Antennas - Concept and Design (E-Book) PDF

Contents
Preface
Author’s Information
Acknowledgement
Chapter No. Title
1. Antenna Introduction
2. Antenna Fundamentals
3. Dipole Antennas
4. Monopole Antennas
5. Loop and Slot Antennas
6. Linear Antenna Arrays
7. Planar Antenna Arrays
Contents (Contd.)
Chapter No. Title
8. Microstrip Antennas
9. Broadband Microstrip Antennas
10. Compact Microstrip Antennas
11. Tuneable and Dualband Microstrip Antennas
12. Circularly Polarised MSA
13. Microstrip Antenna Arrays
14. Helical Antennas
15. Horn Antennas
16. Yagi-Uda and Log-Periodic Antennas
17. Reflector Antennas
Answer Key
Preface
There are various books available on antennas. The emphasis of many of these books is on
theoretical aspects of antennas. However, to design an antenna for a specific application, many
additional parameters have to be taken into account. Authors feel that there is a need of a book
that mainly covers the concept and design. This Book entitled “Antennas – Concept and Design”
covers basic fundamentals of antennas, Dipole, Monopole, Loop, Slot, Linear and Planar arrays,
Microstrip Antennas (MSA), MSA Arrays, Helical, Horn, Yagi-Uda & Log-Periodic and Reflector
Antennas. For all these antennas, the emphasis is on explanation of basic concepts followed by
practical design aspects. The book also gives simple design equations, simulated results and
measured results of fabricated antennas. This book will be very useful to the students, faculty
members and engineers from telecom and wireless industries, defence and space organizations,
etc., who work in the areas of antennas, RF and microwave systems.
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, for the first time, an attempt has been made to introduce the
book in the form of Power Point Presentation (PPT), so that readers can grasp the ideas quickly
instead of reading long paragraphs. A well known quote is: “A picture is worth a thousand words”.
Practice problems are provided at the end of each chapter with answer keys at the end of the book.
All the topics covered in this book are recorded in a course entitled “Antennas” through NPTEL,
IIT Bombay, where 6000+ participants enrolled in both 2017 and 2018. Readers can refer to the
YouTube links provided at the start of each chapter for detailed explanation.
Our prime minister’s initiative of “MAKE IN INDIA” will be more successful if it follows
“DESIGN IN INDIA” principle and this book is oriented towards this slogan.
i
Prof. Girish Kumar
Girish Kumar received Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from IIT
Kanpur in 1983. From 1983 to 1985, he was a Research Associate in the
Electrical Engineering Department, Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Canada. From 1985 to 1991, he was an Assistant Professor in the
Electrical Engineering Department, Univ. of North, Dakota, Grand Forks,
USA. Since 1991, he is at IIT Bombay, where he is currently a Professor
in the Electrical Engineering Department.
His areas of interest are: Antennas, Microwave Circuits and Systems. He has written more than
300 papers in the international and national journals and conference proceedings. He is author
of four books and has filed 7 patents.
He has been working on hazards of microwave radiation for the last one decade. Has written
several reports and given presentations at various forums on the topic related to Cell Phone and
Tower Radiation Hazards and Solutions.
He was chairman of the company “Wilcom Technologies Pvt. Ltd.”, an IIT Bombay incubated
company. Wilcom had developed several products, such as, mobile phone jammers, signal
enhancers, radiation shield, antennas, power dividers, couplers, filters, amplifiers, etc.
ii
Ms. Rinkee Chopra
Rinkee Chopra obtained her B. Tech. in Electronics and
Communication Engineering from Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering
and Technology (BIET), Jhansi in 2011. She received M. Tech. in RF and
Microwave Engineering from Indian Institute of Information and
Technology, Design and Manufacturing (IIITDM), Jabalpur in 2014.
She worked on adaptive antenna arrays as her M. Tech. project and
published her work in reputed international conference.
Presently, she is a Ph.D. student at IIT Bombay. She has worked on various consultancy
projects from defense organizations. She has been very active and communicative teaching
assistant for various courses like radiating system, solid state microwave devices, etc. She is
honored as best teaching assistant for her excellent contribution in the course “Radiating
Systems” in Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Bombay. She has also been
rewarded for her commendable engagement as teaching assistant in NPTEL course on
“Antennas”. She has delivered lectures in various institutes on simulation, fabrication and
testing of various microwave circuits and antennas.
Her research interest areas include circularly polarized and broadband microstrip antennas,
end fire antennas, microstrip antenna arrays, active and passive microwave circuits, and RF
transceiver modules for radars. She has published 5 conference papers in the proceeding of
reputed national/international conferences and filed one Indian patent.
iii
Dr. Hemant Kumar
Hemant Kumar obtained his Bachelor’s degree (B.Tech with Honors) in
Electronics and Communication Engineering from Kurukshetra University,
Haryana in 2010. After B.Tech, he worked as a Lecturer from July 2010 to
June 2011 and as a Guest Lecturer in 2012. In January 2013, he joined direct
Ph.D. program in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, where he was associated as
a Teaching Assistant (TA) for several courses. He received the Ph.D. degree with thesis entitled
“Broadband Antennas and Monopulse Tracking” in February 2018. He has worked on various
consultancy projects during his Ph.D. at IIT Bombay.
He has received many awards for actively participating in various academic and other
extracurricular activities. He has been awarded a Gold Medal from Haryana State Governor in
2010 for securing first position in B. Tech. He is the recipient of best TA award for his
excellent contribution in the course “Radar Systems” at IIT Bombay. He has also been
rewarded for his commendable involvement as a Teaching Assistant for the course “Antennas”
offered through MOOCs, NPTEL, IIT Bombay. He is also a recipient of student travel grant
from European Microwave Association for attending EuCAP 2017 in Paris, France. He has
recorded few lectures on antenna design simulation, fabrication and testing, which are available
on NPTEL website and also delivered invited talks at many institutes.
Currently, He is working as a Research Associate at IIT Bombay. His research interests include
broadband antennas, microstrip antennas and arrays, passive microwave circuits, monopulse
tracking radar and substrate integrated waveguide. He has published 4 Journal papers and 10
conference papers in the proceeding of reputed national/international conferences.
iv
Acknowledgement
First and foremost, Authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Indian Institute
of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) for providing the facilities and environment to carry
out the research work. Our sincere thanks to the entire NPTEL (National Programme on
Technology Enhanced Learning) Team and Government of India for initiating such a nice
platform for offering online courses.
Our sincere thanks to all the researchers around the world, undergraduate and post-graduate
students associated with the Antenna Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT
Bombay, whose material may have been included in this book.
We are thankful to Dr. Ankit Ashok Bhurane for helping in designing the proper website for
the book. We would also like to thank Ms. Priyanka Rawal for designing the cover page of
this book.
We express our appreciation and sincere gratitude to our family members for their
encouragement, motivation and continuous support throughout this work.
Above all, we want to thank Almighty God for granting us the ability, health, strength and
many other priceless things without which this work would not have been possible.
v
Chapter - 1
Antenna Introduction
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wx_tIvaajAI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtYLzYckVFo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jA8aTA1Pg4s
Outline
Introduction to Antennas
Dipole, Monopole, Loop and Slot Antennas
Linear and Planar Arrays
Microstrip Antennas
Helical Antennas
Horn Antennas
Reflector Antennas
Yagi-Uda and Log-Periodic Antennas
1.2
Reference Books
1. C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, John
Wiley, 2005.
2. J. D. Kraus and R.J. Marhefka, Antennas, McGraw Hill, 2003.
3. G. Kumar and K. P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas,
Artech House, 2003.
4. J. R. James and P. S. Hall, Handbook of Microstrip Antennas,
Peter Peregrinus, 1989.
5. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design,
John Wiley, 2012.
6. R. C. Johnson, Antenna Engineering Handbook, McGraw
Hill,1993
1.3
Antennas in Wireless Communication Systems
Modulating Transmitter
Signal
Impedance
Modulator Amplifier Matching
Network
Carrier
Signal
Receiver
IF Filter Display
RF Mixer device/
and Demodulator
Amplifier speaker
Amplifier
LO
1.4
Antennas for Various Applications
 MW Radio – Frequency : 530 to 1620 kHz (use λ/4
monopole antenna)
 Cell Phones – CDMA, GSM900, GSM1800, 3G, 4G,
Wi-Fi/Bluetooth (use monopole, normal mode helical,
microstrip antenna, etc.)
 Cell Towers (use monopole, dipole, microstrip antenna
arrays, etc.)
 Satellite and Defense Communications (use microstrip,
horn, spiral, helical, reflector, Yagi-Uda, log-periodic
antennas, etc.)
1.5
Antenna Radiation Pattern
z
Radiation Pattern:
Isotropic (HPBW) Major Lobe
(FNBW)
Omni-directional
Directional
Polarization: Minor Lobes Side Lobe

Linear (H or V) y
Elliptical
Circular Back Lobe
1.6
Antenna Fundamentals
Directivity of the Antenna
41253 4πA𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝐷 = = Gain = η D
𝜃𝐸 𝜃𝐻 λ2
Reflection Coefficient and VSWR
𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍0
𝛤=
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍0
Vmax 1 + |𝛤| Bandwidth of Antenna:
VSWR = = Frequency range over
Vmin 1 − |𝛤|
which VSWR < 2
1.7
Link Budget
Transmitting Receiving
antenna antenna
r
Aet Aer
Transmitter Receiver
Friis Transmission Equation

2
𝜆
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 Watt
4𝜋𝑟
1.8
Dipole Antennas
Folded Broadband Dipole

Radiation pattern of a dipole antenna Antenna for RF Harvesting
Chip
Microstrip line fed
Dipole Antenna
Dipole Antenna for RFID
1.9
Monopole Antennas
Short monopole
current
h
Quarter-wave
monopole current
Image currents
Broadband triangular
monopole antenna used
for RF Harvesting from
cell phone
1.10
Loop Antennas
Small circular loop antenna multi-turn loop antenna

equivalent to magnetic dipole
[C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory – Analysis and Design, John Wiley, 2005]
1.11
Slot Antennas
Centre-fed Slot Antenna Off-centre-fed slot Antenna

P. K. Mishra, D. R. Jahagirdar and G. Kumar, “A broadband cavity-backed slot antenna design with small cavity height and analysis on large
ground plane”, National Conference on Communication (NCC), Kanpur, India, Feb.-March 2014.
1.12
Linear and Planar Antenna Arrays
Linear Antenna Array Planar Antenna Array

Amplitude and phase of each element, spacing between the elements,
choice of element and feed network determine performance of array.
1.13
Microstrip Antennas
Y
Microstrip Antennas (MSA):
 Different Shapes
Top  Broadband
View
W X  Compact
x
 Multi-band
L
 Dual polarization
Side r h  Circular Polarization
View
Ground Plane Co-axial Feed
 Linear and Planar Arrays
(series and parallel feeds)
Rectangular Microstrip Antenna
On Finite Ground Plane
1.14
Microstrip Antenna – VSWR Plot
Bandwidth for
VSWR < 2 is from
1.76 to 1.855 GHz
(95 MHz)
% BW = 5%
1.15
Microstrip Antenna – Radiation Pattern
Radiation Pattern
at 1.8 GHz
Front to Back Ratio

F/B = 15 dB
1.16
Microstrip Antenna Array
16 x 16 array
with feed network
at 35 GHz
1.17
Space Fed MSA Array
Top View
Side View
Ground Plane
1.18
Helical Antennas
NORMAL AXIAL CONICAL

MODE MODE MODE
C = πD << λ C = πD = λ C = πD = nλ
1.19
Pyramidal and Conical Horn Antennas
Pyramidal Horn Antenna
Microstrip Antenna Integrated

with Conical Horn Antenna
1.20
Reflector Antennas
Reflector Antennas:
Planar
Corner
Feed Aperture
Parabolic
Higher gain but occupies

large space
1.21
Yagi – Uda Antennas
Fed Dipole Directors

Reflector
1.22
Log-Periodic Antenna
1 l2 l𝑛+1 R2 R𝑛+1
= = = =
 l1 l𝑛 R1 R𝑛
d2 d𝑛+1 s2 s𝑛+1
= = = =
d1 d𝑛 s1 s𝑛
1.23
CONCLUSIONS
Antenna technology is rapidly changing.
Requirement for innovative thinking to meet the
challenges – broad-band, multi-band, compact,
high efficiency, multi-polarization, MIMO, smart
antennas, etc.
Design is the most important thing.
Requires precision manufacturing.
Low cost without sacrifice in performance.
1.24
Chapter - 2
Antenna Fundamentals
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6Ub2KJxV7A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehMxbZ7367A
3-D Radiation Pattern of Antenna
Isotropic Radiation Omni-Directional Directional Radiation

Pattern Radiation Pattern of λ/2 Pattern of Microstrip
D = 1 = 0dBi Dipole Antenna Antenna Array
D = 1.64 = 2.1dBi D = 500 = 27dBi
2.2
2-D Radiation Pattern of Antenna
z
Beamwidth between first
(HPBW) Major Lobe nulls (FNBW) ~ 2.25 x
(FNBW) HPBW (Half Power
Beamwidth)
Side Lobe Level (SLL)

Minor Lobes Side Lobe < 20 dB for satellite and
y high power applications
Back Lobe Front to Back Ratio

x
(F/B) > 20 dB
2.3
Directivity of Antenna
Directivity of an antenna is the ratio of radiation density in the direction of
maximum radiation to the radiation density averaged over all the directions.
U m  DU o
maximum radiation intensity 𝑈max
𝐷 = =
average radiation intensity 𝑈0
𝑈max 4𝜋 𝑈max 4𝜋 𝑈max 4𝜋 Uo
𝐷 = = = =
P𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑈max 𝛺𝐴 𝛺𝐴 [where, ΩA is beam solid angle
4𝜋
2𝜋 𝜋
1
𝛺𝐴 = 𝐹(𝜃, 𝜙)sin𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙 [where, F θ, ϕ ≃ |E o (θ, ϕ)|2 + |Eo (θ, ϕ)|2
𝐹(𝜃, 𝜙)|max 0 0
θ ϕ
4𝜋 [where, θE , θH are in radian

𝐷 ≃
𝜃𝐸 𝜃𝐻
Example: For Infinitesimal Dipole,
2.4
Directivity and Gain of Antenna
Directivity of Large Antenna Directivity of Small Antenna
32400 41253
𝐷 = where, θE a𝑛𝑑 θH are in degree 𝐷 =
𝜃𝐸 𝜃𝐻 𝜃𝐸 𝜃𝐻
4 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 Directivity is proportional to the Effective Aperture

𝐷 =
λ2 Area of Antenna
Gain = η D where η is Efficiency of Antenna
Practice Problem: Find the gain in dBi of a parabolic reflector

antenna at 15 GHz having diameter of 1m. Assume efficiency is
0.6. What will be its gain at 36 GHz?
Hint: Aperture Area of parabolic reflector antenna = π r2
2.5
Polarization of Antenna
Orientation of radiated electric field vector in the main beam of the antenna.
𝐸𝜃 𝐸𝜃 𝐸𝜃
𝐸𝜙 𝐸𝜙 𝐸𝜙
𝐸 = 𝑎𝜃 𝐸𝜃 cos𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎𝜙 𝐸𝜙 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1: 𝛼=0 or 𝜋 Wave is Linearly Polarized

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2: 𝛼= ± 𝜋/2 and E𝜃 = 𝐸𝜙 Wave is Circularly Polarized
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 3: 𝛼= ± 𝜋/2 and E𝜃 ≠ 𝐸𝜙 Wave is Elliptically Polarized

2.6
Axial Ratio of Antenna
Major Axis of Polarization
Axial Ratio (AR) =
Minor Axis of Polarization
AR = 1, Circular Polarization
1<AR<∞, Elliptical Polarization
AR = ∞, Linear Polarization
Axial Ratio Bandwidth:

Frequency range over which
Axial Ratio Plot of Circularly
AR < 3 dB Polarized MSA
Bandwidth for AR < 3dB =
380MHz (13%)
2.7
Input Impedance and VSWR of Antenna
Input Impedance Reflection Coefficient
𝑍𝐴 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑗𝑋𝐴 and VSWR
RA represents power loss from the 𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍0
antenna and XA gives the power 𝛤=
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍0
stored in the near field of the antenna
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝐿 Vmax 1 + |𝛤|
VSWR = =
Radiation Efficiency Vmin 1 − |𝛤|
𝑅𝑟 𝑅𝑟
𝑒𝑟 = =
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝐿
Practice Problem: Calculate Reflection Coefficient and VSWR for

impedance ZA = 10, 30, 50,100 Ω.
2.8
Input Impedance Plot on Smith Chart
Example: If antenna impedance 𝑍𝐴 = (20+j30)𝛺, calculate Γ and VSWR.
𝑍𝐴 = 20𝛺 + 𝑗30𝛺, Z0 = 50𝛺
𝑍𝐴 20 + 𝑗30
𝑍𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 = = = 0.4 + 𝑗0.6
𝑍0 50
𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍0 𝛤 = 0.56
𝛤= ∠112°
𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍0
20 + 𝑗30 − 50
𝛤= ≃ −0.2 + 0.52j VSWR = 3.55
20 + 𝑗30 + 50
= 0.56∠112°
1 + |𝛤|
VSWR =
1 − |𝛤|
1+0.56
VSWR = ≃3.55 Normalized Input Impedance Plot
1−0.56 on Smith Chart gives Γ and VSWR
2.9
Microstrip Antenna at 5.8 GHz
MSA design at 5.8 GHz Input Impedance Plot on |S11| Plot

with RT Duroid 5880 Smith Chart normalized BW for |S11| ≤ -10 dB
Substrate height =0.8 mm with 50 ohm is 85 MHz (1.5%)
2.10
Microstrip Antenna Radiation Pattern and Gain
Radiation Pattern Antenna Gain Plot Radiation and Antenna

HPBW (H-plane) = 88° For 1dB Gain Variation, Efficiency Plots
HPBW (E-plane) = 80° BW = 126MHz
2.11
Microstrip Antenna Array – Millimeter Wave
Gain Plot
8x8 EMCP MSA Array at millimeter wave
Gain = 24 dBi = 250
For 1dB Gain
Variation,
BW = 5.4 GHz
P. Mathur and G. Kumar, “Improved performance of Microstrip Antenna Arrays through Electromagnetic Coupling at Ka-band,” 2016
Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2016, pp. 1-4.
2.12
Radiation Pattern of 8x8 MSA Array
Main Beam
Side Lobe
Level
Cross
Polar
Cartesian Plot Polar Plot

32400
HPBW = 8.8° 𝐹𝑁𝐵𝑊 D=
≃ 2.27 8.8°x8.8°
FNBW = 20° 𝐻𝑃𝐵𝑊 ≃ 413 = 26.1dBi
whereas, simulated
directivity is 25.8dBi
2.13
Link Budget
Transmitting Receiving
antenna antenna
r
Aet Aer
Transmitter Receiver
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 Watt
𝑃𝑑 = Power Density
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑚2
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝐴𝑒𝑟 4𝜋𝐴𝑒𝑡
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑑 𝐴𝑒𝑟 = Watt 𝐺𝑡 =
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝜆2
2
𝜆
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 Watt
4𝜋𝑟 Friis Transmission Equation
2.14
Power Density
Example: A GSM1800 cell tower antenna is transmitting
20W of power in the frequency range of 1840 to 1845MHz.
The gain of the antenna is 17dBi. Find the power density at
a distance of (a) 50m and (b) 300m in the direction of
maximum radiation.
Pt Gt Watt
Power density: Pd = 4πr2 m2 𝐺𝑡 = 17𝑑𝐵𝑖 = 50
20 × 50
(a)r = 50m Pd = = 31.8m W m2
4π × 502
20 × 50
(b)r = 300m Pd = = 0.88m W m2
4π ×3002
2.15
Practice Problems
1. The measured HPBWs of an antenna in the two orthogonal planes are 30° and 20°. The
approximate gain of the antenna in dBi is :
a. 17.3 b. 18.4 c. 23.1 d. 31.5
2. The E-field pattern of an antenna varies as 3+2cosθ, where, angle θ is measured

from broadside. The approx. HPBW of the antenna is :
a. 151o b. 149o c. 31o d. 25o
3. For an omnidirectional antenna, first null beam width (FNBW) in E-plane is 45o, the
approximate directivity in dBi is :
a. 15.2 b. 13.0 c. 7.6 d. 6.5
4. The axial ratio of an antenna is 1.2. It is acceptable for which polarization :

a. Linear b. Circular c. Elliptical d. Depends on the direction
of wave propagation
2.16
Practice Problems (contd.)
Common data for questions 5 and 6: If reflection coefficient of an antenna is 0.5 at a
frequency of 900 MHz, then
5. The value of voltage standing wave ratio(VSWR) is:
a. 5 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1
6. The percentage power transmitted by antenna is:

a. 75% b. 50% c. 25% d. 10%
7. If the antenna input impedance is (30+j40)Ω at 2.45GHz, the percentage reflected power
from the antenna is :
a. 0 b. 25% c. 75% d. None of these
8. A GSM 1800 cell tower antenna with 16 dBi gain is transmitting 10 W of power at 1845
MHz. The power density in mWatt/m2 at a distance of 50m in the direction of maximum
radiation is :
a. 4.0 b. 6.4 c.12.7 d.14.2
2.17
Practice Problems (contd.)
9. Two identical transmitting and receiving antennas are located at a distance of 2km. Power
transmitted is 30dBm at 15GHz and received power is -70dBm, the approximate gain in
dBi for each antenna is :
a. 11 b. 21 c. 41 d. 51
10. Transmitting and receiving antennas operating at 1GHz with gains of 20 dBi and 15dBi,
respectively, are separated by a distance of 1 km. Assume that the transmitting antenna is
circularly polarized and the receiving antenna is linearly polarized. If the transmitted
power is 150W, the received power in dBm is :
a. -5.6 b.-7.2 c.-8.6 d.-10.2
11.The diameter of a parabolic dish antenna for 40dB gain at 11GHz is……: (Assume that
efficiency η of the antenna is 65%.)
a. 2.0m b. 1.5m c. 1.1m d. 0.9m
2.18
Chapter - 3
Dipole Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrSlSqBPntY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOMD1ECai5w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEvkxupS-yM
Infinitesimal Dipole
An infinitesimally small current
element is called the Hertz Dipole
(Length L< λ/50).
Assume an infinitesimal current
element of length dl carrying an
alternating current Io. The instantaneous
current is
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 𝑖𝑧
Dipole and its field components
in spherical polar co-ordinate
𝜇 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗𝑤𝑡 2π
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑧 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑑𝑙 𝑒 𝑧 where, k =
4𝜋 𝑟 λ
3.2
Uniform Current–Magnetic Vector Potential
3.3
E and H Fields from Magnetic Vector Potential
3.4
Uniform Current – E and H Fields
3.5
Uniform Current – Near and Far Fields
Near Field Region
Near Reactive Field Region
Near Radiative Field Region
Far Field Region
where, d is the maximum

r> dimension of the antenna
3.6
Uniform Current - Radiation Pattern
Far Field Region (kr>>1) Directivity
𝑘𝐼𝑜 𝑙 𝑈max 3
𝐷0 = 4𝜋 =
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗𝜂 sin𝜃 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 2
4𝜋𝑟
𝑘𝐼𝑜 𝑙
𝐻𝜙 = 𝑗 sin𝜃
4𝜋𝑟
𝐸𝜃
= 𝜂 = 120𝜋 E-plane radiation pattern
𝐻𝜙
2
𝑙
𝑅𝑟 = 80𝜋 2
𝜆
3-D radiation pattern
Impedance of free-space
𝐸𝑟 ≃ 𝐸𝜙 = 𝐻𝑟 = 𝐻𝜃 = 0 H-plane radiation pattern
Note : Infinitesimal antenna is not an efficient radiator.

3.7
Small Dipole Antenna
A current element whose length is /50 < l  /10 is called small
dipole antenna.
A small dipole Antenna Approximate Triangular

Current Distribution
3.8
Small Dipole – Radiation Resistance
Small dipole current distribution Far Field Region (kr>>1)
2
𝑎𝑧 𝐼0 1 − 𝑧 ′ , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ′ ≤ 𝑙 2 𝑘𝐼0 𝑙𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝑙 𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗𝜂 sin𝜃
𝐼𝑒 𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ , 𝑧 ′ =
2 ′
8𝜋𝑟
𝑎𝑧 𝐼0 1 + 𝑧 , − 𝑙 2 ≤ 𝑧 ′ ≤ 0
𝑙
𝐸𝑟 ≃ 𝐸𝜙 = 𝐻𝑟 = 𝐻𝜃 = 0
𝑘𝐼0 𝑙𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐻𝜙 ≃ 𝑗 sin𝜃
Small dipole vector potential 8𝜋𝑟
2
2𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 2
𝑙
𝜇
0
2 ′ 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅 ′ 𝑅𝑟 = = 20𝜋
𝐴 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑎 𝐼0 1+ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 |𝐼0 |2 𝜆
4𝜋 𝑧 𝑙 𝑅
−𝑙 2
For l = λ / 10, Rr = 2 Ω
𝑙 2
2 ′ 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅 ′ l = λ / 4, Rr = 12.3 Ω
+ 𝑎𝑧 𝐼0 1− 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑙 𝑅 Dipoles also have reactive
0
impedance
3.9
Input Impedance of Transmission Line
l
𝑍0 𝑍L
Case 1: 𝑍𝐿 = 0, → Z𝑖𝑛 = 𝑗𝑍0 tan𝛽𝑙
𝑍0
Case 2: 𝑍𝐿 = ∞, → Z𝑖𝑛 =
𝑗tan𝛽𝑙
Case 3: 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍0 , → Z𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 𝑍in
2𝜋
where, 𝛽 =
𝜆
𝜆
𝑖𝑓 𝑙 < → tan𝛽𝑙 = +𝑣𝑒 For Short-circuit, ZL = 0, Zin is inductive,
4
so T-Line represents inductance.
𝜆 𝜆
<𝑙< → tan𝛽𝑙 = −𝑣𝑒 Open-circuit, ZL = , Zin is capacitive, so
4 2
T-Line represents capacitance.
3.10
Half wavelength Dipole
Electric and magnetic fields Directivity of half-wavelength dipole
of a half-wavelength dipole
𝜋 𝑈max
𝐼0 𝑒−𝑗𝑘𝑟 cos cos𝜃
𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗𝜂 2 𝐷0 = 4𝜋 ≃ 1.643
2𝜋𝑟 sin𝜃 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜋
𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 cos cos𝜃
𝐻𝜙 ≃ 𝑗 2 D = 2.1 dBi
2𝜋𝑟 sin𝜃
λ/2 Dipole Radiation Resistance
2𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 Note: Input impedance for λ/2 dipole is 73+j42.5Ω.
𝑅𝑟 = ≃ 73Ω
|𝐼0 |2 To make imaginary part equal to zero, the antenna
length is reduced until the input impedance
becomes real.
Design of Dipole Antenna Real input impedance is < 68Ω.
𝑙 + 𝑑 = 0.48𝜆, where, d is the diameter of wire and d<𝜆/10.
3.11
Current Distribution of Dipole Antenna
for Different Lengths
3.12
Radiation Pattern of Dipole Antenna
for Different Lengths
𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
−𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐼0 𝑒 cos cos𝜃 − cos
2 2
𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗𝜂
2𝜋𝑟 sin𝜃
3.13
Dipole Antenna Radiation Pattern for
l = 1.25λ
Two Dimensional Three Dimensional

Directivity is maximum for a thin dipole of length l = 1.25λ
3.14
Dipole Antenna Resistance and Directivity
D0 = 3.25
Rr
3.15
Flat Dipole Antenna
Length of each segment = 50 mm BW for |S11| < -10 dB is from 1.39

Width = 4 mm, Gap = 2 mm to 1.54 GHz (150 MHz, 10.2%)
3.16
Flat Dipole Antenna Pattern and Directivity
Radiation Pattern at 1.5, 3.75 and 4.5 GHz
Directivity of 4.8 dBi is

maximum at 3.75 GHz
where, length of dipole is
approx. 1.25 λ.
3.17
Printed Dipole Antenna
Length of each segment = 50mm

Width = 4mm, Gap = 2mm
BW = 1.14 to 1.28 GHz
FR4 substrate: εr = 4.4, tanδ = 0.02,
h = 1.6mm (140 MHz, 11.6%)
3.18
Broadband Dipole Antenna
Bandwidth of dipole antenna is directly proportional to its diameter.
Cylindrical dipole antenna Biconical dipole antenna

(can use hollow pipe also) (can use wire grid also)
3.19
Balun Design
Devices that can be used to balance inherently unbalanced systems by
cancelling or choking the outside current, are known as baluns (balance
to unbalance).
𝑙 𝑙
𝜆 4
Coaxial 𝜆 4 Metal
line
Inner Outer
Shorted conductor conductor
together of coax of coax
𝜆 4 Coaxial Balun (1:1)- Narrow Bandwidth
3.20
Balun Design (Contd.)
Ferrite core maintains high impedance levels over a wide frequency
range. A good design can provide bandwidths of 10 to 1 whereas, coil
coaxial baluns can provide bandwidths of 2 or 3 to 1.
Ferrite core
Metal sleeve
𝑍1 (unbalanced)
𝑍1 (balanced)
Shorted to
Coaxial
coax’s outer
line
conductor
Sleeve or bazooka balun Narrow BW Ferrite core balun Wide BW
3.21
Microstrip Balun Dipole Antenna for GSM900
Microstrip Balun Dipole Antenna BW for |S11| < -10 dB is from 881 to 967 MHz
L = 127 mm, w = 4 mm (covers GSM900 band of 890 to 960 MHz)
FR4 substrate: εr = 4.4, tanδ =
0.02, h = 1.6 mm
3.22
Folded Dipole Antenna
The impedance of the N fold folded dipole is
N2 times greater than that of an isolated dipole
of the same length as one of its side.
Impedance for 2-fold dipole antenna is

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 22 𝑍𝑟
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 4𝑍𝑟
2-fold dipole antennas are used in Yagi-Uda antennas for TV

reception using balanced line of Z0 = 300 Ω.
3.23
Dipole Antenna Applications
Chip
Compact Dipole Antenna Folded Broadband Dipole

for RFID Antenna for RF Harvesting
(Triangular shape for broadband
and multi-fold gave Zin = 750 Ω)
3.24
Practice Problems
1. A small dipole antenna is placed at the origin in the X-Y plane at = 30o. Its normalized E
field radiation pattern in terms of  is :
𝜋
cos 2 cos 𝜙+ 6

  
a. cos 𝜙 + b. sin(𝜙 + ) c. sin 𝜙 + d.
6 6 3 sin
2. Rin of a dipole antenna of length 10 cm at f = 400 MHz is _____. The Zin of this antenna
will be inductive or capacitive?
a. 14Ω, inductive b.14Ω, capacitive c. 3.5Ω, inductive d.3.5Ω, capacitive
3. Directivity of a thin dipole antenna of length 1.25λ is :
a. 1.50 b. 1.64 c. 3.25 d. 4.25

4. Two identical dipole antennas are placed orthogonally and fed with equal amplitude and
quadrature phase difference. The effective polarization of this combination is:
a. Dual polarization b. Circular Polarization
c. Linear Polarization along the diagonal d. None of the above
3.25
Practice Problems (Contd.)
Common data for questions 5 and 6: A printed dipole antenna is designed at 1.8GHz on
glass epoxy substrate (FR4) having r= 4.4, h = 0.16 cm and tan = 0.02. If the width of a
printed dipole antenna is 0.5 cm,
5. The approximate resonant length of the printed dipole antenna is :

a. 6.8cm b. 4.6cm c. 3.4cm d. 2.9cm
6. Approximate gain of this printed dipole antenna is :

a. 1.5dBi b. 2.0dBi c. 4.0dBi d. 5.0dBi
7. Bandwidth of a dipole antenna can be increased by :
a. Increasing the diameter b. Using printed bow-tie configuration
c. Using bi-conical configuration d. All of the above
3.26
8. The radiation pattern of a small dipole antenna is:
E-plane H-plane E-plane H-plane
a. b.
H-plane E-plane
H-plane E-plane
c. d.
3.27
9. The input resistance (Rin) of a 3-fold dipole antenna whose length L satisfies l + d = 0.48λ
is approximately :
a. 150Ω b. 220Ω c. 612Ω d. 657Ω
10. A λ/2 dipole antenna is designed at 1.8GHz. If a metallic reflector is placed behind the
dipole antenna at a distance of λ/4, what will be the effect on antenna?
a. Frequency doubles b. Bandwidth doubles
c. Gain doubles d. All of the above
Common data for questions 11 and 12: The length and diameter of a dipole antenna are 20
cm and 5 mm, respectively.
11. Its approximate resonance frequency is:
a. 0.5GHz b. 0.7GHz c. 1.1GHz d. 1.3GHz
12. Its approximate percentage BW for VSWR  2 is:

a. 4% b. 10% c. 30% d. 50%
3.28
Chapter - 4
Monopole Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6zE5Ir_Kjo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzPZataE7Ls
Monopole Antenna on Infinite Ground Plane
Quarter-wavelength monopole antenna on infinite ground plane.
Note: λ/4 length is only valid when ground plane size is infinite.
λ ∕4 monopole on infinite Equivalent λ/2 dipole

electric conductor
4.2
Monopole Antenna on Infinite Ground Plane
Far fields - Electric and Magnetic fields
E and H far-fields for the λ/4 monopole above the ground plane
are same as that of dipole antenna
𝜋 𝜋
𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 cos cos𝜃 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 cos cos𝜃
𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗𝜂 2 , 𝐻𝜙 ≃ 𝑗 2
2𝜋𝑟 sin𝜃 2𝜋𝑟 sin𝜃
Input Impedance
𝑍𝑖𝑛 (𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒) 73 + 𝑗42.5
𝑍𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒) = = = 36.5 + 𝑗21.25
2 2
Directivity
D 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 2 ∗ D 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 2 ∗ 1.643 = 3.286
Height h for Real Input Impedance

h + r ≃ 0.24𝜆, where r is the radius of wire and r < 𝜆/20
4.3
Effect of Varying Radius of Monopole on
Infinite Ground Plane on Impedance Plot
2r
90 mm
VSWR = 2 Circle
Infinite Ground Plane
As radius r of monopole increases, its inductance decreases

and hence impedance plot shifts down.
4.4
Infinite Ground Plane on VSWR Plot
Resonance frequency
calculation using
h + r = 0.24λ
f = 0.24 c / (h + r)
Radius Theoretical Bandwidth for %BW
(in mm) frequency VSWR < 2
(in MHz) (in MHz)
0.5 795.6 748 to 847 12.4%
1 791.2 734 to 852 14.9%
2 782.6 717 to 861 18.3%
5 757.9 689 to 903 26.9%
10 720.0 667 to 1007 42.1%
As radius of monopole increases, resonance frequency

decreases slightly but BW increases significantly.
4.5
Effect of Radius of Monopole on infinite
Ground Plane on Directivity and Gain
As radius of monopole increases, the directivity increases marginally

by 0.05 dB at center frequency but gain BW increases significantly.
4.6
Infinite Ground Plane on Radiation Pattern
With change in the radius of

monopole, there is no
significant change in the
radiation pattern.
4.7
Effect of Varying Finite Ground Plane
Size on Input Impedance of Monopole
2r r = 5 mm
90 mm
Finite circular
ground plane
As ground plane radius R increases, the impedance plot shifts towards

inductive region. Hollow cylindrical monopole can be taken.
4.8
Effect of Finite Ground Plane Size on
|S11| Plot (h = 90 mm, r = 5 mm)
Radius (R) Simulated At fo

of Ground Center Simulated Input
Plane frequency Impedance
(in mm) fo (in MHz) (in Ω)
10 1280 95-j99
20 1120 84.6-j1
50 905 33.5+j13
75 840 29+j15
100 800 28+j14
Infinite 775 41+j7.6
As ground plane radius R increases, the resonance frequency decreases.

Applications – Cellular and cordless telephones, walkie-talkies, CB radios, etc.
4.9
Effect of Small Ground Plane size on Gain
and Radiation Pattern(h = 90mm, r = 5mm)
As ground plane radius R increases, the gain maxima shifts towards lower
resonance frequency. Gain and radiation pattern of a monopole antenna on small
ground plane (< λ) are similar to that of dipole antenna.
4.10
Effect of Varying Size of Large Ground
Plane on Gain and Radiation Pattern
Gain of monopole antenna on large ground plane (> λ) is greater than

that of dipole antenna and it approaches to gain of around 5 dBi, which
is for infinite ground plane.
4.11
Broadband Monopole Antenna Configurations
Conical Triangular Printed Elliptical Bent

Monopole Monopole Monopole Monopole
Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna
4.12
Conical Monopole Antenna
Slant length = λ/4 at lowest

frequency of operation.
Zin = 60
where, α is cone angle. Bandwidth for VSWR < 2 is from

For α = 900, Zin = 52.9 Ω 175 to 1615 MHz.
4.13
Broadband Circular Monopole Antenna
a = 2.5 cm,
p = 0.1 cm
Bandwidth for VSWR < 2 is from 1.17 GHz to 12 GHz, which

corresponds to BW ratio of 1:10.2 but radiation pattern varies
over the bandwidth.
4.14
Printed Broadband Elliptical Monopole
Antenna
Bandwidth for |S11| < - 10 dB is very large but radiation pattern varies
over the bandwidth.
M. Arrawatia, M.S. Baghini and G. Kumar, “Broadband Elliptical Rectenna for RF Energy Harvesting ”, National Conference on Recent
Trends in Microwave Techniques and Applications (Microwave - 2012), India
4.15
Dual Band Dual Ring Monopole Antenna
Radiation Pattern at (a) 0.9, (b) 1.8 and (c) 2.1GHz
A. Mardikar, R. Mohan, M. Arrawatia and G. Kumar, “Dual band dual circular ring monopole antenna.” in Twenty First IEEE National
Conference on Communications (NCC), pp. 1-5, February, 2015.
4.16
Dual Band Trident Monopole Antenna
Central monopole is designed to resonate at Bandwidth = 870-980 MHz

GSM 900 band and two monopoles placed and 1.5 to 4.2 GHz
on each side of central monopole resonate
at GSM1800 band.
M. Arrawatia, M. S. Baghini and G. Kumar, “Broadband omnidirectional antenna for GSM900, GSM1800, 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi applications.”,
in IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, pp. 329-330, 2017.
4.17
Dual Band Trident Monopole Antenna
Simulated and Measured Simulated and Measured

Radiation Patterns at 920 MHz Radiation Patterns at 2150 MHz
HPBW in E-plane = 80° HPBW in E-plane = 55°
4.18
Broadband Trident Monopole Antenna
Bandwidth of the trident monopole antenna is increased by flaring

all three monopoles.
4.19
Broadband Trident Monopole Antenna Pattern
(a) 950 MHz (b) 1850 MHz (c) 2150 MHz (d) 2450 MHz
Radiation pattern of the broadband trident monopole antenna at (a)

950 MHz, (b) 1850 MHz, (c) 2.15 GHz, and (d) 2.45 GHz
4.20
Broadband Dual Polarized Bent Triangular Antenna
M. Arrawatia, M.S Baghini and Girish Kumar , “Broadband Bent Triangular Omnidirectional Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting”, in
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 15, pp. 36-39, 2016.
4.21
Bent Triangular Antenna Radiation Pattern
At 950MHz At 1850MHz
Measured radiation pattern of the broadband bent triangular antenna.

Both H and V polarizations are present.
M. Arrawatia, M.S Baghini and Girish Kumar , ”Broadband Bent Triangular Omnidirectional Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting”, in
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 15, no. , pp. 36-39, 2016.
4.22
Practice Problems
1. Directivity and input impedance of a monopole antenna as compared to those of
dipole antenna are:
a. Twice, Twice b. Twice, Half c. Half, Half d. Half, Twice
Common data for questions 2, 3 and 4: A monopole antenna of diameter 0.5 cm is
designed to cover GSM frequency from 890 to 960 MHz for very large ground plane :
2. The monopole antenna wire length is:
a. 4.6cm b. 6.8cm c. 7.5cm d. 14.6cm
3. For high power application, the antenna can be fed using______ feed connector.
a. N type b. SMA type c. K type d. Any of the above
4. The smallest ground plane size without affecting its frequency of operation is:
a. 4cm b. 6cm c. 8cm d. 15cm
4.23
Common data for questions 5 and 6: A bent monopole antenna is placed on a large ground
plane. The wire length of 15 cm is bent perpendicularly at 4 cm to form a L-shaped antenna.
Now, the vertical height of the monopole is 4 cm and the horizontal length is 11 cm. The
diameter of the wire is 2mm.
5. The approximate resonance frequency is:
a. 517MHz b. 477MHz c. 440MHz d. 410MHz
6. The input resistance of the antenna is:
a. 1.6Ω b. 3.2Ω c. 6.4Ω d. 8.0Ω
4.24
7. Which of the following configuration provides the widest bandwidth?
a. b. c. d.
4.25
Chapter - 5
Loop and Slot Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHBvqFKEryA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nf9S7zbFnsw
Loop Antenna
Loop antennas can have circular, rectangular, triangular or any other
shape. It can have number of turns and can be wrapped in the air or
around dielectric (solid or hollow) or ferrite material.
Circular Loop Square Loop
A small electric loop is equivalent to a small linear magnetic dipole

of constant current amplitude Im.
5.2
Loop Antenna Radiation Pattern
Radiation pattern of circular loop antenna of different diameter
assuming uniform current distribution along the loop.
Loop
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜆 10
𝐶𝜆 = 0.314
Loop
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜆 Loop
𝐶𝜆 = 3.14
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 3𝜆/2 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 5𝜆
𝐶𝜆 = 4.71 𝐶𝜆 = 15.7
5.3
Loop Antenna Radiation Resistance
For Single Turn Small Loop Antenna
4
𝐶
𝑅𝑟 = 20𝜋 2

where, C = 2 π a is circumference of the Loop Antenna
4
𝐶
For N turns 𝑅𝑟 = 20𝜋 2 𝑁 2

4
𝐶
𝑅𝑟 = 60𝜋 2

For N = 50
5.4
Radiation Resistance vs Loop Circumference
5.5
Radiation Resistance of Loop Antenna on Ferrite
2
2 𝑅
𝜇𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑓 = 𝜇𝑐𝑒𝑟 𝑟 = 𝑅𝑟
𝜇0
2 𝐶 4 𝜇𝑐𝑒 2 2
= 20𝜋 𝑁
 𝜇0
Example: A N-turn circular loop antenna has a diameter of 2 cm,

and the wire diameter is 1 mm. It is wound on the ferrite core, whose
effective permeability is 10. How many turns are required to obtain
Rin = 50 ohm at 3 MHz.
5.6
Directivity of Circular Loop Antenna
5.7
Folded Dipole vs Rectangular Loop Antenna
Zin of Folded Dipole Antenna = 4 x Zin of Dipole Antenna
Connecting Strip Zin (Ω ) Resonance
Length (mm) Frequency (GHz)
Dipole Antenna 70.3 1.495
3 286.9 1.405
6 292.6 1.396
10 297 .0 1.381
20 303 .0 1.340
As connecting strip length increases, resonance frequency
decreases and input impedance increases because rectangular
loop length increases (circumference is approximately equal to λ)
Length of the each segment of dipole = 50mm, width = 2mm, air-gap = 2mm
Length of the folded arm = 102mm, connecting strip width = 1mm
5.8
Reflection Coefficient |S11| of Loop Antenna
Higher order modes correspond to

C = nλ, where n = 2, 3, ...
Length of loop = 102 mm, width of vertical arm = 2mm, air-gap = 2mm
Length of connecting strip = 20mm and width = 1mm
5.9
Input Impedance of Loop Antenna
Input Impedance of loop is inductive at lower

frequency – loop acts as Inductor. Various modes
correspond to C = nλ, where n = 1, 2, 3….
5.10
Radiation Pattern and Gain of Loop Antenna
(a)
(b) Gain vs Frequency Plot
Radiation Pattern at (a) 1.32 and (b) 2.55 GHz

5.11
Application of Multi-Turn Small Loop
Antenna - RFID
5.12
Slot Antenna
If a electric screen (with slot) and its complement (strip dipole) are
immersed in a medium with an intrinsic impedance  and have
terminal impedance of Zs and Zc , respectively, the impedances are
related by 2
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑐 =
4
Complementary dipole Electric Screen with slot

5.13
Slot Antenna Far-Fields
Far Field Electric and Magnetic Fields
𝐸𝜃𝑠 = 𝐻𝜃𝑐 , 𝐸𝜙𝑠 = 𝐻𝜙𝑐
𝐸𝜃𝑐 𝐸𝜙𝑐
𝐸𝜃𝑠 = − , 𝐻𝜙𝑠 = −
20 20
Radiation pattern of the slot is identical in shape to that of

the dipole except that the E and H-fields are interchanged.
5.14
Cavity Backed Slot Antenna at 5.8 GHz
Elements Dim./Value
Slot (l1 x w1) 31.4 mm x 4 mm
Cavity height (d) 13 mm (~ λ/4)
Slot offset (s) 7.7 mm
Cavity (L x W) 40 mm x 26 mm
Substrate: εr = 2.55, h = 0.787 mm, tan δ= 0.0015
Slot is cut in the top ground plane. Slot is fed

Slot
h
using microstrip line from other side of
d Feed Line substrate.
Cavity
W Antenna is backed by a metallic cavity for
unidirectional coverage.
P. K. Mishra, D. R. Jahagirdar and G. Kumar, “A broadband cavity-backed slot antenna design with small cavity height and analysis on
large ground plane”, National Conference on Communication (NCC), Kanpur, India, Feb.-March 2014
5.15
Slot Length Variation in Offset-fed
Cavity Backed slot Antenna
( 29.4, 31.4, 33.4mm )

Input Impedance and VSWR vs. Frequency Plots for
Three Values of Slot Length (l1 = 29.4, 31.4, and 33.4mm)
With increase in the slot length, resonance frequency
decreases and input impedance locus rotates clockwise.
5.16
Slot Width Variation in Offset-fed
( 3, 4, 5mm )
Input Impedance and VSWR vs. Frequency Plots for

Three Values of Slot Width Variation (w1 = 3, 4, and 5mm)
With increase in the slot width, bandwidth increases and
input impedance locus shifts towards lower impedance value.
5.17
Feed Length Variation in Offset-fed
( 16.5, 17.5, 18.5mm )

Input Impedance and VSWR vs. Frequency Plots for Three Values of
Microstrip Feed Line Length (l2 =16.5, 17.5, and 18.5mm)
With increase in Microstrip Feed Line Length, frequency decreases and input
impedance locus shifts to lower impedance value.
5.18
Feed Width Variation in Offset-fed
( 1.6, 2.1, 2.6mm )
Input Impedance and VSWR vs. Frequency Plots for three

Values of Feed Line width (w2 =1.6, 2.1, and 2.6mm)
With increase in Feed Line width, input impedance locus
shifts to lower impedance value.
5.19
Feed Offset Variation in Offset-fed
( 7, 8, 9mm )
Input impedance and VSWR vs. Frequency Plots for Three
Values of Microstrip Feed Offset (s =7, 8, and 9mm)
With increase in the offset from center, resonance frequency
decreases and input impedance locus rotates clockwise.
5.20
Measured Results of Cavity
Backed slot Antenna
Fabricated Antenna Smith Chart vs Frequency

0
20 100 10 20
30 -5 30
40 -10 40
50 -15 50
60 -20 60
70 -25 70
80 -30 80
-35
90 -40 90
100 100
110 110
120 120
130 130
140 140
150 150
160170 170160
180 Etheta…
Measured E-plane Radiation Pattern

VSWR vs. Frequency
5.21
Measured Results of Cavity
Backed slot Antenna
Parameters Simulated Measured

Frequency Range for 5.45 - 6.0 5.53 - 5.96
VSWR < 2 (GHz)
Maximum Gain (dBi) 5.5 5.4
E-Plane HPBW 151° 145°
(degrees)
Front to Back Ratio 8 12
(dB)
5.22
8x1 Offset fed Cavity Backed Slot
Antenna Array
Top View
Bottom View
Integrated Cavity
Backed Antenna
Bottom Feed
Network
5.23
Results of 8x1 Cavity Backed
Slot Antenna Array
( Z11)
Input Impedance vs. Frequency Radiation Pattern at 5.8 GHz
5.24
Results of 8x1 Cavity Backed
Slot Antenna Array
VSWR vs. Frequency Plot Gain vs. Frequency Plot

BW for VSWR < 2 is ~ 600 MHz
5.25
Centre Fed Cavity Backed Slot Antenna
l1 = 41 mm and w1 = 4 mm
l2 = 21.1 mm and w2 = 2.1 mm
L = 56 mm and W = 26 mm.
Metallic cavity at distance d = 13 mm
5.26
Results of Centre Fed Cavity
Backed Slot Antenna
5.27
8x1 Centre fed Cavity Backed Slot
Antenna Array
8x1 Centre fed Cavity Backed Slot Antenna Array
VSWR vs. Frequency Gain vs. Frequency Radiation Pattern

BW = 5.58 to 6.08 GHz at 5.8 GHz
5.28
Practice Problems
1. A circular loop antenna has diameter of 0.02λ. To match it with 50Ω, the required number
of turns are :
a. 256 b. 128 c. 64 d. 32
2. A N-turn circular loop antenna has a diameter of 2 cm, and the wire diameter is 1 mm. It
is wound on the ferrite core, whose effective permeability is 10. The number of turns
required to obtain Rin = 50 ohm at 10MHz are:
a. 11474 b. 9654 c. 9232 d. 8624
3. A rectangular door frame (height = 2m and width = 1m) loop antenna for RFID reader is
designed to operate at 13.56MHz. The number of turns required to match it with 50Ω are:
a. 36 b. 22 c. 12 d. 7
4. A slot antenna of length 10cm and width 0.5cm is cut in a very large ground plane. Its
approximate resonance frequency is :
5.29
5. Radiation pattern of slot antenna is:
a. Omni in both E and H planes b. Omni in E plane, figure of eight in H plane
c. Figure of eight in E plane and d. Figure of eight in both E and H planes
omni in H plane
6. A printed resonant slot antenna is to be designed at 1.8GHz for width 0.5cm on one sided
glass epoxy (FR4) substrate with r = 4.4, h = 0.16cm and tan = 0.02. The length of slot
will be :
a. 9.7cm b. 8.2cm c. 7.4cm d. 6.0cm.
7. What will be the effect of increase in slot width of slot antenna
a. Resonance frequency decreases b. Bandwidth increases
c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of the above
8. If a slot antenna is backed by metallic cavity, Its
a. Gain will approximately double b. Radiation pattern will be unidirectional
c. Front to back ratio will improve d. All of the above
5.30
Chapter - 6
Linear Antenna Arrays
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ok_UIiNe1Eg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ek6F4V0ugo0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdntJ64WV8Q
Linear and Planar Arrays
Arrays of Two Isotropic Sources
Principles of Pattern Multiplication
Linear Array of N Elements with Uniform Amplitude
Broadside
Ordinary Endfire
Increased Directivity Endfire Array (IDEA)
Scanning Array
Linear Arrays with Non-Uniform Amplitude
Planar Arrays
6.2
Array of Two Isotropic Point Sources
2𝜋
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑟1 + 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑟2 𝛽=𝑘=
𝜆 𝑃
𝑑
𝑟1 ≅ 𝑟 + cos𝜙
2 𝑟 ≫ 𝑑, 𝜙 = 90 − 𝜃 𝑑 𝑟r12
𝑑 cos𝜙
𝑟2 ≅ 𝑟 − cos𝜙 2 𝑟
2 𝜃 r1
𝑟2
𝑑 𝑑 𝜙
−𝑗𝛽𝑟 −𝑗𝛽 2 cos𝜙 𝑗𝛽 2 cos𝜙
𝐸= 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒 1 𝑑 2 2
𝜓 𝜓 𝑑
−𝑗𝛽𝑟 −𝑗 2 𝑗2
= 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝑒 +𝑒
𝜓 𝜋𝑑 2𝜋𝑑
𝐸 = 2𝐸𝑜 cos = 2𝐸𝑜 cos cos𝜙 𝜓 = 𝛽𝑑cos𝜙 = cos𝜙
2 𝜆 𝜆
2𝜋𝑑
=𝛽dsin𝜃 = sin𝜃
𝜆
6.3
Two Isotropic Point Sources of
Same Amplitude and Phase
Normalized E: 𝑑𝑟
𝐸 = cos cos𝜙 90
2 60
𝟐𝝅𝒅
𝒅𝒓 = = 𝒅
𝝀 HPBW
𝝀 𝝅
For 𝒅 = 𝑬 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝓
𝟐 𝟐
0
𝝓 0° 90° 60°
E 0 1 1/ 𝟐
HPBWs = 60° in one plane and 360° in
another plane.
6.4
ORIGIN AT ELEMENT 1
6.5
Two Isotropic Point Sources of Same
Amplitude and Opposite Phase
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝜓/2 − 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝑗𝜓/2
𝜓 𝑑𝑟
𝐸 = 2j𝐸0 sin = 2j𝐸0 s𝑖𝑛 cos𝜙
2 2
λ
For 𝑑 =
2
𝜋
𝐸 = sin cos𝜙
HPBW = 120°
2
𝝓 0° 90° 60°
E 1 0 1/ 𝟐
HPBWs = 120° in both orthogonal planes.
6.6
Amplitude with 90 Phase Difference at λ/2
 0° 60° 90° 120° 180°

E 1/ 𝟐 0 1/ 𝟐 1 1/ 𝟐
6.7
Amplitude with 90 Phase Difference at λ/4
Spacing between the sources is reduced to λ/4
𝜋 𝜋
𝐸 = cos + cos𝜙
4 4
𝝓 0° 90° 120° 150° 180°

HPBW = 180° E 0 1/ 𝟐 0.924 0.994 1
6.8
Amplitude with Any Phase Difference
6.9
Two Same Dipoles and Pattern
Multiplication
Horizontal Dipole:
𝐸0 = 𝐸0′ s𝑖𝑛𝜙
𝜓
𝐴𝐹 = cos
2
𝜓
𝐸 = s𝑖𝑛𝜙cos
2
Where, 𝜓 = 𝑑𝑟 cos𝜙 + 
For δ = 0, Array Factor
(AF) will give max.
radiation in Broadside
Direction
Dipole AF Final Pattern
6.10
PATTERN MULTIPLICATION
Dipole E-Field for Vertical Orientation:
Combined E-Field
Array of two vertical

dipole antennas
Dipole Pattern AF Product of Patterns

6.11
N Isotropic Point Sources of Equal
Amplitude and Spacing
𝐸 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑗𝜓 + 𝑒 𝑗2𝜓 + 𝑒 𝑗3𝜓 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑗(𝑛−1)𝜓
2𝜋𝑑
where, 𝜓 = cos𝜙 +  = 𝑑𝑟 cos𝜙 + 
𝜆
𝐸𝑒 𝑗𝜓 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜓 + 𝑒 𝑗2𝜓 + 𝑒 𝑗3𝜓 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜓

𝐸 − 𝐸𝑒 𝑗𝜓 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜓
1 − 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜓 sin 𝑛𝜓/2

𝐸= 𝑗𝜓
=
1−𝑒 sin 𝜓/2
sin 𝑛𝜓/2
As ߰0, Emax = n, 𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 =
nsin 𝜓/2
6.12
Radiation Pattern of N Isotropic
Elements Array
Array Factor
First SLL
= 20log0.22
= -13.15dB
Radiation Pattern for array of n isotropic

radiators of equal amplitude and spacing.
6.13
Broadside Array (Sources In Phase)
2𝜋𝑑
𝜓= cos𝜙 + 
𝜆
𝜆
 = 0, 𝑑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 = 4
2
sin 𝑛𝜓/2
𝜓 = 𝜋cos𝜙 𝐸𝑛 =
nsin 𝜓/2
 Ψ E
0° π 0
60° π/2 0
90° 0 1
Field pattern of 4 isotropic point
𝑩𝐖𝐅𝐍 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏 = 𝟔𝟎
sources with the same amplitude
and phase. Spacing = /2.
6.14
Ordinary End-Fire Array
2𝜋𝑑
𝜓= cos𝜙 + 
𝜆
For d = /2, ϕ = 0 and 𝜓 = 0
 = −𝜋
𝜓 = 𝜋(cos𝜙 − 1)
ф Ψ E
0° 0 1
Field pattern of ordinary end-fire 60° -π/2 0
array of 4 isotropic point sources of 90° -π 0
same amplitude. Spacing is /2 and
the phase angle  = -. BWFN=120°
6.15
Increased Directivity End-fire Array
(IDEA)
For endfire array
For increased directivity endfire array
Parameter Ordinary Increased

end fire Directivity end-
array fire array Field patterns of end-fire arrays of 10
HPBW 69° 38° isotropic point sources of equal amplitude
spaced /4 apart. (a)Phase for increased
FNBW 106° 74° directivity ( = - 0.6), (b) Phase of an
Directivity 11 19 ordinary end-fire array ( = - 0.5).
6.16
Array with Maximum Field in any
Arbitrary Direction
For Beam Maxima at ϕ = 60°
𝜓 = 0 = 𝑑𝑟 cos60 + 
For d = λ/2, dr = π
𝜋
=−
2
Field pattern of array of 4 isotropic point sources of equal

amplitude with phase adjusted to give the maximum value
at  = 60° for spacing d = λ/2
6.17
Null Directions for Arrays of N
Isotropic Point Sources
sin 𝑛𝜓/2
𝐸𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚 =
nsin 𝜓/2
For Finding Direction of Nulls:
𝑛𝜓 𝑛𝜓
sin = 0 = k𝜋 where, k = 1,2,3…
2 2
2k𝜋
𝜓=
𝑛
For Broadside Array, δ = 0
2𝜋𝑑 2k𝜋 −1
𝑘𝜆
cos𝜙𝑜 =   0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜆 𝑛 𝑛𝑑
6.18
Null Direction and First Null Beamwidth
Null directions and beam width between first nulls for linear
arrays of n isotropic point sources of equal amplitude and spacing
6.19
First Null Beamwidth (FNBW)
For long array, (n-1)d is

equal to array length L
dλ= d/λ
6.20
Directions of Max SLL for
N Elements Arrays
𝑛𝜓 𝑛𝜓 (2𝑘+1)𝜋
sin = ±1 → =± where, k=1,2,3…
2 2 2
(2𝑘+1)𝜋
𝜓 =±
𝑛 𝑛𝜓
sin 1
2
Magnitude of SLL: 𝐴𝐹 = | 𝜓
|=| |
(2𝑘 + 1)𝜋
𝑛sin 𝑛sin
2 2𝑛
For very large n:
1 2
𝐴𝐹 = | |= = 0.212 for k =1 (First SLL)
(2𝑘 + 1)𝜋 (2𝑘 + 1)𝜋
𝑛×
2𝑛
SLL in dB = 20Log 0.212 = -13.5dB
6.21
Direction of Minor Lobe Maxima
6.22
Half-Power Beamwidth of Array
For calculating HPBW, find Ψ, where radiated power is reduced
to half of its maximum value
𝑛𝜓
sin 1
𝐴𝐹 = 2 =
𝜓 2
𝑛sin
2
𝑛𝜓
sin 1
For large n, HPBW is small: 𝐴𝐹 2 =
𝜓 2
𝑛
2
Solution: nΨ/2 = 1.3915
2𝜋𝑑
For Broadside: 𝜓= cos𝜙 = 2.783/n
𝜆
cos ϕ = sin (90 - ϕ) = 1.3915/ (πnd/λ) = 0.443/Lλ (radian)
HPBW ~ 2 x (90 - ϕ) = 50.80 /Lλ

6.23
Aperture, Directivity and Beamwidth
6.24
Grating Lobes for Arrays of N
Isotropic Point Sources
To Avoid Grating Lobes:
2𝜋𝑑
𝜓= cos𝜙 − cos𝜙𝑚 ≤ 2 where, m is direction of max. radiation
𝜆
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
≤  ≤
𝜆 cos𝜙 − cos𝜙𝑚 𝜆 1 + cos𝜙𝑚
For Broadside Array: 𝑑 < 1 → 𝑑 < 𝜆

𝜆
𝜆
For Endfire Array: 𝑑<
2
6.25
Arrays with Missing Source
(a) (c
)
(b) (d)
Radiation Pattern of linear array of 5 isotropic point sources of equal amplitude and λ/2
spacing (a) all 5 sources ON (b) one source (next to the edge) OFF (c) one source (at the
centre) OFF, and (d) one source (at the edge) OFF
6.26
Radiation Pattern of Broadside Arrays with
Non-Uniform Amplitude
(5 elements with spacing = λ/2, Total Length = 2 λ)
SLL < -13 dB No SLL SLL < -20 dB Grating Lobes

All 5 sources are in same phase but relative amplitudes are different.
6.27
Binomial Amplitude Distribution Arrays
Binomial Amplitude Coefficients are defined by
m=5 1 4 6 4 1
m =6 1 5 10 10 5 1
No side lobe level but broad beamwidth
 Gain decreases (practically not used)
6.28
Non-Uniform Amplitude Distribution
6.29
Non-Uniform Amplitude Distribution
(Contd.)
6.30
Current Distribution for Line-
Sources and Linear Array
6.31
Radiation Characteristics for Line-
Sources and Linear Array
6.32
Radiation Characteristics for Circular
Aperture and Circular Array
6.33
Practice Problems
1. An N element linear array of equal inter element spacing of λ/4 is fed with equal
amplitude. For an end fire array, consecutive elements should have :
a. same phase b. 45° phase difference
c. 90° phase difference d. 180° phase difference
2. The array is required to scan up to an angle θ = 60° measured from the broadside.
To avoid grating lobes, the maximum allowed separation between the elements is
a. 0.707λ b. 0.667λ c. 0.536λ d. 0.5λ
3. A 6-elements linear array with spacing d = 0.6λ is to be designed to scan the beam at an
angle of 20° from the broadside. The phase difference between each element should be :
a. 56.8o b. 73.9° c. 93.8o d.123.2o
6.34
Common data for question 4 to 8: For an 8-element array of isotropic antennas with
equal spacing of 0.6λ and fed with equal amplitude and phase:
4. The approximate directivity of array in dBi is
a. 6.3 b. 9.3 c. 12.4 d. 14.2
5. The approximate HPBW of array is
a. 8.6° b. 10.7° c. 12.1o d.17.6o
6. The direction of first null from broadside is
a. 12.0 b. 16.4 c. 52.4 d. 77.9
7. The direction of second side lobe level from broadside is :
a. 82.8 b. 68.3 c. 52.1 d. 31.4o
8. The magnitude of second side lobe level is
a. -13.5dB b. -16.5dB c.-18.2dB d. -19.6dB
6.35
9. An increased directivity end fire array of /2 dipole elements with spacing d = 0.25λ is
designed for a gain of 16dB. Assume gain of dipole is 2dB. The approx. number of
elements is:
a. 9 b. 12 c. 15 d. 18
10.What type of amplitude excitation technique should be used in an array radiation
pattern to remove side lobes?
a. Uniform distribution b. Binomial distribution
c. Taylor distribution d. Dolph-Tschebyscheff distribution
6.36
Chapter - 7
Planar Antenna Arrays
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIsZqFT03C4
Rectangular Planar Array
𝑀𝜓𝑥 𝑁𝜓𝑦
sin
1 sin 2 1 2
𝐴𝐹𝑛 (, ) =
𝑀 𝑀sin 𝜓𝑥 𝑁 𝜓𝑦
2 𝑁sin
2
𝜓𝑥 = 𝑘𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑥
where,
𝜓𝑦 = 𝑘𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑦
𝑥 = −𝑘𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 for 𝜓𝑥 = 0

𝑦 = −𝑘𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 for 𝜓𝑦 = 0
7.2
Rectangular Planar Array
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
tan0 =
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 2
2
𝑥 𝑦
and sin 0 = + where k = 2π/λ
𝑘𝑑𝑥 𝑘𝑑𝑦
The principal maximum(m = n = 0) and grating lobes can be

located by:
𝑘𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 ) = 2m m = 0, 1, 2,….
𝑘𝑑𝑦 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 ) = 2n n = 0, 1, 2,…
7.3
Radiation Pattern of 5x5 Planar Array
λ λ
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 =
4 2
𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0
𝑀=𝑁=5 𝑀=𝑁=5
7.4
Directivity of Planar Array
Directivity of Rectangular Array
𝐷 = 𝜋𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦 cos𝜃0
For Broadside Array: 𝐷 = 𝜋𝐷𝑥 𝐷𝑦
Directivity of Circular Array
4𝜋𝐴 2
2 2𝜋𝑎
𝐺= 2 , A=𝜋𝑎 𝐷=
𝜆 𝜆
7.5
Hexagonal Array – 7 Elements
Example: Calculate the array factor of a 7-elements hexagonal
array (2 elements in first and third rows, 3 elements in the second
row).
y
Group 2-
λ/2 2x2 array
λ/2 x
Group 1-
3x1 array
Total Array Factor = Array Factor of (Group 1 + Group 2)
7.6
AF of Hexagonal Array – 7 Elements
Array factor of Group 2: M = 3, N = 1
Array factor of Group 2: M = 2, N = 2
Total Array Factor = AF1 + AF2

7.7
Hexagonal Array – 19 Elements
Example: Calculate the array factor of a 19-elements hexagonal
array (3 elements in first and fifth rows, 4 elements in the second
and fourth rows and 5 in the third row).
y
Group 3-
3x2 array
Group 2-
λ/2 λ/2 4x2 array
x
Group 1-
5x1 array
Total Array Factor = Array Factor of (Group 1 +

Group 2 + Group 3)
7.8
AF of Hexagonal Array – 19 Elements
Array Factor of Group 1: M=5, N=1
7.9
Hexagonal Array-19 Elements (Contd.)
Total Array Factor:
7.10
Circular Vs Hexagonal Array
Planar Circular Array Planar Hexagonal Array
7.11
Broadband 4x4 EMCP MSA Array
BW is 16%
(8.7 -10.2 GHz)
Max. Gain = 19 dBi
21 mm Air gap
H. Kumar and G. Kumar, “Microstrip antenna array with ratrace comparator at X-band for monopulse tracking radar.” in IEEE
International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), 2016 , pp. 513-514, IEEE, June 2016.
7.12
Monopulse System using EMCP Array
having Series and Corporate Feeds
BW for VSWR 2 is
13% (8.75 to 10 GHz)
Isolation between
240
mm ports
Sum to Diff. < -20 dB
Air gap Diff. to Diff. < -40 dB
7.13
Practice Problems
Common data for questions 1 and 2: A square array of isotropic antennas with inter-element
spacing of 0.6λ is designed to realize broadside radiation pattern with a gain of 25dB. (Assume
efficiency is 0.8 due to losses in the feed network)
1. The minimum number of elements in the array is :
a. 16 x 16 b. 14 x 14 c. 12 x 12 d. 10 x 10
2. Approximate HPBW in both E and H planes is :
a.11o b. 9o c. 7° d. 5°
3. A rectangular planar antenna array of isotropic elements with inter-element spacing of 0.5λ
has 10 elements in the x-plane and 8 elements in the y-plane. All the elements are fed with
equal amplitude and phase. Approximate gain of the array in dBi is :
a. 15 b. 18 c. 20 d. 23
7.14
Common data for questions 4 to 6: A planar rectangular array of isotropic elements with
spacing of 0.5λ and orthogonal HPBWs of 10° and 4°, respectively in the broadside direction is
designed.
4. The number of elements in the array is:
a. 9 x 18 b. 11 x 26 c. 13 x 28 d. 14 x 33
5. The approximate gain of the antenna in dBi is :
a. 23 b. 26 c. 29 d. 32
6. If the beam maxima is desired to be at θ = 30° and  = 40°, then the phase difference
between the elements along x and y directions will be
a. 58°, 47° b. 62°, 58° c. 69°, 58° d. 74°, 54°
7.15
7. A planar array consists of 8 elements with spacing = 12 cm in y-direction and 16
elements with spacing = 10 cm in the x - direction. It is fed with equal amplitude and
phase approximate gain in dBi at 1.8 GHz, is
a. 29.5 b. 27.5 c. 25.5 d. 23.5
8. If a 7 element circular planar array of isotropic elements is designed as shown in Fig.1
with inter - element spacing of 0.5λ, the approximate gain is: (assuming efficiency = 0.8).
a. 6-7dBi b. 8-9dBi
c. 10-11dBi d. 12-13dBi
Fig. 1
7.16
Chapter - 8
Microstrip Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RbVqpSWk4c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsvipSFqAhM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltieSFxyWT0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXRe2l-tlLs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4kA7Akf8l4
Rectangular Microstrip Antenna
(RMSA)
Y
Top
View W X
x
Side r h
View
Ground plane Co-axial feed
8.2
Microwave Integrated Circuits
(MIC) vs MSA
Parameters MIC MSA
Dielectric Large Small
Constant (εr)
Thickness (h) Small Large
Width (W) Generally Small Generally Large
(impedance dependent)
Radiation Minimum (small Maximum (large
fringing fields) fringing fields)
Examples Filters, power dividers, Antennas
couplers, amplifiers, etc.
8.3
Substrates for MSA
Substrate Dielectric Loss tangent Cost
Constant (εr) (tanδ)
Alumina 9.8 0.001 Very High
Glass Epoxy 4.4 0.02 Low
Duroid / Arlon 2.2 0.0009 Very High
Foam 1.05 0.0001 Low/Medium
Air 1 0 NA
8.4
Advantages
 Light weight, low volume, low profile, planar
configuration, which can be made conformal.
 Low fabrication cost and ease of mass production.
 Linear and circular polarizations are possible.
 Dual frequency antennas can be easily realized.
 Feed lines and matching network can be easily
integrated with antenna structure.
8.5
Disadvantages
 Narrow bandwidth (1 to 5%)
 Low power handling capacity
 Practical limitation on Gain (around 30 dB)
 Poor isolation between the feed and radiating elements
 Excitation of surface waves
 Tolerance problem requires good quality substrate,
which are expensive
 Polarization purity is difficult to achieve
 Size is large at lower frequency
8.6
Applications
Pagers and mobile phones
Doppler and other radars
Satellite communication
Radio altimeter
Command guidance and telemetry in missiles
Feed elements in complex antennas
Satellite navigation receiver
Biomedical radiator
8.7
Various Microstrip Antenna Shapes
8.8
MSA Feeding Techniques
8.9
Coaxial Feed
8.10
Microstrip Line Feed
8.11
Microstrip Feed (contd.)
RMSA with microstrip line feed along its (a) non-radiating

edge, (b) radiating edge with inset feed, and (c) radiating
edge with quarter wave transformer.
8.12
Electromagnetically Coupled Feed
8.13
Aperture Coupled Feed
8.14
RMSA: Resonance Frequency
We W x
L ~
Le
where, m and n are orthogonal modes of excitation. Fundamental

mode is TM10 mode, where m =1 and n = 0.
8.15
RMSA – Characterization
Fundamental TM10 mode of RMSA: (a) E-field distribution,

(b)() voltage and (…) current variation, (c) two radiating slots,
and (d) equivalent transmission line model.
8.16
RMSA: Design Equations
Smaller or larger W can be taken than the

W obtained from this expression.
BW α W and Gain α W
Choose feed-point x between L/6 to L/4.
8.17
RMSA: Design Example
Design a RMSA for Wi-Fi application (2.400 to 2.483 GHz)
Choose Substrate: εr = 2.32, h = 0.16 cm and tan δ = 0.001
= 3 x 1010 / ( 2 x 2.4415 x 109 x √1.66)
= 4.77 cm. W = 4.7 cm is taken
= 2.23
Le = 3 x 1010 / ( 2 x 2.4415 x 109 x √2.23) cm = 4.11 cm
L = Le – 2 ∆L = 4.11 – 2 x 0.16 / √2.23 = 3.9 cm
8.18
RMSA: Design Example –
Simulation using IE3D
L = 3.9 cm, W = 4.7 cm, x = 0.7 cm
εr = 2.32, h = 0.16 cm and tan δ = 0.001
Zin = 54Ω at f = 2.414 GHz BW for |S11| < -10 dB = 2.395 to 2.435 GHz
= 40 MHz
Designed f = 2.4415 and Simulated f = 2.414 GHz
% error = 1.1%. Also, BW is small.
SOLUTION: Increase h and reduce L
8.19
Effect of Various Parameters on
Performance of RMSA
We W
x
L
Le
L = 3 cm and W = 4 cm
Substrate parameters: εr = 2.55, h = 0.159 cm, and tan δ = 0.001
Probe diameter = 0.12 cm for SMA connector.
RMSA is analyzed using commercially available IE3D software.
8.20
Effect of Feed Point Location (x)
For Infinite Ground Plane
With increase in x, input impedance plot shifts right towards

higher impedance values.
8.21
Effect of Width (W)
With increase in W, aperture area, εe and fringing fields increase, hence

frequency decreases and input impedance plot shifts towards lower
impedance values.
BW α W and Gain α W
8.22
Effect of Thickness (h)
BW α h/λ0
As h increases, fringing fields and probe inductance increase,

frequency decreases and input impedance plot shifts upward.
However, to reduce surface waves
8.23
Effect of Probe Diameter
As probe diameter decreases, its inductance increases, so

resonance frequency decreases and input impedance locus moves
upward to the inductive region.
8.24
Effect of Loss Tangent (tanδ )
With increase in tan δ, dielectric losses increase, so input impedance

locus moves left towards lower impedance value. BW increases but
efficiency and gain decrease.
8.25
Effect of Dielectric Constant (εr)
With decrease in εr, both L and W increase, which increases fringing

fields and aperture area, hence both BW and Gain increase.
8.26
RMSA – Pattern for Different εr
(TM10 mode)
With increase in εr , size of

the antenna decreases for
same resonance frequency.
Hence, gain decreases and

HPBW increases.
8.27
RMSA – Pattern for Different εr
(TM30 mode)
For TM30 mode,
Le = 3 λ0 / (2 √ εe )
For εr = 2.32, Le ~ λ0
So, two radiating slots will be at a

distance of λ0 yielding grating lobe
in E-plane.
8.28
RMSA – Dual Polarization
(TM10 and TM01 modes)
( - - - ) theoretical, (——) measured
L = 10.1 cm and W = 7.9 cm

Measured resonance frequencies are
Orthogonal Feeds at: 712 MHz and 913 MHz for two
x = 3.8 cm and y = 2.9 cm orthogonal modes
Substrate Parameters:
εr = 4.3, h = 0.16 cm, tanδ = 0.02
8.29
Effect of Finite Ground Plane
Finite Ground Plane Size is taken as

Lg = L + 6h + 6h and Wg = W + 6h + 6h
8.30
MSA – BW Variation with h and f
8.31
Square MSA in Air – VSWR Plot
Square MSA on a finite

ground plane.
Low cost - Metallic

plate suspended in air
and fed by a co-axial
feed.
BW for VSWR < 2 is

95 MHz at 1.8 GHz
(% BW ~ 5%)
8.32
Square MSA in Air – Radiation Pattern
Radiation Pattern
at 1.8 GHz
F/B = 15 dB
Cross Polar < 20 dB
8.33
MSA – Suspended Configurations
8.34
CMSA: Resonance Frequency
For Fundamental TM11 Mode:

f0 ~ 8.791 / [(a + h/ √εr) √εe ] GHz
where, Knm is the mth root of where, a and h are in cm and εe < εr
the derivative of the Bessel
Design Equation:
function of order n
a ~ 8.791 / (f0 √εe) - h /√εr
Choose feed-point x between 0.3a to 0.5a
8.35
CMSA: Simulation using IE3D
a = 3 cm, h = 0.318 cm, εr = 2.55, tan δ= 0.001.
Take x = 0.3 a = 0.9 cm
f0 ~ 8.791 / [(3 + 0.318/ √2.55)√2.45 ]=1.756GHz
Calculated f0 = 1.756, Simulated f0 = 1.750 GHz, % error = 0.3%.

Simulated BW = 1.730 to 1.768 GHz = 38 MHz (~ 2%)
8.36
CMSA: Radiation Pattern
where, Jn +1 and Jn -1 are the Bessel functions of order n + 1 and n -

1, respectively
Gain = 6.5 dBi
HPBWE = 1020
HPBWH = 810
X-pol < 27 dB
Current Distribution and Radiation Pattern at 1.75 GHz

8.37
CMSA: Higher Order TM21 Mode
a = 3 cm, h = 0.318 cm,
εr = 2.55, tan δ= 0.001, x = 1.6 cm
For TM21 Mode:
f0 ~ 3.05424 x 30 / [2π (3 + 0.318/ √2.55) √2.45 ]
= 2.912 GHz
Simulated f0 =2.94 GHz
Radiation Pattern at 2.94 GHz

8.38
CMSA: Higher Order TM02 Mode
a = 3 cm, h = 0.318 cm,
εr = 2.55, tan δ= 0.001, x = 0.9 cm
For TM02 Mode:
f0 ~ 3.83171 × 30 / [2π (3 + 0.318/ √2.55) √2.45 ]
= 3.654 GHz
Simulated Results:
Good impedance match at 3.63 GHz
Used as N-way Power Divider with

input at the center.
8.39
Broadband CMSA-Metallic Plate in Air
a = 3.2 cm, h = 0.5 cm, εr = 1

Probe Dia. = 0.3 cm
(N-type Connector)
Taken x = 1.2 cm
BW = 2.378 to 2.529 GHz
= 151 MHz (~ 6%)
8.40
Broadband CMSA – Radiation Pattern

HPBWE = 580, HPBWH = 710
Gain = 9.5 dBi at 2.45 GHz
X-pol < 17 dB
8.41
Semi-Circular MSA
For a = 3 cm, εr = 1, and h = 0.65 cm,

N-type Connector at x = 1.0 cm
BW = 2.525 to 2.640 GHz =115 MHz (4.4%), Gain = 9.0 dBi
In comparison: CMSA of a = 3 cm and x = 1.1 cm
BW = 2.514 to 2.699 GHz = 185 MHz (7.1%), Gain = 9.5 dBi
8.42
Equilateral Triangular MSA (ETMSA)
2𝑐
𝑓0 =
3𝑆𝑒 𝑒
where Se ~ S + 4h/√εr
8.43
ETMSA Design - TM10 Mode
For f0 = 3 GHz, εr = 2.55, h = 0.159 cm
Se ~ (2 x 30 / (3 x 3 x √2.35) = 4.35 cm
S = Se – 4 x 0.159/√2.55 = 3.95 cm
Taken S = 4 cm, H =3.46 cm, y = 1.52 cm
f0 = 3 GHz, BW = 40 MHz,
Gain = 6.26 dBi
Current Distribution and Radiation Pattern at 3.0 GHz

8.44
Practice Problems
1. The desirable substrate parameters to design a microstrip antennas are :
a. Large dielectric constant and small substrate thickness
b. Large dielectric constant and large substrate thickness
c. Large dielectric constant and small substrate thickness
d. Small dielectric constant and large substrate thickness
2. If the same substrate is used to design a RMSA at 800 MHz and 4 GHz, then the
approximate percentage bandwidth ratio will be
a. 1: 5 b. 5 ∶ 1 c. 1 ∶ 5 d. 1 ∶ 10
3. If the feed point shifts towards the edge of patch, its impedance curve
a. Shifts towards lower impedance b. Shifts towards higher impedance
c. Rotates clockwise d. None of the above
8.45
Common data for questions 4 to 7: A rectangular MSA is designed at 900MHz on
a substrate having r=2.2, h=1.6mm and tan=0.02.
4. The dimensions length and width of RMSA are :
a. 14.2cm, 13.2cm b. 13.2cm, 9.2cm
c. 11.1cm, 13.2cm d. 14.2cm, 11.1cm
5. The approximate feed-point location from the centre for 50 match is :
a. 4.1cm b. 3.5cm c. 3.2cm d. 2.4cm
6. The ground plane length and width should be:
a. 13.2cm, 15.2cm b.15.2cm, 11.2cm
c. 16.2cm, 13.2cm d. None of the above
7. The approximate gain of this antenna is:
a. 4.5dBi b. 6.5dBi c.8.5dBi d. 10.5dBi
8.46
8. If width of rectangular MSA increases, then
a. Bandwidth increases b. Gain increases
c. Frequency decreases d. All of the above
Common data for questions 9 to 12: A metallic plate square MSA is designed at 1.8GHz at
a height of 1cm from the ground plane.
9. The length of the patch for infinite ground plane is
a. 8.3cm b. 7.4cm c. 6.6cm d. 5.6cm
10.For the MSA to have same resonance frequency on a finite square ground plane as that
for finite ground plane, the minimum length of square plane should be:
a. 24.3cm b.18.6m c. 14.3cm d. 11.6cm.
11.The feed-point location from centre should be at approximately:
a. 5.5cm b. 3.5cm c. 2.0cm d. 1.0cm
12.The approximate bandwidth for this antenna would be:
a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 30%
8.47
Common data for questions 13 and 14: A circular MSA is designed for WiMaX operation
(5.725 to 5.875 GHz) on a substrate having εr = 2.3, h = 1.6 mm, tan = 0.001
13. For a large ground plane, the patch radius is :

a. 11.2mm b. 9.2mm c. 7.2mm d. None
14. The feed point location should be :

a. 1.1mm b. 2.4mm c. 3.1mm d. 5.1mm
15. As the loss tangent of the substrate of MSA increases, its

a. Impedance curves moves toward lower impedance
b. Bandwidth reduces
c. Gain increases
d. None of the above
8.48
Common data for questions 16 and 18: A suspended rectangular MSA has L = 10 cm and W
= 12 cm. The substrate parameters are: εr = 4.4, h = 0.159 cm and tanδ = 0.02, and the air-gap
= 1 cm.
16. The effective dielectric constant is
a. 2.83 b. 2.24 c. 1.86 d. 1.12
17. The approximate resonance frequency of the antenna is:
18. The approximate gain of this antenna in dBi is:
a. 5 b. 7 c. 9 d. 11
19. An equilateral triangular MSA is designed to operate at 2.45 GHz for glass epoxy
substrate (εr = 4.4, h = 0.159 cm and tan δ = 0.02). The approximate antenna side length
will be :
a. 2.6cm b. 3.7cm c. 4.2cm d. None of the above
8.49
Chapter - 9
Broadband Microstrip Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56MULX1-1mo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMHCDqSLaOE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTEaLA8Dz_8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9D6KtYjjTn0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUJvfMjVQPs
MSA – BW Variation with h and f
9.2
MSA – Broadband Using Multi-Resonators
Broad bandwidth using multi-resonator concept.

Two resonators are optimally coupled to obtain broad bandwidth
9.3
Two Gap Coupled RMSA
L = 3 cm and W = 4 cm,
εr = 2.55 and h = 0.159 cm,
L1 = 2.9 cm, W = 4 cm,

s = 0.1 cm and x = 0.7 cm.
Gap
Coupled
RMSA
RMSA
9.4
Effect of Feed-Point –
x = 0.7 cm
x = 1.1 cm
As x increases from 0.7 to 1.1 cm, input impedance plot shifts

right and the loop is inside VSWR = 2 circle.
For x = 1.1 cm, BW for VSWR < 2 is 207 MHz (~7%). This BW
is more than three times the BW of a single RMSA.
9.5
Effect of Length L1 –
L 1: ( - - - ) 2.8, (——) 2.9, and ( – - – ) 3.0 cm

As L1 decreases from 3.0 to 2.8 cm, its resonance frequency
increases, so the loop in the input impedance plot shifts
towards higher frequency region, i.e. in clockwise direction.
9.6
Effect of Gap S –
S: ( - - - ) 0.05, ( – - – ) 0.1, and (——) 0.15 cm.

As gap S increases from 0.05 to 0.15 cm, the coupling
between the two patches is reduced and hence, size of the
loop in the input impedance plot reduces.
9.7
Radiation Pattern of Two Gap Coupled
RMSA
L = 3 cm and W = 4 cm,
f = 2.9 GHz f = 3.0 GHz
εr = 2.55 and h = 0.159 cm,
L1 = 2.9 cm, W = 4 cm,
s = 0.1 cm and x = 1.1 cm.
BW for VSWR < 2 is
2.895 to 3.102 GHz f = 3.1 GHz
In the E-plane, the beam maxima shifts Radiation Pattern:

away from the broadside as frequency (——) E-plane and
increases from 2.9 to 3.1 GHz. ( - - - ) H-plane
9.8
Three Gap Coupled RMSA –
Effect of Gap S
L = 3 cm, W = 4 cm, εr = 2.55 and h = 0.159 cm,

L1 = 2.9 cm, W = 4 cm, and x = 1.1 cm.
BW = 209 MHz
BW = 171 MHz
S : ( – - – ) 0.1, ( - - - ) 0.15, and (——) 0.2 cm

9.9
Radiation Pattern of Three Gap
Coupled RMSA
For S = 0.15 cm, Radiation pattern at

(a) 2.89 and (b) 3.09 GHz (——) E-plane and ( - - - ) H-plane.
Gain of Three Gap Coupled RMSA is 9.4 dBi at 3 GHz,
which is 2.7 dB more than the single RMSA.
9.10
Three Gap Coupled RMSA – Effect
of Length L1
h = 3.18 mm, εr = 2.55, L = W = 30 mm, x = 14 mm, s = 3mm,

two values of L1 ( - - - ) 29 mm and ( —— ) 27.5 mm
For L1 = 27.5 mm, the loop is completely inside VSWR =
2 circle yielding BW of 335 MHz (11.3%)
9.11
Non-Radiating Edge Gap Coupled
RMSA
h: (——) 0.159 cm
L = 3 cm, W = 4 cm, εr = 2.55 s = 0.05 cm,
L1 = L2 = 2.9 cm, W = 4 cm, and x = 1.1 cm.
h: ( - - - ) 0.318 cm
L = 3 cm, W = 3 cm, εr = 2.55 s = 0.05 cm,
L1 = L2 = 2.7 cm, W = 3 cm, and x = 1.4 cm.
h: (——) 0.159 cm
BW = 159 MHz (5.3%)
h: ( - - - ) 0.318 cm
BW = 390 MHz (12.7%)
9.12
Gap Coupled RMSA Configurations
(a) Radiating edges coupled
(b) Non-radiating (c) Four edges coupled

edges coupled
9.13
Four Edges Gap Coupled RMSA
εr = 2.55, h = 3.18 mm, L = W = 30 mm,

L1 = 27.5 mm, s1 = 2.5 mm,
L2 = 25.5 mm, s2 = 0.5 mm, x = 14 mm
Two loops in Smith chart within VSWR = 2 circle.
BW for VSWR < 2 is 569 MHz (18%)
9.14
Four Edges Coupled MSA
–Radiation Pattern
2.84 GHz 3.12 GHz
3.40 GHz
9.15
Directly Coupled RMSA
9.16
Gap Coupled Circular MSA
9.17
Gap Coupled Semi-Circular MSA
BW for VSWR < 2 is 143 MHz at 2.72 GHz, which is more than
twice the BW of CMSA on same substrate but gain is not
uniform over the bandwidth.
9.18
RMSA with U-Slot
By cutting a U-slot inside a RMSA, BW is increased

without increasing the volume of the antenna.
Resonance of U-slot should be close to that of RMSA.
Disadvantage – gain is not uniform over the bandwidth.
9.19
Electromagnetically Coupled MSA
(ECMSA)
Microstrip line fed MSA (Rectangular and Circular MSA)
Two MSA are stacked. Only bottom patch is fed
9.20
Electromagnetically Coupled RMSA
Resonance frequency of the top patch should be slightly more

than the bottom patch. Gap between the substrates control the
coupling between the patches.
9.21
Electromagnetically Coupled
RMSA - Results
L1 = 2.5 cm, L2 = 2.5 cm, x = 1.1 cm, εr = 2.22, h = 0.159

cm Gap
BW for VSWR < 2 is 816 MHz (20.6%) for gap = 0.3 cm

and gain is 8.3 dBi at 3.95 GHz.
9.22
Electromagnetically Coupled
SMSA for GSM 900
L 1= 15.2cm, L2 = 12.8cm, ∆1 = 1.1cm,

∆ 2 = 1.3cm, x = 6.5cm, and Lg = 24cm
Measured BW for VSWR <

Gain ~ 9dBi 2 is from 872 to 1000 MHz
M. Arrawatia, M.S. Baghini and G. Kumar, “RF energy harvesting system from cell towers in 900MHz band,” National Conference on
Communications (NCC), 2011, Bangalore, India, pp.1-5, 28-30 Jan. 2011.
9.23
Aperture Coupled MSA
Aperture shape: rectangular, H shape, dog-bone, hour-glass

Advantages: Large BW, design flexibility
Disadvantages: Back radiation, multi-layer substrates, alignment
9.24
Stacked Planar MSA – 1B3T
L= 4.0 cm, L1 = 3.6 cm, s = 0.25 cm, x = 1.4 cm,

εr = 2.22, h = 0.159 cm, and h1 = 0.4 cm
BW for VSWR < 2 is

782 MHz (26.1%) and
gain is more than 10 dBi.
9.25
9.26
9.27
Broadband Circular Monopole Antenna
a = 2.5 cm,
p = 0.1 cm
Metallic circular plate is fed by a co-axial feed

BW for VSWR < 2 is from 1.17 to 12 GHz (BW ratio 1:10.2)
Disadvantage – pattern variation over the bandwidth.
9.28
Broadband Triangular Monopole
- RF Harvesting
9.29
CONCLUSIONS
 Broadband Antenna Technology is rapidly changing.
- Planar coupled, stacked, planar and stacked
- Broadband monopole antennas
 Requirement for innovative thinking to meet future
challenges:
- Broadband directional high gain antenna
- Uniform pattern over the broad bandwidth
 Design is the key thing.
 Low cost without sacrifice in performance.
9.30
Practice Problems
1. If the thickness of a substrate is increased by two times and the dielectric constant is
reduced by four times, its bandwidth:
a. Increases 4 times b. Increases 2 times
c. Remains constant d. Decreases
2. Efficiency of a microstrip antenna is decreased by :
a. Decreasing substrate thickness b. Increasing dielectric constant
c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of the above
3. Gap coupled MSA with one parasitic patch along the radiating edge has
a. Reduced gain b. Increased bandwidth
c. Radiation pattern asymmetry d. Both (b) and (c)
4. If 3-gap coupled RMSA configuration is designed, the feed point of the gap
coupled with respect to only RMSA shifts
a. Towards the centre of MSA b. Away from the centre of MSA
c. Remains unchanged
9.31
5. Which of the following configurations provide maximum bandwidth?
a. Single RMSA
b. Two gap coupled RMSA
c. Three gap coupled RMSA with equal parasitic elements
d. Three gap coupled RMSA with unequal parasitic elements
6. As the gap between the parasitic patch and fed element increases, its
a. Impedance plot moves in clockwise direction
b. Impedance plot moves toward inductive region
c. Loop size in impedance plot decreases
d. Loop size in impedance plot increases
9.32
7. Electromagnetically coupled two metallic rectangular patches are stacked on each other
in air with support of metallic post at the centre. The parasitic patch should have:
a. Less length than the fed patch b. Large length than the fed patch
c. More width than the fed patch d. None of the above
8. In the gap coupled RMSA, if the parasitic patch length decreases, its
a. Loop in impedance plot moves in anti-clockwise direction
b. Loop in impedance plot moves in clockwise direction
c. Resonance frequency increases
d. Both (b) and (c)
9. Aperture coupled MSA provides
a. Large bandwidth b. Undesired back radiation
c. Design flexibility d. All of the above
9.33
Common data for questions 10 to 14: A circular MSA designed at 1.8GHz on a substrate
having r = 2.2, h = 1.6mm has patch radius of 32.6mmbut it provides less bandwidth. To
increase the bandwidth,
10. Substrate thickness h is doubled. The modified patch radius for this thickness
should be for operation at 1.8GHz:
a. 33.8mm b. 32.6mm c. 31.5mm d. 29.6mm
11. A circular patch is placed above the bottom patch at a gap of 10mm, what should be the
approximate radius of top patch?
a. 51mm b. 39mm c. 32.6mm d. 28mm
12. What will be the approximate gain in dBi for the configuration of part 11?
a. 11 b. 9 c. 7 d. 5
13. What should be the approx. feed point location for the configuration of part 11?
a. 10mm b. 15mm c. 20mm d. 30mm
9.34
14. Two identical circular patches are gap coupled with a very small gap on left and right
side of fed circular patch (radius = 32.6mm, h = 1.6 mm), what should be the radius of
parasitic patches?
a. 31.2mm b. 28.4mm c. 27.2mm d. 26.5mm
9.35
Lecture - 10
Compact Microstrip Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lqE4zB4JBU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KzJuGANik5Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUbfh02G9hQ
Compact MSA
Size of the MSA is large at lower frequencies.
For RMSA, its effective length = λ/2.
• At 900 MHz, λ/2 = 16.67 cm and
• At 300 MHz, λ/2 = 50.0 cm
Size of the MSA can be reduced by using:

1. Substrate with higher εr but BW and η reduce.
2. Shorting Post at appropriate location.
3. Cutting Slots at appropriate location.
4. Any combination of the above techniques.
10.2
Compact Shorted Rectangular MSA
λ/4
(a) Field distribution of the TM10 mode of RMSA

of length ≈ λ/2 and (b) shorted λ/4 RMSA.
10.3
Partially Shorted RMSA
L
+ ++
ws W
W
xFigure 6.4
+ ++
≈ /4
30
3
fo  GHz
4Le  We  ws  / 2  e
where, Le and We are the effective length and width in cm
10.4
Variation of Frequency with Shorting
Ratio for Partially Shorted RMSA
L = W = 3.3 cm, r = 2.33, h = 0.159 cm, tanδ = 0.001, and x = 0.4 cm
10.5
RMSA with Single Shorting Post
RMSA with a single shorting post at the (a) middle of the

edge along the width (PIFA) and (b) corner
30
3
fo  GHz
4Le  We / 2  e
10.6
Compact Shorted CMSA
(a) CMSA - voltage distribution for the fundamental TM11 mode,

(b) shorted semi-circular MSA, (c) semi-circular MSA and (d)
shorted 90° sectoral MSA.
10.7
Comparison of Different CMSA
Configurations
Comparison of Different Variations of CMSA
(a = 3.0 cm, r = 2.33, h = 0.159 cm and tan = 0.002)
Variations of x fo BW % BW Area
CMSA (cm) (GHz) (MHz) (cm2)
CMSA 0.9 1.866 25 1.3 28.27
SCMSA 0.7 1.863 18 0.9 14.13
Shorted SCMSA 0.65 1.788 22 1.2 14.13
Shorted 90°- 0.3 1.761 14 0.8 7.06
sectoral MSA
10.8
TMSA and its Variations
TMSA and its variations (a)Equilateral TMSA, (b) shorted 60°-sector,

(c) complement of shorted 60°-sector, (d) 30°-60°-90° TMSA, (e)
shorted 30°-sector and (f) complement of shorted 30°-sector.
10.9
CMSA with Single Shorting Post
8.791 where, ae1 = ae in cm

𝑓𝑜 = GHz and ae is the effective
𝑎𝑒1 𝜀𝑒
radius of the CMSA.
10.10
C- Shaped MSA
(a) (b)
(a) C-shaped MSA and its (b) Voltage Distribution
10.11
Effect of Slot Dimensions on the
Performance of C-Shaped MSA
Effect of Slot Dimensions on the Performance of C-Shaped MSA
(L = 6 cm, W = 4 cm, r = 2.33, h = 0.159 cm and tan = 0.002)
wxl x fo BW D 
(cm, cm) (cm) (GHz) (MHz) (dB) (%)
0x0 0.70 1.606 12 7.2 79
1x1 0.55 1.448 8 7.1 70
2x2 0.40 1.142 3 6.9 42
3x1 0.30 0.900 2 6.8 16
3x4 0.30 0.904 2 6.8 15
10.12
Shorted C- Shaped MSA
Resonance frequency of the C-shaped MSA is reduced

by approximately half, when edge is fully shorted
10.13
H-Shaped MSA
H-shaped MSA
Shorted H-shaped MSA

10.14
Rectangular Ring MSA (RRMSA)
(a) RRMSA and (b) RRMSA with short.
10.15
Comparison of Various MSA
Configurations with and without Slot
10.16
Broadband Gap Coupled Shorted
90°-Sectoral MSA
(a) (b)
(a) Broadband gap-coupled shorted 900 sectoral MSA, and (b) Measured
input impedance of ( ___ ) Gap-coupled shorted 900-sector, and ( _ _ _ ) CMSA
BW of gap-coupled shorted 900 sectoral MSA is 69 MHz at
1.358 GHz, whereas the BW of CMSA is 28 MHz at 1.375 GHz.
10.17
Broadband Gap Coupled Shorted
RMSA
Radiating Edge Gap-Coupled Shorted RMSA
10.18
Ring Gap Coupled with Shorted MSA
Rectangular Ring Gap- Circular Ring Containing

Coupled to a Shorted RMSA a Shorted CMSA
10.19
Gap Coupled Shorted C-Shaped MSA
(a) (b)
(a) Three gap-coupled shorted C-shaped MSA
and its (b) input impedance
10.20
Practice Problems
1. For a given frequency, the size of the antenna can be reduced by:
a. Using shorting post
b. Using high dielectric constant substrate
c. Cutting Slots
d. All of the above
2. Which of the following configuration will be most compact?

a. Full edge shorted RMSA
b. Partially shorted RMSA
c. RMSA with single short at the middle of edge along width
d. RMSA with single short at corner
10.21
Common data for questions 3 and 4: A fully shorted λ/4 square MSA is designed to operate
at 900 MHz using a metallic patch of thickness 1mm suspended in air at a height of 1cm as
shown in Fig.1.
3. The length L of the patch is :
a. 9.4cm b. 8.8cm c. 8.3cm d. 7.5cm
4. Approx. feed point location x is :
Fig.1
a. 6.0cm b. 3.5cm c. 2.5cm d. 1.0cm
5. A square MSA of length 3.8cm is fabricated on a substrate having εr = 2.5 and h = 0.16cm.
If a single short in the middle along width as shown in Fig. 2, what will be the approx.
resonance frequency?
a. 940MHz b. 835MHz
c. 760MHz d. None of the above
Fig.2
10.22
6. The disadvantage of a single shorted compact RMSA configurations is
a. Less gain b. Unstable radiation pattern over BW
c. Less BW d. Both (a) and (c)
7. A circular MSA is designed at 1800MHz using single shorting post as

shown in Fig. 3. The substrate parameters are: εr = 2.2 and h = 1.6mm.
The radius of the circular patch element is:
a. 12.2mm b.11.0mm c. 9.6mm d. 8.2mm Fig.3
Common data for questions 8 and 9: A rectangular ring MSA of outer

length and width: L = 5 cm and W = 6 cm, and inner length and width: l = 3
cm and w = 4 cm is printed on substrate having εr = 2.3 and h = 0.159 cm as
shown in Fig.4.
Fig. 4
8. The approximate resonance frequency of the antenna is
10.23
9. In the following figures, which configuration should be used the feed-point to match
with 50 Ω.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
10.24
Chapter - 11
Tuneable and Dual-Band MSAs
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1yuViIYOFAs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpXwgUzAWRQ
Tuneable RMSA with a Single Stub
where
Instead of adding stub, notch can be cut along

radiating or non-radiating edges for frequency tuning.
11.2
Effect of Stub on Frequency and BW
of a Single Stub Loaded RMSA
(L = 3 cm, W = 4 cm, x = 0.7 cm,
εr = 2.55, h = 0.159 cm and tan = 0.001)
l (cm) w (cm) fo (GHz) BW (MHz)
0.0 0.0 2.975 65
0.5 0.4 2.898 60
1.0 0.4 2.740 49
1.0 0.2 2.828 55
1.5 0.4 2.434, 3.377 23, 33

11.3
Tuneable RMSA using Shorting Post
L = 1.2 cm, W = 1.2 cm

x = 0.155 cm, ( - - - ) theoretical
εr = 2.55 and h = 0.12 cm (——) measured
As the shorting ratio decreases from 1.0 to 0.1,
the normalized resonance frequency decreases
from 1.0 to 0.65.
11.4
Tuneable RMSA using Varactor Diodes
L = 4.65 cm, W = 3.0 cm and x = 1.7 cm

As the bias voltage increases from 0 to 30 V, the
measured resonance frequency increases from
1.40 GHz to 1.81 GHz (tuning range of ~ 25%)
11.5
Single Feed Dual-Band RMSA
L = 3.0 cm, W = 4.0 cm
x = 0.7 cm, y = 0.5 cm
εr = 2.55, h = 0.159 cm,
and tan = 0.001
(a)
(a) RMSA with a single feed
for dual-band orthogonal
polarization and its (b) VSWR (b)
11.6
Dual Feed Dual-Band RMSA
L = 3.0 cm, W = 4.0 cm
x = 0.7 cm, y = 0.5 cm
εr = 2.55, h = 0.159 cm,
and tan = 0.001
RMSA with two orthogonal

feeds for dual-band operation
and its S-parameters:
( — ) S11, (---) S22, and ( –.–) S21
11.7
Dual Band Slotted RMSA
By changing slot dimensions and position, current distributions

for the TM10 and TM30 modes change. For εr = 2.2 and h = 0.08
cm, dual-frequency operation is obtained at 2.22 and 3.48 GHz
(frequency ratio = 1.57), which is < 3 for the RMSA without slots.
Radiation pattern is in broadside direction at both frequencies.
11.8
Compact RMSA with Multiple Slits for
Dual Band Operation
Slits along the non radiating edges increase the

surface current path for TM10 and TM30 modes,
leading to reduction in the resonance frequency.
11.9
Effect of Slit Length on Two Frequencies
of Compact RMSA with Multiple Slits
l x Lower resonance Upper resonance
(cm) (cm) f2 / f1
f1 (GHz) BW(%) f2 (GHz) BW(%)
0.0 0.67 1.915 1.78 3.620 1.19 1.89
0.4 0.63 1.811 1.60 3.620 1.16 2.00
0.6 0.59 1.698 1.53 3.531 1.13 2.08
0.8 0.50 1.553 1.48 3.318 1.12 2.14
1.0 0.50 1.390 1.37 3.062 1.08 2.21
1.2 0.50 1.196 1.34 2.730 1.17 2.28
1.3 0.50 1.096 1.46 2.590 1.24 2.36
11.10
Dual Band MSA at S and X Bands
Substrate Parameters: εr = 2.2 and h = 0.08 cm.

Cross-shaped patch resonates at 2.85 GHz and
four square patches operate as an array at 8.65 GHz.
11.11
Practice Problems
1. For a single stub loaded RMSA as shown in Fig. 1, as the stub length increases, the value of
feed point ‘x’ for 50 match as compared to RMSA without stub
a. Increases b. Decreases
c. Remains unchanged d. Either (a) or (c)
Fig. 1
2. An RMSA with length L = 1.6cm and width W = 2.0cm is
designed on a substrate having r = 2.2, h = 0.16cm and tan =
0.001. Two stubs of width w = 0.2cm, length l = 0.6cm are
added on both sides of the radiating edges as shown in Fig. 2.
Approx. fundamental resonance frequency of for this antenna is Fig. 2
11.12
3. Tuneable RMSA with two symmetrical stubs is preferred over single stub RMSA
due to
a. Increased BW
b. Symmetrical radiation pattern
c. Reduced cross polar level
d. Both (b) and (c) (Ans)
4. A rectangular MSA is loaded by two stubs of small width for dual band operation, stub
length should be
a. << λ/4
b. λ/4
c. λ/2
d. d. λ
11.13
Common data for questions 5 to 8: A rectangular metallic plate of thickness 1mm, length
L=10cm and width W=14cm is suspended at a height of 5mm.
5. Approximate resonance frequency corresponding to length (fL) is:
a. 2GHz b. 1.4GHz c. 1.37GHz d. 1.00GHz.
6. Approximate resonance frequency corresponding to width (fW ) is:
7. The gain will be:
a. More at fL b. More at fW
c. Same for both fL and fW d. None of the above
8. The bandwidth will be more for
a. Frequency fL b. Frequency fW
c. Same for both fL and fW d. None of the above
11.14
Chapter - 12
Circularly Polarized MSA
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc_J31yqPbA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kGUPuehbUU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kzzcx9xvzHg
Circularly Polarized Dual Feed MSA
(a) (b)
Dual-feed (a) SMSA and (b) CMSA

12.2
Square MSA with Dual Feed
Left- and right-hand circularly

polarized field components (EL
and ER) in the  = 0° and 90°
planes at 3.0 GHz
L = 3 cm, r = 2.55, h = 0.159 cm and tanδ = 0.001
Two Feeds at x = 0.5 cm with 1/00 and
at y = 0.5 cm with 1/900 for LHCP
12.3
Square MSA with Dual Feed for
Different Substrate Parameters
(——) r = 2.55 and h = 0.159 cm, L = 3cm, x = y = 0.5cm

(- - -) r = 2.55 and h = 0.318 cm, L = 3cm, x = y = 0.6cm
(–  –)  r =1 and h = 0.5 cm, L = 4.5cm, x = y = 1.4cm
12.4
SMSA Integrated with Dual Feed
(a)
(b)
SMSA with (a) offset feed and (b) 3-dB 2-branch line coupler
12.5
CP Suspended CMSA with Dual Feed
Frequency Range: 2.7-2.9GHz (7%)
Patch diameter = 52mm
Ground plane diameter = 90mm
Substrate - RT Duroid 5870
(r = 2.33, h = 0.8 mm, tanδ= 0.0012)
4mm
Foam Via
Feed
Ground Plane 12.6
CP Suspended CMSA – |S11| and AR
BW for |S11 |  -15dB BW for AR 3dB

= 2.62 - 3.10GHz (17%) = 2.56 - 3.15GHz (21%)
12.7
CP CMSA- Gain and Radiation Pattern
Max Gain = 6.2dBi LHCP Radiation

Pattern at 2.8GHz
12.8
Various Single Feed CP MSAs
L2
(a) (b) (c)

L1 L L
(d) (e) (f)
L L L
(a) Diagonal fed nearly square. Square with (b) two stubs, (c) two notches, (d)
two corners chopped, (e) square notches at two corners, and (f) diagonal slot.
12.9
Diagonal Fed Nearly Square MSA
L1 = 3cm, Feed position = (0.15 L1, 0.15 L2)
L2
r = 2.55, h = 0.159cm and tanδ = 0.001
L1
Input impedance, VSWR and AR plots for three values of

L2: ( - - - ) 2.9, ( —— ) 2.92, and ( – - – ) 2.95 cm - LHCP
12.10
Nearly Square Ring MSA
Nearly square ring MSA with (a) coaxial feed and

(b) quarter-wave transformer.
12.11
Variations of CMSAs and ETMSAs
(a) Elliptical MSA and CMSA with (b) two notches, (c) two stubs,
and (d) a rectangular slot in the centre.
(a) Nearly ETMSA, (b) tip-truncated ETMSA, (c)ETMSA with a

rectangular slot, and (d) ETMSA with a notch.
12.12
Compact CP Square MSA with Slits
(a) (b)
(a) SMSA with two pairs of unequal slits and
(b)SMSA with corners chopped and four bent slits
Application – GPS (1575 + 10 MHz) antenna, RHCP
12.13
Compact CP CMSA with Slits
(a) (b)
(c) (d) (e)

Compact CMSA with (a) cross slot and (b) curved slot with tuning
stub. Annular ring MSA with (c) an internal offset polarizer and
slits in the (d) outer and (e) inner circles
12.14
Gap-Coupled Broadband CP MSA
(a)
(b)
(a) Three gap-coupled and (b) five gap-coupled
square patches with orthogonal feeds for CP
12.15
Stacked Broadband CP SMSA
(b)
(a)
(a) Top and (b) side views of two stacked square patches
12.16
Aperture-Coupled Broadband CP MSA
(a)
(b)
(a) Square patch with two orthogonal cross slots of
unequal lengths and (b) its measured input
impedance plot.
12.17
CP Array using Linearly Polarized
Elements
Two linearly polarized rectangular patches with 90°

rotation and phase difference of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°
12.18
2-Elements Sequentially Rotated
Array using CP MSAs
(a) (b)
(a) Sequentially rotated array of two CP circular elements
and (b) superimposed CP response of the two elements
12.19
4-Elements Sequentially Rotated
Array using CP MSAs
Sequential array of four CP elements with 90° rotation

and phase difference of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°.
12.20
CP Array using CP Elements
– VSWR and AR
2 × 4 arrays of circular
patches with two notches:
conventional and
sequentially rotated.
Measured VSWR and AR plots

( - - - ) conventional and ( —— ) sequentially rotated.
12.21
Practice Problems
1. Circularly polarized MSA cannot be designed using
a. Offset feed polarizer b. Two orthogonal feeds with same phase
c. 3 dB 2-branch line coupler d. Single diagonal feed
Common data for questions 2 and 3: A circularly polarized square MSA
at 2.5 GHz is designed for substrate having εr = 2.2 and h = 0.32 cm for
RHCP with dual feed as shown in fig.1.
2. The approximate square patch length is
a. 45.4mm b. 41.6mm c. 37.4mm d. 34.3mm
Fig. 1
3. Approx. feed position should be x=y=
a. 15.8mm b. 12.8mm c. 9.2mm d. 6.8mm
4. Circularly polarized MSA can be designed by:
a. Cutting diagonal slots b. Using annular ring with internal offset polarizer
c. Adding stubs d. All the above
12.22
Common data for questions 5 and 6: A single feed CP MSA is designed at
1575 MHz on a finite ground plane for an alumina substrate having εr = 9.8
and h =1.6mm for RHCP required for GPS as shown in Fig. 2.
5. The dimensions of MSA i.e. L1 , L2 are:
a. 33.0mm, 31.4mm b. 31.0mm, 32.0mm Fig. 2
c. 31.0mm, 30.2mm d. 30.2mm, 30.6mm
6. Diagonal feed point should be located at a distance of _______ from centre.

a. (0.15L1, 0.15L2) b. (0.25L1, 0.25L2)
c. (0.33L1, 0.33L2) d. None of these
7. Sequentially rotated CP array has following advantage over conventional CP array.
a. Better AR bandwidth b. Better VSWR bandwidth
c. Better gain d. Both (a) and (b)
12.23
Chapter - 13
Microstrip Antenna Arrays
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47UiTmlro6w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjqWqMXdxlM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnN2GcVFbAU
MSA Array Feed Networks
Series Feed
Corporate (Parallel) Feed
Series and Corporate Feed
Series Feed Corporate Feed
Advantages : Advantages:
• Reduced feed length • Equal power to all element
• Reduced losses • Larger BW
• Lower Sidelobe • Modular in nature
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
• Beam tilt with Frequency • Higher Feed losses
• Narrow BW • Higher cross polar
13.2
Series Fed MSA Array(MSAA)
Patch λ/2 connecting line
Elements Value (mm)

Patch Length (pl) 2.68
Patch Width (pw) 3.2 Antenna at Ka-Band
Connecting line 2.77 RT 5880 substrate:
length (cl) εr = 2.2, h = 0.254mm
Connecting line 0.4 and tanδ = 0.0015
width (cw)
Space between 5.45
patches
P. Mathur, G. Kumar, P. K. Mishra and Y. K. Verma, “Large gain linear series-fed microstrip antenna arrays at Ka and C bands.” in IEEE
International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 2015, pp. 1872-1873, July, 2015.
13.3
23×1 Series Fed Array at Ka Band
|S11| Plot Input Impedance Plot
BW for |S11|  -10dB-35.9 to 38 GHz (5.6%)
Gain: 19dBi
at 36 GHz
Radiation Pattern at 36GHz Gain vs Frequency plot

13.4
13x1 Series Fed MSA Array at 5.8GHz
Patch Length = 16.84mm

Patch width = 12.7mm BW for
Feed line length = 18.85mm VSWR < 2 is
Inter element spacing = 0.6λo 5.78 to 5.94 GHz
Max Gain
at
5.82 GHz
is ≈17 dBi
Radiation Pattern at 5.8GHz
13.5
7x1 Series Fed MSA Array at 5.8 GHz
Fabricated 7-element series-fed Array
VSWR vs. Frequency Plot Gain vs. Frequency Plot

13.6
Comparison of Central feed with End
feed MSA Array (MSAA)
( Central Feed, End Feed )

VSWR vs. frequency Gain vs. frequency plot
13.7
Comparison of Central feed with End
feed (Cont.)
S. No. Parameters Central Feed End Feed
1 VSWR <2 Bandwidth (MHz) 100 141
2 Maximum Gain (dBi) 14.8 14.5
3 E-plane HPBW at 5.73 GHz (degrees) -7.2 to 7.2 -4.3 to 9.7
4 E-plane HPBW at 5.78 GHz (degrees) -6.7 to 6.8 -2.2 to 10.6
5 E-plane HPBW at 5.83 GHz (degrees) -6.3 to 6.3 0.7 to 12.7
6 Cross-polar levels (dB) 35 20
(a) (b) (c)

Radiation Pattern at (a) 5.73, (b) 5.78 and (c) 5.83 GHz
13.8
Corporate Feed Planar MSA Array at
X-Band
Input Impedance Plot

X-band antenna designed at f = 8.75 GHz
Substrate: RT Duroid 5880 (εr = 2.2, h = 1.59 mm and tanδ = 0.001)
Patch Length = 13.23 mm, Patch Width = 10.17 mm
Inter element spacing in the E and H planes = 23 mm (0.67λ0)
13.9
Corporate Feed 2x2 MSA Array Results
BW for VSWR ≤ 2 is Radiation Pattern

more than 500 MHz at 8.75 GHz
13.10
8x8 Corporate feed MSA Array
13.11
8x8 Corporate feed MSA Array Results

BW for VSWR < 1.5 is E-Plane HPBW = 9.9°
8.55 - 9.0 GHz H-Plane HPBW = 9.4°
Max SLL = –12.5 dB
Max Gain = 21.3 dBi
13.12
4x4 EMCP MSA Array
BW is 15.9% (8.7 -10.2 GHz)
Max. Gain =
19 dBi
21 mm Air gap
13.13
Monopulse Antenna Using EMCP MSA
Array using Series and Corporate Feed
BW for
VSWR 2 is
13% (8.75 to
10 GHz)
Isolation
between
240 ports:
mm
Sum to Diff.
Air gap < -20 dB
Diff. to Diff.
< -40 dB
13.14
Monopulse Antenna Using EMCP MSA
Array using Series and Corporate Feed
 Max. Gain = 24.7 dBi at 9.7GHz  HPBW: 9.0° in Azimuth

 Variation in Gain < 0.5 dB and Elevation Planes
over the bandwidth of 1 GHz  SLL < -15 dB
13.15
Space Fed CMSA Array (1B7T)
r
x x1
Ф r1 r2
y
s
1B7T Space-Fed Array Top View

s Elements Dim./Value
h
Parasitic (mm)
Elements h2 Bottom element radius(r) 13.1
h3
Ө Ground
Radiating Element Top element radius (r1, r2) 13.1, 12.7
Plane
h1 Inter-element Spacing (s) 33
Coaxial Feed
1B7T Space-fed Array Side View
Air gap (g) 25.85 (λ0/2)
P. K. Mishra and G. Kumar, “Dual polarized circular microstrip space-fed antenna array design with high isolation and broad
bandwidth. In IEEE International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS), pp. 540-544, March , 2012.
13.16
1B7T Space-fed CMSA Array Results
Measured VSWR vs Frequency plots Measured Gain vs Frequency plots
E plane radiation pattern at 5.8GHz H plane radiation pattern at 5.8GHz

13.17
Series-Fed Gap Coupled RMSA Array
(a) (b) (c)

(a) Fabricated 3-element broadband linear series-fed antenna
array on finite ground plane of 115 mm x 100 mm. Simulated and
measured (b) VSWR and (b) gain vs. frequency plots
Measured VSWR ≤ 2 BW= 5.535 GHz to 5.84 GHz(350 MHz)
Max gain of antenna array =13.4 dBi
P. K. Mishra,, D. R. Jahagirdar and G. Kumar, “Gap-coupled series-fed antenna array with improved bandwidth. In IEEE International
Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, pp. 1910-1911, July, 2015.
13.18
EMCP Dual Polarized MSA
Elements Dim./Value
Square Element (L1 ) 39.6 mm
Air gap(g1) 3 mm
Feed Offset(s) 2.3 mm
Quarter wave Transf. 16 mm x 9.2
(l2 x w2) mm
EMCP dual polarized microstrip

antenna (a) top and (b) side views
P. K. Mishra, D. R. Jahagirdar and G. Kumar, “ AN ARRAY OF BROADBAND DUAL POLARIZED ELECTROMAGNETICALLY
COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS.” Progress In Electromagnetics Research C. 44. , 2013.
13.19
EMCP Dual Polarized MSA Results
13.20
EMCP Dual Polarized MSA Array
3x3 Power Divider for Two Ports Microstrip Line Feed Network
Top 6x6 Radiating Elements Integrated 6x6 EMCP Antenna Array

P. K. Mishra, D. R. Jahagirdar and G. Kumar, “ AN ARRAY OF BROADBAND DUAL POLARIZED ELECTROMAGNETICALLY
COUPLED MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS.” Progress In Electromagnetics Research C. 44. , 2013.
13.21
EMCP Dual Polarized MSAA Results
Measured (a) VSWR and (b) |S21| parameter (c)Gain vs. frequency
plots of 6x6 array of EMCP dual polarized antenna
13.22
Practice Problems
1. Series feed MSA array configuration provides_____ compared to corporate feed MSA
array.
a. Higher losses b. Large bandwidth
c. Lower side lobe level d. None of the above
2. In order to design series fed MSA array printed on substrate as shown in Fig.1,
connecting feed line length should be
a. λ/2 b. λo/2 c. λ d. λo Fig. 1
3. A square MSA is designed at 2.45GHz on RT Duroid 5880 substrate having r=2.2, tan
= 0.0012, h=1.6mm. The square patch length is 4cm. An 11-elements central series
feed array is designed with inter-element spacing of 0.7λo as shown in Fig. 2. The array
antenna length is:
a. 66.3cm b. 76.6cm Fig. 2
c. 85.8cm d. 89.8cm
13.23
4. In case of space fed MSA array, the height between the fed patch at the bottom
layer and parasitic elements on the top layer should be:
a. λ/4 b. λo/4 c. λo/2 d. λ/2
5. A square MSA has a gain of 6.5dBi at 5.8GHz. A 2 x 2 corporate feed array is

designed using square MSA as shown in Fig. 3. The approx. gain of this array in dBi will
be:
a. 14.0 b.12.0 c. 9.5 d. 6.5
Fig. 3
13.24
Chapter - 14
Helical Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDCSYEzPAIg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kAkGtxmwn4E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDBLCbpNWhU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEb6kkuGYKM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbtqRDLB2xc
Helical Antenna
L
d S
D
Helix axis
C = D
S
L

A = nS
Total Length of wire = nL
Total axial length (A) = nS
Special Cases of Helical Antenna:

Case 1: α = 0°  S = 0  Loop Antenna
Case 2: α = 90°  D = 0  Linear Antenna
(Reference: JD Kraus, Antennas, Tata-McGraw Hill, 1988)
14.2
Modes in Helical Antenna
Normal Axial Conical

Mode Mode Mode
C = πD << λ C≈λ C ≈ nλ, n = 2, 3..
14.3
Helical Antenna Modes Chart
C/λ
Axial Mode
Normal Mode
S/λ 14.4
Field Distribution in Different Modes
14.5
Axial Mode Helical Antenna: Ground Plane
(a) (b) (c)

Monofilar Axial Mode Helical Antenna
a) Flat Ground Plane
b) Shallow Cupped Ground Plane
c) Deep Conical Ground Plane Enclosure. 14.6
Conductor Size of Helical Antenna
Monofilar axial-mode helical antennas with

wire diameter of 0.055, 0.017 and 0.0042 at
center frequency of 400 MHz
Effect of conductor diameter on helical antenna
performance - only minor changes
14.7
Helical Antenna Support
14.8
Axial Mode Helical Antenna -
Input Impedance
For Axial Feed: R = 140 * Cλ 
For Peripheral or Circumferential Feed:

R  150 / √Cλ 
Restrictions: (a) 0.8 ≤ Cλ ≤ 1.2

(b) 12° ≤ α ≤ 14°
(c) n  4
14.9
Input Impedance Matching
1. Tapered Transition from helix to coaxial line
w = width of conductor at termination

2. Tapered Microstrip Transition
14.10
Radiation Pattern of Axial Mode Helical Antenna
Measured Field Patterns of Axial Mode Helical

Antenna of 6 turns and pitch angle α = 14°.
CP Radiation Pattern for C/ from 0.73 to 1.22.
 ( ) Horizontally polarized field component and
( ) Vertically polarized. 14.11
Effect of No. of Turns (n)
Helical Antennas: α =12.2° and 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 turns.
14.12
Pattern of Single Turn Helical Antenna
14.13
Axial Mode Helical Antenna - Increased
Directivity Endfire Array
14.14
Gain of Axial Mode Helical Antenna
HPBW (Half-Power Beamwidth)
BWFN (Beamwidth Between First Nulls)
Directivity = 32,400 / HPBW2
Gain = η x Directivity, η ≈ 60%
14.15
Design of Axial Mode Helical Antenna
Desired: Directivity = 24 dB = 251.19
For Axial Mode Helical Antenna:
Assume: Cλ = 1.05 ( 0.8 to 1.2)
α = 12.7° (12° to 14°)
Calculate: Sλ = Cλ tan α = 0.2366
14.16
2x2 Helical Antenna Array
Instead of single 80-turns helical antenna, four 20-
turns helical antennas can be used
Directivity of each 20-turns helical antenna

= 251.19/4 = 62.8 dx
Effective Aperture dy
Assuming Square Aperture

Side Length = 5λ = 2.236 λ 2x2 Array
Each Helix is placed at the center of its aperture.

14.17
Helical Antenna and Arrays
Side View Front View
n = 80 1 Helix
2.236 λ
n = 20 4 Helices
14.18
Arrays of Helical Antenna
Side View Front View
1.49 λ
n=9
9 Helices
1.18 λ
n=5
16 Helices 14.19
Mutual Impedance between Arrays of
Helical Antennas
Resistive (R) and Reactive (X) components of the

mutual impedance of a pair of same-handed 8-turn
axial-mode helical antennas of 12° pitch angle
14.20
2x2 Array of Helical Antenna at 800 MHz
14.21
Results of 2x2 Array of Helical Antenna
Directivity = 18.5 dB
at 800 MHz
14.22
Helix as a Parasitic Element
Helix-Helix Polyrod-Helix LP to CP
Corner-reflector
Helix, LP to CP
Horn-Helix
LP to CP
Helix Lens
Helix-Helix
More Gain
14.23
Normal Mode Helical Antenna
D D
Small Dipole:
kI Se  jkr S S
E  j o sin
4 r
Small Loop:
2
k 2 Io  D  e jkr
E  2 sin
4r
Therefore, Axial Ratio is:
E 2S  2S
AR   2  2
E C C
For Circular Polarization, AR = 1  C  2S
14.24
Design of Normal Mode Helical Antenna
For Infinite Ground Plane:
Wire length ≈ λ / 4 – text book
> λ / 4 – in reality
Radiation Resistance (Rs)
2
 
 I 
R  1 (790) 

av h 2  R  0.6 


s 2  Io 
 s
 
Axial Ratio (AR)

AR = 2 Sλ / C λ2
= 2x0.01/0.04 2
= 12.5 = 21.94 dB
Feed is tapped after one turn for impedance matching

14.25
Normal Mode Helical Antenna (NMHA)
on Small Circular Ground Plane
14.26
NMHA Design on Small
Circular Ground Plane
Resonance Frequency 1.8 GHz
Wavelength 166 mm
Spacing = 0.027λ 4.5 mm
Diameter of Helix = 0.033λ 5.5 mm
No of Turns (N) 7
Pitch Angle (α) 14.6 Degree
Length of Wire = 0.75λ 124.5 mm
14.27
Effect of Ground Plane Size on NMHA
As ground plane radius increases from λ/30 to λ/20, resonance

frequency decreases and the input impedance curve shifts upward.
NMHA designed for 1.8 GHz and rwire = 1.6 mm (λ/100)
14.28
Effect of Wire Radius on NMHA
As radius of wire decreases from λ/80 to λ/120, its inductance

increases so resonance frequency of NMHA decreases and its input
impedance curve shifts upward (inductive region).
NMHA designed for 1.8 GHz and rg = 5.5 mm (λ/30) 14.29
Effect of Wire Radius on Bandwidth
of NMHA
14.30
Fabricated NMHA on Small Ground
Plane and its Results
S. P. Wadkar, S. M. Rathod, H. Kumar, G. Kumar and B. G. Hogade, "Normal mode helical antenna at 1.8 GHz with
small circular ground plane," 2016 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSYM), Cochin, 2016, pp.
1-4.
14.31
Practice Problems
1. A Helical Antenna can be operated in _____________ different modes.
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
2. In axial mode of helical antenna, if we increase the diameter of helix wire, its
bandwidth will:
a) Increase b) decrease c) remain almost constant
d) first increase then decrease.
3. As the number of turns of an axial mode helical antenna decreases, its beamwidth:
a) Increases b) decreases c) remains almost constant
d) first increases then decreases.
4. The condition to obtain circular polarization in normal mode helical antenna is:
a) Cλ = 2Sλ2 b) Cλ2 = 2Sλ c) Cλ = √2Sλ d) Cλ2 = 2Sλ2
14.32
5. In general, the approximate value of input resistance (in ) in case of normal mode
helical antenna for very large ground plane is:
a) < 1 b) 10 c) 100 d)  100
6. If we increase the wire radius in a normal mode helical antenna, then its bandwidth
will:
a) Decrease b) increase c) remains almost same
d) First increase then decrease
7. A Helical Antenna with pitch angle equal to 0° or 90° is similar to _____________ or

_____________ antenna, respectively.
a) Loop, Linear b) Loop, Slot c) Linear, Loop d) None of above
14.33
8. Match the Following:
Helical Antenna Mode Circumference (C) Polarization
A. Normal I. λ X. Linear
B. Axial II. <<λ Y. Circular
a) A-I-X, B-II-Y b) A-I-Y, B-II-X c) A-II-X, B-I-Y d) A-II-Y, B-I-X
9. For a given value of directivity, if number of helical antennas in an array increase then
no. of turns per helix element and spacing between the helix array elements will,
respectively
a) increase, increase b) increase, decrease c) decrease, increase
d) decrease, decrease
10. To operate helix in axial mode, the approximate pitch angle and minimum number of
turns should be, respectively
a) 11° and 3 b) 13° and 3 c) 11° and 5 d) 13° and 5
14.34
11. A Helical Antenna shown in Fig. 1 has diameer, D = 20 mm and spacing, S = 5 mm.
The axial height and total wire length of the antenna for 4 turns helical antenna are:
a) 10, 63 b)10, 252

c) 20, 63 d) 20, 252
12. An axial mode helical antenna has circumference = 75 mm, α = 13° and number of
turns = 6. The input resistance for axial feed at a frequency of 4 GHz will be:
a) 50 b) 120 c) 140 d) 150
13. What should be value of the axial ratio for the normal mode helical antenna with
diameter of helix (D) = 0.012λ, axial length of helix (H) = 0.12λ and number of turns (n) =
6.
a) 14.5 b) 28 c) 29 d) 32
14.35
Chapter - 15
Horn Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7CyC2ts2wI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8sVoOlOOxU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3SMbWr2dW8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qa8NTwjLLD4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5izG9ocSw8
Horn Antennas
E-Plane Sectoral Horn H-Plane Sectoral Horn

TE10 mode in Rectangular Waveguide
Pyramidal Horn Conical Horn

15.2
Rectangular Waveguide
a
b
TE10 mode in Rectangular Waveguide
For Fundamental TE10 mode: E-Field varies
sinusoidally along ‘a’ and is uniform along ‘b’
X-Band Waveguide WR90 (8.4 to 12.4 GHz):

a = 0.9” and b = 0.4”
Cut-off Wavelength = 2a = 2 x 0.9 x 2.54 = 4.572 cm
Cut-off Frequency = 3 x 1010 / 4.572 = 6.56 GHz
15.3
E-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna
15.4
E-Plane Sectoral Horn: Side View
15.5
E-Plane Sectoral Horn: Directivity Curve
Max. Directivity: ρ1 6 10 20 100

b1 3.46 4.47 6.32 14.14 15.6
E-Plane Sectoral Horn: Max. Phase Error
Maximum Directivity occurs when
Maximum Phase error occurs when y’ = b1 / 2
≈ δmax = 2πs, where
which gives ‘s’ approximately equal to:
 δmax = 90°
Phase Error too high:
Not Recommended
15.7
E-Plane Sectoral: Universal Pattern
E-Field for s = 1/4 (δmax = 90°)

E-Field for s = 1/8 (δmax = 45°) - Recommended
15.8
H-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna
Maximum Phase
error at x’ = a1 / 2
δmax = 2πt, where
15.9
H-Plane Sectoral Horn: Directivity Curve
Max. Directivity: ρ2 6 10 20 100

a1 3λρ2 a1 4.24 5.48 7.75 17.32
15.10
H-Plane Sectoral Horn: Max. Phase Error
Maximum Directivity occurs when
a1 3λρ2
Maximum Phase error occurs when x’ = a1 / 2
δmax = 2πt, where
which gives ‘t’ approximately equal to:
 δmax = 135°
Not Recommended
15.11
H-Plane Sectoral: Universal Pattern
Recommended
E-Field for t = 1/4 (δmax = 90°) max. phase
E-Field for t = 1/8 (δmax = 45°) error between
45° and 90° 15.12
Top View
Side View
15.13
Condition for Physical Realization:
15.14
Pyramidal Horn: Design Procedure
Alternatively
Directivity of
Pyramidal Horn
Antenna can be
obtained using
Directivity
curves for E-and
H-Planes
Sectoral Horn
antenna
15.15
Pyramidal Horn Design Steps
15.16
Pyramidal Horn Design: Example
15.17
Pyramidal Horn Design: Example (Contd.)
15.18
Pyramidal Horn Design: Example (Contd.)
15.19
Optimum Dimensions vs. Directivity
Lλ
aHλ
aEλ
Gain (dBi) 15.20

Radiation Pattern of Pyramidal Horn Antenna
E-Plane Pattern H-Plane Pattern
15.21
Coaxial Feed Pyramidal Horn Antenna
H-Plane View
E-Plane View
Hemant Kumar and Girish Kumar, “Coaxial Feed Pyramidal Horn Antenna with High Efficiency”, 2017 IETE Journal
of Research, pp. 1-8, May. 2017.
15.22
Coaxial Feed Pyramidal Horn Antenna
Designed at 900 MHz
Parameter Value Description
(mm)
A 450 Aperture Width
B 320 Aperture Height
a 240 Waveguide Width
b 120 Waveguide Height
WG_L 110 Waveguide Length
RE = RH 250 Horn Length
l 75 Probe Length
r 3.5 Probe Radius
d_sc 67.5 Distance of feed from short
15.23
Effect of Probe Feed Length
As the probe length increases from 70 to 80 mm, the

resonance frequency decreases from 895 to 790 MHz
and the input impedance curve rotates clockwise.
15.24
Effect of Probe Feed Radius
As the probe radius increases from 2 to 5mm, the

resonance frequency decreases slightly due to increase
in the fringing fields and bandwidth increases.
15.25
Effect of Probe Feed Location
As the probe feed location is moved towards shorting

wall (i.e., decreased from 75 to 60 mm), the input
impedance becomes inductive so the curve shifts upward.
15.26
Effect of Horn Length on Efficiency
For Horn Length RE = RH > 150 mm, efficiency > 72%

and for RE = RH > 250 mm, efficiency ≈ 80%
15.27
Effect of Horn Aperture on Directivity
As aperture area increases, directivity increases. But for

larger aperture as frequency increases, phase error
increases, which decreases the gain of the horn antenna.15.28
Simulated and Measured S11 of Coaxial
Feed Pyramidal Horn Antenna
Bandwidth for S11 < -10dB :

Measured Results : 52%
CST Simulation : 47%
IE3D Simulation : 49.5%
15.29
Simulated Radiation Pattern of Coaxial
Feed Pyramidal Horn Antenna
Simulated E-Plane Simulated H-Plane
Radiation Pattern Radiation Pattern
15.30
Conical Horn Antenna
15.31
Conical Horn: Directivity Curve
15.32
Conical Horn Antenna: Directivity
δmax = 135°

Not Recommended
15.33
Conical Horn Optimum Dimensions vs. Directivity
Lλ
Dλ
Gain (dBi)
15.34
Measured Pattern of Conical Horn
H-Plane Pattern E-Plane Pattern
20 Log 0.37 = -8.6 dB. Higher SLL due to large phase error.
15.35
MSA Integrated with Conical Horn
Suspended CMSA integrated inside a Conical Horn

Antenna. Simulation using IE3D software.
15.36
Radiation Pattern of Integrated Conical Horn
Gain of Suspended CMSA = 9 dB

Gain of Integrated Conical Horn Antenna = 12.5 dB
15.37
Measured Results of Integrated Conical Horn
Measured BW for |S11| < -10 dB is from 2070 to 2210 MHz

15.38
Dual Mode Pyramidal Horn Antenna
d1 d2 d
TE10 TE12/ TM12 Multimode 15.39

Dual Mode Conical Horn Antenna
d=2b
d=2a
d=2a0
TE11 TM11 Dual Mode
15.40
Step-Less Dual Mode Conical Horn
θf
2a 2a0
15.41
Circular Corrugated Horn Antenna
15.42
Corrugated Surface
Typical Values of d, No. of Teeth, w and t:

Depth of the gap (d) = 0.25λ to 0.5λ
No. of Teeth (n) = 4 to 10 per λ
Width of the gap (w) = 0.05λ to 0.2λ
Teeth thickness (t) = 0.02λ to 0.1λ
15.43
Corrugated Conical Horn
15.44
Multimode Horn Antenna
TE10 and TE01: Excited with Equal Amplitude and

Phase in a square waveguide
15.45
Circular Waveguide with Flange
Circular waveguide
with flange and 4
chokes for wide-beam-
width high-efficiency
feed of low F/D
parabolic reflectors.
15.46
Broadband Exponentially Tapered Horn
C
A
B
Launcher
15.47
Broadband Dual Ridged Horn
15.48
Compact Aperture Matched Horn Antenna
Exponential Ridges are used to increase bandwidth.

Aperture matching at the end is done to improve
VSWR, reduce scattering and increase the gain.
15.49
Practice Problems
1. The maximum aperture phase error (in degree) that can be tolerated in E and H-planes
for optimum gain pyramidal horn antenna are respectively (as discussed in this book):
a) 45, 90 b) 90, 45 c) 90, 135 d) 135, 90
2. For pyramidal horn antenna, side lobe levels in E-plane are generally ____________ as
compared to those in H-plane.
a) more b) less c) same d) none of these
3. With increase in axial length (neck to mouth) of a pyramidal horn antenna for a given
aperture, the efficiency of the horn will:
a) Increase b) decrease c) first increase and then saturate
d) remain almost constant.
4. If the Horn antenna aperture increases with constant aspect ratio and fixed horn length,
the directivity will
a) Increase b) decrease c) first increase and then saturates
d) first increase and then decrease. 15.50
5. The gain of a conical horn antenna is optimum for an aperture phase error (in degree)
of approximately (as discussed in this book)
a) 10 b) 60 c) 135 d) 180
6. In a corrugated horn antenna, number of teeth per wavelength should be between:

a) 1-5 b) 1-10 c) 4-10 d) 10-20
7. In a corrugated horn, depth of teeth (in terms of λ) should vary between:

a) 0.1-0.25 b) 0.25-0.5 c) 0.5-1 d) greater than 1.
8. In a coaxial feed pyramidal horn antenna, the approximate distance between the short
wall of the waveguide and the coaxial feed is:
a) λg/8 b) λg/4 c) λg/2 d) λg
15.51
9. A coaxial feed pyramidal horn antenna has the following rectangular waveguide
dimensions: Waveguide (WR340): a = 3.4” and b = 1.7”. What will be the cut-off
frequency (in GHz) for TE10 mode operation?
a) 0.174 b) 0.201 c) 1.737 d) 2.01
15.52
Common Data Questions 10-12.
A coaxial feed pyramidal horn antenna is to be operated at 1.8 GHz with following
dimensions: Waveguide (WR510) = 13 cm  6.5 cm, Aperture = 25 cm  20 cm,
Horn length from neck to mouth = 15 cm.
10. Assuming approximate efficiency of horn is 75%, then approximate gain of the
antenna in dB will be equal to:
a) 12.3 b) 13.5 c) 24.6 d) 27
11. The maximum aperture phase error in H-plane is

a) 42 b) 52 c) 62 d) 72
12. The maximum aperture phase error in E-plane is

a) 36 b) 46 c) 56 d) 66
15.53
Chapter - 16
Yagi-Uda and Log-Periodic Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCJ7cN2G73g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Moi-qeVaAvo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpwWUEh48sA
Linear Dipole with a Reflector
A linear dipole antenna has omni-directional

radiation pattern. Gain ≈ 2 dB
A dipole with a linear reflector has directional
radiation pattern with gain ≈ 5 dB
16.2
Yagi-Uda Antenna with 3-Elements
H-Plane Pattern E-Plane Pattern

A 3-element Yagi-Uda Antenna has one fed dipole,
one linear reflector and one director.
Length of the dipole: l + d = 0.48λ
Length of the reflector > l > Length of the director
Spacing between the elements ≈ λ/4
It acts as an end-fire array antenna. Gain ≈ 7 dB 16.3
General Yagi-Uda Antenna
Reflector Driven dipole Directors
16.4
Typical Values of Yagi-Uda Antenna
16.5
Directivity vs No. of Elements
Practically, Gain is
around 1 dB less
than this value.
No. of Elements (N) 16.6

3-Element Printed Yagi-Uda Antenna
39 mm 32 mm Frequency: 1.3 GHz
λ = 230 mm
FR4 Substrate:
εr = 4.4, h = 1.6 mm
εeff ≈ 1.3-1.4 due to
field in air
Length of Director
85 mm = 72 mm
Length of Reflector Length of Driven
= 102 mm Dipole = 91 mm 16.7
Results of 3-Element Yagi-Uda Antenna
For |S11| < - 10 dB, Measured BW = 15.4%

Measure Peak Gain = 6.3 dB
Hemant Kumar and Girish Kumar, “Compact planar Yagi-Uda antenna with improved characteristics,” 2017 11th
European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), Paris, 2017, pp. 2008-2012.
16.8
xy Plane – E Plane xz Plane – H Plane
16.9
Broadband Planar Quasi-Yagi Antenna
3.3 mm
4.2 mm 3 mm
2.9 mm
16 mm
8.6 mm
Bandwidth: 48% at X-band

17.4 mm Gain: 3.4 - 5.1 dB
Substrate: εr = 10.2 and h = 0.635 mm
Another design given for lesser BW and larger Gain
N. Kaneda, W. R. Deal, Yongxi Qian, R. Waterhouse and T. Itoh, "A broadband planar quasi-Yagi antenna,"
in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 1158-1160, Aug. 2002.
16.10
Simplified Feed for Printed Yagi Antenna
Lref1 16 mm
Ldir 2.84 mm
Sref1 7.5 mm
Sdir 2.58 mm
Wm 0.6 mm
Wdri 0.6 mm
Wdir 0.6 mm
Ldri1 4.23 mm
BW = 40% at X-band
G. Zheng, A. A. Kishk, A. W. Glisson and A. B.

Yakovlev, "Simplified feed for modified printed
Yagi antenna," in Electronics Letters, vol. 40, no.
8, pp. 464-466, 15 April 2004. 16.11
Broadband CPW-Fed Quasi-Yagi Antenna
Sref 5.69 mm
Ldir 3.73 mm
L 19.2 mm
W 29 mm
Sdir1=Sdir2 0.96 mm
Wdir1=Wdir2 0.96 mm
L1 8.61 mm
L2 7.61 mm
Srd 9.69 mm
Lri 11.5 mm
Bandwidth = 44% at X-band
Peak Gain = 7.4 dB
H. K. Kan, R. B. Waterhouse, A. M. Abbosh and M. E. Bialkowski, "Simple
Broadband Planar CPW-Fed Quasi-Yagi Antenna," in IEEE Antennas and
Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 6, pp. 18-20, 2007. 16.12
Log-Periodic Dipole Array Antenna
All dipole elements are fed with successive elements

out of phase. Radiates in end-fire direction.
16.13
LPDA Design Equations
 1 
  2 tan 
1

 4 
16.14
LPDA Design Formulas
L U
L1  LN 
2 2
λL = c/f L, where f L is the λU = c/f U, where f U is the
lowest frequency of highest frequency of
operation. operation.
Add one large dipole, Add a few small dipoles

which acts as reflector in front, which act as
to increase gain at directors to increase gain
lower frequencies. at higher frequencies.
16.15
Design Curve for LPDA for given Directivity
Scaling Factor (τ)

17.16
Design of LPDA Antenna
Example: Design of a 54 to 216 MHz Log-
periodic Dipole Antenna. Desired Gain: 6.5 dB
Solution: For gain = 6.5 dB, optimum values of

τ and σ are obtained from the design curve for
Directivity = 7.5 dB (assuming 1 dB loss).
So, τ = 0.822 and σ = 0.149. Therefore,
16.17
Design of LPDA Antenna (Contd.)
Longest dipole length is calculated corresponding

to lowest frequency = 54 MHz
Shortest dipole length is calculated corresponding

to highest frequency = 216 MHz
16.18
Length of other elements is calculated by scaling
the largest dipole length (2.78 m) until the
smallest dipole length (0.694 m) is obtained.
L1 = 2.78 m, L2 = 2.29 m, L3 = 1.88 m,

L4 = 1.54 m, L5 = 1.27 m, L6 = 1.04 m,
L7 = 0.858 m, L8 = 0.705 m, L9 = 0.579 m.
So, N = 9.
One or two elements can be added at both the

ends to improve the performance at the cut-off.
16.19
The spacing between the elements is found from:
Using dipole lengths, spacing between the

elements is calculated as:
d1 = 0.828 m, d2 = 0.682 m, d3 = 0.560 m,
d4 = 0.459 m, d5 = 0.378 m, d6 = 0.310 m,
d7 = 0.256 m, d8 = 0.210 m.
16.20
Results of LPDA for 54 to 806 MHz
16.21
HPBW of LPDA for 54 to 806 MHz
16.22
Printed LPDA using Co-axial Balun for
700 to 2500 MHz
Half-Dipole
on bottom
of substrate
Coaxial
Cable
280 mm
N = 20, τ = 0.89, and σ = 0.083 Half-Dipole on
σ is taken smaller than optimum value top of substrate
to reduce overall length of antenna 16.23
Simulated Gain of Printed LPDA
16.24
Measured |S11| of Printed LPDA
For |S11| < - 9 dB, Measured BW: 0.64 to 3.74 GHz

16.25
Practice Problems
1. As the number of elements in a Yagi-Uda antenna array increases, gain of the antenna:
a) Increases b) decreases c) remains nearly constant
d) First increases then saturates
2. A Log-periodic antenna array is generally used to increase:

a) Gain b) Bandwidth c) Both a and b d) None of these
3. Spacing factor ‘σ’ of a Log-periodic dipole array with dipole length ‘Ln’ and spacing
between the adjacent dipole elements ‘dn’ is given by:
a) Ln/ dn b) dn/Ln c) 2Ln/dn d) dn/ (2Ln)
4. Which of the following represents the radiation pattern of a Log-periodic antenna

array.
a) Broadside b) End-fire c) Bi-directional
d) Omni-directional
16.26
5. In a Log-periodic antenna array, all the successive dipole elements are fed with:
a) Equal phase b) Phase quadrature c) Out of phase by 180°
d) Any arbitrary phase
6. In a Log-Periodic antenna array, diameter of all the dipole elements should be:
a) Equal b) vary with scaling factor ‘τ’
c) vary with a spacing factor ‘σ’ d) Vary with a factor ‘τσ’
7. A Yagi-Uda antenna array with 3-elements (one reflector, one driven and one director)
can provide an approximate gain (in dB) of:
a) 2 b) 5 c) 7 d) 10
16.27
8. In 3-elements Yagi-Uda antenna array, the lengths of reflector, driven and director
should be in the range of (in terms of λ) respectively:
a) 0.4-0.45, 0.45-0.49, 0.5-0.55 b) 0.45-0.49, 0.5-0.55, 0.4-0.45
c) 0.5-0.55, 0.4-0.45, 0.45-0.49 d) 0.5-0.55, 0.45-0.49, 0.4-0.45
9. A Yagi-Uda antenna array generally provides _________ gain and ________

bandwidth compared to a Log-Periodic antenna array.
a) better, better b) better, lower c) lower, better d) lower, lower
10. To design an optimum gain Log-periodic antenna array with σopt = 0.16 and τopt =
0.86 over the frequency range from 700 MHz to 2500 MHz, then minimum number of
dipole elements required is (excluding external elements):
a) 8 b) 9 c) 10 d) 11
16.28
Common Data Questions 11 and 12:
A Yagi-Uda antenna is designed at 2.45 GHz.
11. What should be the approximate spacing between driven and reflector element?
a) 15 b) 25 c) 35 d) 45
12. What should be the approximate spacing between driven and director element?
a) 15 b) 30 c) 45 d) 60
16.29
Chapter - 17
Reflector Antennas
NPTEL Video Links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3qDI5mWWuI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WL7apLwo53M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-DWnImv6ZI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSqzzH8Sres
Flat Reflector Antennas
Plane Corner
17.2
Curved Reflector Antennas
Prime Focus Reflector Cassegrain Reflector
17.3
Vertical Dipole Antenna over Infinite
Perfect Ground Plane (Reflector)
17.4
Directivity and Radiation Resistance of
Vertical Dipole Antenna over Infinite Reflector
Directivity and radiation resistance of a vertical

infinitesimal dipole as a function of its height
above an infinite perfect electric conductor
17.5
Radiation Pattern of Vertical Dipole Antenna over
Infinite Ground Plane (Reflector)
Elevation patterns of a vertical infinitesimal dipole for

different heights above an infinite perfect electric conductor
17.6
Horizontal Dipole Antenna over
Infinite Ground Plane (Reflector)
17.7
Directivity and Radiation Resistance of
Horizontal Dipole Antenna over Infinite Reflector
Directivity
Radiation Resistance
Radiation resistance and directivity of a horizontal

infinitesimal electric dipole as a function of its height
above an infinite perfect electric conductor 17.8
Radiation Pattern of Horizontal Dipole Antenna
over Infinite Ground Plane (Reflector)
Elevation patterns of a horizontal infinitesimal dipole for

different heights above an infinite perfect electric conductor
17.9
Corner Reflector Antenna
Top View of Corner Wave incident at 900 Corner

Reflector Antenna Reflector reflects back in the
same direction
17.10
Corner Reflector Antenna
Prospective View Wire Grid Arrangement

17.11
Images for Corner Reflector Antennas
3 Images for 900 Corner 5 Images for 600 Corner

Reflector Antenna Reflector Antenna
17.12
Images for Corner Reflector Antennas
7 Images for 450 Corner 11 Images for 300 Corner

Reflector Antenna Reflector Antenna
No. of Images = 360/α - 1
17.13
90° Corner Reflector Antenna
Total field will be sum of contributions

from the feed and its images.
E  r , ,    E1  r1 , ,    E2  r2 , ,    E3  r3 , ,    E4  r4 , ,  
17.14
Array Factor for 90° Corner
Reflector Antenna
Array factor of the 90° Corner Reflector Antenna:
E
 AF  ,    2 cos  ks sin  cos    cos  ks sin  sin   
E0
In the Azimuthal Plane, ( = /2)
E
 AF    / 2,    2 cos  ks cos    cos  ks sin   
E0
17.15
Radiation Pattern of 900 Corner
Reflector Antenna
For s > 0.7λ, main

beam splits.
For s = λ, null in
the broadside
direction.
17.16
Array Factor of Corner Reflector
Antenna for other α
For  = 60o
X   X   Y 
AF  ,    4sin   cos    cos  3  
2   2   2 
For  = 45o
  X   Y 
AF  ,    2 cos( X )  cos(Y )  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
For  = 30o
  3  Y  X   3 
AF  ,    2 cos( X )  2cos  X  cos    cos(Y )  2cos   cos  Y  
  2  2 2   2  
where X  ks sin  cos  Y  ks sin sin 

17.17
S-Limit for Corner Reflector Antennas
There is Limit on S-value for
single lobe in the radiation pattern.
S < 0.7λ α = 900
17.18
Parabolic Reflector Antenna
For Parabola:
OP + PQ = constant = 2f
OP = r’ and PQ = r’cos’
So, r’ (1+ cos’) =2f
17.19
Parabolic Reflector Antenna Equations
d 1 f 
 
2 d 
 0  tan 1 2  tan 1
d2  f 
2
1
f   
16 f  d  16
f/d 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0

θ0 64.0 53.1 45.2 39.3 34.7 28.1
17.20
Gain and Aperture Efficiency of
 𝐒𝐩𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (∈𝒔 ): fraction of the total power that

is radiated by the feed, intercepted, and collimated by the
reflecting surface.
 𝐓𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (∈𝒕 ) :uniformity of the amplitude
distribution of the feed pattern over the surface of the reflector.
 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (∈𝒑 ): phase uniformity of the field over
the aperture plane.
 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (∈𝒙 ) : polarization uniformity of
the field over the aperture plane
 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 (∈𝒃 )
 𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒎 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 (∈𝒓 )
17.21
Effect of Feed Pattern on Efficiency
17.22
Spillover and Taper Efficiencies of
Spillover Efficiency
Reflector Aperture Angle, θ0 Taper Efficiency
Reflector Aperture Angle, θ0 (in degrees)

17.23
Aperture Efficiency of Parabolic
Reflector Antenna
Reflector Aperture Angle, θ0 (in degrees)

17.24
Cassegrain Reflector Antenna
17.25
Gain of Large Reflector Antennas
17.26
Practice Problems
1. Cassegrain feed is generally used instead of prime focus feed with parabolic reflector
to affect which of the following factor?
a) Impedance b) Bandwidth c) Gain
d) To place the feed at convenient place for high power transmitter
2. To increase the gain of a corner reflector antenna, the corner angle ‘’ should be:
a) Increased b) Decreased
c) gain does not depend on ‘’ d) None of above
3. To increase the taper efficiency of a parabolic reflector antenna, generally the feed
antenna should have:
a) Broad beamwidth b) Narrow beamwidth
c) Broad Bandwidth d) Narrow Bandwidth
17.27
4. To increase the spill-over efficiency of a parabolic reflector antenna, generally the feed
antenna should have:
a) Broad beamwidth b) Narrow beamwidth
c) Broad Bandwidth d) Narrow Bandwidth
5. If the aperture angle of a parabolic reflector antenna increases, then the aperture
efficiency of the antenna will:
a) Increase b) decrease c) remain almost constant
d) First increase then decrease
6. To measure the gain and radiation pattern of a test antenna, the minimum distance
required between test antenna and reference antenna is given by:
a) 2d2/λ b) d2/λ c) 2d/λ2 d) 2d2
where d is maximum dimension of the antenna.
17.28
7. In Cassegrain feed reflector antenna, the shape of main reflector and sub-reflector are
respectively:
a) Parabola, Parabola b) Parabola, Hyperbola
c) Hyperbola, Parabola d) Hyperbola, Hyperbola
8. When polarization of receiving antenna is unknown, to ensure that it receives at least

half of the transmitter power, the transmitted wave should be of which of the following
nature:
a) Horizontally polarized b) Vertically polarized
c) Circularly polarized d) Elliptically polarized
9. For a corner reflector antenna with corner reflector angle ‘’ = 30, number of images
will be:
a) 9 b) 10 c) 11 d) 12
17.29
10. A parabolic reflector antenna has a diameter of 2.4 m. What will be the gain (in dB)
of the antenna at 4 GHz? Assuming that due to the fabrication error, the efficiency is only
40%.
a) 4042 b) 36.1 c) 40 d) 72.1
11. If f/d ratio of a parabolic reflector antenna is 0.55, then the value of θo in degrees will
be
a) 24.4 b) 26.6 c) 48.9 d) 53.1
17.30
Answer Key
Chapter 2
1. b 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. a
10. c 11. c
Chapter 3
1. b 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. c
10. c 11. b 12. b
Chapter 4
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. a 7. d
Chapter 5
1. b 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. d
Answer Key
Chapter 6
1. c 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. b 9. a
10. b
Chapter 7
1. d 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. b 8. b
Chapter 8
1. d 2. c 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. d 9. c 10.b
11. c 12. b 13. b 14. c 15. a 16. d 17. c 18. c 19.b
Chapter 9
1. a 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. d
10.c 11. b 12. b 13. d 14. a

Answer Key
Chapter 10
1. d 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. d 7. c 8. b 9. b
Chapter 11
1. a 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. a
Chapter 12
1. b 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. d 6. a 7. d
Chapter 13
1. c 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. b
Answer Key
Chapter 14
1. c 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. d
10. d 11. d 12. c 13. c
Chapter 15
1. a 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. b 8. b 9. c
10. a 11. b 12. b
Chapter 16
1. d 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. c 8. d 9. b
10. c 11. b 12. c
Chapter 17
1. d 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. c
10. b 11. c

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Contents

Polarization: Minor Lobes Side Lobe

Friis Transmission Equation

Folded Broadband Dipole

Small circular loop antenna multi-turn loop antenna

Centre-fed Slot Antenna Off-centre-fed slot Antenna

Linear Antenna Array Planar Antenna Array

Front to Back Ratio

NORMAL AXIAL CONICAL

Pyramidal Horn Antenna

Microstrip Antenna Integrated

Higher gain but occupies

Fed Dipole Directors

Isotropic Radiation Omni-Directional Directional Radiation

Side Lobe Level (SLL)

Back Lobe Front to Back Ratio

4𝜋 [where, θE , θH are in radian

Example: For Infinitesimal Dipole,

4 𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 Directivity is proportional to the Effective Aperture

Gain = η D where η is Efficiency of Antenna

Practice Problem: Find the gain in dBi of a parabolic reflector

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1: 𝛼=0 or 𝜋 Wave is Linearly Polarized

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 3: 𝛼= ± 𝜋/2 and E𝜃 ≠ 𝐸𝜙 Wave is Elliptically Polarized

Axial Ratio Bandwidth:

Practice Problem: Calculate Reflection Coefficient and VSWR for

MSA design at 5.8 GHz Input Impedance Plot on |S11| Plot

Radiation Pattern Antenna Gain Plot Radiation and Antenna

Cartesian Plot Polar Plot

2. The E-field pattern of an antenna varies as 3+2cosθ, where, angle θ is measured

4. The axial ratio of an antenna is 1.2. It is acceptable for which polarization :

6. The percentage power transmitted by antenna is:

Near Reactive Field Region

Near Radiative Field Region

Far Field Region

where, d is the maximum

Note : Infinitesimal antenna is not an efficient radiator.

A small dipole Antenna Approximate Triangular

Two Dimensional Three Dimensional

Length of each segment = 50 mm BW for |S11| < -10 dB is from 1.39

Directivity of 4.8 dBi is

Length of each segment = 50mm

Cylindrical dipole antenna Biconical dipole antenna

𝜆 4 Coaxial Balun (1:1)- Narrow Bandwidth

Impedance for 2-fold dipole antenna is

2-fold dipole antennas are used in Yagi-Uda antennas for TV

Compact Dipole Antenna Folded Broadband Dipole

3. Directivity of a thin dipole antenna of length 1.25λ is :

a. 1.50 b. 1.64 c. 3.25 d. 4.25

5. The approximate resonant length of the printed dipole antenna is :

6. Approximate gain of this printed dipole antenna is :

7. Bandwidth of a dipole antenna can be increased by :

a. Increasing the diameter b. Using printed bow-tie configuration

c. Using bi-conical configuration d. All of the above

E-plane H-plane E-plane H-plane

12. Its approximate percentage BW for VSWR  2 is:

λ ∕4 monopole on infinite Equivalent λ/2 dipole

Height h for Real Input Impedance

Infinite Ground Plane

As radius r of monopole increases, its inductance decreases

As radius of monopole increases, resonance frequency

As radius of monopole increases, the directivity increases marginally

With change in the radius of