Cairo university

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Power Department

(Automatic Control)
name sec Bn
Abdelrahman Nasser fahmi 2 23

Ali Mohamed ali abd elaty 2 38

Aly Yasser abdelrahman 2 39

Aly Mohamed aly el sedeq 2 37

Aly Mohamed ibrahem ramdan 2 36

Control theories

A control system is an interconnection of components forming a system

configuration that will provide a desired system response. The basis for
analysis of a system is the foundation provided by linear system theory,
which assumes a cause effect relationship for the components of a
system.Therefore a component or process to be controlled can be
represented by a block. The input–output relationship represents the
cause-and-effect relationship of the process, which in turn represents a
processing of the input signal to provide an output signal variable, often
with a power amplification. An open-loop control system utilizes a
controller or control actuator to obtain the desired response. An open-
loop system is a system without feedback.

1. An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control

the process directly without using feedback.
In contrast to an open-loop control system, a closed-loop control
system utilizes an additional measure of the actual output to compare
the actual output with the desired output response. The measure of the
output is called the feedback signal. A simple closed-loop feedback
control system is shown in Figure 1.3. A feedback control system is a
control system that tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one
system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables
and using the difference as a means of control. A feedback control
system often uses a function of a prescribed relationship between the
output and reference input to control the process. Often the difference
between the output of the process under control and the reference
input is amplified and used to control the process so that the difference
is continually reduced. The feedback concept has been the foundation
for control system analysis and design.

2. A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of the output

and feedback of this signal to compare it with the desired output .

Due to the increasing complexity of the system under control and the
interest in achieving optimum performance, the importance of control
system engineering has grown in the past decade. Furthermore, as the
systems become more complex, the interrelationship of many
controlled variables must be considered in the control scheme. A block
diagram depicting a multivariable control system is shown in Figure 1.4.
A common example of an open-loop control system is an electric
toaster in the kitchen. An example of a closed-loop control system is a
person steering an automobile (assuming his or her eyes are open) by
looking at the auto’s location on the road and making the appropriate
adjustments. The introduction of feedback enables us to control a
desired output and can improve accuracy, but it requires attention to
the issue of stability of response.

Types of systems
1.mechanical system

Mechanical systems are of two types,. (i) translational mechanical

system and (ii) rotational mechanical system.

(i)Translational mechanical system :

There are three basic elements in a translational mechanical system,

Electrical system
System controls
Valves

The most common final control element in the process control

industries is the control valve. The control valve manipulates a flowing
fluid, such as gas, steam, water, or chemical compounds, to
compensate for the load disturbance and keep the regulated process
variable as close as possible to the desired set point.

Control valves may be the most important, but sometimes the most
neglected, part of a control loop. The reason is usually the instrument
engineer's unfamiliarity with the many facets, terminologies, and areas
of engineering disciplines such as fluid mechanics, metallurgy, noise
control, and piping and vessel design that can be involved depending
on the severity of service conditions.

Any control loop usually consists of a sensor of the process condition, a

transmitter and a controller that compares the "process variable"
received from the transmitter with the "set point," i.e., the desired
process condition. The controller, in turn, sends a corrective signal to
the "final control element," the last part of the loop and the "muscle"
of the process control system. While the sensors of the process
variables are the eyes, the controller the brain, then the final control
element is the hands of the control loop. This makes it the most
important, alas sometimes the least understood, part of an automatic
control system. This comes about, in part, due to our strong
attachment to electronic systems and computers causing some neglect
in the proper understanding and proper use of the all important
hardware.

Actuator

An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving

and controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a
valve. In simple terms, it is a "mover".

An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy. The

control signal is relatively low energy and may be electric voltage or
current, pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or even human power. Its
main energy source may be an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure,
or pneumatic pressure. When it receives a control signal, an actuator
responds by converting the signal's energy into mechanical motion.

An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts upon an

environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or
electronic system), software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control
system), a human, or any other input.