test?
test?
260
260
kN.kN.
A.P.
A.P.
vanvan
den
den
Berg
Berg
delivers
delivers
thethe
units
units
as as
they
theyare,are,
mounted
mountedononframe,
frame,
trailer,
trailer,
tracked
tracked
vehicle,
vehicle, To build
To build anywhere,
anywhere, thethe designer
designer or builder
or builder needs
needs to prepare
to prepare thethe groundwork
groundwork andand needs
needs to know
to know if if
Truck
Truckor orTrack-Truck.
Track-Truck.TheTheavailable
availabletypes
typesarearethetheHYSON-LW
HYSON-LW(lightweight),
(lightweight),HYSON HYSON thethe
soilsoil contains
contains softsoft layers.
layers. In case
In case of soft
of soft soilsoil
thethe construction
construction mustmust be built
be built on piles
on piles thatthat transfer
transfer
(medium/heavy),
(medium/heavy), COSONCOSON (continuous),
(continuous), AUTOHYSON
AUTOHYSON (automatic)
(automatic) andand AUTOCOSON
AUTOCOSON thethe weight
weight to atosand
a sand layer
layer deeper
deeper in the
in the ground.
ground. If aIffirm
a firm stratum
stratum cancan be found
be found directly
directly underneath
underneath
(automatic/continuous).
(automatic/continuous). thethe ground
ground surface,
surface, thethe builder
builder cancan choose
choose another
another foundation.
foundation.

In general
In general a cone
a cone penetration
penetration testtest is used
is used for:for:
ƒƒ determination
determination of the
of the subsoil
subsoil stratification
stratification andand homogeneity
homogeneity of the
of the in-situ
in-situ ground
ground
ƒƒ depth
depth of the
of the firmfirm strata
strata andand analysis
analysis of variation
of variation in the
in the subsoil
subsoil
ƒƒ recognition
recognition of the
of the typetype of the
of the soilsoil
ƒƒ properties
properties of the
of the mechanics
mechanics of the
of the different
different strata
strata
ƒƒ direct
direct prediction
prediction of the
of the bearing
bearing capacity
capacity of piles
of piles

A cone
A cone penetration
penetration testtest is usually
is usually performed
performed using
using a specially
a specially outfitted
outfitted truck.
truck. If necessary,
If necessary, thisthis truck
truck
cancan
be be fitted
fitted withwith tracks
tracks to obtain
to obtain a bearing
a bearing areaarea large
large enough
enough to drive
to drive on on often
often badbad terrain.
terrain.
Equipment
Equipment in the
in the truck
truck cabin
cabin is used
is used to push
to push a CPT
a CPT conecone
intointo
thethe ground
ground withwith
thetheaid aid of steel
of steel rodsrods
withwith a diameter
a diameter of mm.
of 36 36 mm. ThisThis is done
is done withwith a constant
a constant speed
speed of 2,0
of 2,0 cm/sec.
cm/sec. AlsoAlso in the
in the cabin
cabin is ais a
measuring
measuring system
system to measure
to measure thethesoilsoil parameters.
parameters. A CPT
A CPT rig rig often
often weighs
weighs between
between 10 and
10 and 25 25
tonnes.
tonnes. ThisThis weight
weight is necessary
is necessary as reactive
as reactive force.
force.

A reactive
A reactive force
force cancan
alsoalso be obtained
be obtained by using
by using ground
ground anchors,
anchors, which
which is often
is often done
done in places
in places thatthat
are are difficult
difficult to reach.
to reach. In that
In that casecase a stand-alone
a stand-alone CPTCPT rigused.
rig is is used.

All All measuring

measuring instruments
instruments are are sensitive
sensitive to to change
change calibration
calibration values,
values, because
because thethe sensor
sensor willwill
become
become overloaded,
overloaded, dirty
dirty or damaged
or damaged (because
(because of overloading).
of overloading). Cones
Cones must
must be returned
be returned regularly
regularly
to the
to the manufacturer,
manufacturer, whowho
willwill
checkcheck
thethe performance
performance andand
willwill calibrate
calibrate thethe cone
cone again.
again. Besides
Besides that,
that,
it isitadvised
is advised
thatthat
thethe operator
operator checks
checks thethe cone
cone on aondaily
a daily basis
basis for for performance
performance andand precision.
precision.

A.P.A.P.
vanvan
denden
Berg
Berg
onshore
onshore
CPTCPT
equipment
equipment

A.P. vanvan
A.P. A.P.
van den
den berg
den
BergBergIcone
Icone
Icone enseismic
en seismic
en seismic adaptormodule
adaptor A.P.A.P.
A.P. vanvan
den
denden
Berg
Berg
berg CPTCPT
CPTTrack-Truck
Track-Truck
Track-Truck
Piezocone
Piezocone History
History
History
In In
thethe
case
case
youyou
willwill
findfind
thethe
demonstration
demonstration
10 10
cm²cm²
Piezocone
Piezocone
of of
A.P.
A.P.
vanvan
denden
Berg.
Berg.
It is
It used
is used
forfor
thethe Cone Conepenetrationpenetration testing
testing (CPT) (CPT) hashas been been used used for forover over 60 60 years
yearsin the
in the Netherlands
Netherlands forthefor
thethe
(CP T) has use
beenconditions d forofove r 60 years in the Netherlands for
Piezocone
Piezoconetest
test
(CPTU).
(CPTU). prediction
prediction
pen of
etra pile
of
tion pile
behaviour
test ing
behaviour under under loading
loading conditions the
of the
approximately
approximately 1 million
1 million
foundation
foundation
tion piles
pile spiles
Cone
ur und er load ing con diti ons thebe
ofwould approximately 1 million founda
yearly
yearly put
prediction of pile putinto intopractice.
beh practice.
avio Without
Without these these piles pilesit would
it be
virtually
virtually
impossible
impossible to to
buildbuild
(lasting)
(lasting)
(lasting)
structures
structures in the
in the e.
Netherlands. Wit
Netherlands. hou t the se pile s it wou ld be virtually impossible to build
TheThe
Piezocone
Piezoconetest
test
(CPTU)
(CPTU)is is
a cone
a cone
penetration
penetration
test
test
(CPT)
(CPT)
with
with
additional
additional
measurement
measurement
of of
thethe yearly put into practic
pore
pore
water
water
pressure
pressure
onon
thethe
penetrometer
penetrometer
surface.
surface. structures in the Netherlands.
ForFor a gooda good understanding
understanding of the of the successful
successful development
development andand
of the suc ces sful develop men t and
Cone
Conepenetration
penetration tests,
tests,with
with
pore
pore
water
water
pressure
pressure measurements
measurements give
give
a more
a more
reliable
reliable
determination
determination application
application
For a goo d of
und the
oferstthe
CPT
andCPTing
methodmethod in the
in the
Netherlands,
Netherlands, some some general
general
insight
insight intoofinto the method in the Net herland iss, som e generaAl A
of of
stratification
stratification
andandsoilsoil
type
type
than
than
a standard
a standard
CPT.CPT.In In
addition,
addition,CPTU
CPTUprovides
providesa better
a better
basis
basis
forfor app lication thethe geology
CPT geology of of this thiscountry
country is indispensable.
indispensable.
A
schematic
schematic ofoff this cou isind
ntryis isshown ispe nsa ble.
interpreting
interpretingthethe
results
results
in terms
in terms
of of
mechanical
mechanical
soilsoil
properties.
properties. insi ght intocross-section
thecross-section
geologyoff the the
country
country shown right.
right.
t.
These
The
These
se
geological
geological conditions
conditions
ection made off
made itthe itcou
necessary, ntry even
necessary, is shoeven
several righhundreds
wnseveral hundreds
sch ema tic cro ss-s
e it nec essa ry, eve n sev eral hun dreds
Mechanical
Mechanicalproperties
properties
to to
bebeevaluated
evaluated
are:
are: of years
of years
geological ago, ago,
con that
ditithatpile-foundations
ons pile-foundations
mad were wereapplied
applied on on
a large
a largescale.scale.
tion s wer e app lied on a large sca le.
- - shear
shear
strength
strength
parameters
parameters In the
In thefirst
of years ago, that first
instance,
instance,
pile timber
-fou nda
timber piles pileswere were used usedexclusively,
exclusively, while while
ber pile s wer e use d exc lusi vely , while
- - deformation
deformationandand
consolidation
consolidation
characteristics
characteristics thethe
In the
driving
driving
firs depth
t inst depth
ancwas was
e, tim determined
determined during during thethe process
process of pile-
of pile-
erm ined dur ing the processinofsuch pile- Sand
driving.
driving.
the driv Only
ing Only
depmuch thmuch later
was det
later
the theprocedure
procedure was wasimproved
improved in sucha a
ed in suc h a
on rov
Peat
way cedurebased
proformulae,
later the formulae, was imp
TheThe
results
results
from
from
a CPTU
a CPTU
cancan
bebe
used,
used,
directly,
directly,
forfor
thethe
design
design
of of
piled
piled
foundations
foundations
in clay.
in clay. drivway
thatthat
ing. Onlsimple
ysimple
mupile-driving
ch pile-driving based on
empirical
emp
empirical data,
l data,
iricadriving
data, Clay
came ving form ulae bas
a ,relation ed onbetween
waycamethaintot into
simuse, pleuse,in
pileorder
in-dri
order to to assess
assess a relation between driving Fluvial

depthdepth
e and
into and
bearing
use bearing
, in er
capacity.
ord to
capacity. asse ss a relation between driving
cam Loess

depth and bearing capacity.

Between
Between 1930 1930 andand 19351935thethe CPTCPT methodmethod came came intointo use.use.It was It was thetheDutch
Dutch Professor
Professor Barentsen
Barentsen from
from from
Part
Part Description
Description CPT met hod cam e into use was the Dutch Professor Barentsen
It enabled
. It
the the
University
University
Between 1930 and 1935 of Delft,
of the
Delft,
who who invented
invented the the
CPT CPTmethod.method. It enabled the the
pile-length
pile-length and and
the the
bearing
bearing
ring
1 1 connector
connector housing
housing
inve nte CPT metThis
theinstallation.
dpile hod enabled the pile-length and the bea
. Itprocess
capacity
capacity
Uni to
vers be
to
ity determined
be of determined
Del ft, who
prior prior
to pile
to installation. This
process was was
also also
accelerated
accelerated bybythe
by
thethe
general
gen general
eral
2 2 o-ring
o-ring the
prio r to pile inst alla tion. This cess was also accelerated
prowere
trendtrend
capacityin the
in
to the
building
be building
det erm tradetrade
ined to erect
to erectlargerlarger structures,
structures, whichwhich were
more more
sensitive
sensitiveto settlements
to settlements
ent sand
and and
3 3 connector
connector
e to ere ct larg er stru ctur whi
es, more ch were more sensitive to settlem
differential
differential
trend in the buil settlements.
settlements.
din g tradThis Thisrequired
required a better
a better and and
more accurate
accurate understanding
understanding of the
of the
behaviour
behaviour ur of
ofof
4 4 loadload
cellcell friction
friction
req uire d a bet ter and mo re acc urate understanding of the behavio
theirtheir
foundations
foundations
differential settlement and and s.
that This
that
of the
of the
subsoil.
subsoil. Especially
Especially afterafter
1945 1945
the the
development
development of the
of the
CPT CPT
method
method
hod
5 5 strain
strain gauge
gauge
t of the sub soil. Especia lly afte 1945 the development of the CPT met
r reading
was was
remarkable.
ir fouremarkable.
nda tion The
s The
and tha
methodmethod of interpretation
of interpretation of the
of the
reading from from
CPT'sCPT'sin order
in order
to predict
to predict
pre dict thethethe
6 6 loadload
cellcell
tiptip the
of inte rpre tati onthe ofthe the from CPT's in order to
reading formulae
bearing
bearing
was remarka capacity
capacity
ble. of
The of met
foundationhod
foundation pilespilesreplaced
replaced pile-driving
pile-driving formulae entirely,
entirely,
as as
well well
lasas as
thethethe
7 7 lip lip
sealseal
lace
replarge
s large the of
dnumber pile -driving formulae entirely, as wel
8 8 o-ring
o-ring driving
beadriving
ring of cap
test-piles.
of test-piles.
acity ofByfou Bynda
meansmeans of aofpile
tion very
a very number load-tests
of load-tests it was
it was
proven
proven
venthat
thathat
by
t byconsidering
byconconsidering
sidering
a very num
largeaccurate ber of load -tests it was pro
9 9 friction
friction jacket
jacket the the
drivCPT
ingCPT as test
of as
a modela model
-pil means aofsufficiently
es. test-pile,
By test-pile, sufficiently accurate prediction
prediction of its
of its
bearing
bearingcapacity
capacity
cap acit ycould
coucould
ldbebebe
suff icie ntly accura prediction
teintolerable of its bearing
10 10 centering
centering ringring obtained.
obtained.
the CPT Nowadays
as Nowadays
a mo delthe the
test -pil
DutchDutch e, a
generally
generally consider
consider it intolerable
it to design
to designa pile-foundation
a pile-foundation
nda tion without
without
with out
11 11 filtercentering
filtercentering ringring having
having available
available sufficient
ada sufficient
ys the Dut
CPT ch
CPT gen
information.era
information.lly con sider it intolerable to design a pile-fou
obtained. Now
rmation.
12 12 porepore pressure
pressure filter
filter having available sufficient CPT info
13 13 coneconetiptip

black black
black
earth earth
peat peat
peat

peaty peaty
sand sand
peaty sand

sand sand
sand

clay clay
clay

A.P.A.P.
vanvan
denden
Berg
Berg
Piezocone
Piezocone cone cone sand sand
sand
cone

resisitance
End End
resistance (MPa)
resistance
Mpa)Mpa)
End resistance Mpa)

HowHow
it allitstarted
all started HowHow
things
things
are going
are going
in 2011
in 2011
How things are going in 2011
How it all started