Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 13
Limits and Derivatives
Exercise 13.1
Question 1: Evaluate the Given limit: lim x  3
x 3
Solution 1: lim x  3 = 3 + 3 = 6
x 3
 22 
Question 2: Evaluate the Given limit: lim  x  
x 
 7 
 22   22 
Solution 2: lim  x       
x 
 7   7
Question 3: Evaluate the Given limit: lim  r 2

r 1
Solution 3: lim  r 2   (12 )  

r 1
4x  3
Question 4: Evaluate the Given limit: lim
x 1 x  2
4 x  3 4(4)  3 16  3 19
Solution 4: lim   
x1 x2 42 2 2
x10  x5  1
x 1 x 1
x10  x5  1 (1)10  (1)5  1 1  1  1 1

Solution 5: lim   
x1 x 1 1  1 2 2
( x  1)5 1
x0 x
( x  1)5 1
Solution 6: lim
x0 x
13.Limits and Derivatives

Put x + 1 = y so that y → 1 as x →0.

( x  1)5 1 ( y )5  1
Accordingly, lim  lim
x 0 x x 1 y 1
 xn  an n 1 
 xa x  a  na 
51
= 5.1 lim
 
=5
( x  1)5  1
 lim 5
x 0 x
3x2  x 10
x 2 x2  4
0
Solution 7: At x = 2, the value of the given rational function takes the form
0
3x2  x  10 ( x  2)(3x  5)
lim  lim
x 2 x 4
2 x 2 ( x  2)( x  2)
3x  5
= lim
x 2 x  2
3(2)  5
=
22
11
=
4
x4  81
x3 2 x 2  5 x  3
0
Solution 8: At x = 2, the value of the given rational function takes the form
0
x4  81 ( x  3)( x  3)( x2  9)
lim  lim
x3 2 x 2  5 x  3 x3 ( x  3)(2 x  1)
( x  3)( x2  9)
= lim
x 3 (2 x  1)
(3  3)(32  9)
=
2(3)  1

6 18
=
7
108
=
7
ax  b
Question 9: Evaluate the Given limit: lim .
x 0 cx  1
Solution 9:
ax  b a(0)  b
lim  b
x0 cx  1 c(0)  1
1
z 1
3
Question 10: Evaluate the Given limit: lim 1
z 1
z 6 1
1
z 3 1
Solution 10: lim 1
z 1
z 6 1
0
At z = 1, the value of the given function takes the form
0
1
Put z 6
= x so that z →1 as x →1.
1
z 3 1 x2 1
Accordingly, lim  lim
z 1 1 x 1 x 1
z 6 1
x2 1
= lim
x 1 x 1
 xn  an n 1 
= 2.12-1  xa x  a  na 
lim
 
=2
1
z 1
3
lim 1
2
z 1
z 1
6

ax2  bx  c
Question 11: Evaluate the Given limit: lim , a+b+c 0
x 1 cx 2  bx  a
ax2  bx  c a(1)2  b(1)  c

Solution 11: lim 2 
x 1 cx  bx  a c(1)2  b(1)  a
abc
=
abc
=1 [a + b + c  0]
1 1

Question 12: Evaluate the given limit: lim x 2
x 2 x  2
1 1

Solution 12: lim x 2
x 2 x  2
0
At x = -2, the value of the given function takes the form
0
1 1  2 x 
  
Now, lim x 2  lim  2x 
x 2 x  2 x 2 x  2
1
= lim
x 2 2x
1 1
= 
2(2) 4
sin ax
x 0 bx
sin ax
Solution 13: lim
x 0 bx
0
At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
0
sin ax sin ax ax
Now, lim  lim 
x0 bx x 0 ax bx

 sin ax  a
= lim  
x 0
 ax  b
a  sin ax 
= lim    x  0  ax  0
b ax0  ax 
a   sin y 
= 1  lim  
b  x0  y 
a
=
b
sin ax
Question 14: Evaluate the given limit: lim , a, b  0
x0 sin bx
sin ax
Solution 14: lim , a, b  0
x0 sin bx
0
0
 sin ax 
   ax
Now, lim
sin ax
 lim  ax 
x 0 sin bx x 0  sin bx 
   bx
 ax 
 sin ax 
a ax 0  ax 
lim 
 x  0  ax  0 
=  and x  0  bx  0
b  sin bx   
lim  
bx 0
 ax 
a 1   sin y  
=   lim    1
b 1  x 0
 y  
a
=
b
sin(  x)
x   (  x)
sin(  x)
Solution 15: lim
x   (  x)
It is seen that x → π ⇒ (π - x) → 0

sin(  x) 1 sin(  x)
 lim  lim
x   (  x)    x0 (  x)
1  sin y 
= 1 lim  1
  y0 y 
1
=

cos x
Question 16: Evaluate the given limit: lim
x 0   x
cos x cos0 1
Solution 16: lim  
x0   x  0 
cos 2x 1
x 0 cos x  1
cos 2x 1
Solution 17: lim
x 0 cos x 1
0
0
cos 2 x  1 1  2sin 2 x 1  x
 lim cos x  1  2sin
2
Now, lim
x 0 cos x  1 x0 x
1  2sin 2 1 2 
2
 sin 2 x  2
 2  x
sin 2 x
 lim 
x 
= lim
x 0 x x 0  
sin 2  2 x
 2
2 sin
 2  x
  x 2  4
  
 2 
 sin 2 x 
lim  2 
= 4
x 0
 x 
 x
 sin 2 
lim  2
x 0 
  
2
x
  
 2 

2
 sin 2 x 
 lim 
 x 0 x2   x 
= 4 2  x  0  2  0
 x
 sin 
 lim 2
 x 0  x  2 
   
 2 
12  sin y 
= 4 lim  1
12  y0 y 
=4
ax  x cos x
x 0 b sin x
ax  x cos x
Solution 18: lim
x 0 b sin x
0
0
ax  x cos x 1 x(a  cos x)
Now, lim  lim
x 0 b sin x b x0 sin x
1  x 
= lim    lim  a  cos x 
b x 0
 sin x  x0
 
1 1 
=    lim  a  cos x 
b  sin x   x0
 lim  
 x 0  x  
1  sin x 
=   a  cos 0 lim  1
b y 0 x 
a 1
=
b
Question 19: Evaluate the given limit: lim x sec x

x 0

x 0 0
Solution 19: lim x sec x  lim   0
x 0 x0 cos x cos 0 1
sin ax  bx
Question 20: Evaluate the given limit: lim a, b, a + b  0
x0 ax  sin bx
0
Solution 20: At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form
0
sin ax  bx
Now, lim
x0 ax  sin bx
 sin ax 
  ax  bx
= lim  ax 
x 0  sin bx 
ax  bx  
 bx 
 sin ax 
 lim   lim  ax   lim  bx 
=  x 0 ax  x0 x 0
[As x  0  ax  0 and bx  0]
 sin bx 
lim ax  lim bx  lim 
x 0 x 0
 x0 bx 
lim(ax)  lim bx  sin x 
= x0 x 0
lim  1
lim ax  lim bx y 0 x 
x 0 x 0
lim  ax  bx 
x 0
=
lim  ax  bx 
x 0
= lim(1)
x0
=1
Question 21: Evaluate the given limit: lim(cosec x  cot x)

x0
Solution 21: At x = 0, the value of the given function takes the form 
Now, lim(cosec x  cot x)
x0
 1 cos x 
= lim   

x 0 sin x sin x 
 1  cos x 
= lim  
x0
 sin x 
 1  cos x 
 
= lim  x 
x 0  sin x 
 
 x 

1  cos x
lim
x 0 x
=
sin x
lim
x 0 x
0  1  cos x sin x 
= lim  0 and lim  1
1 y 0 x y 0 x 
=0
tan 2 x
 
x
2 x
2
tan 2 x
Solution 22: lim
 
x
2 x
2
 0
At x = , the value of the given function takes the form
2 0
 
Now, put So that x – = y so that x  , y  0
2 2
 
tan 2  y  
 lim
tan 2 x
 lim  2
 y  0 y
2 x
x
2
tan   2 y 
= lim
y 0 y
tan 2 y
= lim  tan   2 y   tan 2 y 
y 0 y
sin 2 y
= lim
y 0 y cos 2 y
 sin 2 y 2 
= lim   
y 0
 2y cos 2 y 
 sin 2 y   2 
=  lim   lim     y  0  2 y  0
 y 0 2 y  y 0  cos 2 y 
2  sin x 
= 1 lim  1
cos 0 x 0 x 
2
= 1
1
=2
2 x  3, x0
Question 23: Find lim f(x) and lim f(x), where f(x) = 
x 0 x1
3( x  1), x0

Solution 23: The given function is
2 x  3, x0
f(x) = 
3( x  1), x0
lim f(x) = lim [2x + 3] = 2(0) + 3 = 3

x0 x 0
lim f(x) = lim 3(x + 1) = 3(0 + 1) = 3

x0 x 0
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = lim f (x) = 3

x0 x0 x 0
lim f(x) = lim (x + 1) = 3(1 + 1) = 6

x1 x1
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = lim f(x) = 6
x1 x1 x1
 x 2  1, x 1
Question 24: Find lim f(x), when f(x) = 
x1
 x  1, x 1
Solution 24:
The given function is
 x2  1, x 1
f(x) = 
 x  1, x 1
 lim f(x) = lim  x 1 = 12 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
2
x1 x1
It is observed that lim f(x)  lim f(x).

x1 x1
Hence, lim f(x) does not exist.
x1
x
 , x0
Question 25: Evaluate lim f(x), where f(x) =  x
0,
x 0
 x0

x
 , x0
f(x) =  x
0, x0

x
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0 x 0
x
 x 
= lim   [When x is negative, x = -x]
x 0
 x 
= lim  1
x0

= -1
| x | 
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0 x 0  x 
 x
= lim   [When x is positive, x = x]
 
x 0 x
= lim 1
x0
=1
It is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .
x0 x0
Hence, lim f ( x) does not exist.
x0
x
 , x0
Question 26: Find lim f ( x) =  x
x0
0, x0

x
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0 x 0
x
 x 
= lim   [When x < 0, x = -x]
x 0  x
 
= lim  1
x0
= -1
x
lim f ( x)  lim  
x 0 x 0
x
 x
= lim   [When x > 0, x = x]
 
x 0 x
= lim 1
x0
=1
It is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .
x0 x0
Hence, lim f ( x) does not exist.
x0
Question 27: Find lim f ( x) , where f(x) = x - 5

x5
Solution 27: The given function is f(x) = x - 5
lim f ( x) = lim(

x  5)
x 5 x 5
= lim( x  5) [When x > 0, x = x]

x 5
= 5- 5
=0

lim f ( x)  lim( x  5)
x5 
x5
= lim( x  5) [When x > 0, x = x]

x 5
=5–5
=0
lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) = 0
x5 x5
Hence, lim f ( x) = 0
x5
a  bx, x0

Question 28: Suppose f(x) = 4, x  1 and if lim f ( x) = f(1) what are possible
x 1
b  ax, x 1

values of a and b?
a  bx, x0

f(x) = 4, x 1
b  ax, x 1

lim f ( x)  lim(a  bx)  a  b

x1 x1
lim f ( x)  lim(b  ax)  b  a

x1 x1
f(1) = 4
It is given that lim f ( x) = f(1).
x 1
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) = f(1)

x1 x1 x1
 a + b = 4 and b – a = 4
On solving these two equations, we obtain a = 0 and b = 4.
Thus, the respective possible values of a and b are 0 and 4.
Question 29: Let a1, a2, ... , an be fixed real numbers and define a function
f(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)
What is lim f ( x) ? For some a  a1, a2, ... , an. Compute lim f ( x) .
x a1 xa
Solution 29: The given function is f(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)

lim f ( x)  lim [(x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)]
xa1 xa1
= (a1 – a1) (a1 – a2)….. (a1 – an) = 0

 lim f ( x) = 0
x a1
Now, lim f ( x)  lim [(x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)]

xa xa

= (a – a1) (a – a2)….. (a – an)

 lim f ( x) = (a – a1) (a – a2)….. (a – an)
x a
 x  1, x0

Question 30: If f(x) = 0, x0.
 x  1, x 1

For what value (s) of does lim f ( x) exists?

xa
 x  1, x0

If f(x) = 0, x0.
 x  1, x 1

When a = 0,
lim f ( x)  lim(

x 1)
x0 x0
= lim( x  1) [If x < 0, x = –x]

x 0
=0+1
=1
lim f ( x)  lim( x 1)

x0 
x0
= lim( x  1) [If x > 0, x = –x]

x 0
=0–1
= –1
Here, it is observed that lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .
x0 x0
 lim f ( x) does not exist.
x 0
When a < 0,
lim f ( x)  lim(

x 1)
xa xa
= lim( x  1) [x < a < 0  x = –x]

x a
= –a + 1
lim f ( x)  lim(

x 1)
xa xa
= lim( x  1) [a < x < 0  x = –x]

x a
= –a + 1

 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  a  1
xa xa
Thus, limit of f(x) exists at x = a, where a < 0.

When a > 0
lim f ( x)  lim( x 1)

xa 
xa
= lim( x  1) [0 < x < a  x = x]

x a
=a–1
lim f ( x)  lim( x 1)

xa 
xa
= lim( x  1) [0 < x < a  x = x]

x a
=a–1
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  a 1
xa xa
Thus, limit of f(x) exists at x = a, where a > 0.

Thus, lim f ( x) exists for all a  0.
xa
f ( x)  2
Question 31: If the function f(x) satisfies, lim   , evaluate lim f ( x) .
x 1 x2 1 x1
f ( x)  2
Solution 31: lim 
x 1 x2 1
lim  f ( x)  2 
 x 1

lim  x 2  1
x 1
 lim  f ( x)  2   lim  x2 1

x1 x1
 lim  f ( x)  2   12 1

x1
 lim  f ( x)  2  0
x1
 lim f ( x)  lim2  0
x1 x1
 lim f ( x)  2  0
x1
lim f ( x)  2
x1

mx2  n, x0

Question 32: If f(x) = nx  m, 0  x  1.
nx3  m, x 1

For what integers m and n does lim f ( x) and lim f ( x) exists?
x0 x 1
mx2  n, x0

Solution 32: f(x) = nx  m, 0  x  1. .
nx3  m, x 1

lim f ( x)  lim(mx2  n)
x0 x0
= m(0)2  n
=n
lim f ( x)  lim(nx  m)
x0 x0
= n(0)  m
=m
Thus, lim f ( x) exists if m = n.
x 0
lim f ( x)  lim(nx  m)
x1 x1
= n (1) + m
=m+n
lim f ( x)  lim(nx3  m)
x1 x1
= n (1)3 + m
=m+n
 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) .
x1 x1 x1
Thus, lim f ( x) exists for any internal value of m and n.

x 1

Exercise 13.2
Question 1: Find the derivative of x2 – 2 at x = 10.
Solution 1: Let f(x) = x2 – 2. Accordingly,

f (10  h)  f (10)
f '(10)  lim
h0 h
[(10  h)2  2]  (102  2)

 lim
h0 h
102  2 10  h  h2  2  102  2

 lim
h0 h
20h  h2
 lim
h0 h
 lim(20  h)  20  0  20
h0
Thus, the derivative of x2 – 2 at x = 10 is 20.
Question 2: Find the derivative of 99x at x = 100.
Solution 2: Let f(x) = 99x. Accordingly,

f (100  h)  f (100)
f '(100)  lim
h0 h
99(100  h)  99(100)
 lim
h0 h
99 100  99h  99 100
 lim
h0 h
99h
 lim
h 0 h
 lim(99)  99
h0
Thus, the derivative of 99x at x = 100 is 99.
Question 3: Find the derivative of x at x = 1.

Solution 3: Let f(x) = x. Accordingly,

f (1  h)  f (1)
f '(1)  lim
h0 h
(1  h) 1
 lim
h0 h
h
 lim
h0 h
 lim(1)  1
h0
Thus, the derivative of x at x = 1 is 1.
Question 4: Find the derivative of the following functions from first principle.
(i) x3 – 27
(ii) (x – 1) (x – 2)
1
(iii)
x2
x 1
(iv)
x 1
Solution 4: (i) Let f(x) = x3 – 27. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
[( x  h)3  27]  ( x3  27)

 lim
h0 h
x3  h3  3x2h  3xh2  x3
 lim
h0 h
h3  3x2h  3xh2
 lim
h0 h
 lim(h3  3x2h  3xh2 )
h0
= 0 + 3x2 + 0 = 3x2
(ii) Let f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2). Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
( x  h 1)( x  h  2)  ( x 1)( x  2)
 lim
h0 h
( x2  hx  2 x  hx  h2  2h  x  h  2)  ( x2  2x  x  2)
 lim
h0 h
(hx  hx  h2  2h  h)
 lim
h0 h
2hx  h2  3h
 lim
h0 h
 lim(2x  h  3)
h0
= 2x – 3
1
(iii) Let f(x) = . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x2
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1 1
 2
( x  h) x
2
 lim
h0 h
1  x2  ( x  h)2 
 lim  2 2 
h0 h
 x ( x  h) 
1  x2  x2  2hx  h2 
 lim  
h0 h
 x2 ( x  h)2 
1  h2  2hx 
 lim  2 
h 0 h x ( x  h) 2
 
 h 2  2 x 
 lim  2 
h0 x ( x  h) 2
 
0  2x 2
  3
x ( x  0)
2 2
x

x 1
(iv) Let f(x) = . Accordingly, from the first principle,
x 1
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
 x  h 1 x 1 
  
 x  h 1 x 1 
 lim
h0 h
1  ( x 1)( x  h  1)  ( x  1)( x  h 1) 

 lim  
h0 h
 ( x 1)( x  h 1) 
1  ( x2  hx  x  x  h  1)  ( x 2  hx  x  x  h  1) 
 lim  
h0 h
 ( x  1)( x  h  1) 
1 2h 
 lim 
h0 h ( x  1)( x  h  1) 
 
 2 
 lim 
h0 ( x  1)( x  h  1) 
 
2 2
 
( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)2
Question 5: For the function
x100 x99 x2
F ( x)      x 1
100 99 2
Prove that f '(1) = 100 f '(0)
x100 x99 x2
F ( x)      x 1
100 99 2
d d  x100 x99 x2 
f ( x)       x  1
dx dx 100 99 2 
d d  x100  d  x99  d  x2  d d
f ( x)          ( x)  (1)
dx dx  100  dx  99  dx  2  dx dx

d n
On using theorem ( x )  nxn1 , we obtain
dx
d 100x99 99x98 2x
f ( x)     1 0
dx 100 99 2
 x99  x98   x 1
 f '( x)  x99  x98   x 1
At x = 0,
f'(0) = 1
At x =1,
f '(1)  199  198   1  1  [1  1   1  1]100 terms  1100  100
Thus, f'(1) = 100 f'(0)
Question 6: Find the derivative of xn  axn–1  a2 xn–2   an–1x  an for some fixed real
number a.
Solution 6: Let f ( x)  xn  axn–1  a2 xn–2   an–1x  an
d d
f ( x)  ( xn  axn –1  a2 xn –2   an –1 x  an )
dx dx
d n d d d d
 ( x )  a ( xn –1 )  a2 ( xn –2 )   an –1 ( x)  an (1)
dx dx dx dx dx
d n
dx
f '( x)  nxn1  a(n 1) xn–2  a2 (n  2) xn–3   an–1  an (0)
 f '( x)  nxn1  a(n 1) xn–2  a2 (n  2) xn–3   an–1
Question 7: For some constants a and b, find the derivative of

(i) (x – a) (x – b)
(ii) (ax2 + b)2
xa
(iii)
x b
Solution 7: (i) Let f (x) = (x – a) (x – b)

 f ( x)  x2  (a  b) x  ab
d 2
 f '( x)  ( x  (a  b) x  ab)
dx
d 2 d d
 ( x )  (a  b) ( x)  (ab)
dx dx dx
d n
dx
f '( x)  2x  (a  b)  0
 2x  a  b
(ii) Let f(x) = (ax2 + b)2
 f ( x)  a2 x4  2abx2  b2
d 2 4
 f '( x)  (a x  2abx2  b2 )
dx
d 4 d d
 a2 ( x )  2ab ( x2 )  b2
dx dx dx
d n
dx
f '( x)  a2 (4x3 )  2ab(2x)  b2 (0)
 4a2 x3  4abx
 4ax(ax2  b)
xa
(iii) Let f(x) =
x b
d  xa 
 f '( x)   
dx  x  b 
By quotient rule,
d d
( x  b) ( x  a)  ( x  a) ( x  b)
f '( x)  dx dx
( x  b) 2
( x  b)(1)  ( x  a)(1)

( x  b)2

x b x  a

( x  b)2
a b

( x  b)2
xn  an
Question 8: Find the derivative of for some constant a.
xa
xn  an
Solution 8: Let f(x) =
xa
d  xn  an 
 f '( x)   
dx  x  a 
By quotient rule,
d n n d
( x  a) ( x  a )  ( x n  a n ) ( x  a)
f '( x)  dx dx
( x  a) 2
( x  a)(nx n1  0)  ( x n  a n )

( x  a) 2
nxn  anxn1  xn  an

( x  a) 2
Question 9: Find the derivative of

3
(i) 2 x 
4
(ii) (5x3 + 3x – 1) (x – 1)
(iii) x–3 (5 + 3x)
(iv) x5 (3 –6x–9)
(v) x–4 (3 – 4x–5)
2 x2
(vi) 
x  1 3x  1

3
Solution 9: (i) Let f(x) = 2 x 
4
d  3
f '( x)   2x  
dx  4
d d 3
2 ( x)   
dx dx  4 
=2–0
=2
(ii) Let f (x) = (5x3 + 3x – 1) (x – 1)

By Leibnitz product rule,
d d
f '( x)  (5x3  3x –1) ( x 1)  ( x 1) (5x3  3x –1)
dx dx
= (5x3 + 3x – 1)(1) + (x – 1)(5.3x2 + 3 – 0)
= (5x3 + 3x – 1) + (x – 1)(15x2 + 3)
= 5x3 + 3x – 1 + 15x3 + 3x – 15x2 – 3
= 20x3 – 15x2 + 6x – 4
(iii) Let f (x) = x–3 (5 + 3x)

d d
f '( x)  x3 (5  3x)  (5  3x) ( x3 )
dx dx
 x3 (0  3)  (5  3x)(3x31 )
 x3 (3)  (5  3x)(3x4 )
 3x3 15x4  9x3
 6x3 15x4
 5
 3x3  2  
 x
3x3
 (2 x  5)
x

3
 (5  2x)
x4
(iv) Let f (x) = x5 (3 – 6x–9)

d d
f '( x)  x5 (3  6 x9 )  (3  6 x9 ) ( x5 )
dx dx
 x5{0 – 6  9 x91}  (3  6 x9 )(5x4 )
 x5 (54x10 )  15x4  30x5
 54x5 15x4  30x5
 24x5  15x4
24
 15x 4 
x5
(v) Let f (x) = x–4(3 – 4x–5)

d d
f '( x)  x4 (3  4 x5 )  (3  4 x5 ) ( x4 )
dx dx
 x4{0 – 4  5 x51}  (3  4x5 )(4) x41
 x4 (20x6 )  (3  4x5 )(4x5 )
 20x10 12x5 16x10
 36x10 12x5
12 36
 
x 5 x10
2 x2
(vi) Let f (x) = 
x  1 3x  1
d  2  d  x2 
f '( x)     
dx  x  1  dx  3x 1 
By quotient rule,

 d d   d 2 2 d 
 ( x  1) dx (2)  2 dx ( x  1)   (3x 1) dx ( x )  x dx (3x 1) 
f '( x)    
 ( x  1) 2
  (3x 1)2 
   
 ( x  1)(0)  2(0)   (3x 1)(2 x)  x2 (3) 

  
 ( x  1)2   (3x 1)2 
2  6 x 2  2 x  3x 2 
   
( x  1)2  (3x  1)2 
2  3x 2  2 x 2 
  
( x  1)2  (3x  1)2 
2 x(3x  2)
 
( x  1) 2
(3x  1)2
Question 10: Find the derivative of cos x from first principle.
Solution 10: Let f(x) = cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
 cos( x  h)  cos( x) 
 lim  
h0
 h
 cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x 

 lim  
h0
 h
  cos x(1  cos h)  sin x sin h 

 lim  
h0
 h h
  1  cos h    sin h 
  cos x lim     sin x lim  
 h0  h   h0  h 
 1  cos h sin h 
  cos x(0)  sin x(1) lim  0 and lim  1
h0 h h0 h 
 f '( x)   sin x

Question 11: Find the derivative of the following functions:

(i) sin x cos x
(ii) sec x
(iii) 5sec x + 4cos x
(iv) cosec x
(v) 3cot x + 5cosec x
(vi) 5sin x – 6cos x + 7
(vii) 2tan x – 7sec x
Solution 11: (i) Let f (x) = sin x cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
sin( x  h)cos( x  h)  sin x cos x
 lim
h0 h
1
 lim [2sin( x  h)cos( x  h)  2sin x cos x]
h0 2h
1
 lim [sin 2( x  h)  sin 2 x]
h0 2h
1  2 x  2h  2 x 2 x  2h  2 x 
 lim  2cos  sin 
h0 2h  2 2
1  4 x  2h 2h 
 lim  2cos  sin 
h0 2h
 2 2
1
 lim
h0
cos(2x  h)sin h
2h
sin h
 limcos(2 x  h)  lim
h0 h0 h
 cos(2x  h) 1
 cos 2x
(ii) Let f (x) = sec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
sec( x  h)  sec x
 lim
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim  
h0 h cos( x  h)
 cos x 
1  cos x  cos( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 cos x cos( x  h) 
  x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2sin   sin  

1
 lim 
1  2   2 
cos x h  0 h cos( x  h) 
 
  2 x  h   h  
 2sin   sin  
1 1  2   2 
  lim  
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h) 
 
  h  
 sin   
 2x  h   2 
 2sin   
  2  h 
  
1 1  2 
  lim
cos x h0 2h cos( x  h)
h  2x  h 
sin   sin  
 lim    lim 
1 2 2 

cos x h0  h  h0 cos( x  h)
 
2
1 sin x
 1
cos x cos x
 sec x tan x
(iii) Let f (x) = 5sec x + 4cos x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
5sec( x  h)  4cos( x  h)  [5sec x  4cos x]
 lim
h0 h

[sec( x  h)  sec x] [cos( x  h)  cos x]

 5lim  4lim
h0 h h0 h
1 1 1  1
 5lim     4lim cos( x  h)  cos x
 cos x  h0 h
1  cos x  cos( x  h)  1
 5lim    4lim cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x
h0 h
 cos x cos( x  h)  h0 h
  2 x  h   h  
2sin   sin  
5 1  2   2   (1  cos x) sin h 
  lim    4   cos x lim  sin x lim
cos x h0 h  cos( x  h)   h 0 h h 0 h 
 
  h  
  2 x  h  sin  2  
sin   

  2  h 
   
5 2 
  lim  4   cos x(0)  sin x(1) 
cos x h  0 cos( x  h)
 h  2x  h  
 sin   sin  
2 
 lim    lim 
5 2
   4sin x
cos x  h0  h  h0 cos( x  h) 
   
2
5 sin x
  1  4sin x
cos x cos x
 5sec x tan x  4sin x
(iv) Let f (x) = cosec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,

f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec x]
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim  
h0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 
1  sin x  sin( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 

  x xh  x  x  h 
 2 cos    sin  
 lim 
1  2   2 
h 0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 
 
  2x  h   h  
 2cos    sin   
 lim 
1  2   2 
h 0 h
 
  h  
 sin   
 2x  h   2 
  cos   
  2  h 
   
2 
 lim
h 0 sin x sin( x  h)
  2x  h   h
  cos  2   sin  
 lim      lim  2 
h 0  sin x sin( x  h)  h
0  h 
  2  
  2
  cos x 
  1
 sin x sin x 
 cosec x cot x
(v) Let f (x) = 3cot x + 5cosec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [3cot( x  h)  5cosec( x  h)  3cotx  5cosec x]
h0 h
1 1
 3lim [cot( x  h)  cot x]  5lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec x] ….(1)
h0 h h0 h
1 1  cos( x  h) cos x 
Now, lim [cot( x  h)  cot x]  lim  
h0 h h0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 
1  cos( x  h)sin x  cos x sin( x  h) 

 lim  
h0 h
1  sin( x  x  h) 
 lim 
h0 h sin x sin( x  h) 
 

1  sin(h) 
 lim 
h0 h sin x sin( x  h) 
 
sin h  1 
 lim  lim 
h0 h h0  sin x sin( x  h) 
1 1
 1  2  cosec2 x ….(2)
sin x sin( x  h) sin x
1 1 1 1 
lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec x]  lim  
h0 h h0 h sin( x  h)
 sin x 
1  sin x  sin( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
  x xh  x  x  h 
 2 cos    sin  
 lim 
1  2   2 
h 0 h
 
  2x  h   h  
 2cos    sin   
 lim 
1  2   2 
h 0 h
 
 h 
sin  
 2x  h   2 
 cos  
 2  h
 
 lim 2
  2x  h   h
  cos  2   sin  
 lim      lim  2 
  h 0  h 
   
  2
  cos x 
  1
 sin x sin x 
 cosec x cot x …..(3)
From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
f '(x) = –3cosec2 x – 5cosec x cot x

(vi) Let f (x) = 5sin x – 6cos x + 7. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [5sin( x  h)  6cos( x  h)  7  5sinx  6cos x  7]
h0 h
1 1
 5lim [sin( x  h)  sin x]  6lim [cos( x  h)  cos x]
h0 h h0 h
1  xh x  x  h  x  cos x cos h  sin x sinh cos x

 5lim 2cos    sin    6lim
h0 h
  2   2  h 0 h
1  2x  h   h    cos x(1  cos h)  sin x sin h 

 5lim 2cos    sin    6lim 
h0 h
  2   2  h0
 h 
  h 
 sin   
 2x  h    cos x(1  cos h) sin x sin h 
     6 lim 
1 2
 5lim cos   
h 0 h
  2  h  h 0
 h h 
   
2 
  h 
 sin   
       1  cos h   sin h  
lim     6   cos x  lim
2 x h 2
 5 lim cos      sin x  lim 
 h 0  2    h 0  h     h 0 h   h 0 h  
   
2 
 5cos x 1  6[( cos x)  (0)  sin x 1]
 5cos x  6sin x
(vii) Let f (x) = 2 tan x – 7 sec x. Accordingly, from the first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [2tan( x  h)  7sec( x  h)  2 tan x  7sec x]
h0 h
1 1
 2lim [tan( x  h)  tan x]  7lim [sec( x  h)  sec x]
h0 h h0 h
1  sin( x  h) sin x  1 1 1 
 2lim    7lim  


cos x  h0 h cosec( x  h)
 cosec x 
1  cos x sin( x  h)  sin x cos( x  h)  1  cos x  cos( x  h) 

 2lim    7lim  
h0 h
 cos x cos( x  h)  h0 h

  x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2sin   sin  
1  sin x  h  x  1  2   2 
 2 lim    7 lim 
h 0 h cos x cos( x  h) cos x cos( x  h)
  h 0 h
 
 
  2 x  h   h  
 2sin   sin  
  sin h  1  1  2   2 
 2 lim     7 lim  
 h0  h  cos x cos( x  h)  h 0 h
 cos x cos( x  h) 
 
  h    2x  h  
 sin    sin  
 sin h   1 
  2    2  
 2  lim  lim   7 lim lim
 h0 h   h0 cos x cos( x  h)   h0 h  h0 cos x cos( x  h) 
 2  
  
1  sin x 
 2  1 1  7 1 
cos x cos x  cos x cos x 
 2sec2 x  7sec x tan x
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1: Find the derivative of the following functions from first principle:
(i) –x
(ii) (–x)–1
(iii) sin (x + 1)
 
(iv) cos  x  
 8
Solution 1: (i) Let f(x) = –x. Accordingly, f(x + h) = –(x + h)

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
( x  h)  ( x)
 lim
h0 h
x  h  x
 lim
h0 h
h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim(1)  1
h0
1 1 1
(ii) Let f ( x)   – x  
–1
 . Accordingly, f(x + h) =
x x ( x  h)
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1  1  1 
 lim    
h0 h ( x  h)
  x 
1   x  ( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 x( x  h) 
1 h 
 lim 
h0 h x( x  h) 
 
1
 lim
h0 x( x  h)
1 1
  2
x.x x
(iii) Let f(x) = sin(x + 1). Accordingly, f(x + h) = sin(x + h + 1)

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [sin( x  h  1)  sin( x  1)]
h0 h
1  x  h  1  x  1   x  h  1  x  1 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h
  2   2 
1  2 x  h  2   h 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h
  2   2 
  h 
  2 x  h  2  sin  2  
 lim cos   
 h 
h 0
  2    
   
2 

h
sin  
1  2x  h  2  1 2 h
 lim cos    lim [ As h  0   0]
h 0 h
 2  2 0 h  h 
h
2
 
2
 2x  0  2   sin x 
 cos   1 lim  1
 2  h0 x 
 cos( x  1)
   
(iv) Let f(x) = cos  x   . Accordingly, f(x + h) = cos  x  h  
 8  8
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
1     
 lim cos  x  h    cos  x  
h0 h
  8  8 
    
  xh  x   xh x
8  
 lim  2sin 
1 8 8 8
sin  
h 0 h
 2  2 
   
    
  2x  h    h 
1 4
 lim  2sin   sin   
  2 
h 0 h 2
 
   
    sin  h  
  2x  h  4   2  
 lim   sin   
h 0
  2 
   
h 
    2  
    h
 2x  h  4
sin  
  2 h
 lim   sin     lim [ As h  0   0]
  2 0  h 
h 0
  2 h
2
 
    2
 
 2x  0  4 
  sin   1
 2 
 

 
  sin  x  
 8
Question 2: Find the derivative of the following functions (it is to be understood that a, b, c,
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + a)
Solution 2: Let f(x) = x + a. Accordingly, f(x + h) = x + h + a

By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
xha xa
= lim
h0 h
h
= lim  
 
h0 h
= lim(1)
h0
=1
r 
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non- zero constants and m and n are integers): (px + q)   s 
x 
r 
Solution 3: Let f(x) = (px + q)   s 
x 
'
r  r 
f '( x)  ( px  q)   s     s  ( px  q)'
x  x 
r 
 
'
= ( px  q) rx1  s    s  ( p)
x 
r 
 
= ( px  q) rx2    s  p
x 

 r   r 
= ( px  q)  2     s  p
x  x 
 px qr pr
=  2  ps
x x x
qr
= ps 
x2
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) (cx + d)2
Solution 4: Let f '( x)  (ax  b)(cx  d )2

d d
f '( x)  (ax  b) (cx  d )2 (ax  b)
dx dx
d 2 2 d
= (ax  b) (c x  2cdx2 )  (cx  d )2 (ax  b)
dx dx
d d d  d d 
= (ax  b)  (c2 x2 )  (2cdx)  d 2   (cx  d )2  ax  b
 dx dx dx   dx dx 
= (ax  b)(2c2 x  2cd )  (cx  d )2 a
= 2c(ax  b)(cx  d )  a(cx  d )2
ax  b
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers):
cx  d
ax  b
Solution 5: Let f ( x) 
cx  d
By quotient rule,
d d
(cx  d ) (ax  b)  (ax  b) (cx  d )
f ' ( x)  dx dx
(cx  d )2
(cx  d )(a)  (ax  d )(c)
=
(cx  d )2

acx  ad  acx  bc
=
(cx  d )2
ad  bc
=
(cx  d )2
1
1
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): x
1
1
x
1 x 1
1
Solution 6: Let f ( x)  x  x  x  1 , where x  0
1 x 1 x 1
1
x x
By quotient rule,
d d
( x 1) ( x 1)  ( x  1) ( x 1)
f ' ( x)  dx dx , x  0,1
( x 1) 2
( x  1)(1)  ( x  1)(1)
= , x  0,1
( x  1)2
x 1  x 1
= , x  0,1
( x  1)2
2
= , x  0,1
( x 1)2
1
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): 2
ax  bx  c
1
ax  bx  c
2
By quotient rule,

d d
(ax2  bx  c) (1)  (ax2  bx  c)
f ' ( x)  dx dx
(ax2  bx  c)2
(ax2  bx  c)(0)  (2ax  b)

=
(ax2  bx  c)2
(2ax  b)
=
(ax2  bx  c)2
ax  b
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers):
px  qx  r
2
ax  b
px  qx  r
2
By quotient rule,
d d
( px2  qx  r ) (ax  b)  (ax  b) ( px 2  qx  r )
f ' ( x)  dx dx
( px2  qx  r )2
( px2  qx  r )(a)  (ax  b)(2 px  q)

=
( px2  qx  r )2
apx2  aqx  ar  aqx  2npx  bq

=
( px2  qx  r )2
apx2  2bpx  ar  bq
=
( px2  qx  r )2
px 2  qx  r
ax  b
px2  qx  r
ax  b
By quotient rule,

d d
(ax  b) ( px2  qx  r )  ( px2  qx  r ) (ax  b)
f ' ( x)  dx dx
(ax  b)2
(ax  b)(2 px  q)  ( px2  qx  r )(a)

=
(ax  b)2
2apx2  aqx  2bpx  bq  aqx2  aqx  ar

=
(ax  b)2
apx2  2bpx  bq  ar
=
(ax  b)2
a b
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): 4  2  cos x
x x
a b
Solution 10: Let f ( x)    cos x
x4 x2
d a d a d
f ' ( x)        (cos x)
dx  x4  dx  x2  dx
= a
dx

d 4
x   b  x2   (cos x)
d
dx
d
dx
d n 
   
= a 4 x5  b 2 x3  ( sin x)  dx  x   nx and dx  cos x    sin x 
n 1 d
4a 2b
=  3  sin x
x5 x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers): 4 x  2
Solution 11: Let f(x) = 4 x  2
d d d
f '( x)  (4 x  2)  (4 x )  (2)
dx dx dx

d 12  1 1 1 
4 (x )  0  4  x2 
dx 2 
 1  2
  2x 2  
  x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) n
Solution 12: Let f(x) = (ax + b)n. Accordingly, f(x + h) = {a(x + h) + b}n = (ax + ah + b)n
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
(ax  ah  b)  (ax  b)n

 lim
h0 h
n
 ah 
(ax  b) 1 n
  (ax  b)
n
 lim  ax  b 
h0 h
1   ah  n(n 1)  ah   

2

 (ax  b) lim 1  n 
n
      1 (using binomial theorem)
h0 h

  ax  b  2  ax  b   

1   ah  n(n 1)a2h2 
 (ax  b) lim n 
n
   Terms containing higher degrees of h 
  ax  b  2(ax  b)
h0 h 2

 na n(n 1)a 2h2 

 (ax  b)n lim    
h0 (ax  b) 2(ax  b)2
 
 na 
 (ax  b)n   0
 (ax  b) 
(ax  b)n
 na
ax  b
 na(ax  b)n1

d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax + b) n (cx + d)m
Solution 13: Let f(x) = (ax + b)n (cx + d)m

d d
f '( x)  (ax  b)n (cx  d )m  (cx  d )m (ax  b)n … (1)
dx dx
Now let f1(x) = (cx + d)m
f1(x + h) = (cx + ch + d)m
f1 ( x  h)  f1 ( x)
f1 '( x)  lim
h0 h
(cx  ch  d )m  (cx  d )m
 lim
h0 h
1  
m
ch 
 (cx  d )m lim 1   1
h0 h
 cx  d  
1  
m
mch m(m 1) c2 h2 
 (cx  d ) lim 1 
m
    1
h0 h
 (cx  d ) 2 (cx  d )2  
1  mch m(m 1)c2 h2 

 (cx  d )m lim    (Terms containing higher degree oh h) 
h0 h (cx  d ) 2(cx  d )2
 
 mc m(m  1)c2h2 
 (cx  d ) lim 
m
  
h0 (cx  d ) 2(cx  d )2
 
 mch 
 (cx  d )m   0
 (cx  d ) 
mc(cx  d )m

(cx  d )
 mc(cx  d )m1
d
(cx  d )m  mc(cx  d )m1 ... (2)
dx

d
Similarly, (ax  b)n  na(ax  b)n1 ... (3)
dx
Therefore, from (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
f '( x)  (ax  b)n{mc(cx  d )m1}  (cx  d )m{na(ax  b)n1}
 (ax  b)n1 (cx  d )m1[mc(ax  b)  na(cx  d )]
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): sin (x + a)
Solution 14: Let, f(x) = sin(x + a)

f(x + h) = sin(x + h + a)
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
sin( x  h  a)  sin( x  a)
 lim
h0 h
1  x  h  a  x  a   x  h  a  x  a 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h
  2   2 
1  2 x  2a  h   h 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h
  2   2 
   h  
 2 x  2a  h    2   
sin

 lim cos    h 
h 0 
 2     

   2   
  h 
 2 x  2a  h   sin  2    
  
h
 lim cos    lim As h  0  2  0
h 0
 2  2 0   h  
h
  2  
 2 x  2a   sin x 
 cos   1 lim  1
 2  h0 x 
 cos( x  a)

d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): cosec x cot x
Solution 15: Let f(x) = cosec x cot x

f’(x) = cosec x(cot x)’+cot x(cosec x)’ ….(1)
Let f1(x) = cot x. Accordingly, f1(x + h) = cot (x + h)
By first principle,
f ( x  h)  f ( x)
f '( x)  lim
h0 h
cot( x  h)  cot( x)
 lim
h0 h
1  cos( x  h) cos( x) 
 lim   
 sin x 
1  sin x cos( x  h)  cos x sin( x  h) 

 lim  
h0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 
1  sin( x  x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h sin x sin( x  h)
 
1 1  sin(h) 

sin x h0 h  sin( x  h) 
lim 
1  sin h   1 
  lim   lim 
sin x  h0 h   h0 sin( x  h) 
1  1 
 1  lim 
sin x  h0 sin( x  0) 
1

sin 2 x
 cosec2 x
(cot x)'  cosec2 x … (2)
Now, let f2(x) = cosec x. Accordingly, f2(x + h) = cosec(x + h)

By first principle,
f 2 ( x  h)  f 2 ( x)
f 2 '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [cosec( x  h)  cosec( x)]
h0 h
1 1 1 
 lim   
 sin x 
1  sin x  sin( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 sin x sin( x  h) 
  x  x  h   x  x  h 
 2 cos   sin  

1 1
 lim   2   2 
sin x h0 h  sin( x  h) 
 
  2 x  h   h  
2cos   sin  
1 1  2   2 
  lim  
sin x h0 h  sin( x  h) 
 
 h  2x  h  
  sin   cos  
1  2  2 
  lim   
sin x h0   h  sin( x  h) 
  2  
h  2x  h 
sin   cos  
1
 lim    lim  2 
2

sin x h0  h  h0 sin( x  h)
 
2
 2x  h 
cos  
1  2 
 1
sin x sin( x  0)
1 cos x
 
sin x sin x
 cosec x  cot x
(cosec x)'  cosec x  cot x
From (1), (2), and (3), we obtain
f '( x)  cosec x(cosec2 x)  cot x(cosec x cot x)

 cosec3 x  cot 2 xcosec x
cos x
1  sin x
cos x
1  sin x
By quotient rule,
d d
(1  sin x) (cos x)  (cos x) (1  sin x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(1  sin x) 2
(1  sin x)( sin x)  (cos x)(cos x)


(1  sin x)2
 sin x  sin 2 x  cos2 x


(1  sin x)2
 sin x  (sin 2 x  cos2 x)


(1  sin x)2
 sin x 1

(1  sin x)2
(1  sin x)

(1  sin x)2
1

(1  sin x)2
sin x  cos x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non zero constants and m and n are integers):
sin x  cos x
sin x  cos x
Solution 17: Let f (x) =
sin x  cos x

By quotient rule,
d d
(sin x  cos x) (sin x  cos x)  (sin x  cos x) (sin x  cos x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(sin x  cos x)2
(sin x  cos x)(cos x  sin x)  (sin x  cos x)(cos x  sin x)


(sin x  cos x)2
(sin x  cos x)2  (sin x  cos x)2


(sin x  cos x)2
[sin 2 x  cos2 x  2sin x cos x  sin 2 x  cos2 x  2sin x cos x]


(sin x  cos x)2
[1  1]

(sin x  cos x)2
2

(sin x  cos x)2
sec x  1
sec x  1
sec x  1
sec x  1
1
1
cos x 1  cos x
f ( x)  
 1 1  cos x
1
cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(1  cos x) (1  cos x)  (1  cos x) (1  cos x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(1  cos x)2
(1  cos x)(sin x)  (1  cos x)( sin x)


(1  cos x)2
sin x  cos x sin x  sin x  sin x cos x


(1  cos x)2

2sin x

(1  cos x)2
2sin x 2sin x
 
 1 
2
(sec x  1)2
1   sec2 x
 sec x 
2sin x sec2 x

(sec x  1)2
2sin x
sec x
 cos x
(sec x  1)2
2sec x tan x

(sec x  1)2
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): sinn x
Solution 19: Let y = sinn x.

Accordingly, for n = 1, y = sin x.
dy d
  cos x , i.e., sin x  cos x
dx dx
For n = 2, y = sin2 x.
dy d
  (sin x sin x)
dx dx
= (sin x)'(sin x + sin x(sin x)' [By Leibnitz product rule]
= cos x sin x + sin x cos x
= 2sin x cos x …. (1)
For n = 3, y = sin3 x.
dy d
  (sin x sin 2 x)
dx dx
= (sin x)'sin2 x + sin x(sin x)' [By Leibnitz product rule]
= cos x sin2 x+sin x(2sin x cos x) [Using (1)]
= cos x sin2 x + sin2 x cos x

= 3sin2 x cos x
d
We assert that (sin n x)  n sin ( n1) x cos x
dx
Let our assertion be true for n = k.
d
i.e., (sin k x)  k sin ( k 1) x cos x …. (2)
dx
Consider
d d
(sin k 1 x)  (sin x sin ( k ) x)
dx dx
= (sin x)' sink x + sin x (sink x)' [By Leibnitz product rule]
= cos x sink x + sin x (ksink-1 cos x) [Using (2)]
= cos x sink x + 2 sink x cos x
= (k + 1) sink x cos x
Thus, our assertion is true for n = k + 1.
d
Hence, by mathematical induction, (sin n x)  n sin ( n1) x cos x
dx
a  b sin x
c  d cos x
a  b sin x
c  d cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(c  d cos x) (a  b sin x)  (a  b sin x) (c  d cos x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(c  d cos x) 2
(c  d cos x)(b cos x)  (a  b sin x)(d sin x)


(c  d cos x)2
cb cos x  bd cos2 x  ad sin x  bd sin 2 x


(c  d cos x)2

bc cos x  ad sin x  bd (cos2 x  sin 2 x)


(c  d cos x)2
bc cos x  ad sin x  bd

(c  d cos x)2
sin( x  a)
cos x
sin( x  a)
cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
cos x [sin( x  a)]  sin( x  a) cos x
f '( x)  dx dx
2
cos x
d d
cos x [sin( x  a)]  sin( x  a) ( sin x)
f '( x)  dx dx … (i)
cos2 x
Let g(x) = sin(x + a). Accordingly, g(x + h) = sin (x + h + a)
By first principle,
g ( x  h)  g ( x)
g '( x)  lim
h0 h
1
 lim [sin( x  h  a)  sin( x  a)]
h0 h
1  x  h  a  x  a   x  h  a  x  a 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h
  2   2 
1  2 x  2a  h   h 
 lim 2cos   sin  
h0 h
  2   2 
   h  
 sin   
 2 x  2a  h    2  
 lim cos   h 
h 0 
 h     
  
   2  

  h 
 2 x  2a  h   sin  2    
 lim    
h
 lim cos   As h  0  2  0
h 0
 h  h 0   h  
  2  
 2 x  2a   sin h 
  cos  1 lim  1
 2  h0 h 
 cos( x  a) … (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we obtain

cos x cos( x  a)  sin x sin( x  a)
f '( x) 
cos2 x
cos( x  a  x)

cos2 x
cos a

cos2 x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): x4 (5 sin x – 3 cos x)
Solution 22: Let f (x) = x4 (5 sin x – 3 cos x)

By product rule,
d d
f '( x)  x4 (5sin x  3cos x)  (5sin x  3cos x) ( x4 )
dx dx
 d d  d
 x4 5 (sin x)  3 (cos x)  (5sin x  3cos x) ( x4 )
 dx dx  dx
 x4 5cos x  3( sin x)  (5sin x  3cos x)(4 x3 )
 x3[5x cos x  3x sin x  20sin x 12cos x]
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x2 + 1) cos x

Solution 23: Let f(x) = (x2 + 1) cos x

By product rule,
d d
f '( x)  ( x2  1) (cos x)  cos x ( x2  1)
dx dx
 ( x2  1)( sin x)  cos x(2x)
  x2 sin x  sin x  2x cos x
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (ax2 + sin x) (p + q cos
x)
Solution 24: Let f(x) = (ax2 + sin x) (p + q cos x)

By product rule,
d d
f '( x)  (ax2  sin x) (p  q cos x)+(p  q cos x) (ax 2  sin x)
dx dx
 (ax2  sin x)(  q sin x)+(p  q cos x)(2ax  cos x)
 q sin x(ax2  sin x)+(p  q cos x)(2ax  cos x)
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + cos x) (x – tan x)
Solution 25: Let f(x) = (x + cos x) (x – tan x)

By product rule,
d d
f '( x)  ( x  cos x) (x – tan x)+(x – tan x) ( x  cos x)
dx dx
d d 
 ( x  cos x)  (x) – (tan x)  +(x – tan x)(1  sin x)
 dx dx 
 d 
 ( x  cos x) 1  (tan x)  +(x – tan x)(1  sin x) … (i)
 dx 

Let g(x) = tan x. Accordingly, g(x + h) = tan(x + h)

By first principle,
g ( x  h)  g ( x)
g '( x)  lim
h0 h
tan( x  h)  tan( x)
 lim
h0 h
1  sin( x  h) sin x 
 lim  
 cos x 
1  sin( x  h)cos x  sin x cos( x  h) 

 lim  
h0 h
1 1  sin( x  h  x) 

cos x h0 h  cos( x  h) 
lim 
1 1  sin h 

cos x h0 h  cos( x  h) 
lim 
1  sin h   1 
  lim   lim 
cos x  h0 h   h0 cos( x  h) 
1  1 
  1  
cos x  cos( x  0) 
1

cos2 x
 sec2 x … (ii)
Therefore, from (i) and (ii) ,We obtain
f '( x)  ( x  cos x)(1– sec2 x)+(x – tan x)(1  sin x)
 ( x  cos x)( – tan2 x)+(x – tan x)(1  sin x)
  tan2 x( x  cos x)+(x – tan x)(1  sin x)
4 x  5sin x
3x  7 cos x

4 x  5sin x
3x  7 cos x
By quotient rule,
d d
(3x  7cos x) (4 x  5sin x)  (4 x  5sin x) (3x  7cos x)
f '( x)  dx dx
(3x  7 cos x)2
 d d   d d 
(3x  7cos x) 4 (x)  5 (sin x)   (4 x  5sin x) 3 ( x)  7 (cos x) 
  dx dx   dx dx 
(3x  7cos x) 2
(3x  7cos x)  4 x  5cos x  (4 x  5sin x) 3  7sin x


(3x  7cos x)2
12 x  15x cos x  28x cos x  35cos2 x 12 x  28x sin x 15sin x  35(cos 2 x  sin 2 x)

(3x  7cos x)2
15x cos x  28cos x  28x sin x 15sin x  35(cos2 x  sin 2 x)


(3x  7cos x)2
35  15x cos x  28cos x  28x sin x  15sin x


(3x  7cos x)2
 
x 2 cos  
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): 4
sin x
 
x 2 cos  
Solution 27: Let f(x) = 4
sin x
By quotient rule,
 d d 
sin x ( x2 )  x 2 (sin x) 
  dx dx
f '( x)  cos    
 
2
4 sin x 
 

    sin x(2 x)  x (cos x) 

2
 cos    
 4  sin 2 x 

x cos [2sin x  x cos x]
 4
sin 2 x
x
1  tan x
x
1  tan x
d d
(1  tan x) ( x)  ( x) (1  tan x)
f ' ( x)  dx dx
(1  tan x) 2
d
(1  tan x)  x (1  tan x)
= f ' ( x)  dx …(i)
(1  tan x)2
Let g(x) = 1 + tan x. .Accordingly, g(x + h) = 1 + tan(x+h).
By first principle,
g ( x  h)  g ( x)
g ' ( x)  lim
h0 h
1  tan( x  h)  1  tan( x) 
= lim  
h0
 h
1  sin( x  h) sin x 
= lim  
 cos x 
1  sin( x  h)cos x  sin x cos x( x  h) 

= lim  
h0 h
 cos( x  h)cos x 
1  sin( x  h  x) 
= lim 
h0 h cos( x  h)cos x 
 

1 sinh 
= lim 
 
 sinh   1 
=  lim  .  lim 
 h0 h   h0 cos( x  h)cos x 
1
= 1  sec2 x
cos2
d
 (1  tan x)  sec2 x
2
…(ii)
dx
From (i) and (ii), we obtain
1  tan x  x sec2 x
f ' ( x) 
(1  tan x)2
d, p, q, r and s are fixed non-zero constants and m and n are integers): (x + sec x) (x – tan x)
Solution 29: Let f(x) = (x + sec x) (x – tan x)

By product rule,
d d
f ( x)  ( x  sec x) ( x  tan x)  ( x  tan x) ( x  sec x)
dx dx
d d  d d 
= ( x  sec x)  ( x)  tan x   ( x  tan x)  ( x)  sec x 
 dx dx   dx dx 
 d   d 
= f ( x  sec x) 1  tan x)  ( x  tan x) 1  sec x  ...(i)
 dx   dx 
Let f1 (x) = tan x, f2 (x) = sec x
Accordingly, f1 (x + h)-tan(x + h) and f2 (x + h) = sec (x + h)
 f ( x  h)  f1 ( x) 
f1' ( x)  lim  1 
h0
 h 
 tan( x  h)  tan( x) 
= lim  
h0
 h

1  sin( x  h) sin x 
= lim  
 cos x 
1  sin( x  h)cos x  sin x cos x( x  h) 

= lim  
h0 h
 cos( x  h)cos x 
1  sin( x  h  x) 
= lim 
 
1 sinh 
= lim 
 
 sinh   1 
=  lim  .  lim 
 h0 h   h0 cos( x  h)cos x 
1
= 1 2
 sec2 x
cos
d
 (1  tan x)  sec2 x
2
… (ii)
dx
 f  ( x  h)  f 2 ( x) 
f '2 ( x)  lim  2 
h0
 h 
 sec( x  h)  sec( x) 
 lim  
h0
 h 
1 1 1 
 lim   
 cos x 
1  cos x  cos( x  h) 
 lim  
h0 h
 cos( x  h)cos x 
  xxh  x  x  h 
 2sin    sin  

1 1
lim   2   2 
 
  2x  h   h  
 2sin    sin   

1
lim 
1  2   2 
cos x h  0 h cos( x  h) 
 

   h 
 2 x  h    2   
sin

 sin   
  2   h  
 
1 1   2   
 lim  
 
 
 
 
  h 
 sin   
  2 x  h    2 
limsin    lim 
 h 0
 2    2 0  h  
h
 

  2  
 sec x
lim cos( x  h)
h 0
sin x 1
 sec x 
cos x
d
 sec x  sec x tan x
dx
From (i), (ii), and (iii), we obtain
f '( x)  ( x  sec x)(1  sec2 x)  ( x  tan x)(1  sec x tan x)
x
sin n x
x
sin n x
By quotient rule,
d d
sin n x x  x sin n x
f '( x)  dx dx
2n
sin x
d
It can be easily shown that sin n x = n sinn1 x cos x
dx
Therefore,

d d
sin n x x  x sin n x
f '( x)  dx dx
sin 2n x
sin n x.1  x(n sin n 1 x cos x)

=
sin 2n x
sin n 1 x(sin x  nx cos x)

=
sin 2n x
sin x  nx cos x
=
sin n1 x

Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

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Chapter 13 - Limits and Derivatives

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Class XI – NCERT – Maths Chapter 13

Limits and Derivatives

Question 3: Evaluate the Given limit: lim  r 2

Solution 3: lim  r 2   (12 )  

x10  x5  1 (1)10  (1)5  1 1  1  1 1

13.Limits and Derivatives

Put x + 1 = y so that y → 1 as x →0.

13.Limits and Derivatives

13.Limits and Derivatives

ax2  bx  c a(1)2  b(1)  c

13.Limits and Derivatives

13.Limits and Derivatives

13.Limits and Derivatives

Question 19: Evaluate the given limit: lim x sec x

13.Limits and Derivatives

Question 21: Evaluate the given limit: lim(cosec x  cot x)

13.Limits and Derivatives

13.Limits and Derivatives

Solution 23: The given function is

lim f(x) = lim [2x + 3] = 2(0) + 3 = 3

lim f(x) = lim 3(x + 1) = 3(0 + 1) = 3

 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = lim f (x) = 3

lim f(x) = lim (x + 1) = 3(1 + 1) = 6

The given function is

It is observed that lim f(x)  lim f(x).

Solution 25: The given function is

13.Limits and Derivatives

Solution 26: The given function is

Question 27: Find lim f ( x) , where f(x) = x - 5

Solution 27: The given function is f(x) = x - 5

= lim( x  5) [When x > 0, x = x]

13.Limits and Derivatives

= lim( x  5) [When x > 0, x = x]

Solution 28: The given function is

lim f ( x)  lim(a  bx)  a  b

lim f ( x)  lim(b  ax)  b  a

 lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x) = f(1)

Solution 29: The given function is f(x) = (x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)

= (a1 – a1) (a1 – a2)….. (a1 – an) = 0

Now, lim f ( x)  lim [(x – a1) (x – a2)…..(x – an)]

13.Limits and Derivatives

= (a – a1) (a – a2)….. (a – an)

For what value (s) of does lim f ( x) exists?

Solution 30: The given function is

= lim( x  1) [If x < 0, x = –x]

lim f ( x)  lim( x 1)

= lim( x  1) [If x > 0, x = –x]

= lim( x  1) [x < a < 0  x = –x]

= lim( x  1) [a < x < 0  x = –x]

13.Limits and Derivatives

Thus, limit of f(x) exists at x = a, where a < 0.

lim f ( x)  lim( x 1)

= lim( x  1) [0 < x < a  x = x]

lim f ( x)  lim( x 1)

= lim( x  1) [0 < x < a  x = x]

Thus, limit of f(x) exists at x = a, where a > 0.

 lim  f ( x)  2   lim  x2 1

 lim  f ( x)  2   12 1

13.Limits and Derivatives

Thus, lim f ( x) exists for any internal value of m and n.

13.Limits and Derivatives

Question 1: Find the derivative of x2 – 2 at x = 10.

Solution 1: Let f(x) = x2 – 2. Accordingly,

[(10  h)2  2]  (102  2)